1.
Pearl Harbor
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Pearl Harbor is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base and it is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The U. S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet, the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7,1941, was the immediate cause of the United States entry into World War II. Pearl Harbor was originally a shallow embayment called Wai Momi or Puʻuloa by the Hawaiians. Puʻuloa was regarded as the home of the goddess, Kaʻahupahau. Making due allowance for legendary amplification, the estuary already had an outlet for its waters where the present gap is, during the early 19th century, Pearl Harbor was not used for large ships due to its shallow entrance. The interest of United States in the Hawaiian Islands grew as a result of its whaling, shipping and trading activity in the Pacific. As early as 1820, an Agent of the United States for Commerce and these commercial ties to the American continent were accompanied by the work of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. American missionaries and their families became a part of the Hawaiian political body. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, many American warships visited Honolulu, in most cases, the commanding officers carried letters from the U. S. Government giving advice on governmental affairs and of the relations of the island nation with foreign powers. In 1841, the newspaper Polynesian, printed in Honolulu, advocated that the U. S. establish a base in Hawaii for protection of American citizens engaged in the whaling industry. The British Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs Robert Crichton Wyllie, remarked in 1840 that and my opinion is that the tide of events rushes on to annexation to the United States. In 1865, the North Pacific Squadron was formed to embrace the western coast, lackawanna in the following year was assigned to cruise among the islands, a locality of great and increasing interest and importance. This vessel surveyed the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands toward Japan, as a result, the United States claimed Midway Island. The Secretary of the Navy was able to write in his report of 1868. This increased activity caused the permanent assignment of at least one warship to Hawaiian waters and it also praised Midway Island as possessing a harbor surpassing Honolulus. In the following year, Congress approved an appropriation of $50,000 on March 1,1869, after 1868, when the Commander of the Pacific Fleet visited the islands to look after American interests, naval officers played an important role in internal affairs. They served as arbitrators in disputes, negotiators of trade agreements and defenders of law
2.
Aloha Stadium
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Aloha Stadium is a stadium located in Halawa, Hawaii, a western suburb of Honolulu. It is the largest stadium in the state of Hawaii, Aloha Stadium is home to the University of Hawaiʻi Rainbow Warriors football team. It hosts the NCAAs Hawaii Bowl, and has also been home to the National Football Leagues Pro Bowl since 1980 and it also hosts numerous high school football games during the season, and serves as a venue for large concerts and events. A swap meet in the parking lot every Wednesday, Saturday and Sunday draws large crowds. Aloha Stadium once served as field for the AAA Hawaii Islanders of the Pacific Coast League from 1975 to 1987 before the team moved to Colorado Springs. Before 1975, Honolulus main outdoor stadium had been Honolulu Stadium, however, it had reached the end of its useful life by the 1960s, and was well below the standards for Triple-A baseball. The need for a new stadium was hastened by the Rainbows move to NCAA Division I, located west of downtown Honolulu and two miles north of Honolulu International Airport, Aloha Stadium was constructed in 1975 at a cost of $37 million. The first sporting event ever held at Aloha Stadium was a game played between the University of Hawaii and Texas A&I on September 13,1975. The stadium was somewhat problematic for its primary tenant, the Islanders. It was located in west-central Oahu, far from the Islanders fan base, additionally, while TheBus stopped right at the main gate of Honolulu Stadium, the Aloha Stadium stop was located some distance from the gate. As a result, attendance plummeted and never really recovered—a major factor in the ultimate move to the mainland. Additionally, stadium management initially refused to allow the use of metal spikes, when the Tacoma Twins complied with a parent-club directive to wear the spikes, stadium management turned off the center field lights. After 35 minutes, the umpires forfeited the game to the Twins, the Islanders protested, claiming they had no control over the lights. However, the PCL sided with the Twins, citing a rule that the home team is responsible for providing acceptable playing facilities. As originally built, Aloha Stadium could be reconfigured into various configurations for different sport venues and other purposes. Four movable 7, 000-seat sections, each 3.5 million pounds could move using air casters into a configuration for baseball. In January 2007, the stadium was locked into its football configuration due to cost. There have been numerous discussions with Hawaii lawmakers who are concerned with the condition of the stadium
3.
Honolulu County, Hawaii
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Honolulu County is a consolidated city–county located in the U. S. state of Hawaii. The consolidated city-county was established in the city adopted in 1907. As a municipal corporation and jurisdiction it manages aspects of government traditionally exercised by municipalities and counties in the rest of the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 953,207, because of Hawaiis municipal structure, the United States Census Bureau divides Honolulu County into several census-designated places for statistical purposes. The current mayor of Honolulu County is Kirk Caldwell, who reclaimed the job from the person who defeated him in a 2010 special election, Peter Carlisle, the county motto is Haʻaheo No ʻO Honolulu. Approximately 70% of the population lives in Honolulu County. Only Nevada has a percentage of its population living in its most populous county. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 2,128 square miles. However, the majority of area is the Pacific Ocean that surrounds the islands. For 2013, the county has an operating budget of US$2.16 billion. The government of Honolulu County is simplified and streamlined and coalesces at three major divisions of municipal power, the mayor of Honolulu is the principal executor of administrative authority. The mayor is elected on a basis to a four-year term. The Honolulu City Council is the legislative body. Its elected members are responsible for drafting and passing laws, as well as proposing budgets for various departments, unlike other cities in the United States, the council is absolutely independent of the mayor, who does not make any appearances during any of the council sessions. The nine council members represent one of nine districts, and are elected on a non-partisan basis to staggered four-year terms. The Prosecuting Attorney of Honolulu is independently elected of the two major divisions of municipal power, and is charged with prosecuting criminal offenses committed within the county. The office is not charged with providing legal counsel to the mayor or City Council, the prosecuting attorney is elected on a non-partisan basis to a four-year term. The Honolulu County is divided into 36 neighborhood boards, the office of neighborhood board member is an advisory position for public policy and civil investment
4.
Hawaii
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Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21,1959. Hawaii is the only U. S. state located in Oceania and it is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U. S. state not located in the Americas, the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast, Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group, it is called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U. S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U. S. states. It is the state with an Asian plurality. The states coastline is about 750 miles long, the fourth longest in the U. S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, the state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that was named for Hawaiʻiloa and he is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled. The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori, Rarotongan and Samoan. According to linguists Pukui and Elbert, lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the home, but in Hawaii. A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as an official state language. The title of the constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii, diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
7.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
8.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
9.
Hawaiian language
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The Hawaiian language is a Polynesian language that takes its name from Hawaiʻi, the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed. Hawaiian, along with English, is a language of the state of Hawaii. King Kamehameha III established the first Hawaiian-language constitution in 1839 and 1840, Hawaiian was essentially displaced by English on six of seven inhabited islands. In 2001, native speakers of Hawaiian amounted to under 0. 1% of the statewide population, linguists were unsure that Hawaiian and other endangered languages would survive. Nevertheless, from around 1949 to the present day, there has been an increase in attention to. Public Hawaiian-language immersion preschools called Pūnana Leo were started in 1984, the first students to start in immersion preschool have now graduated from college and many are fluent Hawaiian speakers. The federal government has acknowledged this development, for example, the Hawaiian National Park Language Correction Act of 2000 changed the names of several national parks in Hawaiʻi, observing the Hawaiian spelling. A pidgin or creole language spoken in Hawaiʻi is Hawaiian Pidgin and it should not be mistaken for the Hawaiian language nor for a dialect of English. The Hawaiian alphabet has 12 letters, five vowels and seven consonants and it contains an additional consonantal sound okina which is a glottal stop. The island name was first written in English in 1778 by British explorer James Cook and they wrote it as Owhyhee or Owhyee. Explorers Mortimer and Otto von Kotzebue used that spelling, the initial O in the name is a reflection of the fact that unique identity is predicated in Hawaiian by using a copula form, o, immediately before a proper noun. Thus, in Hawaiian, the name of the island is expressed by saying O Hawaiʻi, the Cook expedition also wrote Otaheite rather than Tahiti. The spelling why in the name reflects the pronunciation of wh in 18th-century English, the spelling hee or ee in the name represents the sounds, or. Putting the parts together, O-why-ee reflects, an approximation of the native pronunciation. American missionaries bound for Hawaiʻi used the phrases Owhihe Language and Owhyhee language in Boston prior to their departure in October 1819 and they still used such phrases as late as March 1822. However, by July 1823, they had begun using the phrase Hawaiian Language, in Hawaiian, ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi means Hawaiian language, as adjectives follow nouns. Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the Austronesian language family and it is closely related to other Polynesian languages, such as Marquesan, Tahitian, Māori, Rapa Nui, and less closely to Samoan and Tongan. According to Schütz, the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly 300 CE followed by waves of immigration from the Society Islands
10.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
11.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
12.
Interstate H-1
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Interstate H-1 is the busiest Interstate Highway in the US state of Hawaii. The highway is located on the island of O‘ahu, despite the number, this is an east–west highway—the H-series numbering reflects the order in which routes were funded and built. H-1 goes from Route 93 in Kapolei to Route 72 in Kāhala, east of Middle Street in Honolulu, H-1 is also known as the Lunalilo Freeway and is sometimes signed as such at older signs in central Honolulu. West of Middle Street, H-1 is also known as the Queen Liliʻuokalani Freeway and it is both the southernmost and westernmost signed Interstate Highway in the United States. Interstate H-1 begins near the Campbell Industrial Park in the town of Kapolei, west of this point, Hawaii State Route 93 continues toward Waianae. The freeway continues east, passing the community of Makakilo until reaching the junction with SR750, H-1 then continues along the northern edge of Waipahu approximately 3 miles until its junction with Interstate H-2. It then continues east through the towns of Pearl City and Aiea for approximately 5 miles to the complex Halawa Interchange, the highway then turns south for two miles, then east soon after the exits for Hickam Air Force Base and Pearl Harbor. At this point, the runs along a viaduct above State Route 92. From here H-1 runs through the city of Honolulu along a series of underpasses, H-1 ends in the Kahala district of Honolulu near Kahala Mall, where State Route 72 ends. The H-1 contraflow lane is referred to as a Zipper Lane due to the use of a movable concrete barrier. The H-1 and Nimitz Highway contraflow lanes are restricted to buses, motorcycles, Interstate H-1 was authorized as a result of the Statehood Act of 1960. The portion of H-1 that runs through downtown Honolulu opened in 1953 as the Mauka Arterial, the new section of H-1 was, however, built to modern freeway standards. The Hawaiian Interstate shields have gone through several changes, early shields contained the hyphen as per the official designation, however, these shields have been updated with the hyphen removed. As in other states across the contiguous United States, early interstate shields also included the writing of Hawaii above the route number. While the Queen Liliuokalani section of the Interstate H-1 has signs designating it as such, in the 1960s a fourth freeway, which would have been Interstate H-4, was proposed for the city of Honolulu. The intent of H-4 was to provide relief to the congested H-1 through downtown Honolulu, had it been built, the 6. 5-mile-long route of H-4 would have started at Exit 18 and followed the Honolulu waterfront to the Kapiolani interchange. The idea, however, was unpopular and the freeway was never built, the entire route is in Honolulu County. A portion of the Moanalua Freeway is designated as Interstate H-201, until mid-2004, it was signed as Route 78
13.
Pearl City, Hawaii
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Pearl City is a census-designated place located in the ʻEwa District and City & County of Honolulu on the Island of Oʻahu. As of the 2010 Census, the CDP had a population of 47,698. Pearl City is located along the shore of Pearl Harbor. ʻAiea borders Pearl City to the east, while Waipahu borders the west, the U. S. postal code for Pearl City is 96782. Early-day Pearl City had an array of rice paddies and fields that were plowed with water buffalo that would haul a two-wheeled cart, in the early 1880s, Pearl City was the final stop for Benjamin Dillinghams Oahu Railway, a mud wagon driven by a four-horse team. Lots for an as-yet-to-exist Pearl City went on sale in 1889, Pearl City is located at 21°2430 North, 157°581 East. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 5.8 square miles. The total area is 14. 29% water, the population density was 6,215.5 people per square mile. There were 9,181 housing units at a density of 1,842.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 59. 57% Asian-Pacific Islander,17. 24% White,2. 71% African American,0. 27% Native American,1. 41% from other races,7. 30% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 14. 9% of all households are made up of individuals and 6. 6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older, the average household size is 3.17 and the average family size is 3.48. In the CDP, the population is out with 18. 8% under the age of 18,13. 7% from 18 to 24,27. 2% from 25 to 44,23. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age is 37 years, for every 100 females, there are 115.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 117.3 males, the median income for a household in the CDP is $62,036, and the median income for a family is $67,246. Males have an income of $30,712 versus $28,408 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $21,683,6. 2% of the population and 4. 0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the population,11. 7% of those under the age of 18 and 4. 1% of those 65. The Honolulu Police Department operates the Pearl City Substation in Pearl City, the United States Postal Service operates the Pearl City Post Office in Pearl City
14.
Halawa, Hawaii
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Halawa is a census-designated place in the ‘Ewa District of Honolulu County, Hawaii, United States. Halawa Stream branches into two valleys, North and South Halawa, North Halawa is the stream and fluvial feature. Their confluence is within the H-3/H-201 highways exchange, most of Halawa Valley is undeveloped. As of the 2010 Census, the CDP had a population of 14,014, the entire ahupuaʻa of Halawa is highly sacred to Kanaka Maoli. Today, the water of Pearl Harbor has been contaminated by nuclear defueling and other toxic influences. The valley contains many religious and other cultural sites sacred to Kanaka Maoli, at least two species were driven to probable extinction, many more are declining rapidly, the main aquifer of the area was badly damaged, and religious sites were seriously impacted. Although the freeway was opened in 1997, many are still fighting for mitigation of these impacts, in 1993, thirteen cultural practitioners were arrested while conducting a ceremony to pray for the healing of the valley. Their lele was destroyed, and the caretakers of the area were barred from entrance to the sites, there is evidence in the documentary record that upper Halawa was highly significant to Kanaka Maoli. Most of the evidence may be, however, be in the oral record, the Hale O Papa and luakini are mentioned in the massive collection of Bishop Museum reports that took many years to finally be released. However, there was no evidence that these structures existed by the time of highway construction. The area has greatly impacted by sugarcane plantations, homesteading. The site of Waipao Heiau, for example, is occupied by a food distribution warehouse. The Papa temples were associated with the great Ku temples, which demanded human sacrifice and were usually in areas of greater population, without a luakini, there would be no Hale o Papa, according to Samuel Kamakau. Neighborhoods of Halawa are very disjointed, in part because of the significant highway exchanges that now nearly all of the lower end of Halawa Valley between Red Hill and Aloha Stadium. Much of the remainder of the valley along both sides of Interstate H-3 is developed into commercial and light industrial properties, on the east side of H-3 are found the State Animal Quarantine Station and the Halawa High and Medium Security Facility. Where the valley widens out closer to Pearl Harbor occur residential neighborhoods, Foster Village adjacent to Āliamanu, the interfluve on the west comprises Halawa Heights, extending up to Camp H. M. Smith. Along the lower, western edge, Halawa Heights merges with the neighborhoods of ‘Aiea, the U. S. Postal Code for Halawa Heights is 96701. The postal code for Foster Village, the area
15.
Waimalu, Hawaii
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Waimalu is a census-designated place in Honolulu County, Hawaiʻi, United States. The population was 13,730 at the 2010 census, Waimalu is located at 21°23′57″N 157°56′54″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 1.9 square miles, of which 1.8 square miles is land and 0.077 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 29,371 people,10,524 households, the population density was 4,972.1 people per square mile. There were 10,999 housing units at a density of 1,862.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 17. 08% White,2. 33% African American,0. 26% Native American,55. 32% Asian,5. 63% Pacific Islander,1. 10% from other races, and 18. 27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 97% of the population,21. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the family size was 3.26. In the CDP the population was out with 21. 4% under the age of 18,9. 5% from 18 to 24,31. 5% from 25 to 44,27. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 102.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.7 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $61,210, and the median income for a family was $70,740. Males had an income of $40,949 versus $32,090 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $25,913, about 4. 1% of families and 5. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7. 9% of those under age 18 and 3. 0% of those age 65 or over. Waimalu is within the Hawaii Department of Education, public elementary schools in the CDP include Momilani elementary, Pearl Ridge elementary, Waiau elementary, and Waimalu elementary. Pearl City High School is located in the Waimalu CDP, there are several geographic legends of Waimalu in the Ewa Area between the East Loch of Pearl Harbor and the terraces in the Waimalu Stream, Waipi Stream which is east of Waiua Pond. Accounts of Heiau, the Waimalu Burial Cave, Paul Marin, and Paunana- loa Huewai-pi, are also included
16.
United States Postal Service
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The United States Postal Service, is an independent agency of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States. It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the United States Constitution, Mail traces its roots to 1775 during the Second Continental Congress, where Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first postmaster general. The USPS as of February 2015 has 617,254 active employees, the USPS is the operator of the largest civilian vehicle fleet in the world. The USPS is legally obligated to serve all Americans, regardless of geography, at uniform price, the USPS has exclusive access to letter boxes marked U. S. The USPS lost $5.5 billion in fiscal year 2014 and $5.1 billion in 2015, in the early years of the North American colonies, many attempts were made to initiate a postal service. These early attempts were of small scale and usually involved a colony, Massachusetts Bay Colony for example, for example, informal independently-run postal routes operated in Boston as early as 1639, with a Boston to New York City service starting in 1672. A central postal organization came to the colonies in 1691, when Thomas Neale received a 21-year grant from the British Crown for a North American Postal Service, the patent included the exclusive right to establish and collect a formal postal tax on official documents of all kinds. The tax was repealed a year later, Neale appointed Andrew Hamilton, Governor of New Jersey, as his deputy postmaster. The first postal service in America commenced in February 1692, rates of postage were fixed and authorized, and measures were taken to establish a post office in each town in Virginia. Massachusetts and the other colonies soon passed laws, and a very imperfect post office system was established. Neales patent expired in 1710, when Parliament extended the English postal system to the colonies, the chief office was established in New York City, where letters were conveyed by regular packets across the Atlantic. Before the Revolution, there was only a trickle of business or governmental correspondence between the colonies, most of the mail went back and forth to counting houses and government offices in London. The Revolution made Philadelphia, the seat of the Continental Congress, News, new laws, political intelligence, and military orders circulated with a new urgency, and a postal system was necessary. Journalists took the lead, securing post office legislation that allowed them to reach their subscribers at very low cost, overthrowing the London-oriented imperial postal service in 1774-1775, printers enlisted merchants and the new political leadership, and created a new postal system. The United States Post Office was created on July 26,1775, the official post office was created in 1792 as the Post Office Department. It was based on the Constitutional authority empowering Congress To establish post offices, the 1792 law provided for a greatly expanded postal network, and served editors by charging newspapers an extremely low rate. The law guaranteed the sanctity of personal correspondence, and provided the country with low-cost access to information on public affairs. Rufus Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson first postmaster of St. Louis under the recommendation of Postmaster General Gideon Granger, Rufus Easton was the first postmaster and built the first post office west of the Mississippi
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Precipitation
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In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel, Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor, so that the water condenses and precipitates. Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated, Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called showers, moisture that is lifted or otherwise forced to rise over a layer of sub-freezing air at the surface may be condensed into clouds and rain. This process is active when freezing rain is occurring. A stationary front is often present near the area of freezing rain, provided necessary and sufficient atmospheric moisture content, the moisture within the rising air will condense into clouds, namely stratus and cumulonimbus. Eventually, the droplets will grow large enough to form raindrops. Lake-effect snowfall can be locally heavy, thundersnow is possible within a cyclones comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation, on the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. The movement of the trough, or intertropical convergence zone. Precipitation is a component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres of water falls as precipitation each year,398,000 cubic kilometres of it over the oceans and 107,000 cubic kilometres over land. Given the Earths surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres, Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes. Precipitation may occur on celestial bodies, e. g. when it gets cold, Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost. Precipitation is a component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 km3 of water falls as precipitation each year,398,000 km3 of it over the oceans, given the Earths surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres. Mechanisms of producing precipitation include convective, stratiform, and orographic rainfall, Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice
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Solanum
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If used for a particular species, this name usually applies to the Carolina horsenettle. Solanum is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include two food crops of economic importance, the potato and the tomato. It also contains the nightshades and horse nettles, as well as numerous plants cultivated for their ornamental flowers, Solanum species show a wide range of growing habits, such as annual and perennials, vines, subshrubs, shrubs, and small trees. Many formerly independent genera like Lycopersicon and Cyphomandra are now included in Solanum as subgenera or sections, thus, the genus today contains roughly 1, 500–2,000 species. The generic name was first used by Pliny the Elder for a plant also known as strychnos and its derivation is uncertain, possibly stemming from the Latin word sol, meaning sun, referring to its status as a plant of the sun. Another possibility is that the root was solare, meaning to soothe, or solamen, meaning a comfort, the species most commonly called nightshade in North America and Britain is Solanum dulcamara, also called bittersweet or woody nightshade. Its foliage and egg-shaped red berries are poisonous, the principle being solanine. The black nightshade is also generally considered poisonous, but its fully ripened fruit and foliage are cooked, the deadly nightshade is not in the Solanum genus, but is a member of the wider Solanaceae family. Most parts of the plants, especially the parts and unripe fruit, are poisonous to humans. However, several species are used in folk medicine, particularly by native peoples who have long employed them. Solanum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species – see list of Lepidoptera that feed on Solanum, the genus was established by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. Its subdivision has always been problematic, but slowly some sort of consensus is being achieved, the following list is a provisional lineup of the genus traditional subdivisions, together with some notable species. Many of the subgenera and sections might not be valid, they are used here provisionally as the phylogeny of this genus is not fully resolved yet, cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data suggests that the present subdivisions and rankings are largely invalid. Far more subgenera would seem to warrant recognition, with Leptostemonum being the one that can at present be clearly subdivided into sections. Notably, it includes as a major lineage several members of the traditional sections Cyphomandropsis, Section Allophylla Solanum granuloso-leprosum Section Cyphomandropsis Solanum glaucophyllum Desf. – Waxy-leaved nightshade Section Pachyphylla Solanum betaceum Cav, – Tamarillo Solanum exiguum Solanum roseum Section Acanthophora Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. Series Androceras Series Violaceiflorum Series Pacificum Section AnisantherumSection CampanulataSection CrinitumSection CroatianumSection Erythrotrichum Solanum robustum H. L. Wendl, – Shrubby nightshade Section GraciliflorumSection Herposolanum Solanum wendlandii Hook. f. – Giant potatocreeper Section Irenosolanum Solanum incompletum Dunal – Pōpolo kū mai Solanum nelsonii Dunal – Nelsons horsenettle, & Arn. Braun – Watermelon nightshade Solanum dimidiatum Raf
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Solanaceae
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The Solanaceae, or nightshades, are an economically important family of flowering plants. Many members of the family contain potent alkaloids, and some are highly toxic, the family belongs to the order Solanales, in the asterid group and class Magnoliopsida. The Solanaceae consists of about 98 genera and some 2,700 species, with a diversity of habitats. The name Solanaceae derives from the genus Solanum, the nightshade plant, the etymology of the Latin word is unclear. The name may come from a resemblance of certain solanaceous flowers to the sun. At least one species of Solanum is known as the sunberry, the family has a worldwide distribution, being present on all continents except Antarctica. The greatest diversity in species is found in South America and Central America, in 2017, scientists reported on their discovery and analysis of a fossil tomatillo found in the Patagonian region of Argentina, dated to 52 million years B. P. The finding has pushed back the earliest appearance of the Solanaceae plant family, as tomatillos likely developed later than other nightshades, this may mean that the Solanaceae may have first developed during the Mesozoic Era. The Solanaceae include a number of collected or cultivated species. The most economically important genus of the family is Solanum, which contains the potato, the tomato, another important genus, Capsicum, produces both chili peppers and bell peppers. The genus Physalis produces the so-called groundcherries, as well as the tomatillo, the Cape gooseberry, the genus Lycium contains the boxthorns and the wolfberry Lycium barbarum. Nicotiana contains, among other species, tobacco, certain species are widely known for their medicinal uses, their psychotropic effects, or for being poisonous. Most of the important genera are contained in the subfamily Solanoideae, with the exceptions of tobacco. Many of the Solanaceae, such as tobacco and petunia, are used as model organisms in the investigation of biological questions at the cellular, molecular. The name Solanaceae comes to scientific vocabulary from New Latin, from Solanum, the type genus, + -aceae. The genus name comes from the Classical Latin word solanum, referring to nightshades, probably from sol, sun, + -anum, Plants in the Solanaceae can take the form of herbs, shrubs, trees, vines and lianas, and sometimes epiphytes. They can be annuals, biennials, or perennials, upright or decumbent and they do not have laticifers, nor latex, nor coloured saps. They can have a basal or terminal group of leaves or neither of these types, the leaves are generally alternate or alternate to opposed
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Nothocestrum latifolium
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Nothocestrum latifolium, commonly known as broadleaf ʻaiea, is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family, Solanaceae, that is endemic to Hawaiʻi. It can be found in dry and mesic forests at elevations of 460–1,530 m on the islands of Maui, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Oʻahu, broadleaf ʻaiea is threatened by habitat loss. The CDP of ʻAiea on Oʻahu was named after this species, native Hawaiians used the soft, greenish wood of ʻaiea to make pale for waʻa and ʻaho
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Sugar plantations in Hawaii
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The sugar grown and processed in Hawaii was shipped primarily to the United States and, in smaller quantities, globally. Industrial sugar production started slowly in Hawaii, the first sugar mill was created on the island of Lanaʻi in 1802 by an unidentified Chinese man who returned to China in 1803. The first sugarcane plantation, known as the Old Sugar Mill of Koloa, was established in 1835 by Ladd & Co. and in 1836 the first 8,000 pounds of sugar, by the 1840s, sugarcane plantations gained a foothold in Hawaiian agriculture. Steamships provided rapid and reliable transportation to the islands, and demand increased during the California Gold Rush, the land division law of 1848 displaced Hawaiian people from their land, forming the basis for the sugarcane plantation economy. In 1850, the law was amended to allow residents to buy. In 1850, when California became a state, profits declined, market demand increased even further during the onset of the American Civil War which prevented Southern sugar from being shipped northward. The price of sugar rose 525% from 4 cents per pound in 1861 to 25 cents in 1864, the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 allowed Hawaii to sell sugar to the United States without paying duties or taxes, greatly increasing plantation profits. This treaty also guaranteed all of the resources including land, water, human labor power, capital. The 1890 McKinley Tariff Act, an effort by the United States government to decrease the competitive pricing of Hawaiian sugar, after significant lobbying efforts, this act was repealed in 1894. By 1890, 75% of all privately held land was owned by foreign businessmen, the plantation owners wanted the United States to annex Hawaii so that Hawaiian sugar would never again be subject to tariffs. They also wanted the United States to annex Hawaii so there could be a U. S military base on the island, the industry was tightly controlled by descendants of missionary families and other Caucasian businessmen, concentrated in corporations known in Hawaii as The Big Five. These included Castle & Cooke, Alexander & Baldwin, C and this control of commodity distribution kept Hawaiians burdened under high prices and toiling under a diminished quality of life. These businessmen had perfected the double-edged sword of a labor force dependent upon plantation goods. Close ties as missionaries to the Hawaiian monarchy along with capital investments, cheap land, cheap labor, Alexander & Baldwin acquired additional sugar lands and also operated a sailing fleet between Hawaii and the mainland, the shipping concern became American-Hawaiian Line, and later Matson. Later the sons and grandsons of the missionaries played central roles in the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893. In 1898, the Republic of Hawaii was annexed by the United States and became the Territory of Hawaii, when Hawaiian plantations began to produce on a large scale, it became obvious that a labor force needed to be imported. The Hawaiian population was 1/6 its pre-1778 size due to ravaging disease brought by foreigners, additionally, Hawaiian people saw little use for working on the plantations when they could easily subsist by farming and fishing. Plantation owners quickly began importing workers which dramatically changed Hawaii’s demographics and is an example of globalization
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Attack on Pearl Harbor
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The attack, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, led to the United States entry into World War II. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI, Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U. S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions they planned in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. Over the next seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U. S. -held Philippines, Guam and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, the attack commenced at 7,48 a. m. The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese fighter planes, bombers, all eight U. S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four sunk. All but the USS Arizona were later raised, and six were returned to service, the Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship, and one minelayer. 188 U. S. aircraft were destroyed,2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded. Important base installations such as the station, shipyard, maintenance. Japanese losses were light,29 aircraft and five midget submarines lost, one Japanese sailor, Kazuo Sakamaki, was captured. The surprise attack came as a shock to the American people. The following day, December 8, the United States declared war on Japan, the U. S. responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy. Domestic support for non-interventionism, which had been fading since the Fall of France in 1940, Roosevelt to proclaim December 7,1941, a date which will live in infamy. Because the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning, over the next decade, Japan continued to expand into China, leading to all-out war between those countries in 1937. Japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate China and achieve sufficient resource independence to attain victory on the mainland, from December 1937, events such as the Japanese attack on USS Panay, the Allison incident, and the Nanking Massacre swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan. Fearing Japanese expansion, the United States, the United Kingdom, in 1940, Japan invaded French Indochina in an effort to control supplies reaching China. The United States halted shipments of airplanes, parts, machine tools, and aviation gasoline to Japan, an invasion of the Philippines was also considered necessary by Japanese war planners. War Plan Orange had envisioned defending the Philippines with a 40 and this was opposed by Douglas MacArthur, who felt that he would need a force ten times that size, and was never implemented. By 1941, U. S. planners anticipated abandonment of the Philippines at the outbreak of war and orders to that effect were given in late 1941 to Admiral Thomas Hart, commander of the Asiatic Fleet
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Commander (United States)
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In the United States, commander is a military rank that is also sometimes used as a military billet title, depending on the branch of service. It is also used as a rank or title in some organizations outside the military, particularly in police, the commander rank started out as Master and Commander in 1674 within the British Navy for the officer responsible for sailing a ship under the Captain and some times second-in-command. Sub-captain, under-captain, rector and master-commanding was also used for the same position, with the Master and Commander also serving as captain of smaller ships, the British Navy subsumed as the third and lowest of three grades of captain given the various sizes of ships. The American Continental Navy adopted the tri-graded captain ranks, Captain 2nd Grade, or Master Commandant, became Commander in 1838. Commander ranks above lieutenant commander and below captain, Commander is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant colonel in the other uniformed services. Notably, it is the first rank at which the holder wears an embellished cap, whereas officers of the other services are entitled to embellishment at O-4 rank. A commander in the U. S. Navy may command a frigate, destroyer, submarine, aviation squadron or small shore activity, or may serve on a staff afloat or ashore, or a larger vessel afloat. An officer in the rank of commander who commands a vessel may also be referred to as captain as a courtesy title, commanding officers of aviation squadrons and shore activities may also be informally referred to as skipper but never as captain. Although it exists largely as a training organization, the U. S. Maritime Service also has the grade of commander. The commission is appointed by the President via the Secretary of Transportation, for example, the senior officer in a U. S. Navy aviation squadron is the commanding officer because he or she is in command of that singular unit. That officers immediate superior in command will likely be an air group or air wing commander and this is in keeping with the naval tradition of commanding officers commanding single units, but commanders commanding multiple units. The Los Angeles Police Department was one of the first American police departments to use this rank, a commander is the third-highest rank in the force, above the rank of captain and below deputy chief. Duties are as commanding officer of Community Affairs, Internal Affairs, Governmental Liaison, Narcotics, Organized Crime and Vice, Criminal Intelligence, Detective Services, the San Francisco Police Department also has a Commander rank. Like the LAPD, it is above Captain and below Deputy Chief, the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia uses the rank of commander. The rank falls between those of inspector and assistant chief, the Rochester Police Department uses the rank of commander. Higher than captain and below deputy chief, the rank is achieved by appointment, Commander is the rank held by the two patrol division heads and other commanders fill various administrative roles. The Saint Paul Police Department is another force that uses the rank of commander. In the Saint Paul Police Department, commanders serve as the chief of the district/unit that they oversee, many police departments in the Midwest use the rank of commander
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Thomas C Latimore
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Commander Thomas Calloway Latimore was an American naval officer who was captain of the USS Dobbin, and the 24th Governor of American Samoa. His disappearance in Hawaii, just months before the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, Thomas Latimore was born in Tennessee on June 28,1890 and entered the United States Naval Academy in 1910. He graduated and was commissioned an ensign in 1914 and he was promoted to lieutenant in 1917. He served as acting Governor of American Samoa from April 10 to April 17,1934, after a brief time at Naval Intelligence in Washington, D. C. Latimore, despite being a commander, was given the command of the USS Dobbin in April 1941, a destroyer tender at Pearl Harbor. Soon after his arrival on Oahu in April 1941, Latimore, but soon afterwards a Yeoman second class named Kenneth Isaacs on the Dobbin recalled that Latimore came back to the ship, and he had an arm wound which he said he hurt in a fall. For a while he had an arm in a cast, by July 1941, the arm had healed and the cast had been removed. Latimore was last seen heading into the Aiea Mountain wearing his uniform, an old hat. When he failed to return hundreds of sailors and local police scoured the Aiea Mountains looking for him, trackers with dogs were brought in from Schofield Barracks but no trace of Latimore was ever found. A Naval investigation into his disappearance was launched in 1941 and his disappearance was never explained and was the subject of much local news coverage and rumor before being overshadowed by the Pearl Harbor attack. On 19 July 1942 he was declared dead. Latimore had forewarning of the attack from his Naval Intelligence contacts, list of people who disappeared mysteriously
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USS Dobbin (AD-3)
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USS Dobbin is the name of a United States Navy destroyer tender of World War II, named after James Cochrane Dobbin, the Secretary of the Navy from 1853 to 1857. Dobbin was launched on 5 May 1921 by the Philadelphia Navy Yard and she was commissioned on 23 July 1924, and served for 22 years before being decommissioned on 27 September 1946, and transferred to the United States Maritime Commission for disposal. Dobbin was launched on 5 May 1921 at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, sponsored by Mrs. H. H. James and she was commissioned on 23 July 1924 with Commander D. C. She joined that squadron at Guantanamo Bay, and took part in practice with the destroyers. From this base, on 13 February 1925, Dobbin steamed to the Panama Canal, after maneuvers at sea with the Scouting Fleet she arrived at San Diego on 9 March 1925 for 4 months of tender service along the west coast and at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Dobbin returned to the east coast in July 1925 and operated in the Atlantic Ocean for the next 7 years, during this time she participated in radio experiments and continued her services to the destroyers of the Scouting Fleet. In 1932, Dobbin returned to San Diego, arriving 1 September, at that time she was transferred to Hawaii and based on Pearl Harbor. In July 1941 Commander Thomas C, Latimore, Dobbins captain, disappeared while hiking the local Aiea Hills. His body was never found and was the subject of local news coverage. Commander Latimore was declared dead in July 1942. Dobbin was present during the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, at the time of the attack she was moored northeast of Ford Island with five destroyers, USS Phelps, USS Macdonough, USS Worden, USS Dewey and USS Hull. Dobbins crew watched helplessly as Japanese planes targeted Battleship Row, seeing that the ship had admiral flags, the aircraft tried to bomb Dobbin, but the ship only took shrapnel damage. Dobbins small craft spent the morning picking up survivors and taking the wounded to shore, the ship picked up hundreds of sailors from other ships, and when she left the harbor in search of the Japanese fleet,200 men from USS Raleigh alone were aboard. After the attack, Dobbin served in the Hawaiian area until May 1942 and then she was sent to Sydney, Dobbin was one of several Allied vessels located in Sydney Harbor during the Japanese midget submarine attack of 31 May 1942. On 25 June 1943 she was sent to Brisbane, Mackay, Townsville and she stayed near New Guinea until 14 February 1945, at which point she moved to Subic Bay in the Philippines. She served a Subic Bay from 24 February to 3 November 1945, Dobbin returned to San Diego on 7 December 1945 and was decommissioned on 27 September 1946. She was transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal on 24 December 1946, the entry can be found here
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USS Vestal
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USS Vestal was a repair ship in service with the United States Navy from 1913 to 1946. Before her conversion to a ship, she had served as a collier since 1909. The Vestal served in both World Wars and she was damaged during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and received two battle stars for her World War II service. Y. Launched on 19 May 1908, Vestal was placed in service as a collier, with a civilian crew. Vestal served the fleet as a collier, operating along the Atlantic coast and in the West Indies from the autumn of 1909 to the summer of 1910. After a voyage to Europe to coal ships of the Atlantic Fleet in those waters, the ship underwent nearly a years worth of yard work and was commissioned as a fleet repair ship in 1913 under the command of Commander Edward L. Beach, Sr. USN. After fitting out, Vestal departed her conversion yard on 26 October for Hampton Roads, Virginia, where she conducted her shakedown between 29 October to 10 November. After touching at Key West, Florida, for coal on 14 November, Vestal moved on to Pensacola, Florida, her base for operations as a repair ship for the Atlantic Fleet. The auxiliary vessel provided repair services at Vera Cruz from 2 May to 20 September before she sailed for Boston, as of December 1914, Commander U. T. Holmes was the officer and Lieutenant Commander L. J. Connelly performed as executive officer. Oberlin and F. M. Perkins serving as staff officers, Vestal then operated off the Virginia Capes and in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, before she returned to the Boston Navy Yard on 10 June 1915, after calls at New York City and Newport, R. I. She took on stores and provisions at Boston and underwent repairs there before she rejoined the fleet at Narragansett Bay on 19 May 1916. Following the U. S. entry into World War I and she stayed there for the duration of the war and beyond, finally returning in 1919. For the next six years Vestal served the Scouting Force and Battle Fleet, during the navy-wide assignment of alphanumeric hull numbers on 17 July 1920, Vestal was classified as a repair ship, AR-4. In 1925 she underwent modification that changed her from a ship to an oil-fired one. Soon thereafter, on 25 September, the submarine USS S-51 was rammed and sunk by the SS City of Rome, Vestal conducted her salvage operations from October to early December 1925 and again from 27 April to 5 July 1926. During the latter period, the submarine was raised from her watery grave, following the completion of recovery, Vestal was transferred to the Pacific Fleet in 1927. The Pacific Fleet was shifted to a new base at Pearl Harbor following Fleet Problem XXI in the spring of 1940, Vestal also made the move and served there until the outbreak of war following the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941
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Sugar refinery
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A sugar refinery is a refinery which processes raw sugar into white refined sugar or that processes sugar beet to refined sugar. While cane sugar does not need refining to be palatable, sugar from sugar beet is almost always refined to remove the strong, almost always unwanted, the refined sugar produced is more than 99 percent pure sucrose. Whereas many sugar mills only operate during a time of the year during the cane harvesting period. Sugar beet refineries tend to have periods when they process beet but may store intermediate product. Raw sugar is processed into white refined sugar in local refineries. Sugar refineries are located in heavy sugar-consuming regions such as North America, Europe. Since the 1990s many state-of-the art sugar refineries have been built in the Middle East and North Africa region, e. g. in Dubai, the world´s largest sugar refinery company is American Sugar Refining with facilities in North America and Europe. The raw sugar is stored in warehouses and then transported into the sugar refinery by means of transport belts. Many sugar refineries today buy high pol sugar and can do without the affination process, the remaining sugar is then dissolved to make a syrup, which is clarified by the addition of phosphoric acid and calcium hydroxide that combine to precipitate calcium phosphate. The calcium phosphate particles entrap some impurities and absorb others, and then float to the top of the tank, after any remaining solids are filtered out, the clarified syrup is decolorized by filtration through a bed of activated carbon or, in more modern plants, ion-exchange resin. The purified syrup is concentrated to supersaturation and repeatedly crystallized under vacuum to produce white refined sugar. As in a mill, the sugar crystals are separated from the mother liquor by centrifuging. To produce granulated sugar, in which the individual grains do not clump together. Drying is accomplished first by drying the sugar in a hot rotary dryer, the finished product is stored in large concrete or steel silos. It is shipped in bulk, big bags or 25 –50 kg bags to customers or packed in consumer-size packages to retailers. The dried sugar must be handled with caution, as sugar dust explosions are possible, a sugar dust explosion which led to 13 fatalities was the 2008 Georgia sugar refinery explosion in Port Wentworth, GA. Molasses Bagasse Press Mud As in many other industries factory automation has been promoted heavily in sugar refineries in recent decades, the production process is generally controlled by a central process control system, which directly controls most of the machines and components. Only for certain special machines such as the centrifuges in the sugar house decentralized PLCs are used for security reasons
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Honolulu
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Honolulu is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Hawaii. It is an part of and the county seat of the City and County of Honolulu on the island of Oahu. The city is the gateway to Hawaii and a major portal into the United States. The city is also a hub for international business, military defense, as well as famously being host to a diverse variety of east-west and Pacific culture, cuisine. Honolulu is the most remote city of its size in the world and is both the westernmost and the southernmost major U. S. city. For statistical purposes, the U. S. Census Bureau recognizes the area commonly referred to as City of Honolulu as a census county division. Honolulu is a financial center of the islands and of the Pacific Ocean. The population of the city of Honolulu was 337,256 as of the 2010 census, while the Honolulu CCD was 390,738, Honolulu means sheltered harbor or calm port. The old name is said to be Kou, a district encompassing the area from Nuuanu Avenue to Alakea Street. The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian Islands since 1845, as of 2015, Honolulu was ranked high on world livability rankings, and was also ranked as the 2nd safest city in the U. S. It is also the most populated Oceanian city outside Australasia and ranks second to Auckland as the most populous city in Polynesia, evidence of the first settlement of Honolulu by the original Polynesian migrants to the archipelago comes from oral histories and artifacts. These indicate that there was a settlement where Honolulu now stands in the 11th century, however, after Kamehameha I conquered Oʻahu in the Battle of Nuʻuanu at Nuʻuanu Pali, he moved his royal court from the Island of Hawaiʻi to Waikīkī in 1804. His court relocated in 1809 to what is now downtown Honolulu, the capital was moved back to Kailua-Kona in 1812. In 1794, Captain William Brown of Great Britain was the first foreigner to sail into what is now Honolulu Harbor, more foreign ships followed, making the port of Honolulu a focal point for merchant ships traveling between North America and Asia. In 1845, Kamehameha III moved the permanent capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom from Lahaina on Maui to Honolulu and he and the kings that followed him transformed Honolulu into a modern capital, erecting buildings such as St. Andrews Cathedral, ʻIolani Palace, and Aliʻiōlani Hale. At the same time, Honolulu became the center of commerce in the islands, an economic and tourism boom following statehood brought rapid economic growth to Honolulu and Hawaiʻi. Modern air travel brings, as of 2007,7.6 million visitors annually to the islands, today, Honolulu is a modern city with numerous high-rise buildings, and Waikīkī is the center of the tourism industry in Hawaiʻi, with thousands of hotel rooms. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 68.4 square miles
29.
California and Hawaiian Sugar Company
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California and Hawaiian Sugar Company is an American sugar processing and distribution company. The California and Hawaiian Sugar Company was founded in 1906 and operated from 1921 to 1993 as a cooperative marketing association owned by the member sugar companies in Hawaii. Its headquarters are in Crockett under the Carquinez Bridge in unincorporated Contra Costa County, in 1993, the member companies sold their interests in C&H to Alexander & Baldwin in Honolulu, and the refining companys status changed from a cooperative to a corporation. Alexander & Baldwin subsequently sold its majority share to an investment group in 1998, in 2005, the common stock shares were acquired by American Sugar Refining, a company owned by Florida Crystals and the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. Florida Crystals is a privately held company that is part of FLO-SUN, C&H sells a variety of cane sugar products, including white granulated, brown, bakers, powdered and organic. C&Hs primary market is west of the Mississippi River in the United States, a number of high-profile restaurants, bakeries and hotels have C&H sugar shipped directly to them where it is not available through local distribution channels. More than 70 types, grades, and package sizes are sold within the two groupings of grocery and industrial products. About 700,000 short tons of sugar per year are processed, in 2016, citing a loss of profitability, the Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Company harvested its last Hawaiian sugar cane crop, and will cease refining operations there as well. Lands still owned by the company will be converted to crops and uses, such as sorghum. C&H Pure Cane Sugar Keri Hayes, a Small Towns Sweet Sorrow, The tight bond between Crockett and C&H sugar has been polluted along with local waterways
30.
Bette Midler
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Bette Midler is an American singer, songwriter, actress, comedian, and film producer. Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Midler began her career in several Off-Off-Broadway plays, prior to her engagements in Fiddler on the Roof. She came to prominence in 1970 when she began singing in the Continental Baths, since 1970, Midler has released 14 studio albums as a solo artist. In 2008, she signed a contract with Caesars Palace in Las Vegas to perform a series of shows titled Bette Midler, The Showgirl Must Go On, Midler made her motion picture debut in 1979 with The Rose, which earned her a Golden Globe for Best Actress. In the following years, she starred in a string of hit films, including, Down and Out in Beverly Hills, Outrageous Fortune, Beaches, The First Wives Club, and The Stepford Wives. She starred in For the Boys and Gypsy, and won two additional Golden Globe awards for these films, in a career spanning almost half a century, Midler has won three Grammy Awards, four Golden Globes, three Emmy Awards, and a special Tony Award. She has sold over 35 million records worldwide, and has received four Gold, Midler is currently appearing on Broadway in a revival of Hello, Dolly. which began preview performances on March 15,2017, and will premiere at the Shubert Theatre on April 20th. It is her first leading role in a Broadway musical, Midler was born in Honolulu, where her family was one of the few Jewish families in a mostly Asian neighborhood. Her mother, Ruth, was a seamstress and housewife, and her father, Fred Midler, worked at a Navy base in Hawaii as a painter, and was also a housepainter. She was named after actress Bette Davis, though Davis pronounced her first name in two syllables, and Midler uses one, /ˈbɛt/ and she was raised in Aiea and attended Radford High School, in Honolulu. She was voted Most Talkative in the 1961 school Hoss Election, Midler majored in drama at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and was a sister of Delta Phi Epsilon international sorority, but left after three semesters. She earned money in the 1966 film Hawaii as an extra, Midler married artist Martin von Haselberg on December 16,1984, about six weeks after their first meeting. Their daughter, Sophie von Haselberg, who is also an actress, was born on November 14,1986, Midler relocated to New York City in the summer of 1965, using money from her work in the film Hawaii. She landed her first professional role in Tom Eyens Off-Off-Broadway plays in 1965, Miss Nefertiti Regrets and Cinderella Revisited, a childrens play by day. From 1966 to 1969, she played the role of Tzeitel in Fiddler on the Roof on Broadway, after Fiddler, she joined the original cast of Salvation in 1969. She began singing in the Continental Baths, a gay bathhouse in the Ansonia Hotel, during this time, she became close to her piano accompanist, Barry Manilow, who produced her first album in 1972, The Divine Miss M. It was during her time at the Continental Baths that she built up a core following. In the late 1990s, during the release of her album Bathhouse Betty, Midler commented on her time performing there, Despite the way turned out
31.
Poverty threshold
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The poverty threshold, poverty limit or poverty line is the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a particular country. In practice, like the definition of poverty, the official or common understanding of the poverty line is higher in developed countries than in developing countries. In 2008, the World Bank came out with a figure of $1.25 at 2005 purchasing-power parity, the new IPL replaces the $1.25 per day figure, which used 2005 data. Most scholars agree that it better reflects todays reality, particularly new price levels in developing countries, the common international poverty line has in the past been roughly $1 a day. At present the percentage of the population living under extreme poverty is likely to fall below 10% according to the World Bank projections released in 2015. Determining the poverty line is usually done by finding the total cost of all the resources that an average human adult consumes in one year. Individual factors are used to account for various circumstances, such as whether one is a parent, elderly. The poverty threshold may be adjusted annually, charles Booth, a pioneering investigator of poverty in London at the turn of the 20th century, popularised the idea of a poverty line, a concept originally conceived by the London School Board. Booth set the line at 10 to 20 shillings per week, to secure the necessaries of a healthy life, which included fuel and light, rent, food, clothing, and household and personal items. Based on data from leading nutritionists of the period, he calculated the cheapest price for the minimum calorific intake and nutritional balance necessary and he considered this amount to set his poverty line and concluded that 27. 84% of the total population of York lived below this poverty line. Rowntree distinguished between primary poverty, those lacking in income and secondary poverty, those who had enough income, Absolute poverty is the level of poverty as defined in terms of the minimal requirements necessary to afford minimal standards of food, clothing, health care and shelter. For the measure to be absolute, the line must be the same in different countries, cultures, such an absolute measure should look only at the individuals power to consume and it should be independent of any changes in income distribution. Notice that if real income in an economy increases. Measuring poverty by a threshold has the advantage of applying the same standard across different locations and time periods. For example, a living in far northern Scandinavia requires a source of heat during colder months. The term absolute poverty is sometimes used as a synonym for extreme poverty. Absolute poverty is the absence of resources to secure basic life necessities. It depends not only on income but also on access to services, safe drinking water, Water must not come solely from rivers and ponds, and must be available nearby
32.
Pearlridge
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Pearlridge is the second largest shopping center in Hawaiʻi, after Ala Moana, and is Hawaiʻis largest enclosed shopping center, located in ʻAiea. Opened in 1972 and expanded in 1976, the mall is split up into three phases and overlooks historic Pearl Harbor and the USS Arizona Memorial. The property includes the only monorail in Hawaiʻi, the only emergency clinic located on property. The mall is owned by WP Glimcher and it is on land owned by Kamehameha Schools. Pearlridge consists of two shopping areas, one is Pearlridge Uptown and the other is Pearlridge Downtown. There are also two minor strip malls, Pearlridge East and Pearlridge West, the two major shopping areas are connected by the only monorail system in Hawaiʻi. Pearlridge primary anchor tenants include, Macys, Sears and Toys R Us, there are over 170 stores and restaurants with two food courts, and a movie theater complex with sixteen screens. Notably, Hawaiʻis only Circuit City was located here until closing in early 2009 following bankruptcy, the location was replaced by Hawaiis first Bed Bath & Beyond store in Fall 2010. Next to Bed Bath & Beyond is Jamba Juice and Starbucks, not attached to any of the main Pearlridge buildings on either side of Pali Momi Medical Center are several stand-alone stores, Anna Millers, Toys R Us, and Inspiration Pop Up. Ross Dress for Less moved into the vacated by Borders. The building formerly occupied by Inspiration Furniture is now occupied by Pali Momi Medical Center, two thirds of GAP, also closed, is now owned by Victorias Secret, while the other one third is currently unoccupied. Pearlridge also hosts several restaurants in the mall property. Pearlridge West hosts Anna Millers and Bravo Restaurant, near Uptown is Monterey Bay Canners, while Downtown hosts Chilis, California Pizza Kitchen, and Big City Diner. The space once occupied by Sizzler is currently unoccupied, the Pearlridge Office Center is an 8-story office complex mainly housing financial and professional suites located towards Pearlridge East. A unique landmark of Pearlridge is Sumida Farm, Hawaiʻis largest watercress farm, nearby, a branch office of American Savings Bank is located opposite of Pearlridge East. One of Pearlridges most distinctive landmarks is the Skycab, Hawaiʻis only monorail system, connecting both Uptown and Downtown, it provides a unique transport and a notable focal point of the center. The monorail first ran on November 7,1977, and was built by Rohr Industries
33.
Monorail
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A monorail is a railway in which the track consists of a single rail. The term is used to describe the beam of the system. Colloquially, the monorail is often used to describe any form of elevated rail or people mover. More accurately, the term refers to the style of track, not its elevation, with Mono meaning one, monorails have found applications in airport transfer and medium capacity metros. To differentiate monorails from other modes, the Monorail Society says “Monorail n. A single rail serving as a track for passenger or freight vehicles, in most cases rail is elevated, but monorails can also run at grade, below grade or in subway tunnels. Vehicles either are suspended from or straddle a narrow guide way. Monorail vehicles are wider than the way that supports them. ”Monorails are often elevated, sometimes leading to confusion with other elevated systems such as the Docklands Light Railway, Vancouver SkyTrain and the AirTrain JFK. Monorail vehicles often appear similar to light vehicles, and can be staffed or unstaffed. They can be individual rigid vehicles, articulated single units, or multiple units coupled into trains, unlike some trams and light rail systems, modern monorails are always separated from other traffic and pedestrians. From the passengers perspective, monorails can have advantages over trains, buses. As with other grade-separated transit systems, monorails avoid red lights, intersection turns, as with other elevated transit systems, monorail passengers enjoy sunlight and views and by watching for familiar landmarks, they can know better when to get off to reach their destinations. As with other systems, expensive and noisy ventilation systems are not necessary if the cars have traditional windows that can be opened by passengers, monorails can be quieter than diesel buses and trains. They obtain electricity from the structure, eliminating costly and unsightly overhead power lines and poles. Compared to the train systems of New York, Chicago and elsewhere. See Chicago L Under the Monorail Society beam width criterion, some but not all systems are considered monorails, such as the Transrapid. Maglevs differ from other monorails in that they do not physically contact the beam, the first monorail prototype was made in Russia in 1820 by Ivan Elmanov. Attempts at creating monorail alternatives to conventional railways have been made since the part of the 19th century
34.
Watercress
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Watercress is an aquatic plant species with the botanical name Nasturtium officinale. This should not be confused with the quite different group of plants with the name of nasturtium. Watercress is a growing, aquatic or semi-aquatic, perennial plant native to Europe and Asia. It is a member of the family Brassicaceae, botanically related to garden cress, mustard, radish, the hollow stems of watercress will float, the leaf structure is pinnately compound. Small, white and green flowers are produced in clusters and are visited by insects. Cultivation of watercress is practical on both a large-scale and a garden-scale, being semi-aquatic, watercress is well-suited to hydroponic cultivation, thriving best in water that is slightly alkaline. It is frequently produced around the headwaters of chalk streams, Watercress can be sold in supermarkets in sealed plastic bags, containing a little moisture and lightly pressurised to prevent crushing of contents. This has allowed national availability with a storage life of one to two days in chilled/refrigerated storage. Also sold as sprouts, the shoots are harvested days after germination. If unharvested, watercress can grow to a height of 50 to 120 centimetres, like many plants in this family, the foliage of watercress becomes bitter when the plants begin producing flowers. In some regions, watercress is regarded as a weed, in regions as an aquatic vegetable or herb. Watercress has been grown in many locations around the world, in the United Kingdom, watercress was first commercially cultivated in 1808 by the horticulturist William Bradbery, along the River Ebbsfleet in Kent. Watercress is now grown in a number of counties of the United Kingdom, most notably Hertfordshire, Hampshire, Wiltshire and Dorset. The town of Alresford, near Winchester, holds a Watercress Festival that brings in more than 15,000 visitors every year, Alresford in the U. K. is considered to be that nations watercress capital. In the United States in the 1940s, Huntsville, Alabama, was known as the watercress capital of the world. A 100-gram serving of watercress provides 11 calories and is rich in vitamin K. It also contains significant amounts of vitamin A, vitamin C, riboflavin, vitamin B6, calcium, manganese, Watercress has low contents of carbohydrates, protein, fat and dietary fiber. Watercress crops grown in the presence of manure can be an environment for such as the liver fluke
35.
Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football
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The Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football team represents the University of Hawaii at Manoa in NCAA Division I FBS college football. On November 27,2015, Nick Rolovich was hired as the new football coach at the University of Hawaii replacing Norm Chow. It was part of the Western Athletic Conference until July 2012, the Hawaiʻi Warriors were the third team from a non automatic qualifier conference to play in a BCS bowl game. They played Georgia in the Sugar Bowl on January 1,2008 in New Orleans,1909 - The College of Hawaii Fighting Deans played and won its game against McKinley High School by a score of 95–5 at Punahou School. 1920 - The College of Hawaii becomes the University of Hawaiʻi,1922 - Hawaiʻi defeats its first collegiate opponent, beating Pomona 25–6 on Christmas Day. 1923 - A rainbow appears over Moiliili Field after Hawaiʻi upsets Oregon State, local reporters begin calling UH athletic teams the Rainbows. 1924–25 - The Rainbows, under the guidance of coach Otto Klum, the Rainbows outscore their opponents 606–29 in 18 games. Among the schools defeated during this time are Colorado, Colorado State and these Rainbow teams become known as the Wonder Teams due to their outstanding play. 1926 - The Rainbows play their first game at their newly constructed home field, the Rainbows fall to the Town Team by a score of 14–7 in front of 12,000 fans on Armistice Day. 1935 - Rainbow running back and future coach Thomas Kaulukukui becomes Hawaiʻis first All-American player, Kaulukukui starred on Hawaiʻis 1934 undefeated team and set a school record in 1935 with a 103-yard kick return touchdown during a 19–6 loss to UCLA in Los Angeles. Kaulukukuis number 32 is later retired by the University and remains the number to be retired in Hawaiiʻin football history. 1942 - Following the Attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States entry into World War II, Hawaiʻi cancels the 1942,1943,1944,1946 - Hawaiʻi resumes football play after a four-year hiatus as a member of the NCAA. Hawaiʻi enters as a College Division Independent, the Rainbows continue to play local teams on occasion but the bulk of their schedules are made up of collegiate teams. 1955 - A year after suffering a 50–0 blowout loss to Nebraska in Honolulu, the win is considered one of the schools all-time biggest upsets. 1961 - The UH Board of Athletic Control votes to abolish the program due to a lack of finances. Legendary coach Clark Shaughnessy takes over for one season but the Rainbows flounder through a 1-8-1 season,1966 - Phil Sarboe, after 15 seasons as head coach at Humboldt State, guides the team to a 4–6 record playing its first all-collegiate schedule. He resigns for personal reasons after the season,1967 - Don King, an assistant under Sarboe, becomes head coach and the much-improved Rainbows post a 6–4 record. Significantly, large flock to Honolulu Stadium to watch the Rainbows for the first time in many years
36.
Hawaii Bowl
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Typically played on either Christmas Day or Christmas Eve, the game matches teams from either Conference USA or the Pac-12 and a team from the Mountain West Conference. If Hawaiʻi is not eligible then another Mountain West team receives the bid and this continues a tradition started when Hawaiʻi was a member of the Western Athletic Conference. The bowl is one of 11 post-season contests run by ESPN Regional Television, a subsidiary of ESPN, the Hawaii Bowl succeeds the Poi Bowl, Pineapple Bowl, Aloha Bowl, and the Oahu Bowl as bowl games played in Hawaiʻi. This bowl is a new event not affiliated with the previous games, in its first year, the Hawaiʻi Bowl was sponsored by ConAgra Foods. The following year, Sheraton Hotels and Resorts Hawaii assumed sponsorship, the 2005 appearance of the UCF Knights at the Hawaiʻi Bowl was the first ever bowl game in that schools history. In 2006, the Pac-10 replaced C-USA as the WACs opposition, if the Pac-10 was not able to provide a bowl-eligible team, C-USA would have supplied the team. If neither conference had a team, the spot would have been filled by an at-large team. In 2007, C-USA had a spot in the Hawaiʻi Bowl. Since Christmas Eve fell on a Monday in 2007, the game was scheduled for the prior to avoid a conflict with Monday Night Football. In 2008, the bowl organizers selected Notre Dame as an at large, to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the Hawaii Bowl, the Honolulu Star-Advertiser, in conjunction with the bowl game, allowed fans to vote on a tenth anniversary team. Nine players were voted to the Sheraton Hawai’i Bowl Ten Year Anniversary Team by fan voting, an additional seven players were picked by a panel of sportswriters and Sheraton Hawai’i Bowl Staff. The team was announced on December 16,2011, Poi Bowl Pineapple Bowl Aloha Bowl Oʻahu Bowl Hula Bowl Hawaii Bowl broadcasters List of college bowl games Official site
37.
Christmas Eve
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Christmas Eve is the day before Christmas Day, the festival commemorating the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. Christmas Day is observed around the world, and Christmas Eve is widely observed as a full or partial holiday in anticipation of Christmas Day, together, both days are considered one of the most culturally significant celebrations in Christendom and Western society. Many churches still ring their bells and hold prayers in the evening, for example. Since tradition holds that Jesus was born at night, Midnight Mass is celebrated on Christmas Eve, traditionally at midnight, roman Catholics and high church Anglicans traditionally celebrate Midnight Mass, which begins either at or sometime before midnight on Christmas Eve. This ceremony, which is held in churches throughout the world, celebrates the birth of Christ, Midnight Mass is popular in Poland. In recent years churches have scheduled their Midnight Mass as early as 7 pm. In Spanish-speaking areas, the Midnight Mass is sometimes referred to as Misa de Gallo, in the Philippines, the custom has expanded into the nine-day Simbang Gabi, when Filipinos attend dawn Masses from 16 December, continuing daily until Christmas Eve. In 2009 Vatican officials scheduled the Midnight Mass to start at 10 pm so that the 82-year-old Pope Benedict XVI would not have too late a night. Whilst it does not include any kind of Mass, the Church of Scotland has a service beginning just before midnight, the Church of Scotland no longer holds Hogmanay services on New Years Eve, however. The Christmas Eve Services are still very popular, on Christmas Eve, the Christ Candle in the center of the Advent wreath is traditionally lit in many church services. In candlelight services, while singing Silent Night, each member of the congregation receives a candle, lutherans traditionally practice Christmas Eve Eucharistic traditions typical of Germany and Scandinavia. Krippenspiele, special music for organ, vocal and brass choirs. A nativity scene may be erected indoors or outdoors, and is composed of figurines depicting the infant Jesus resting in a manger, Mary, other figures in the scene may include angels, shepherds, and various animals. The figures may be made of any material, and arranged in a stable or grotto, the Magi may also appear, and are sometimes not placed in the scene until the week following Christmas to account for their travel time to Bethlehem. While most home nativity scenes are packed away at Christmas or shortly thereafter, Christmas Vespers are popular in the early evening, and midnight services are also widespread in regions which are predominantly Lutheran. The old Lutheran tradition of a Christmas Vigil in the morning hours of Christmas Day can still be found in some regions. Methodists celebrate the evening in different ways, some, in the early evening, come to their church to celebrate Holy Communion with their families. The mood is very solemn, and the visible light is the Advent Wreath
38.
National Football League
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The National Football League is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. The NFL is one of the four professional sports leagues in North America. The NFLs 17-week regular season runs from the week after Labor Day to the week after Christmas, with each team playing 16 games, the NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season, the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. S. The NFLs executive officer is the commissioner, who has authority in governing the league. The team with the most NFL championships is the Green Bay Packers with thirteen, the current NFL champions are the New England Patriots, who defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in Super Bowl LI. Another meeting held on September 17,1920 resulted in the renaming of the league to the American Professional Football Association, the league hired Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys and the Chicago Cardinals, remain, the first event occurred on September 26,1920 when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park. On October 3,1920, the first full week of league play occurred, the following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. In 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League, in 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans tied for first in the league standings. This method had used since the leagues creation in 1920. The league quickly determined that a game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the leagues champion. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, the 1934 season also marked the first of 12 seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure, the NFL was always the foremost professional football league in the United States, it nevertheless faced a large number of rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference, on top of regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these leagues, including the Los Angeles Rams
39.
Pro Bowl
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The Pro Bowl is the all-star game of the National Football League. Between 2014 and 2016, the NFL experimented with an unconferenced format, the players were picked in a televised schoolyard pick prior to the game. Unlike most major leagues, which hold their all-star games roughly midway through their respective regular seasons. Between 1970 and 2009, it was held the weekend after the Super Bowl. Since 2010, the Pro Bowl has been played the weekend before the Super Bowl, Players from the two teams competing in the Super Bowl do not participate. Observers and commentators expressed their disfavor with the Pro Bowl in its current state and it draws lower TV ratings than its regular-season games, although the game draws similar ratings to other major all-star games, such as the Major League Baseball All-Star Game. However, the biggest concern of teams is to avoid injuries to the star players, the Associated Press wrote that players in the 2012 game were hitting each other as though they were having a pillow fight. Between 1980 and 2016, the game was played at Aloha Stadium in Hawaii, on June 1,2016, the NFL announced that they reached a multi-year deal to move the game to Orlando, Florida as part of the leagues ongoing efforts to make the game more relevant. For years, the game has suffered from lack of interest due to perceived low quality, the 2017 Pro Bowl will also mark a return to the AFC–NFC format. The first Pro All-Star Game, featuring the all-stars of the 1938 season, was played on January 15,1939 at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles. The NFL All-Star Game was played again in Los Angeles in 1940 and then in New York, although originally planned as an annual contest, the all-star game was discontinued after 1942 because of travel restrictions put in place during World War II. During the first five games, an all-star team would face that years league champion. The league champion won the first four games before the all-stars were victorious in the game of this early series. The concept of a game was not revived until June 1950. The game was sponsored by the Los Angeles Publishers Association and it was decided that the game would feature all-star teams from each of the leagues two conferences rather than the league champion versus all-star format which had been used previously. This was done to avoid confusion with the Chicago College All-Star Game, the teams would be led by the coach of each of the conference champions. The first 21 games of the series were played in Los Angeles, the site of the game was changed annually for each of the next seven years before the game was moved to Aloha Stadium in Halawa, Hawaii for 30 straight seasons from 1980 through 2009. With the new rule being that the teams do not include players from the teams that will be playing in the Super Bowl
United States
Hawaii
Honolulu
