Aḥmad ibn Faḍlān ibn al-ʿAbbās ibn Rāshid ibn Ḥammād, (Arabic: أحمد بن فضلان بن العباس بن راشد بن حماد; commonly known as Ahmad ibn Fadlan, was a 10th-century Arab traveler, famous for his account of his travels as a member of an embassy of the Abbasid caliph, al-Muqtadir of Baghdad, to the king of the Volga Bulgars, known as his risāla.
Ibn Fadhlan manuscript page (in Arabic)
Ahmad ibn Fadlan's route from Baghdad to Bukhara
Ahmad ibn Fadlan's theorized route from Bukhara to Bulghar
Abu’l-Faḍl Jaʿfar ibn Ahmad al-Muʿtaḍid, better known by his regnal name al-Muqtadir bi-llāh, was the eighteenth caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate from 908 to 932 AD, with the exception of a brief deposition in favour of al-Qahir in 929.
Gold dinar of al-Muqtadir with the names of his heir Abu'l-Abbas and the vizier Amid al-Dawla
Abbasid Silver Dirham in the name of the Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadir (reign: 908–932) inscribed. Designed on the model of the coinage of the Hindu Shahis.
The execution of Mansur al-Hallaj at the behest of al-Muqtadir on 26 March 922, as represented in a 17th-century Mughal Indian painting.
Dirham of al-Muqtadir (r. 908–932)