1.
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
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The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is the monarch and head of state of Malaysia. The office was established in 1957 when the Federation of Malaya gained independence from the United Kingdom, Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy with an elected monarch as head of state. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is one of the few elected monarchs in the world and his queen consort is called Raja Permaisuri Agong. The couple are styled in English as His Majesty and Her Majesty, in Malaysias constitutional monarchy, Yang di-Pertuan Agong has extensive powers within the constitution. The constitution specifies that the power of the Federal government is vested in the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and is exercised by him on the advice of the federal Council of Ministers. The latter is headed by the Prime Minister, appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong from among the members of Parliament. Among them, Yang di-Pertuan Agong has discretionary powers to choose who he wants as the Prime Minister and is not bound by the decision of the outgoing PM if no party has won a majority vote. It, however, does not afford him the right and authority to dismiss the PM and he also can dismiss or withhold consent to a request for the dissolution of Parliament. He may discontinue or dissolve Parliament but he can only dissolve Parliament at the request of the PM and he can reject any new laws or amendments to existing laws but if he still withholds permission, it will automatically become law after 30 days from the initial submission to him. The 15th and current Yang di-Pertuan Agong is Sultan Muhammad V of Kelantan and his reign began on 13 December 2016, after his election on 14 October 2016 at the 243rd Conference of Rulers. The ceremonial installation of the 15th Yang di-Pertuan Agong will be held on 24 April 2017, common English terms used in the media and by the general public include King, Paramount Ruler, Head of State, Head of the Federation, and Head of State of the Federation. In Malaysian passports prior to the 2010 redesign, the title The Supreme Head of Malaysia was used in the English version of the passport note, since the issuance of ICAO compliant e-passports in 2010, the untranslated title His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia is used. In August 1957, having rejected the title of Yang di-Pertuan Besar in favour of Yang di-Pertuan Agong. By seniority, the 84-year-old major general Ibrahim of Johor, Sultan of Johor since 1895, was first in line, but he declined due to old age. The next in line, Abu Bakar of Pahang, Sultan of Pahang since 1932, was rejected five times by his fellow electors, abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan, having been elected to his state throne in 1933, was elected by eight votes to one. After a ruler had served as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, he may not stand for election until all rulers of the states have also stood for election. In the event of a vacancy of the office, the Conference of Rulers elects a new Yang di-Pertuan Agong as if the term had expired. The new Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected for a full five-year term, after his term expires, the Conference holds a new election, in which the incumbent would not be re-elected
2.
Iskandar of Johor
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Al Mutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Sir Ismail Al-Khalidi was the 24th Sultan of Johor and the 4th Sultan of modern Johor. He succeeded his father, Sultan Ismail, upon the death on 10 May 1981. Sultan Iskandar reign lasted for almost 29 years until his death in January 2010, upon which he was succeeded by his oldest son, Sultan Ibrahim Ismail. As was the case with his grandfather, Sultan Ibrahim, Sultan Iskandars independent mindset resulted in strained relations with the Malaysian federal government on numerous occasions and this was more so during his days as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, whereby a number of notable public incidents involved Sultan Iskandar. Nevertheless, Sultan Iskandar was reputed to show great concern to his subjects, Sultan Iskandar is reputed to have been a staunch disciplinarian, with willingness to occasionally voice personal opinions on governmental issues. On the personal side, subjects who have approached the Sultan in his later years described him as a person with a warm. However, past critics had argued that Sultan Iskandar was a person with a turbulent temper. During his younger days as a prince, Malay royalty Iskandar was commonly known by his first name and he largely discontinued the use of his first name after he became Sultan in 1981, although some people still referred to him by his full name on an occasional basis. Mahmud received his primary and secondary education in Ngee Heng Primary School, in 1952, he was sent to Australia for tertiary education at the Trinity Grammar School. After graduating in 1953, Mahmud travelled to the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom, in 1956, Mahmud married Josephine Trevorrow, from Cornwall, United Kingdom, with whom he had four children, including the crown prince, Ibrahim Ismail. The marriage ended with divorce in 1962 and he remarried in 1961 – shortly before his divorce to Trevorrow, to Tengku Zanariah, who came from the Kelantan royal family. Tengku Zanariah had six children with the Sultan, analysts such as Kate Wharton have observed that any literal references to Trevorrows association with Sultan Iskandar was carefully omitted in all official biographies. Mahmud was appointed the Tunku Mahkota of Johor from 1959 to 1961, on 29 April 1981, he was re-appointed as the Tunku Mahkota shortly before his fathers death. On 10 May 1981, Mahmud was appointed as the Regent of Johor following the death of his father, in the same year on 12 December, Sultan Iskandar was appointed as the Chancellor of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Unlike the other preceding Sultan of Johors who had their own coronation ceremony and he succeeded the Sultan of Pahang as the Yang-Di Pertuan Agong on 26 April. A royal investiture was held shortly after that, in which he donned the traditional suit of the Agong, Sultan Iskandar served in the capacity as the Yang-Di Pertuan Agong until 1989, whereby the Sultan of Perak succeeded him. On 8 April 2006, the Sultan appointed his grandson Ismail Ibrahim—the son of the Mahkota—as the Raja Muda during an investure in conjunction on his birthday. The rank of Raja Muda denotes that Ismail is second in position in terms of the order of succession to the Johor royal throne, Sultan Iskandar held annual open house events either at Istana Bukit Serene, his official residence, or at Istana Besar
3.
Sultan of Pahang
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Sultan of Pahang is the title of the hereditary constitutional head of Pahang, Malaysia. The current sultan is Ahmad Shah and he is the Head of the Islam in the state and the source of all titles, honours and dignities in the state. Historically, the tile was used by rulers of the Old Pahang Sultanate. After the Srivijaya empire collapsed, around the 1000, Pahang was claimed first by Majapahit, Siam, Pahang was fought over by the Portuguese, the Dutch, Johor, and Aceh for most of the 16th century. During this time, its population was killed or enslaved, its rulers murdered. After the decline of Aceh in the century, Pahang came under the rule of Johor. However, Sultans of Pahang, descended from the Malacca and the Bendahara Johor royal dynasties, have ruled the state almost continuously from 1470, and gradually recovered a great degree of autonomy. The treaty recognizes the territories of Johor, the Temenggung and his descendents right to rule it, mutual protection and mutual recognitions of Pahang, with the signing of this treaty, the remnants of the Empire became 2 independent states, Johor and Pahang. From 1858 to 1863, Pahang was fought over in a war between the two sons of the reigning Bendahara of Pahang. Installed as Abdul Jalil Riayat Shah III, he reigned until 1677, with the decline of Aceh, Johor-Pahang gradually extend its suzerainty over the Riau-Lingga islands. 1623-1677, Abdul Jalil Shah III 1641-1676, Yamtuan Muda Raja Bajau - heir apparent to the Johor throne who ruled Pahang as separate dominion until his death in 1676. His appointment was accepted by Johor chiefs based on an understanding that the Bendahara would succeed to the if the Sultan died without heirs. The signing of Anglo-Dutch Treaty in 1824 further undermined the cohesion of the Johor-Pahang-Riau-Lingga empire and contributed to the emergence of Pahang, from here, the Raja Bendahara of Pahang grew increasingly independent. Bendahara Tun Ali declared his autonomy from the empire by 1853, the Melaka branch originated from Melaka Sultanate had close marriage relationship with the Bendahara branch that traditionally hold the position of Bendahara since the time of Singapura. Sang Nila Utamas cognatic descendants have reigned in Melaka, Aceh and Pattani. The honorific Malay title Tun in this tree is hereditary and strictly for nobility of Bendahara family and it differs from modern usage that awarded to commoners. ♀Putri is used for a descendant with unidentified name. A Monarch Raja Bendahara of Pahang Pahang
4.
Abu Bakar of Pahang
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Sultan Abu Bakar Riayatuddin Al-Muadzam Shah Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Abdullah Al-Mutasim Billah Shah GCMG, was the fourth Sultan of Pahang modern. Born at Istana Hinggap, Pekan, he was the son of Sultan Abdullah Al-Mutassim Billah Shah by his wife. Succeeding his father in 1932, he became known as a friendly. During the Japanese occupation of Malaya, he discreetly encouraged resistance movements such as the Askar Wataniah, Force 136 and he died on 7 May 1974 and was succeeded by his son Sultan Ahmad Shah
5.
Pekan, Pahang
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The Pekan District, located on the banks of the Pahang River 50 km south of Kuantan and 280 km from Kuala Lumpur, is the Royal Town of the Malaysian state of Pahang Darul Makmur. Its name comes from a flower, the Bunga Pekan, Pekan is also the name of the district the town is situated in, and a parliamentary constituency in its own right. It is the home of the royal family headed by Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Mustain Billah Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Abu Bakar Riayatuddin Al-Muadzamo Shah. It is also the hometown of the second Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Abdul Razak Hussein, Najib is also Pekans current Member of Parliament. The Masjid Abdullah, a landmark in Pekan which dates from the 1920s, the stretch by the river bank from the Abu Bakar Royal Mosque heading towards the Sultan Abu Bakar Museum is Pekans Heritage Route. As you walk towards the Town from the Sultan Abu Bakar Museum, you can visualise the busy river in the olden days transporting people and goods into this Royal Town. According to local lore, a plant named Bunga Pekan used to grow wild at the banks of Pahang River. The flower is said to be white like jasmine, although the plant species is also said to have become extinct. The river at the Pekan town is also called Pekan River, however there is no evidence that Pekan derived its name from this river. Other sources say the name Pekan came from the word Pekan Sehari, and the word Sehari was eventually omitted, Pekan is thought to have been in existence since the time of Old Pahang Kingdom. The old name was Inderapura, although it was commonly known with the short form Pura. The old capital was located on both the left and right banks of Sungai Pahang and Sungai Pahang Tua up to Tanjung Langgar, the town was divided into Pekan Baharu and Pekan Lama, and the old name for Pekan Baharu used to be Kampung Cina. Several Arab and Chinese writers mentioned Pekan, the villagers at Kampong Mengkasar, about one kilometre from Pekan in the direction of Kuantan, are said to be direct descendants of Tok Tuan from Makassar in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Among the well-known figures, Tun Abdul Razak was recognised as having a Sulawesi heritage, from Kuala Lumpur, one may travel to Pekan by the East Coast Expressway, exiting at the Gambang Interchange to the Tun Razak Highway. From Johor, a coastal road passes through Kuala Rompin. Alternatively, the Tun Razak Highway can be taken, which links Segamat, rapidKuantan bus route 400 connect Pekan to Kuantan. The Sultan Abu Bakar Museum displays many artefacts which are important in the states history, the museum was officially opened by Sultan Ahmad Shah in October 1976. It is located in the residence of the British Resident
6.
Pahang
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Pahang is the third largest state in Malaysia, after Sarawak and Sabah, and the largest in Peninsular Malaysia. The state occupies the huge Pahang River river basin and it is bordered to the north by Kelantan, to the west by Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, to the south by Johor and to the east by Terengganu and the South China Sea. Its state capital is Kuantan, and the seat is at Pekan. Other important towns include Jerantut, Kuala Lipis, Temerloh and the resorts of Genting Highlands, Cameron Highlands, Bukit Tinggi. The Arabic honorific of Pahang is Darul Makmur, based on Chinese records, Pahang was known to the Chinese as Phang or Pahangh, other variations include Pang-Hang, Pang-Heng, Pong-Fong, Phe-Hang, and Pang-Kang and others. In 1225, Chau Ju-Kua wrote the book Chu-Fan-Chi and mentioned that amongst the states controlled by San-Fo-Chi was one called Peng-Keng, supposedly modern day Pahang. The Arabs and Europeans at that time called it as Pam, Pan, Phang, Paam, Poa, Paon, Phamm, Paham, Fanhan, Phang, G. R Tibbets, a historian who commented the story written by Masudi thought that Fanjab was Pahang. He preferred to call it Fanhan, Panghang/Panhang, rather than Fanjab, the name Pahang has been said to originate from the language of a Siamese aborigines tribe, meaning ore. The aborigines used to live here and opened up several mining areas, according to an old Malay story, at the place near the Pahang River, on the opposite side of Kampung Kembahang, a large mahang tree fell across the river, thus the name Pahang originated. Evidence for nomadic tribes living in the Pahang area go back to the Mesolithic Era, after the Srivijaya empire collapsed, around the 1000, Pahang was claimed first by Majapahit, Siam, and then by Sultanate of Malacca. Pahang was fought over by the Portuguese, the Dutch, Johor, during this time, its population was mostly killed or enslaved, its rulers murdered and its economy ruined. After the decline of Aceh in the century, Pahang came under the rule of Johor. However, Sultans of Pahang, descended from the Malacca and the Bendahara Johor royal dynasties, have ruled the state almost continuously from 1470, from 1858 to 1863, Pahang was fought over in a civil war between the two sons of the reigning Bendahara. In 1896, Pahang joined Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan in the Federated Malay States and this evolved into the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and into the Federation of Malaysia in 1963. Rainforest covers much of the highlands, but it tends to be thinner, ferns are also extremely common, thanks mainly to the high humidity and fog that permeates the area. The Cameron Highlands area in the west is home to extensive tea plantations, the area is the highest on the mainland, and the climate is temperate enough to have distinct temperature variations year round. The area is known as a major supplier of legumes and vegetables to both Malaysia and Singapore. Genting Highlands is known as Malaysias playground and it is home to several hotels, a theme park and Malaysias only casino
7.
Federated Malay States
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Two years later, the Union became the Federation of Malaya and finally Malaysia in 1963 with the inclusion of North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore. The United Kingdom was responsible for foreign affairs and defence of the federation, even so, the British Resident General would give advice on domestic issues, and the states were bound by treaty to follow that advice. The federation had Kuala Lumpur, which was part of Selangor. The first FMS Resident General was Sir Frank Swettenham, the federation, along with the other Malay states and British possessions of the peninsula, was overrun and occupied by the Japanese during World War II. Although the Resident General was the administrator of the federation. This formed the basis for the Conference of Rulers that was created later on under Article 38 of the Malaysian Constitution on 27 August 1957, the Federated Malay States had a flag of its own until its dissolution in 1946. The flag consisted of four different-coloured stripes, from top to bottom, white, red, yellow, the same design concept is used in Malaysian national emblem. In the middle is a circle with a Malayan tiger in it. The National History Museum located near the Dataran Merdeka in Kuala Lumpur, the coat of arms of the Federated Malay States featured a shield guarded by two tigers. On the top of the shield is the crown, symbolising the federation of monarchies under the protection of the United Kingdom, a banner with the phrase Dipelihara Allah written in Jawi is located underneath the shield. The combinations of the four colours of the shield represents the colours of the flags of the states of the FMS in the way the stripes of the FMS flag do. The phrase Dipelihara Allah was also adopted as the current state motto for the state of Selangor, in addition to a state flag, the Federated Malay States also had a naval jack or ensign for use on government ships. This was the largest and the only full-scale clash of battleships during World War I, with the Treaty of Federation the Malay Rulers effectively gave up their political power in their states, having to act after consulting and only with the due consent of their respective Residents. However, the United Kingdom pledged not to interfere in matters relating to native Malay traditions, a well-ordered system of public administration was established, public services were extended, and large-scale rubber and tin production was developed. This control was interrupted by the Japanese invasion and occupation from 1941 to 1945 during World War II, the British established the Federal Council in 1898 to administer the FMS. It was headed by the High Commissioner, assisted by the Resident-General, the Sultans and this structure remained until the Japanese invaded Malaya on 8 December 1941. From 1896 to 1936, real power lay in the hands of the Resident-General, the State Council was made up of the Resident, native chiefs, and representative of the Chinese community nominated by the Sultan. The council discussed matters of interest for each state such as legislative and administrative issues as well as revision of all sentence of capital punishment
8.
British Malaya
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The term British Malaya loosely describes a set of states on the Malay Peninsula and the island of Singapore that were brought under British control between the 18th and the 20th centuries. Before the formation of Malayan Union in 1946, the territories were not placed under a unified administration. Instead, British Malaya comprised the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay States, under British rule, Malaya was one of the most profitable territories of the Empire, being the worlds largest producer of tin and later rubber. The Malayan Union was dissolved and replaced by the Federation of Malaya in 1948, on 16 September 1963, the federation, along with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore, formed into a larger federation of Malaysia. The British first became involved with Malay politics formally in 1771, the British colonised Singapore in 1819 and were in complete control of the state at that time. In the mid-18th century, British firms could be found trading in the Malay Peninsula, Light was also a captain in the service of the East India Company. The Sultan faced multiple external threats during this period, Siam, which was at war with Burma and which saw Kedah as its vassal state, frequently demanded that Kedah send reinforcements. Kedah, in cases, was a reluctant ally to Siam. Through negotiation between the Sultan and Light, the Sultan agreed to allow the firm to build a trading post and to operate in Kedah, Light conveyed this message to his superiors in India. The British, however, decided against the proposal, two years later, Sultan Muhammad Jiwa died and was succeeded by Sultan Abdullah Mahrum Shah. The new Sultan offered Light the island of Penang in return for assistance for Kedah. Light informed the East India Company of the Sultans offer, the Company, however, ordered Light to take over Penang and gave him no guarantee of the military aid that the Sultan had asked for earlier. Light later took over Penang and assured the Sultan of military assistance, soon the Company made up its mind and told Light that they would not give any military aid to Kedah. In June 1788, Light informed the Sultan of the Companys decision, feeling cheated, the Sultan ordered Light to leave Penang, but Light refused. Lights refusal caused the Sultan to strengthen Kedahs military forces and to fortify Prai, recognising this threat, the British moved in and razed the fort in Prai. The British thereby forced the Sultan to sign an agreement that gave the British the right to occupy Penang, in return, on 1 May 1791 the Union Flag was officially raised in Penang for the first time. In 1800, Kedah ceded Prai to the British and the Sultan received an increase of 4,000 pesos in his annual rent, Penang was later named Prince of Wales Island, while Perai was renamed Province Wellesley. In 1821, Siam invaded Kedah, sacked the capital of Alor Star, before the late 19th century, the British largely practised a non-interventionist policy
9.
Sultanah Kalsom
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Sultanah Hajjah Kalsom binti Abdullah is the current Sultanah of Pahang and the wife of Sultan Ahmad Shah, widowed on 28 June 1988. Born on 12 September 1951, she is of Persian/Pakistani descent and was born in Taftan India & Persia Sultanah Kalsom married Sultan Ahmad Shah on 14 March 1991. She was given the title Cik Puan Kalsom on the day of her marriage she became The Sultanah of Pahang. She and the Sultan have one issue, a son together, Sultanah Kalsom has used her royal position to further many social causes and is a patron of numerous organisations, lending her presence to inspire those engaged in managing these organisations. The Yayasan Sri Kencana Kalsom, named after her, provides shelter for single parents as well as women who have been victims of domestic abuse, the Yayasan helps these women rebuild their lives finding them jobs that enable them to be independent and lead their lives with dignity. She is also Patron of OrphanCARE Foundation, an organisation that aims in getting orphans adopted. OrphanCARE also set up Malaysias first baby hatch for mothers to leave their unwanted newborns to be put up for adoption. She has given her support to the organisation which has the Ministry of Women, Family. Her concern for women stems from her personal philosophy that dreams must be pursued to the fullest, Sultanah Kalsom has been the patron of the Kiwanis Club of Kuantan since 2004. For the exceptional work that is inspiring societal advancement the Limkokwing University of Creative Technology awarded Sultanah Kalsom the Honorary Doctorate of Social Development, Pahang, Member 1st class of the Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang
10.
Tengku Abdullah
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Tengku Abdullah ibni Sultan Ahmad Shah is the Tengku Mahkota and the Pemangku Raja of Pahang, Malaysia. He is a member of the FIFA Council and he is the first son of Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang and Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Tengku Ampuan Afzan. He is the child among eight siblings. His eldest sibling is Tengku Meriam, Tengku Abdullah started his education at St. Thomas School, Kuantan and continued to Aldenham School and Davis College, London. His first married at the Istana Bukit Serene, Johor Bahru,6 March 1986 to the daughter of Sultan Iskandar of Johor with his first wife. Tunku Hajjah Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah binti Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj and she has been created Tengku Puan Paduka Putri in 1986. She is one of the sisters of the current Sultan Ibrahim Ismail of Johor and they have four sons and two daughters together. He married, secondly, in 1993 with Cik Puan Julia Rais, a) Yang Mulia Tengku Iman Afzan Tengku Abdullah, daughter of Julia Abdul Rais at Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur. B) Yang Mulia Tengku Ilisha Ameera Tengku Abdullah, daughter of Julia Abdul Rais Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur, c) Yang Mulia Tengku Ilyana Tengku Abdullah daughter of Julia Rais, born in 1997) born at Gleneagles Hospital Kuala Lumpur. D) Yang Mulia Tengku Puteri Afzan Aminah Hafizatu’llah, born on 11 September 2000, twin with her brother Ahmad, e) Yang Mulia Tengku Puteri Jihan Azizah Athiyatullah, born on 27 April 2002, daughter of Azizah). Tengku Mahkota Abdullah also adopted a son before the birth of his own, Yang Mulia Tengku Amir Nasser Ibrahim bin Tengku Arif Bendahara Ibrahim, adopted in 1987. He was born on 25 August 1986 as the youngest son of the late Tengku Arif Bendahara Ibrahim and his third wife, Yang Mulia Tengku Amir Nasser Ibrahim and Puteri Suraiya Afzan Binti Mohamed Moiz married on 19 December 2012
11.
Dynasty
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A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a house, historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states, such as Ancient Egypt, the Carolingian Empire and Imperial China, using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which the family reigned and to describe events, trends. The word dynasty itself is often dropped from such adjectival references, until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty, that is, to increase the territory, wealth, and power of his family members. The longest-surviving dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as under the Frankish Salic law. Succession through a daughter when permitted was considered to establish a new dynasty in her husbands ruling house, however, some states in Africa, determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mothers dynasty when coming into her inheritance. It is also extended to unrelated people such as poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. The word dynasty derives via Latin dynastia from Greek dynastéia, where it referred to power, dominion and it was the abstract noun of dynástēs, the agent noun of dynamis, power or ability, from dýnamai, to be able. A ruler in a dynasty is referred to as a dynast. For example, following his abdication, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom ceased to be a member of the House of Windsor. A dynastic marriage is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, the marriage of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, for example, and their eldest child is expected to inherit the Dutch crown eventually. But the marriage of his younger brother Prince Friso to Mabel Wisse Smit in 2003 lacked government support, thus Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession, lost his title as a Prince of the Netherlands, and left his children without dynastic rights. In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a dynast is a member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchys rules still in force. Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term dynast is sometimes used only to refer to descendants of a realms monarchs. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people, yet he is not a male-line member of the royal family, and is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. Thus, in 1999 he requested and obtained permission from Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco. Yet a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time and that exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts prior to triggering it by marriage to a Catholic
12.
Sunni Islam
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Sunni Islam is the largest group of Islam. Its name comes from the word Sunnah, referring to the behavior of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. According to Sunni tradition, Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and this contrasts with the Shia view, which holds that Muhammad intended his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib to succeed him. Political tensions between Sunnis and Shias continued with varying intensity throughout Islamic history and they have been exacerbated in recent times by ethnic conflicts, as of 2009, Sunni Muslims constituted between 87–90% of the worlds Muslim population. Sunni Islam is the worlds largest religious denomination, followed by Catholicism and its adherents are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah or ahl as-sunnah for short. In English, its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism, while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims, Sunnis, Sunnites, Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam. The Quran, together with hadith and binding juristic consensus form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam, sunnī, also commonly referred to as Sunnīism, is a term derived from sunnah meaning habit, usual practice, custom, tradition. The Muslim use of this term refers to the sayings and living habits of the prophet Muhammad, in Arabic, this branch of Islam is referred to as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah, the people of the sunnah and the community, which is commonly shortened to ahl as-sunnah. One common mistake is to assume that Sunni Islam represents a normative Islam that emerged during the period after Muhammads death, and that Sufism and Shiism developed out of Sunni Islam. This perception is due to the reliance on highly ideological sources that have been accepted as reliable historical works. Both Sunnism and Shiaism are the end products of centuries of competition between ideologies. Both sects used each other to further cement their own identities and doctrines, the first four caliphs are known among Sunnis as the Rashidun or Rightly-Guided Ones. Sunni recognition includes the aforementioned Abu Bakr as the first, Umar who established the Islamic calendar as the second, Uthman as the third, Sunnis believe that the companions of Muhammad were the best of Muslims. Support for this view is found in the Quran, according to Sunnis. Sunnis also believe that the companions were true believers since it was the companions who were given the task of compiling the Quran, furthermore, narrations that were narrated by the companions are considered by Sunnis to be a second source of knowledge of the Muslim faith. A study conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2010 and released January 2011 found that there are 1.62 billion Muslims around the world, Islam does not have a formal hierarchy or clergy. Leaders are informal, and gain influence through study to become a scholar of Islamic law, according to the Islamic Center of Columbia, South Carolina, anyone with the intelligence and the will can become an Islamic scholar. During Midday Mosque services on Fridays, the congregation will choose a person to lead the service
13.
Malaysia
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Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government, with a population of over 30 million, Malaysia is the 44th most populous country. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai, is in Malaysia, located in the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth, with large numbers of endemic species. Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, the first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946, Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia, less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a role in politics. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with minorities of Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian Indians. The constitution declares Islam the state religion while allowing freedom of religion for non-Muslims, the government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is the king, known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and he is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is the prime minister, since its independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with its GDP growing at an average of 6. 5% per annum for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce. Today, Malaysia has a newly industrialised market economy, ranked third largest in Southeast Asia, the name Malaysia is a combination of the word Malay and the Latin-Greek suffix -sia/-σία. The word melayu in Malay may derive from the Tamil words malai and ur meaning mountain and city, land, malayadvipa was the word used by ancient Indian traders when referring to the Malay Peninsula. Whether or not it originated from these roots, the word melayu or mlayu may have used in early Malay/Javanese to mean to steadily accelerate or run. This term was applied to describe the current of the river Melayu in Sumatra. The name was adopted by the Melayu Kingdom that existed in the seventh century on Sumatra
14.
Perak
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Perak also known by its honorific, Darul Ridzuan, or Abode of Grace, one of the 13 states of Malaysia, is the fourth largest state in the country. It borders Kedah at the north, Thai Yala Province to the northeast, Penang to the northwest, Kelantan and Pahang to the east, Selangor to the south, and the Straits of Malacca to the west. The states administrative capital of Ipoh was known historically for tin-mining activities until the price of the metal dropped, the royal capital, however remains at Kuala Kangsar, where the palace of the Sultan of Perak is located. The states official name is Perak Darul Ridzuan, Perak means silver in Malay, which is probably derived from the silvery colour of tin. In the 1890s, Perak, with the richest alluvial deposits of tin in the world was one of the jewels in the crown of the British Empire, however, some say the name comes from the glimmer of fish in the water that sparkled like silver. Darul Ridzuan is the states Arabic honorific, and can either land or abode of grace. Legend tells of a Hindu-Malay Kingdom called Gangga Negara in the northwest of Perak, archaeological discoveries indicate that Perak was inhabited since prehistoric times. The modern history of Perak began with the fall of the Malacca Sultanate, Raja Muzaffar Shah, fled the Portuguese conquest of 1511 and established his own dynasty on the banks of the Sungai Perak in 1528. Being rich in tin ore deposits, the dominion was under almost continuous threat from outsiders, the Dutch attempted to control the tin trade in the 17th century, and built defensive forts at the mouth of the Perak River and on Pulau Pangkor. Early history recorded the arrival in Perak of the Dutch in 1641, however, the Dutch attempt to monopolise the tin-ore trading in Perak by influencing Sultan Muzaffar Syah failed. This did not go well with the aristocracy of Perak. In 1651, Temenggung and the people of Perak attacked and destroyed the Dutch plant, the Dutch were forced to leave their base in Perak. The Dutch sent a representative to Perak in 1655 to renew the earlier agreement and to seek compensation for the loss of their plant. The Perak government however did not honour the treaty and was surrounded by the Dutch, in retaliation, the people of Perak, Aceh. In 1670, the Dutch returned to Perak to build Kota Kayu, now known as Kota Belanda, Perak agreed to the construction because of news that the Kingdom of Siam would be attacking the state. Nevertheless, in 1685, Perak once again attacked the Dutch on Pangkor Island, forcing them to retreat, the Dutch attempted to negotiate for a new treaty, but failed. In the 19th century, the Bugis, Acehnese, and the Siamese all attempted to invade Perak, the Perak Sultanate was unable to maintain order as it was embroiled in a protracted succession crisis. In her book The Golden Chersonese and The Way Thither, Victorian traveller and adventurer Isabella Lucy Bird describes how Raja Muda Abdullah turned to his friend in Singapore, Tan, together with an English merchant in Singapore, drafted a letter to Governor Sir Andrew Clarke which Abdullah signed
15.
Malay College Kuala Kangsar
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The Malay College Kuala Kangsar is a premier residential school in Malaysia. It is an all-boys and all-Malay school in the town of Kuala Kangsar. It was awarded Cluster School of Excellence title by the Ministry of Education, the school has been selected as IB World School for Diploma Programme since 2011 and Middle Years Programme since 2016. It offers both national curriculum while implement IB curriculum standards, MCKK is also a member of an international organization of best secondary schools in the world called Global Alliance of Leading-Edge Schools led by Raffles Institution of Singapore. The school is one of the two boarding school in Malaysia that are under royal patronage. The schools patron is the Conference of Rulers, the board members are also appointed by the Conference. The school is specialized in rugby, basketball and leadership, Malay College Kuala Kangsar is the first fully residential school in Malaysia. Established on 2 January 1905, it was known as the Malay Residential School of Kuala Kangsar. The school was the brainchild of R J Wilkinson, inspector of schools for the Federated Malay States, in a letter to the resident-general dated 24 February 1904 he wrote about establishing at a suitable locality in the F. M. S. A special residential school for the education of Malays of good family, William Hargreaves, headmaster of Penang Free School, was appointed as the first headmaster to lead the establishment of the school with 40 pioneering students. Since 1965, the Malay College has been led by Malay headmasters, as it was founded to educate the Malay elite, being royal children and the sons of Malay nobility, few of its early students were from commoner families. However, during Tun Abdul Razak Husseins tenure as Minister of Education in 1947, as a result of rising Malay nationalism and their status as aristocrats had caused them to not be independent and to have no willingness to strive for a better future. Today, only selected Malay boys aged 13 to 17 from around Malaysia are educated there, some of the notable teachers there were Pendeta ZaBa and Anthony Burgess. The second half of the school, conducted by Mr Vanrenen was held in a fowl house, There were 40 boys in the first intake. The sanction for the building of a permanent school became official on 23 December 1905, by 1 May 1909, the change seems to have seen greater emphasis on the original aim of MCKK. Since its inception, more than 5,000 boys have entered the gates of MCKK, the first Malay College Magazine was published in 1939. The compulsory white uniforms were introduced in 1949, before that and it was only made compulsory in 1959 by the last British Headmaster, NJ Ryan. The Headmaster changed the names of the 3 Houses to the four names of FMS Rulers in 1905, kolet adopt that tune to be the MCKK Anthem using the words in the Ode to the MCKK penned by teacher-cum-poet/writer/composer Anthony Burgess
16.
Worcester College, Oxford
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Worcester College /ˈwʊstər/ is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. The college was founded in 1714 by the benefaction of Sir Thomas Cookes and its predecessor, Gloucester College, had been an institution of learning on the same site since the late 13th century until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539. As of July 2010, Worcester had an endowment of £16.7 million. After a lapse of 20 years, the buildings of the old Gloucester College were used in the foundation of Gloucester Hall and this was a going concern from 1699 to 1705, although only 15 Greeks are recorded as members. In 1714, thanks to a benefaction from a Worcestershire baronet, Sir Thomas Cookes. Even then, there were sufficient funds to rebuild the Chapel, Hall and Library. The designs were by Dr. George Clarke, who had consulted Nicholas Hawksmoor, in 1736, Clarke generously left to the College his great collection of books and manuscripts. These included the papers of his father William Clarke and a proportion of the surviving drawings of Inigo Jones. Owing to lack of funds, Worcesters eighteenth-century building programme proceeded by fits and starts, the west end of the Terrace and the Provosts Lodgings were added in 1773–76. In more recent years new residential blocks for undergraduates and graduates have been added. The latest of these include the Earl building, Sainsbury Building, Linbury Building, Canal Building, Ruskin Lane Building, and the Franks Building. A modern addition to Worcester College, the Canal Building, sits next to the entrance to the college and, as the name suggests. It houses 50 students in large single rooms. The accommodation is usually reserved for third and fourth year undergraduates, the College Chapel was built in the 18th century. Dr George Clarke, Henry Keene and James Wyatt were responsible for different stages of its lengthy construction, the interior columns and pilasters, the dome and the delicate foliage plastering are all Wyatts work. His classical interior was insufficiently emphatic for the tastes of militant Victorian churchmen and its stained glass windows were to have been designed by John Everett Millais, but Burges rejected his designs and entrusted the work to Henry Holiday. Oscar Wilde said of the Chapel, As a piece of decorative and beautiful art it is perfect. Worcester is unique among the Oxford colleges in that it has not one, there is a mixed-voice choir constituted of auditioned choral scholars and volunteers, which sings twice a week, weekly on Thursday and on alternating Sunday and Monday evenings
17.
University of Oxford
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The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris, after disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two ancient universities are frequently referred to as Oxbridge. The university is made up of a variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges, All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. Being a city university, it not have a main campus, instead, its buildings. Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the worlds oldest and most prestigious scholarships, the university operates the worlds oldest university museum, as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system in Britain. Oxford has educated many notable alumni, including 28 Nobel laureates,27 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, the University of Oxford has no known foundation date. Teaching at Oxford existed in form as early as 1096. It grew quickly in 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris, the historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188 and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of chancellor from at least 1201, the university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, the students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two nations, representing the North and the South. In later centuries, geographical origins continued to many students affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. At about the time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College, thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses. In 1333–34, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III. Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London, thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, the new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the English Reformation and the breaking of communion with the Roman Catholic Church, recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, as a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxfords reputation declined in the Age of Enlightenment, enrolments fell and teaching was neglected
18.
University of Exeter
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The University of Exeter is a public research university located in Exeter, Devon, South West England, United Kingdom. In post-nominals, the University of Exeter is abbreviated as Exon. and is the given to honorary. The university has four campuses, Streatham and St Lukes, and Truro, the university is centred in the city of Exeter, Devon, where it is the principal higher education institution. Streatham is the largest campus containing many of the administrative buildings. The Penryn campus is maintained in conjunction with Falmouth University under the Combined Universities in Cornwall initiative, the university was named the Sunday Times University of the Year in 2013 and was the Times Higher Education University of the Year in 2007. Exeter has maintained a top ten position in the National Student Survey since the survey was launched in 2005, for 2015-16, Exeter had a turnover of £371.5 million, including £61.4 million from research grants and contracts. Exeter is a member of the Russell Group of leading research-intensive UK universities, the university is also a member of Universities UK, the European University Association, and the Association of Commonwealth Universities and is an accredited institution of the Association of MBAs. The universitys origins can be traced back to three educational institutions that existed in the city of Exeter and in Cornwall in the middle of the nineteenth century. To celebrate the educational and scientific work of Prince Albert, and inspired by the Great Exhibition of 1851, Exeter School of Art in 1855, in 1900 its official title was changed to the Royal Albert Memorial College and the college moved to Bradninch Place in Gandy Street. As was customary for new university institutions in England in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, alderman W H Reed, a former mayor of Exeter, donated Streatham Hall on the Streatham Estate to the new University College in 1922. Streatham Hall was renamed to Reed Hall after its benefactor, at the same time, the first principal of the University College, later Sir Hector Hetherington, persuaded the Council of the College to buy a major portion of the Streatham Estate. A slow move to the Streatham Estate from the centre of the city occurred over time, the building was opened in 1931. The first of the halls of residence, Mardon Hall. Roborough Library was completed around 1939, Queen Elizabeth II presented the Charter to the university on a visit to Streatham the following year. The university underwent a period of expansion in the 1960s. These included homes for the Chemistry and Physics departments, the Newman, Laver and Engineering Buildings, queens Building had been opened for the Arts Faculty in 1959 and the Amory Building, housing Law and Social Sciences, followed in 1974. In the following two decades, considerable investment was made in developing new self-catering accommodation for students, gifts from the Gulf States made it possible to build a new university library in 1983 and more recently have allowed for the creation of a new Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies. A further major donation enabled the completion of the Xfi Centre for Finance, since 2009, significant further investment has been made into new student accommodation, new buildings in The Business School, and the Forum, a new development for the centre of Streatham Campus
19.
Mahathir Mohamad
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Mahathir bin Mohamad is a Malaysian politician who was the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia from 1981 to 2003, making him longest-serving holder of that office. His political career spanned more than 70 years since he first joined a newly-formed UMNO in 1946, born and raised in Alor Setar, Kedah, Mahathir excelled at school and became a medical doctor. He became active in the United Malays National Organisation, Malaysias largest political party and he served one term before losing his seat, subsequently falling out with Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman and being expelled from UMNO. When Abdul Rahman resigned, Mahathir re-entered UMNO and Parliament, and was promoted to the Cabinet, by 1976 he had risen to Deputy Prime Minister, and in 1981 was sworn in as Prime Minister after the resignation of his predecessor, Hussein Onn. During Mahathirs tenure as Prime Minister, Malaysia experienced a period of modernisation and economic growth. Mahathir was a dominant political figure, winning five consecutive general elections, however, his accumulation of power came at the expense of the independence of the judiciary and the traditional powers and privileges of Malaysias royalty. He deployed the controversial Internal Security Act to detain activists, non-mainstream religious figures, as Prime Minister, he was an advocate of third-world development and a prominent international activist. He remains a political figure after his retirement. He became a strident critic of his hand-picked successor Abdullah Badawi in 2006 and later and his son Mukhriz Mahathir was the Chief Minister of Kedah until early 2016. On 29 February 2016, Mahathir Mohamad quit UMNO in light of UMNOs support for the actions of Prime Minister Najib Razak, among the other reasons are the RM2. 6bil and 1Malaysia Development Berhad issues. On 9 September 2016, the Registrar of Societies gave his stamp of approval for Mahathir Mohamad’s new Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia. Mahathir is currently the chairman of the party, Mahathir was born at his parents home in a poor neighbourhood of Alor Setar, the capital of the state of Kedah, British Malaya, on 10 July 1925. Mahathirs birth certificate gives his date of birth as 20 December and he was actually born on 10 July, his biographer Barry Wain explains that 20 December was an arbitrary date. An aspect of Mahathirs birth set him apart, he was not born into the aristocracy or a prominent religious or political family, both parents had been married previously, Mahathir had six half-siblings and two full-siblings. Discipline imposed by his father motivated him to study, and he showed little interest in sports and he won a position in a selective English medium secondary school, having become fluent in English well ahead of his primary school peers. With schools closed during the Japanese occupation of Malaya during World War II, he went into business, first selling coffee and later pisang goreng and other snacks. After the war, he graduated from school with high marks. There he met his wife, Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali
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Pahang :
Founding Grand Master and Member (DKP) of the Royal Family Order of Pahang (since 24 October 1977)
Grand Master and Member 1st class (DK I) of the Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang (since 1974)
Founding Grand Master of the Grand Royal Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SDSA, since 23 October 2010)
Founding Grand Master and Grand Knight of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SSAP, since 24 October 1977)
Knight Companion (DIMP), Grand Knight (SIMP) and Grand Master of the Order of the Crown of Pahang (since 1974)
Sultan Abu Bakar Silver Jubilee Medal (24 June 1957)
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Malaysia (as Yang di-Pertuan Agong, 29 March 1979 – 25 April 1984) :
Recipient of Order of the Royal House of Malaysia (DKM)
Recipient (DMN) and Grand Master (1979-1984) of the Order of the Crown of the Realm
Grand Master (1979-1984) of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Grand Master (1979-1984) of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia
Grand Master (1979-1984) of the Order of Merit of Malaysia
Grand Master (1979-1984) of the Order of the Royal Household of Malaysia
Johor :
First Class of the Royal Family Order of Johor (DK I)
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (SPMJ)
Sultan Ismail Coronation Medal (10 February 1960)
Kedah :
Member of the Royal Family Order of Kedah (DK)
Kelantan :
Recipient of the Royal Family Order or Star of Yunus (DK)
Negeri Sembilan :
Member of the Royal Family Order of Negeri Sembilan (DKNS)
Perak :
Recipient of the Royal Family Order of Perak (DK, 6.5.1975) -- currently : 
Grand Knight of the Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (the Perak Sword of State, SPCM, ) with title Dato' Sri—currently : 
Perlis :
Recipient of the Perlis Family Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail (DK)
Selangor :
First Class of the Royal Family Order of Selangor (DK I, 16.7.1987)
Terengganu :
Member first class of the Family Order of Terengganu (DK I)
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Argentina : Grand Cross of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín (26 September 2006)[6]
Brunei :
Recipient of Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei (DKMB)
Senior (Laila Utama) of the Family Order of Brunei (DK)
Kuwait : Collar of the Order of Mubarak the Great[7]
Romania : Star of the Socialist Republic of Romania 1st class (25 November 1982)
Saudi Arabia : Badr Chain (January 1982)[8]
South Korea : Grand Order of Mugunghwa
United Kingdom : Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal (2 June 1953)
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