1.
Airline codes
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This is a list of airline codes. The table lists IATAs two-character airline designators, ICAOs three-character airline designators, IATA airline designators, sometimes called IATA reservation codes, are two-character codes assigned by the International Air Transport Association to the worlds airlines. The standard is described in IATAs Standard Schedules Information Manual and the codes themselves are described in IATAs Airline Coding Directory, Airline designator codes follow the format xx, i. e. two alphanumeric characters followed by an optional letter. Although the IATA standard provides for three-character airline designators, IATA has not used the third character in any assigned code. This is because some legacy computer systems, especially the central reservations systems, have failed to comply with the standard, the codes issued to date comply with IATA Resolution 762, which provides for only two characters. These codes thus comply with the current airline designator standard, there are three types of designator, unique, numeric/alpha and controlled duplicate. IATA airline designators are used to identify an airline for commercial purposes in reservations, timetables, tickets, tariffs, air waybills, a flight designator is the concatenation of the airline designator, xx, and the numeric flight number, n, plus an optional one-letter operational suffix. Therefore, the format of a flight designator is xxn. After an airline is delisted, IATA can make the code available for reuse after six months, controlled duplicates are issued to regional airlines whose destinations are not likely to overlap, so that the same code is shared by two airlines. The controlled duplicate is denoted here, and in IATA literature, an example of this is the code 6Y, which refers to both Mid Airlines, a charter airline in Sudan, and Med Airways, a charter airline in Lebanon. IATA also issues an accounting or prefix code and this number is used on tickets as the first three characters of the ticket number. The IATA codes originally based on the ICAO designators which were issued in 1947 as two-letter airline identification codes and these codes are unique by airline, unlike the IATA airline designator codes. The designators are listed in ICAO Document 8585, Designators for Aircraft Operating Agencies, ICAO codes have been issued since 1947. The ICAO codes originally based on a two-letter-system and were identical to the codes used by IATA. After an airline joined IATA its existing ICAO-two-letter-code was taken over as IATA code, so in the 1970s the abbreviation BA was the ICAO code and the IATA code of British Airways while non-IATA-airlines like Court Line used their 2-letter-abbreviation as ICAO code only. In the early 1980s ICAO introduced the current three-letter-system due to the number of airlines. It became the new standard system in November 1987. Other designators, particularly starting with Y and Z, are reserved for government organizations
2.
Airline hub
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Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
3.
Calgary International Airport
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The airport offers scheduled non-stop flights to major cities in Canada, the United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, Europe and East Asia. YYC Calgary International Airport serves as headquarters for WestJet and as a hub airport for Air Canada, the airport is one of eight Canadian airports with US Border Preclearance facilities. The airport is operated by The Calgary Airport Authority as part of Transport Canadas National Airports System and it is Canadas fourth busiest airport by passenger traffic and 3rd by aircraft movements, handling 15,680,616 passengers in 2016 and 250,953 movements in 2014. In October 2008, The Calgary Airport Authority was named one of Albertas Top Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc, YYC has both the longest runway and the tallest free-standing control tower in Canada. The airport underwent an expansion project with its new International Facilities Project. The airport opened in 1938 as McCall Field, named in honour of World War I ace and it is actually Calgarys third airport. The original facility was an airstrip in the then-town of Bowness. In 1928, it was replaced with Calgary Municipal Airport, in the Renfrew area, in 1940, McCall Field was taken over by the Department of Transport, and not returned to the city until 1949. A new terminal opened in 1956, but quickly became obsolete with the dawn of the jet age, the city did not have nearly enough funding for the necessary upgrades, and sold it to Transport Canada in 1966, who renamed it Calgary International Airport. This led to a media firestorm and a second petition to not change the name. In October 2016, days prior to opening the new international terminal and we are very pleased that this brand has been formally incorporated into our official airport name. ”The airport is divided into two terminals. The Domestic Terminal consists of concourses A, B, and C, the International Terminal opened on October 31,2016, and handles all International and USA-bound flights. It consists of Concourses D and E, all concourses are connected behind security by a connections corridor, consisting of walkways, moving sidewalks, and a fleet of electric shuttles called YYC Link. Domestic Terminal The domestic terminal consists of Concourses A, B, and C and this was the airports only terminal before the new International Terminal opened on October 31,2016. The terminal was designed by Stevenson, Raines, Barret, Hutton, Seton and Partners, Gates 1 to 24 are located on this concourse, most of which are used primarily by WestJet. Gates 1 to 6 comprise regional operations for WestJet Encore, there are five security lanes dedicated to Concourse A flights. The A concourse contains the Swissport Calgary Chinook lounge, Concourse A used to handle international flights, but it no longer does as of October 31,2016 with the opening of the new International Terminal. Gates 21 to 40 are swing gates, Gates 21 to 24 will swing between Concourse A and B
4.
Toronto Pearson International Airport
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The airport is named in honour of Toronto-born Lester B. Pearson, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and 14th Prime Minister of Canada, Pearson Airport is the largest and busiest airport in Canada. Pearson handles more international passengers than any airport in North America other than John F. Kennedy International Airport, Pearson is the main hub for Air Canada. It is also a hub for passenger airline WestJet and cargo airline FedEx Express, Pearson Airport is operated by the Greater Toronto Airports Authority as part of Transport Canadas National Airports System. In 1952, the became the first in the world to provide facilities for United States border preclearance. An extensive network of domestic flights is operated from Pearson by several airlines to all major. As of 2017, over 75 airlines operate around 1,100 daily departures from Toronto Pearson to more than 180 destinations across all six of the inhabited continents. In 1937, the Government of Canada agreed to support the building of two airports for Toronto, one site was downtown, todays Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport. The other was to be outside the city, as a backup for the downtown field, a site near the town of Malton, northwest of Toronto, was chosen and the Toronto Harbour Commission purchased and acquired several farms to provide the land for the airfield. The first scheduled flight for the new Malton Airport was a Trans-Canada Air Lines DC-3 that landed on August 29,1939. During World War II, the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan operated No.1 Elementary Service Flying School, in 1958, the City of Toronto sold the Malton Airport to Transport Canada, who subsequently changed the name of the facility to Toronto International Airport. The airport was officially renamed Lester B. Pearson International Airport in 1984, Pearson, the fourteenth Prime Minister of Canada and recipient of the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize. The Greater Toronto Airports Authority assumed management, operation, and control of the airport in 1996, Toronto Pearson International Airport has two active terminals, Terminal 1 and Terminal 3. A third terminal, the Infield Terminal, is not used for regular operations at Pearson. Measuring over 567,000 square metres, Terminal 1 is the largest terminal at Pearson Airport and is among the largest buildings in the world by floor space, Air Canada and all other Star Alliance airlines that serve Toronto Pearson operate out of Terminal 1. The terminal is used by non-alliance airline Emirates. Terminal 1 was designed by a joint venture known as Airports Architects Canada, comprising Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP, Adamson Associates Architects and Moshe Safdie and Associates. It contains 58 gates, D1, D3, D5, D7-D12, D20, D22, D24, D26, D28, D31–D45, D51, D53, D55, D57, F60–F63, F64A–F64B, F65, F66A–F66B, F/E67–F/E81, F91, and F93
5.
Vancouver International Airport
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Vancouver International Airport is located on Sea Island in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada, about 12 km from Downtown Vancouver. It is the second busiest airport in Canada by aircraft movements and passengers and it has non-stop flights daily to Asia, Europe, Oceania, the United States, Mexico and other airports within Canada. The airport has won several notable international best airport awards, it won the Skytrax Best North American Airport award in 2007 and 2010 through 2016. The airport also made the list of top 10 airports in the world for the first time in 2012, rated at 9th, 8th and it is the only North American airport included in the top 10 for 2013 and 2014. YVR also retains the distinction of Best Canadian Airport in the regional results and it is a hub for Air Canada and WestJet. It is also a base for Air Transat. Vancouver International Airport is one of eight Canadian airports that have US Border Preclearance facilities and it is also one of the few major international airports to have a terminal for scheduled floatplanes. In 1929 the city of Vancouver purchased land on Sea Island for aviation purposes, the airport was a base for Royal Canadian Air Force training. The crews and their families were housed in a new townsite on the island, funds from the lease were used to purchase additional land for new hangars and a production plant for Boeing Aircraft of Canada. The present main terminal was completed in 1968 and has since expanded to include separate domestic. A north runway was completed in 1996, in 2011 the airport announced that it will enact a program aiming to encourage airlines to start more flights between Vancouver and Asia. It has more flights than any other airport in Canada. Vancouver International Airport has two terminals, the Main Terminal and the South Terminal, free Wi-Fi is available in all sections of the airport. The Main Terminal is divided in two sections, the Domestic Terminal and the International Terminal, the majority of flights operate at the Main Terminal. The Domestic Terminal was constructed in 1968 by the Vancouver-based firm Thompson, Berwick and Pratt, the Domestic terminal consists of three concourses. Concourse A consists of six gates, A6 through A10. These gates are used by WestJet Encore, a new permanent ground-loading concourse is planned to start construction in 2016. Concourse B comprises gates B12 through B23 and B26 through B28, gates B14 to B17 have provisions allowing international arrivals in the future
6.
Focus city
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In the airline industry, a focus city is a destination from which an airline operates several point-to-point routes. Thus, a city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers. However, with the terms expanded usage, a city may also function as a small-scale hub. Allegiant Air, JetBlue and Frontier Airlines are examples of airlines that consider some of their destinations to be focus cities
7.
Halifax Stanfield International Airport
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Halifax/Robert L. Stanfield International Airport, or Halifax Stanfield International Airport is a Canadian airport located in Enfield, Nova Scotia, a community within Halifax, Nova Scotia. It serves Halifax, mainland Nova Scotia and adjacent areas in the neighbouring Maritime provinces, the airport is named in honour of Robert Stanfield, the 17th Premier of Nova Scotia and leader of the federal Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. The airport, owned by Transport Canada since it was constructed and it is the 8th busiest airport in Canada by passenger traffic. The airport handled a total of 3,702,705 passengers and 78,324 aircraft movements in 2015 and it is a hub for Air Canada Express, Cougar Helicopters, Maritime Air Charter, Provincial Airlines, and SkyLink Express. Today Saunders Park, named after the first Halifax airport manager, RCAF Station Shearwater functioned as Halifaxs primary airport until June 1960, when the current airport was opened. The Kelly Lake site was chosen in 1954 after a search for suitable location. The land was purchased by the City of Halifax while the federal Department of Transport constructed the airport, a key factor was to find a site near Halifax with a minimal number of days per year when fog would affect airport operation. The origin of the myth may come from commuters, who may experience very localized fog near the airport during their drive along Highway 102. To honour the people of Gander and Halifax for their support during the operation and that airplane is listed with the registration D-AIFC, and is the first aircraft of the whole fleet with a city name outside of Germany. Halifax Airport fared well in the 2005 AETRA survey for passenger satisfaction, produced by the International Air Transport Association, in March 2007, Halifax Airport earned two first-place finishes in the 2006 Airports Council International Service Quality Awards held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. For the fourth year, it ranked first in overall passenger satisfaction for airports worldwide with under five million passengers. In addition, the ranked first in the Americas in the new category of Airport People Awards. In early 2010, Halifax Stanfield was rated by passengers as the Best Airport in the World in its class for the year in a row. The passenger terminal building was opened in September 1960 and it serves over 3.5 million passengers per year. The growth experienced in the decades since the construction has necessitated constant renovations. Since 1998, the airport has been undergoing a renovation program. The latest phase was announced in September 2004, the project was expected to cost over $250 million. In December 2004, U. S. Customs and Border Protection approved Halifax Airport for United States border preclearance and it took effect in late 2006
8.
Aeroplan
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Aeroplan is a coalition loyalty program owned by Aimia, a global loyalty management company. The Aeroplan program was created in July 1984 by Air Canada as a program for its frequent flyer customers. There are approximately 4.6 million active members in the program, in recent years, Aeroplan has evolved into a loyalty marketing program with retail partners such as Esso, Home Hardware, Birks, Thrifty Foods, and Nestle Canada. Aeroplan is also used by Air Creebec, Canadian North, Calm Air, many Aeroplan members collect miles via credit cards. Credit cards were originally allocated to CIBC and Diners Club/enRoute, but were offered to AMEX Bank of Canada. When it was created in 1984, Aeroplans operations were integrated with those of Air Canada. In 2002, Aeroplan was spun off as an owned subsidiary of Air Canada. On May 28,2008, ACE Aviation Holdings disposed of its holdings in the fund. As such, the Aeroplan program is no longer under control of Air Canada. The corporate name was changed to Aimia in order to reflect the fact that the program has grown, Aeroplan faces competition from many sources, including other airline reward programs, various bank-affiliated credit card loyalty plans, and the Air Miles program. Aeroplan points expire if the member has no account activity for a period of 12 months, in the past, Aeroplan had a policy where all miles would expire after seven years, even if there was continued activity in the account. This policy has since been cancelled as of June 27th,2013, when miles expire, Aeroplan offers to restore the miles for a fee of $30 plus $0.01 per mile, which in some instances has resulted in charges of several thousand dollars for high-mileage members. Members have argued that Aeroplan had already paid for the miles through the selling partner by virtue of the retail pricing. As a result, on blogs, members were upset that their miles had been emptied from their accounts. As Aeroplan refused to give the back, a class action lawsuit was launched by Montreal lawyer Owen Falquero of Merchant Law Group LLP. On August 3,2009, the Quebec Superior Court granted authorization to launch a lawsuit challenging Groupe Aeroplan Inc. s practice of cancelling points accumulated in its loyalty program. Those points fell victim to Aeroplans rules, under which the company erases points in an account that has been dormant for 12 months. In a telephone interview, Neale said she had been going to pay for her daughters trip to New Zealand—her graduation gift—until she tried to pay from her account, Aeroplan spokeswoman JoAnne Hayes declined to comment on the issue because it is now before the courts
9.
Airline alliance
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An airline alliance is an aviation industry arrangement between two or more airlines agreeing to cooperate on a substantial level. Alliances may provide marketing branding to facilitate travelers making inter-airline codeshare connections within countries and this branding may involve unified aircraft liveries of member aircraft. In 2015, Star Alliance was the largest with 23% of total scheduled traffic in RPK, followed by SkyTeam with 20. 4% and Oneworld with 17. 8%, benefits can consist of, An extended network, often realised through codeshare agreements. Many alliances started as only codeshare networks, cost reduction from sharing of, sales offices maintenance facilities operational facilities, e. g. catering or computer systems. Operational staff, e. g. ground handling personnel, at check-in, investments and purchases, e. g. in order to negotiate extra volume discounts. Traveler benefits can include, lower prices due to lowered operational costs for a given route, more departure times to choose from on a given route. Shorter travel times as a result of optimised transfers, a wider range of airport lounges shared with alliance members faster mileage rewards by earning miles for a single account on several different carriers. Round-the-world tickets, enabling travelers to fly over the world for a low price. Airline alliances may also create disadvantages for the traveler, such as, less frequent flights, for instance, if two airlines separately fly three and two times a day respectively on a shared route, their alliance might fly less than 5 times a day on the same route. This might be especially true between hub cities for each airline, E. g. flights between Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. The ability of an airline to join an alliance may be restricted by laws, competition law issues must also be considered in some countries. The first airline alliance was formed in the 1930s, when Panair do Brasil, the first large alliance began in 1989, when Northwest Airlines and KLM agreed to large-scale codesharing. Normally landing rights are granted for a number of flights per week to a fixed destination. Each adjustment requires negotiations, often between governments rather than between the companies involved, in return, the United States granted antitrust immunity to the alliance between Northwest Airlines and KLM. Other alliances would struggle for years to overcome the barriers and lack of antitrust immunity. The Star Alliance was founded in 1997, which brought competing airlines to form Oneworld in 1999, in 2010 Richard Branson, chairman of the Virgin Group, announced his intention to form a fourth alliance among Virgin branded airlines. Then in September 2011, Branson said that Virgin would join one of the existing alliances, in December 2012, Delta Air Lines purchased Singapore Airlines 49% stake in Virgin Atlantic for £224 million. On February 14,2013, it was announced that American Airlines and US Airways would merge, retaining the American Airlines name, US Airways participation in the Star Alliance lapsed
10.
Star Alliance
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Star Alliance is one of the worlds largest global airline alliances. Founded on 14 May 1997, its current CEO is Mark Schwab and its headquarters is in Frankfurt am Main, as of 7 August 2016, Star Alliance is the second largest global alliance by passenger count with 641.1 million, after SkyTeam and ahead of Oneworld. Its slogan is The Way The Earth Connects, the alliance has a two-tier rewards program, Silver and Gold, with incentives including priority boarding and upgrades. Like other airline alliances, Star Alliance airlines share airport terminals, on 14 May 1997, an agreement was announced forming Star Alliance from five airlines on three continents, Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways International, Air Canada, Lufthansa, and United Airlines. The alliance chose Young & Rubicam for advertising, with a budget of $25 million, the airlines shared the star logo from the beginning, with its five points representing the founding airlines. The alliance adopted its first slogan, The Airline Network for Earth, with its goal an alliance that will take passengers to major city on earth. The now defunct Brazilian airline VARIG joined the Star Alliance network on 22 October 1997, also joining were Ansett Australia and Air New Zealand, expanding Star Alliance to Australia and the Pacific. With the addition of the two carriers, the alliance served 720 destinations in 110 countries with a combined fleet of 1,650 aircraft. The next airline to join was All Nippon Airways, the groups second Asian airline, during the early 2000s, a number of airlines joined Star Alliance, the Austrian Airlines Group joined on 26 March 2000 and Singapore Airlines on 1 April. BMI and Mexicana Airlines joined on 1 July, bringing the membership to 13. The addition of BMI made London Heathrow the only European hub with two alliances, during the year, Emirates considered joining Star Alliance, but decided against it. That year the now-defunct BWIA West Indies Airways, which had entered an alliance with United Airlines, considered becoming a member, in 2000, the alliance also opened its first three business centers and announced the formation of an Alliance Management Team, the partnerships executive body. In September 2001, Ansett Australia left Star Alliance due to bankruptcy and that year, Star Alliance announced the appointment of a new CEO, Jaan Albrecht. Asiana Airlines joined the alliance on 1 March 2003, Spanair on 1 May, around this time, Mexicana Airlines left the alliance after deciding not to renew a codeshare agreement with United Airlines, later joining Oneworld. US Airways joined the alliance in May 2004, becoming its second US-based airline, in November Adria Airways, Blue1 and Croatia Airlines joined the alliance as its first three regional members. Although Star Alliance invited Lineas Aereas Azteca in 2005 to join in mid-2007, TAP Portugal joined on 14 March 2005, adding African destinations to the network. In April 2006 Swiss International Air Lines, the alliances sixth European airline, by May 2007, Star Alliances 10th anniversary, its members had a combined 16,000 daily departures to 855 destinations in 155 countries and served 406 million passengers annually. VARIG left the alliance on 31 January 2007, and the two Chinese airlines Air China and Shanghai Airlines joined on 12 December
11.
Air Canada
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Air Canada is the flag carrier and largest airline of Canada. The airline, founded in 1937, provides scheduled and charter air transport for passengers and it is the worlds eighth-largest passenger airline by fleet size, and is a founding member of the Star Alliance. Air Canadas corporate headquarters are located in Montréal, Quebec, while its largest hub is at Toronto Pearson International Airport, Air Canada had passenger revenues of CA$13.8 billion in 2015. The airlines regional service is Air Canada Express, Canadas national airline originated from the Canadian federal governments 1936 creation of Trans-Canada Airlines, which began operating their first transcontinental flight routes in 1938. In 1965, TCA was renamed Air Canada following government approval, after the deregulation of the Canadian airline market in the 1980s, the airline was privatized in 1988. On 4 January 2000, Air Canada acquired their largest rival, in 2003, the airline filed for bankruptcy protection and in the following year emerged and reorganized under the holding company ACE Aviation Holdings Inc. In 2007,34 million people flew with Air Canada as the celebrated their 70th anniversary. The carriers operating divisions include Air Canada Cargo, Air Canada Express and their subsidiary, Air Canada Vacations, provides vacation packages to over 90 destinations. Together with their partners, the airline operates on average more than 1,530 scheduled flights daily. Air Canadas predecessor, Trans-Canada Airlines, was created by legislation as a subsidiary of Canadian National Railway on 11 April 1937. The newly created Department of Transport under Minister C. D, howe desired an airline under government control to link cities on the Atlantic coast to those on the Pacific coast. Transcontinental routes from Montreal to Vancouver began on 1 April 1939, using 12 Lockheed Model 14 Super Electras, by January 1940, the airline had grown to about 500 employees. Canadian Pacific Airlines suggested in 1942 a merger with TCA, prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King rejected the proposal and introduced legislation regulating TCA as the only airline in Canada allowed to provide transcontinental flights. With the increase in air travel after World War II, CP Air was granted one coast-to-coast flight, with the development of the ReserVec in 1953, TCA became the first airline in the world to use a computer reservation system with remote terminals. This bill failed but it was resubmitted and passed, with the name change taking effect on 1 January 1965. During the 1970s government regulations ensured Air Canadas dominance over domestic regional carriers, short-haul carriers were each restricted to one of five regions, and could not compete directly with Air Canada and CP Air. CP Air was subject to capacity limits on flights. Air Canadas fares were also subject to regulation by the government, in the late 1970s, with reorganization at CNR, Air Canada became an independent Crown corporation
12.
Montreal, Quebec
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
13.
Brand name
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A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes one seller’s product from those of others. Brands are used in business, marketing, and advertising, however, the term has been extended to mean a strategic personality for a product or company, so that ‘brand’ now suggests the values and promises that a consumer may perceive and buy into. Branding is a set of marketing and communication methods that help to distinguish a company from competitors, the key components that form a brands toolbox include a brand’s identity, brand communication, brand awareness, brand loyalty, and various branding strategies. Brand equity is the totality of a brands worth and is validated by assessing the effectiveness of these branding components. To reach such an invaluable brand prestige requires a commitment to a way of doing business. A corporation who exhibits a strong brand culture is dedicated on producing intangible outputs such as customer satisfaction, reduced price sensitivity and customer loyalty. A brand is in essence a promise to its customers that they can expect long-term security, when a customer is familiar with a brand or favours it incomparably to its competitors, this is when a corporation has reached a high level of brand equity. Many companies are beginning to understand there is often little to differentiate between products in the 21st century. Branding remains the last bastion for differentiation, in accounting, a brand defined as an intangible asset is often the most valuable asset on a corporation’s balance sheet. The word ‘brand’ is often used as a referring to the company that is strongly identified with a brand. Marque or make are often used to denote a brand of motor vehicle, a concept brand is a brand that is associated with an abstract concept, like breast cancer awareness or environmentalism, rather than a specific product, service, or business. A commodity brand is a associated with a commodity. The word, brand, derives from Dutch brand meaning to burn and this product was developed at Dhosi Hill, an extinct volcano in northern India. Roman glassmakers branded their works, with Ennion being the most prominent, the Italians used brands in the form of watermarks on paper in the 13th century. Blind Stamps, hallmarks, and silver-makers marks are all types of brand, industrialization moved the production of many household items, such as soap, from local communities to centralized factories. When shipping their items, the factories would literally brand their logo or insignia on the barrels used, Bass & Company, the British brewery, claims their red-triangle brand as the worlds first trademark. Another example comes from Antiche Fornaci Giorgi in Italy, which has stamped or carved its bricks with the same proto-logo since 1731, cattle-branding has been used since Ancient Egypt. The term, maverick, originally meaning an un-branded calf, came from a Texas pioneer rancher, Sam Maverick, use of the word maverick spread among cowboys and came to apply to unbranded calves found wandering alone
14.
Regional airline
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Regional airlines are airlines that operate regional aircraft to provide passenger air service to communities without sufficient demand to attract mainline service. Operating as an independent airline under their own brand, mostly providing service to small and isolated communities, examples of this are Peninsula Airways, which links the remote Aleutian Islands to Anchorage, Alaska, and Mokulele Airlines, which operates in the Hawaiian islands. Regional airlines began by operating propeller-driven aircraft over short routes, sometimes on flights of less than 100 miles, in the early days of commercial aviation few aircraft had ranges greater than this, and airlines were often formed to serve the area in which they formed. That is, there was no distinction between a regional airline and any other airline. This changed with the introduction of aircraft, which led to the development of the flag carrier airlines, such as British Overseas Airways Corporation. As the flag carriers grew in importance with increasing passenger traffic. This arrangement was formalized, forming the regional airlines. Through the 1960s and 1970s, war surplus designs, notably the DC-3, were replaced by more capable turboprop or jet-powered designs like the Fokker F27 Friendship or BAC One-Eleven. This extended the range of the regionals dramatically, causing a wave of consolidations between the now overlapping airlines, in the United States, regional airlines were an important building block of todays passenger air system. The U. S. Government encouraged the forming of regional airlines to provide services from smaller communities to larger towns, where air passengers could connect to a larger network. A history and study of regional airlines was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in 1994 under the title Commuter Airlines of the United States, by R. E. G. One of the first independently owned and managed airlines in the world that rebranded its aircraft to match a larger airlines brand was Air Alpes of France, during 1974, Air Alpes painted its newly delivered short range regional jets in the livery of Air France. NLMs KLM style branding does however pre-date the Air France efforts though by a number of years and this is encouraged with the Essential Air Service program that subsidizes airline service to smaller U. S. communities and suburban centers, aiming to maintain year-round service. S. This definition is based solely on annual revenue and not on any other such as average aircraft seating capacity, pilot pay. It is common in the U. S. to incorrectly associate aircraft size with the Department of Transportations designation of major, national, the airlines fleet primarily consists of 19 to 68 seat turboprops and 30 to 100 seat regional jets. To be clear there is no distinction in the Department of Transportation definition of major, the definition is based on revenue. The clash of definitions has led to confusion in the media, beginning around 1985, a number of trends have become apparent. Regional aircraft are getting larger, faster, and are flying longer ranges, some of these newer aircraft are capable of flying longer distances with comfort levels that rival and surpass the regional airline equipment of the past
15.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
16.
International Air Transport Association
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The International Air Transport Association is a trade association of the world’s airlines. Consisting of 268 airlines, primarily major carriers, representing 117 countries, IATA supports airline activity and helps formulate industry policy and standards. It is headquartered in Montreal, Canada with Executive Offices in Geneva, IATA was formed in April 1945 in Havana, Cuba. It is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association, which was formed in 1919 at The Hague, at its founding, IATA consisted of 57 airlines from 31 countries. The Chicago Convention couldn’t resolve the issue of who flies where, however, the benchmark standard for the early bilaterals was the 1946 United States-United Kingdom Bermuda Agreement. IATA was also charged by the governments with setting a coherent fare structure that avoided cut-throat competition, the first Traffic Conference was held in 1947 in Rio de Janeiro and reached unanimous agreement on some 400 resolutions. Aviation grew rapidly over the decades and IATA’s work duly expanded. Safety is the number one priority for IATA, the main instrument for safety is the IATA Operational Safety Audit. IOSA has also been mandated at the level by several countries. In 2012, aviation posted its safest year ever, the global Western-built jet accident rate was 0.20, the equivalent of one accident every 5 million flights. Future improvements will be founded on data sharing with a database fed by a multitude of sources, in June 2014 the IATA set up a special panel to study measures to track aircraft in flight in real time. The move was in response to the disappearance without trace of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 on 8 March 2014, security has become increasingly important following the September 11 attacks in 2001. Following a series of uncoordinated rules by different countries, the industry has developed a Checkpoint of the Future, simplifying the Business was launched in 2004. This initiative has introduced a number of concepts to passenger travel, including the electronic ticket. Many other innovations are being established as part of the Fast Travel initiative, an innovative program, launched in 2012 is New Distribution Capability. This will replace the pre-Internet EDIFACT messaging standard that is still the basis of the distribution system /travel agent channel. This will enable the same choices to be offered to high street travel shoppers as are offered to those who book directly through airline websites, a filing with the US Department of Transportation brought over 400 comments. At the 69th IATA annual general meeting in Cape Town, South Africa, IATA provides consulting and training services in many areas crucial to aviation
17.
International Civil Aviation Organization
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The International Civil Aviation Organization, is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of air transport to ensure safe. Its headquarters are located in the Quartier International of Montreal, Quebec, ICAO defines the protocols for air accident investigation followed by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. The Air Navigation Commission is the body within ICAO. The Commission is composed of 19 Commissioners, nominated by the ICAOs contracting states, Commissioners serve as independent experts, who although nominated by their states, do not serve as state or political representatives. The development of Aviation Standards and Recommended Practices is done under the direction of the ANC through the process of ICAO Panels. Once approved by the Commission, standards are sent to the Council, the forerunner to ICAO was the International Commission for Air Navigation. It held its first convention in 1903 in Berlin, Germany, at the second convention in 1906, also held in Berlin,27 countries attended. The third convention, held in London in 1912 allocated the first radio callsigns for use by aircraft, ICAN continued to operate until 1945. Fifty-two countries signed the Convention on International Civil Aviation, also known as the Chicago Convention, in Chicago, Illinois, on 7 December 1944. Under its terms, a Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization was to be established, accordingly, PICAO began operating on 6 June 1945, replacing ICAN. The 26th country ratified the Convention on 5 March 1947 and, consequently PICAO was disestablished on 4 April 1947 and replaced by ICAO, in October 1947, ICAO became an agency of the United Nations linked to the United Nations Economic and Social Council. In April 2013 Qatar offered to serve as the new permanent seat of the Organization, according to the Globe and Mail, Qatars move was at least partly motivated by the pro-Israel foreign policy of Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper. Approximately one month later, Qatar withdrew its bid after a proposal to the ICAOs governing council to move the ICAO triennial conference to Doha was defeated by a vote of 22–14. The 9th edition of the Convention on International Civil Aviation includes modifications from 1948 up to year 2006, ICAO refers to its current edition of the Convention as the Statute, and designates it as ICAO Document 7300/9. The Convention has 19 Annexes that are listed by title in the article Convention on International Civil Aviation, as of March 2016, there are 191 ICAO members, consisting of 190 of the 193 UN members, plus the Cook Islands. Liechtenstein has delegated Switzerland to implement the treaty to make it applicable in the territory of Liechtenstein, Taiwan attended the 38th Session of the ICAO Assembly in 2013, but in 2016 was denied such an invitation, despite expressions of support from the United States for Taiwan to participate. However, the Republic of China under the name of Chinese Taipei is a member of International Air Transport Association, the Council of ICAO is elected by the Assembly every 3 years and consists of 36 members elected in 3 categories
18.
Air Georgian
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Air Georgian Limited is a privately owned airline based at Toronto Pearson International Airport in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. Its main business is its operation as Air Canada Express on a Tier III codeshare with Air Canada for scheduled services on domestic and its main base is Toronto Pearson International Airport, with hubs at Calgary International Airport and Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport. Air Georgian operates under the Subparts 704 and 705 of the Canadian Aviation Regulations and has completed the IATA Operational Safety Audit, Air Georgian is a certified dealer of Pratt & Whitney ADAS systems and is the Canadian Service Ctr for the Hawker Premier. Air Georgian pilots are represented by a union, the Ontario Regional Employee Association. Air Georgian began as a developer in 1985. It began commercial operations in 1994 and subsequently developed its commercial air carrier business, in 1997 It became a code share partner of Canadian Airlines, operating under the banner of Ontario Regional. Air Georgian was a partner of Canadian Airlines, in 2000 Air Georgian became a Tier III partner of Air Canada and operated as Air Alliance. It once had a Cessna 208 Caravan Amphibian in the United Arab Emirates which was the first in the region and it had a long time cargo operation known as Georgian Express which was sold to Cargo Jet in 2007. On November 15,2013, Air Georgian and Regional 1 completed a joint venture through the creation of a parent company, Regional Express Aviation Ltd. based in Calgary, Alberta. In December,2013 Air Canada announced that commencing in mid-2014, Air Georgian will operate additional routes in Canada and the United States using Air Canada Canadair CRJ-100 aircraft
19.
Beechcraft 1900
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The Beechcraft 1900 is a 19-passenger, pressurized twin-engine turboprop fixed-wing aircraft that was manufactured by Beechcraft. It was designed, and is used, as a regional airliner. It is also used as an aircraft and corporate transport. With customers favoring larger regional jets, Raytheon ended production in October 2002, the aircraft was designed to carry passengers in all weather conditions from airports with relatively short runways. It is capable of flying in excess of 600 miles, although few operators use its full-fuel range, in terms of the number of aircraft built and its continued use by many passenger airlines and other users, it is one of the most popular 19-passenger airliners in history. The 1900 is Beechcrafts third regional airliner, the 15-passenger Beechcraft Model 99 Airliner was designed to replace the Beech 18, and was produced between 1966 and 1975, and from 1982 to 1986. It was also successful and remains in common use with freight airlines such as Ameriflight. The Beechcraft 1900s design lineage began in 1949 with the Beechcraft Model 50 Twin Bonanza, a larger passenger cabin was added to the Twin Bonanzas airframe, and called the Model 65 Queen Air. This aircraft was, in turn, further modified by adding turboprop engines and cabin pressurization, a stretched version of the King Air was later developed and designated the Model 200 Super King Air. The 1900 first flew on September 3,1982, with Federal Aviation Administration certification awarded on November 22,1983 under Special Federal Aviation Regulation 41C airworthiness standards. Like the 1900, the 1900C was certified under SFAR 41C, the 1900 entered service in February 1984, with the first ExecLiner corporate version delivered in 1985. A total of 695 Beechcraft 1900 aircraft were built, making the airliner the best-selling 19-passenger airliner in history, with market trends favoring larger 50- to 90-seat regional jets, Raytheon ended production of the Beechcraft 1900 in October 2002. Many airlines continue to fly the 1900, since the 1900 is derived from the King Air, all 1900s share certain characteristics with that aircraft. Cockpit controls and operations are similar to those of the King Air, the 1900 is powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A turboprop engines. The 1900 and 1900C use two PT6A-65B engines, each rated at 1,100 shaft horsepower. The 1900D uses two PT6A-67D engines, each rated at 1,279 shaft horsepower, the propellers are manufactured by Hartzell, with four blades on each propeller. The blades are made from composite materials, jet A is the recommended fuel. However, the engines are also approved for limited operations on types of jet fuel or aviation-grade gasoline
20.
Bombardier CRJ200
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The Bombardier CRJ100 and CRJ200 are a family of regional airliners manufactured by Bombardier, and based on the Canadair Challenger business jet. These regional jet models were known as the Canadair CRJ100 and CRJ200. The aircraft was based on the Canadair Challenger design, which was purchased by Canadair from Bill Lear in 1976 and that lengthening did not occur, the effort being canceled in 1981, but the idea did not disappear. In 1987, studies began for a more ambitious stretched configuration. The Canadair name was retained despite the fact that Bombardier had bought out the company, the type obtained certification in late 1992, with initial delivery to customers late in that year. The CL-600 design was stretched 5.92 meters to create the CRJ100, with fuselage plugs fore and aft of the wing, typical seating was 50 passengers, the maximum load being 52 passengers. It was followed by the CRJ100 ER subvariant with 20% more range, the CRJ100 SE sub-variant was produced to more closely meet the needs of corporate and executive operators. The CRJ200 is identical to the 100 model except for more efficient engines, Pinnacle Airlines had operated some with 44 seats, designated as CRJ440, with closets in the forward areas of the passenger cabin though these were converted to 50 seat airplanes. S. Similarly, Comairs fleet of 40-seat CRJ200s were sold at a price to discourage Comair from purchasing the less expensive. There is also a CRJ200 freighter version which is designated CRJ200 PF which was developed in cooperation with Cascade Aerospace on the request of West Air Sweden, several models of the CRJ have been produced, ranging in capacity from 40 to 50 passengers. The Regional Jet designations are marketing names and the designation is CL-600-2B19. CRJ100 The CRJ100 is the original 50-seat version and it is equipped with General Electric CF34-3A1 engines. Operators include Air Georgian and RwandAir, among others, CRJ200 The CRJ200 is identical to the CRJ100 except for its engines, which were upgraded to the CF34-3B1 model, offering improved efficiency. CRJ200PF Package freighter version of CRJ200, CRJ440 Certified up to 44-seat, this version was designed with fewer seats in order to meet the needs of some major United States airlines. Challenger 800/850 A business jet variant of the CRJ200 CRJ500 Proposed 50-seat version with wing, since the project was terminated and production stopped, no new CRJ-200/100s have been produced, but over the years maintenance and newer technologies have added to the planes. Some of the larger versions such as the CRJ700 have begun the processes of adding Wi-Fi access on board the aircraft, but no project has begun for the CRJ200/100 to implement Wi-Fi compatibility. U. S. airlines are accelerating retirement of these 50-seat regional jets because rising fuel prices were making them uneconomical to operate, the retirements are also reducing the value of their parts. Airlines are slowly replacing the jet with more modern aircraft like the Embraer E-175, the aircrafts captain was the sole fatality
21.
Exploits Valley Air Services
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Exploits Valley Air Services, also known as EVAS or EVAS Air, is a Canadian aviation services company, based in Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador. EVAS has started a route within Atlantic Canada. Using one of the 1900D aircraft, the run serves Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, EVAS serves the following destinations as Air Canada Express. Newfoundland and Labrador Deer Lake - Deer Lake Regional Airport Gander - Gander International Airport Happy Valley – Goose Bay - Goose Bay Airport St. Johns - St, in addition the Transport Canada web site lists a Cessna 150 with the certificate cancelled. EVAS Flight 7804 was a flight from Goose Bay Airport to Gander International Airport. On April 20,2016, the Beechcraft 1900 crash landed, out of the 14 occupants,3 were taken to the hospital for minor injuries. This case is currently under investigation
22.
Jazz (airline)
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Jazz, is a Canadian regional airline based at Halifax Stanfield International Airport in Enfield, Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Chorus Aviation. It is Canadas third largest airline in terms of fleet size and its Air Canada Express operations serve 79 destinations in Canada and the United States. Under a Capacity Purchase Agreement, Air Canada sets the Jazz route network and flight schedule, prior to April 2011, Air Canadas regional operations were branded as Air Canada Jazz. Following the award of a contract to Sky Regional Airlines, the Air Canada Express brand was introduced as an umbrella for all regional operations, the Jazz brand is now entirely managed by Jazz Aviation LP. Air Canada Regional Inc. was established in 2001 from the consolidation of the Air Canada connector carriers Air BC, Air Nova, Air Ontario, the merger was finalised in 2002 with the creation of a new brand, Air Canada Jazz. In 2006, ACE Aviation Holdings, the owners of Air Canada, Air Canada Jazz was then an independent company known as Jazz Air Income Fund, which launched an initial public offering in February 2006, units of the income trust traded as JAZ. UN. On 15 November 2010, the airline was restructured and changed its name to Chorus Aviation, became a public corporation, the contract between Jazz and Air Canada is currently in effect until 2025. In February 2006, Air Canada announced that City Centre Aviation Limited had served a 30-day termination notice for Jazzs month-to-month lease of terminal space at Toronto City Centre Airport. CCAL had been bought by REGCO Holdings, the owners of Porter Airlines, in August 2008, Jazz Air removed all life jackets from its aircraft in order to lower fuel costs. According to the airline, passengers are to use floating seat cushions in the event of an emergency over water. Lawrence, and that in all circumstances, the airline always remains within 50 nautical miles from land, as stipulated in the law, the deal with Thomas Cook Group PLC followed the collapse of Canadian airline Skyservice, who previously operated aircraft for Thomas Cook during the winter season. The aircraft, which were leased from UK operator Thomas Cook Airlines, were used on flights to destinations in the Caribbean, Mexico, on September 30,2010, it was announced that the deal had been extended until 2015. Sunquest charter service to sun destinations operated by Jazz Aviation, doing business as Thomas Cook Canada, for the 2011/2012 season, flights departed from the Canadian airports of Toronto, Halifax, Calgary and Vancouver. Destinations included Aruba, Nassau, Puerto Plata, Punta Cana, Montego Bay, Cancun, Cozumel, Puerto Vallarta, Los Cabos, in April 2010, Jazz Air purchased a 33 1/3% interest in the Latin American Regional Aviation Holding Corporation. In turn, LARAH owns a 75% interest in Uruguayan flag carrier PLUNA, Jazz serves 79 destinations across Canada and the United States. Bombardier Aerospace delivered the first of its new regional jet variant, the aircraft was the first of 15 CRJ705 and 15 CRJ200 aircraft ordered in September 2004. Originally the order had been for 30 CRJ705s and 15 CRJ200s, a 16th CRJ705 was added to replace a CRJ100 which was written off. The new aircraft undertook its first revenue earning flight on June 1,2005, in mid-2006, the last Air Canada CRJ100 was transferred to Jazz
23.
Bombardier Dash 8
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The Bombardier Dash 8 or Q-Series, previously known as the de Havilland Canada Dash 8 or DHC-8, is a series of twin-engine, medium-range, turboprop airliners. Introduced by de Havilland Canada in 1984, they are now produced by Bombardier Aerospace, over 1,000 Dash 8s of all models have been built. The Dash 8 was developed from the de Havilland Canada Dash 7, with the Dash 8, DHC focused on improving cruise performance and lowering operational costs. The engine chosen was the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100, the aircraft has been delivered in four series. Models delivered after 1997 have cabin noise suppression and are designated with the prefix Q, production of the Series 100 ceased in 2005, and the Q200 and Q300 in 2009. In the 1970s, de Havilland Canada had invested heavily in its Dash 7 project, concentrating on STOL and short-field performance, however, only a handful of air carriers employed the Dash 7, as most regional airlines were more interested in operational costs than short-field performance. In 1980, de Havilland responded by dropping the short-field performance requirement and its favoured engine supplier, Pratt & Whitney Canada, developed the new PW100 series engines for the role, more than doubling the power from its PT6. Originally designated the PT7A-2R engine, it became the PW120. When the Dash 8 rolled out on April 19,1983, certification of the PW120 followed in late 1983. First flight was on June 20,1983, and the airliner entered service in 1984 with NorOntair, in 1984, Piedmont Airlines, formerly Henson Airlines, was the first US customer for the Dash 8. The Dash 8 design has better performance than the Dash 7, is less expensive to operate. The Dash 8 has the lowest cost per mile of any regional airliner of its era. In April 2008, Bombardier announced that production of the classic versions would be ended, a total of 671 Dash 8 classics were produced, the last one was delivered to Air Nelson in May 2008. The payload is increased by 2,000 pounds and the maintenance check intervals are increased,800 hours from 600 for an A-check and 8,000 hours from 6,000 for a C-check. Bombardier proposed development of a Q400 stretch with two segments, called the Q400X project, in 2007. In response to this project, as of November 2007, ATR was studying a 90-seat stretch, as of July 2010, Bombardiers vice president, Phillipe Poutissou, made comments explaining the company was still studying the prospects of designing the Q400X and talking with potential customers. At the time, Bombardier was not as committed to the Q400X as it had been previously, as of February 2012, Bombardier was still studying the issue, but as of 2011, the launch date is no longer targeted for the 2014 range. At least a three-year delay was envisioned, in October 2012, a joint development deal with a government-led South Korean consortium was revealed, to develop a 90-seater turboprop regional airliner, targeting a 2019 launch date
24.
Bombardier CRJ700 series
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The Bombardier CRJ700, CRJ900, and CRJ1000 are regional airliners manufactured by Bombardier and based on the CRJ200. Final assembly of the aircraft is at Montréal-Mirabel International Airport in Mirabel, Quebec, outside Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It accounts for over 20% of all jet departures in North America and globally the family more than 200,000 flights per month. Design work on the CRJ700 by Bombardier started in 1995 and the programme was launched in January 1997. The CRJ700 is a stretched 70-seat derivative of the CRJ200, seating ranges from 66 to 78 for the CRJ700 versions, however. The CRJ700 features a new wing leading edge slats and a stretched and slightly widened fuselage. The early build aircraft were equipped with two General Electric CF34-8C1 engines, however, later build aircraft are now equipped standard with the -8C5 model, which is essentially an uprated 8C1. Most airlines have replaced the engines with the newer model. Maximum speed is Mach 0.85 at an altitude of 12,500 m. Depending upon payload, the CRJ700 can travel up to 3,620 km with original engines, the CRJ700 comes in three versions, Series 700, Series 701, and Series 702. The 700 is limited to 68 passengers, the 701 to 70 passengers, the CRJ700 also has three fuel/weight options, standard, ER, and LR. The ER version has an increase in capacity as well as maximum weight. The LR increases those values further, the executive version is marketed as the Challenger 870. Its first flight took place on 27 May 1999, the aircrafts FAA Type Certificate designation is the CL-600-2C10. The CRJ700 first entered service with Brit Air in 2001. The CRJ700 directly competes with the Embraer 170, which typically seats 70 passengers, in 2006, the CRJ700 was featured in Microsoft Flight Simulator X as one of the demo aircraft. In 2008, the CRJ700 was replaced with the CRJ700 NextGen, featuring improved economics, in January 2011, SkyWest Airlines ordered four CRJ700 NextGen aircraft. The CRJ900 is a stretched 76–90 seat version of the CRJ700, the aircraft features two GE CF34-8C5 engines,59.4 kN thrust with APR, and added leading edge slats
25.
Sky Regional Airlines
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Sky Regional Airlines is an airline whose corporate headquarters is on the property of Toronto Pearson International Airport, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. Linked with Skyservice Business Aviation, it began operation under the Air Canada Express brand on May 1,2011, the airline began offering daily flights between Toronto Island and Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport. In October 2012, Sky Regional added flights between Montreal and Moncton, New Brunswick, since the early stages of operation the airline has been active in introducing new technology to its operation. Sky Regional was the first airline in Canada to adopt the Electronic Flight Bag, Sky Regional introduced a fleet of Embraer 175 jets in March 2013 to serve US destinations such as New York, Newark, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Dallas/Fort Worth. Between October and December 2015 the fleet of 20 was expanded to 25 after obtaining 5 additional Embraer 175 previously operated by Azul Brazilian Airlines, Sky Regional will be receiving 5 additional Embraer 175 in early 2017. The first of the aircraft come into service on May 16 with the last going into service on July 1. These new aircraft will feature an extra 3 seats in class for a total of 12 seats. The rest of the fleet will be reconfigured by the end of 2017 to a 76-seat configuration, the Sky Regional Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft, In 2010, Air Canada leased the Bombardier Q400s and began sub-leasing them to Sky Regional. The aircraft had operated by Lynx Aviation of Denver. They were delivered to Sky Regional between November 2010 and the beginning of 2011, the aircraft are configured with 74 seats, similar to the Porter fleet. The planes are painted in Air Canada Express livery, Air Canada started to transfer its 15 Embraer 175 planes to Sky Regional in April 2013 and completed the transfer in September 2013. In the fall of 2015 Sky Regional added an additional 5 Embraer 175 aircraft to its fleet and these aircraft were previously operated by Azul Brazilian Airlines. Sky Regional will be receiving 5 additional Embraer 175 in early 2017, the first of the aircraft will come into service on May 16 with the last going into service on July 1. These new aircraft will feature an extra 3 seats in class for a total of 12 seats. The rest of the fleet will be reconfigured by the end of 2017 to a 76-seat configuration, newfoundland and Labrador St. C. area Sky Regional Airlines
26.
Embraer E-Jet family
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The Embraer E-Jet family is a series of narrow-body medium-range twin-engine jet airliners produced by Brazilian aerospace conglomerate Embraer. Launched at the Paris Air Show in 1999, and entering production in 2002, the aircraft is used by mainline and regional airlines around the world. As of 30 September 2015, there is a backlog of 263 firm orders for the E-Jets,433 options and 1158 units delivered, the Embraer E-Jets line is composed of two main commercial families and a business jet variant. The smaller E170 and E175 make up the model aircraft. The E190 and E195 are stretched versions, with different engines and larger wing, horizontal stabilizer, the 170 and 175 share 95% commonality, as do the 190 and 195. The two families share near 89% commonality, with identical fuselage cross-sections and avionics, featuring the Honeywell Primus Epic Electronic flight instrument system suite, the E-jets also have winglets to improve efficiency. All E-Jets use four-abreast seating and have a design, which Embraer developed for its commercial passenger jets. The E190/195 series of aircraft have capacities similar to the versions of the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 and Boeing 737. The E-Jets have turbofan engines designed to reduce noise, which allows them to operate in airports that have strict noise restrictions, such as London City Airport. Embraer first disclosed that it was studying a new 70-seat aircraft, the EMB170 was to feature a new wing and larger-diameter fuselage mated to the nose and cockpit of the ERJ145. In February 1999, Embraer announced it had abandoned the approach in favour of an all-new design. The E-jet family was launched at the Paris Air Show on 14 June 1999 as ERJ-170 and ERJ-190, designations later changed to EMBRAER170. Production of parts to build the prototype and test airframes began in July 2000, the first prototype rolled out on October 29,2001 at São José dos Campos, Brazil. Its first flight occurred on February 19,2002, marking the beginning of a flight test campaign. Full production began in 2002, at a new factory built by Embraer at its São José dos Campos base, after several delays in the certification process, the E170 received type certification from the aviation authorities of Brazil, Europe and the United States in February 2004. In November 2011, Embraer announced that it would develop revamped versions of the E-Jets family with improved engines, rather than an all-new aircraft. The new variants are to be powered by new more efficient engines with larger diameter fans, and include slightly taller landing gear, the new E-Jet variants are to be better-positioned to compete with the Bombardier CSeries. The new variants are to service in 2018
27.
Central Mountain Air
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Central Mountain Air Ltd. is a Canadian regional airline based in Smithers, British Columbia. It operates scheduled and charter services and transborder services and its main base is Smithers Airport, with other bases at Calgary International Airport, Vancouver International Airport and Prince George Airport. The airline was established and started operations in 1987, it is owned by 580741 BC. In October 2011, Central Mountain Air ceased a Capacity Purchase Agreement with Air Canada, the agreement was for flights from Calgary to Lethbridge, Medicine Hat and Cranbrook, flights are now being operated by Air Georgian. Central Mountain Air continues to be an Air Canada Code Share partner, in late 2005 the first of two Dornier 328 were delivered to the airline, for use on chartered and scheduled flights. In 2014 they received their third Dornier 328, in March 2010,580741 BC, the parent company of Central Mountain Air, purchased fellow British Columbia-based airline Hawkair. On November 18th 2016, Hawkair declared bankruptcy, had all assets seized for liquidation, Central Mountain Air is the sister company of Northern Thunderbird Air, which operates charter and cargo services from Prince George. Central Mountain Air operates services to the domestic scheduled destinations. The Central Mountain Air fleet includes the aircraft, The Transport Canada web site also shows a de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver. Official website FlightSource. ca photos of CMA Aircraft Smithers Chamber of Commerce / Central Mountain Air
28.
Air Canada destinations
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Air Canada is the largest airline and flag carrier of Canada. Founded in 1936 as Trans-Canada Airlines, it provides scheduled services to 194 destinations on five continents and its largest hub is Toronto Pearson International Airport, followed by Montreal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport, Vancouver International Airport and Calgary International Airport. Air Canada is the worlds 10th largest passenger airline by fleet size, in 2014, Air Canada together with its Air Canada Express regional partners carried over 38 million passengers. Between them, they operate on more than 1,500 scheduled flights daily. The list shows airports that are served by Air Canada as part of its scheduled service and it excludes airports only operated by Air Canada Rouge, its Air Canada Express regional partners and other charter services. Air Canada Express destinations Air Canada Rouge destinations Air Canadas official website Air Canadas Route Map Air Canadas Timetable
29.
Trans-Canada Air Lines
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Trans-Canada Air Lines was a Canadian airline that operated as the countrys flag carrier. Its corporate headquarters were in Montreal, Quebec and its first president was Gordon Roy McGregor. In English-language contexts, the airline operated as TCA from 1937 to 1965, with heavy involvement from C. D. An air-mail contract with Canada Post was one of the methods by which TCA was financed, the creation of TCA was partly by CNR management who wanted to expand the company into the new field of passenger aviation, and was partly by government direction. Prior to TCA, no national airline existed in Canada. With war looming, and other nations experiencing major increases in the creation of passenger airlines, the CNR was the countrys largest corporation at the time and proved an effective vehicle for the government to create a national airline. TCA was also in competition with passenger trains operated by parent CNR. In response to CNRs creation of TCA, arch-rival Canadian Pacific Railway created Canadian Pacific Air Lines in 1942, between 1943 and 1947, TCA operated the Canadian Government Trans-Atlantic Air Service to provide trans-Atlantic military passenger and postal delivery service using Avro Lancastrian aircraft. The record crossing was completed non-stop in 12,26 hours, CGTAS ushered in the era of commercial air travel across the North Atlantic. After the war, the Lancastrians became part of TCA and carried paying passengers until they were replaced by Douglas DC-4s. Starting in 1945, TCA acquired 30 twin-engined ex-military Douglas DC-3s for use on Canadian internal services, a fleet of Merlin-powered Canadair North Stars was delivered from 1947 and these commenced services to several European countries, including the United Kingdom and to cities in the USA. The last of the North Stars was sold in 1961, the last Super Constellations were disposed of in 1963. A large fleet of Vickers Viscount turboprop airliners was built up from late 1954, the Viscount was followed by the larger Vickers Vanguard turboprop. TCA was the airline in North America to operate the Vanguard in scheduled passenger service. In 1953 with the development of ReserVec, TCA became the first airline in the world to use a computer system with remote terminals. The airlines Winnipeg maintenance shops and its first trial flight of the Viscount was documented in the 1955 film, the airline acquired a fleet of Douglas DC-8 jet airliners powered by Rolls Royce Conways, the first being received on 25 May 1960. The DC-8 quickly replaced the slower Super Constellations on TCAs scheduled services to Europe, in 1978, Air Canada was divested by parent CNR and became a separate Crown corporation. Air Canada was privatized in 1989, TCA operated a network of 160 routes to destinations including, St
30.
Air Canada Flight 621
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The Air Canada Flight 621 crash near Toronto Pearson International Airport, took place on July 5,1970, when an Air Canada Douglas DC-8, registered as CF-TIW, was attempting to land. It was flying on a Montreal–Toronto–Los Angeles route, All 100 passengers and 9 crew on board were killed, and at the time it was Canadas second deadliest aviation accident. Captain Peter Hamilton and First Officer Donald Rowland had flown on various flights together before and they both agreed they did not like arming them at the beginning of the final approach, as specified in the checklist, fearing it could lead to an inadvertent spoiler deployment. The captain preferred arming them on the ground, while the copilot preferred arming them during the landing flare, executed just above the runway, the flare arrests the aircrafts descent just prior to touchdown. By raising the nose lift momentarily increases, reducing the descent rate. During the flare, pilots retard the throttles to idle to reduce engine thrust, a squat switch in the main landing gear detects the touchdown and automatically deploys the spoilers, if armed. This destroys any remaining lift and helps the aircraft slow down, on this particular instance, the captain was piloting the landing and said, All right. Give them to me on the flare and this was not their usual routine. Sixty feet from the runway, the captain began to power in preparation for the flare and said. The first officer immediately deployed the spoilers on the flare, instead of just arming them, the aircraft began to sink heavily and the captain, realizing what had happened, pulled back on the control column and applied full thrust to all four engines. The nose lifted, but the aircraft continued to sink, hitting the runway with enough force that the number four engine. There was also a strike at this time. Realizing what he had done, the first officer began apologizing to the captain, the first officer requested a second landing attempt on the same runway but was told it was closed due to debris and was directed to another runway. Two and a half minutes after the collision, the outboard section of the right wing above engine number four exploded. Six seconds after this explosion, another explosion occurred in the area of the three engine, causing the pylon and engine to both break off and fall to the ground in flames. Six and a half seconds after the explosion, a third explosion occurred. The aircraft then went into a violent nose dive, striking the ground at a velocity of about 220 knots and killing all 100 passengers. The mishap was the first Air Canada accident involving fatalities since November 1963, wreckage, body parts, bits of clothing and personal effects were strewn for more than 90 metres beyond the impact spot
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Air Canada Flight 797
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The spreading fire also burned through crucial electrical cables that knocked out most of the instrumentation in the cockpit, forcing the plane to divert to an alternative landing field. At the time of the accident, Air Canada had 41 other DC-9s in its fleet, donald Cameron,51, was the captain and Claude Ouimet,34, served as first officer. Both were experienced pilots – Cameron had accrued approximately 13,000 flight hours, while flying over Louisville, Kentucky, an in-flight fire started in or around the rear lavatory of the aircraft. The pilots heard a popping sound around 18,51 EDT, during dinner service, a strong, noxious odour coming from the rear of the plane was first reported to the cabin crew around 19,00. 33-year-old flight attendant Judi Davidson traced the odour to the lavatory, first officer Ouimet went to investigate personally at 19,03, but was driven back by the thick smoke. At 19,04, Benetti reported that he thought the fire was out because he had completely doused the lavatory with fire retardant. Just three minutes later, however, at 19,07, passengers reported smelling smoke in the cabin again. Two minutes after that the master breaker alarm went off in the cockpit and this made controlling the planes descent extremely difficult and required great physical exertion from the pilot and first officer. During the evacuation, the aircraft doors were opened, causing an influx of air that fuelled the fire. Cameron was the last person to make it out of the plane alive, less than 90 seconds after touchdown, the interior of the plane flashed over and ignited, killing 23 of the 41 passengers. The passengers trapped inside the plane died from inhalation and burns from the flash fire. You made it and you were completely fine, Fadley concluded, twenty-one Canadians and two Americans died. Many of the bodies were burned beyond recognition, almost all of the victims were in the forward half of the aircraft between the wings and the cockpit. Some bodies were in the aisles, and some bodies were still in the seats, two victims were in the back of the aircraft, even though the passengers were moved forward after the fire had been detected, the disoriented passengers moved beyond the overwing exits and succumbed. The blood samples from the bodies revealed high levels of cyanide, fluoride, because the accident occurred in the United States, it was investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board. On the CVR, NTSB investigators heard eight sounds of electrical arcing—likely inaudible to the crew—beginning at 18,48 CDT, at 19,02, the CVR records flight attendant Judi Davidson entering the cockpit to deliver the first report of a possible fire in the lavatory. Stan Rogers, Canadian folk singer, known for such as Northwest Passage, The Mary Ellen Carter. He was going home on Flight 797 after attending the Kerrville Folk Festival in Texas and he died in the fire of smoke inhalation at the age of 33
32.
Gimli Glider
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The Gimli Glider is the nickname of an Air Canada aircraft that was involved in an unusual aviation incident. The flight crew was able to glide the aircraft safely to a landing at an auto racing track that was previously RCAF Station Gimli. The subsequent investigation revealed a combination of failures and a chain of human errors that defeated built-in safeguards. On July 22,1983, Air Canadas Boeing 767 flew from Toronto to Edmonton where it underwent routine checks, the next day, it was flown to Montreal. Following a crew change, it departed Montreal as Flight 143 for the trip to Edmonton, with Captain Robert Pearson,48. Captain Pearson was an experienced pilot, having accumulated more than 15,000 flight hours. First Officer Quintal was also experienced, having logged over 7,000 hours of total flight time. On July 23,1983, Flight 143 was cruising at 12,500 metres over Red Lake, the aircrafts cockpit warning system sounded, indicating a fuel pressure problem on the aircrafts left side. Assuming a fuel pump had failed the pilots turned it off, the aircrafts fuel gauges were inoperative because of an electronic fault indicated on the instrument panel and airplane logs. Effectively, this meant that less than half the amount of intended fuel had been loaded. Because the incorrect fuel weight data had been entered into the system, a few moments later, a second fuel pressure alarm sounded for the right engine, prompting the pilots to divert to Winnipeg. Within seconds, the engine failed and they began preparing for a single-engine landing. Flying with all out was something that was never expected to occur and had therefore not been covered in training. Seconds later, with the engine also stopped, the 767 lost all power. The 767 was one of the first airliners to include a flight instrument system. With both engines stopped, the system went dead, leaving only a few basic battery-powered emergency flight instruments, on airliners the size of the 767, the engines also supply power for the hydraulic systems without which the aircraft cannot be controlled. Such aircraft are required to accommodate this kind of power failure. As the Gimli pilots were to experience on their landing approach, in line with their planned diversion to Winnipeg, the pilots were already descending through 35,000 feet when the second engine shut down
33.
Air Canada Flight 624
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Air Canada Flight 624 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Toronto to Halifax. During heavy snow and poor visibility at 00,43 ADT on March 29,2015, the accident left the airport without electric power, it was consequently closed for a period of time. On April 2,2015, Air Canada sent payments of CDN$5000 to all passengers involved, a class action lawsuit has been filed in relation to this incident. Air Canada Flight 624 departed from Toronto Pearson International Airport bound for Halifax Stanfield International Airport and it was carrying 133 passengers and five crew. The aircraft then climbed an embankment up to the level, skidded on its belly. The aircraft was damaged, with the loss of all landing gear. The wings and tailplane were also damaged, twenty-three passengers were taken to hospital with non-life-threatening injuries. Both pilots were amongst those taken to hospital, all but one of those taken to hospital were released the same day. The weather at the time of the accident was described as stormy, the loss of power to the airport may have been due to the aircraft clipping transmission lines before hitting the runway. Electricity was restored to the airport by 02,12 ADT, the aircraft was an Airbus A320-211, equipped with two CFM56-5A1 engines. Its serial number was 233 with a number of 214. It was owned by GECAS and leased to Air Canada, as a result of the accident, the aircraft was written off. The Transportation Safety Board has opened an investigation into the accident, the TSB stated that there were no mechanical or maintenance faults uncovered with the aircraft. The TSB is examining the role of the pilots in the cause of the crash, three Bureau dEnquêtes et dAnalyses pour la Sécurité de lAviation Civile investigators from France and two technical advisers from Airbus travelled to Canada to participate in the investigation. On 30 March 2017, Air Canada filed a lawsuit against Airbus, alleging that the manufacturer failed to identify shortcomings of the Airbus A320
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Air Canada Jetz
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Air Canada Jetz is a charter airline, headquartered in Montreal, Quebec as a wholly owned subsidiary of Air Canada. Established and starting operations on October 31,2001, it operates a business service for corporate clients. The airline was headed by Robert Perrault, former president of Air Alliance. Currently, it is headed by Alain Boudreau, as of November 2015, Air Canada Jetz operates three Airbus A319 narrow-body aircraft, each configured with 58 business class seats. Jetz is the carrier for all seven Canadian teams of the National Hockey League. On March 31,2014, the Ottawa Citizen reported that Air Canada has made a decision to exit this segment of the market. However, service has not been terminated, and on March 17,2015, Jetz is also the carrier of the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association, and since April 2010, the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball. This was the first time Jetz operated sport charters during the summer, in 2005-2006, Jetz carried U2 on their Vertigo Tour, and again in 2009 on their U2360 Tour. Jetz also carried The Rolling Stones on their North American tour and many other high-profiled rock bands, during the 2004,2006 and 2008 federal elections, NDP Leader Jack Laytons tour was carried by Jetz
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Air Canada Rouge
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Air Canada Rouge, stylized Air Canada rouge, is the vacation and leisure airline subsidiary of Air Canada. Air Canada Rouge is fully integrated into the Air Canada mainline and Air Canada Express networks, the airline was launched in December 2012 and began services on July 1,2013 as part of the Air Canada Leisure Group. At the time of the launch it had a fleet of four aircraft,2 Airbus A319s and 2 Boeing 767s and its fleet expanded to 28 aircraft within 18 months and was expected to reach 16 Boeing 767s,20 Airbus A319s and 5 Airbus A321s by mid-2016. By early September 2016, the airline had expanded its Boeing 767 fleet to 19 aircraft, a seasonal service from Vancouver to Osaka/Kansai started in May 2015. Air Canada Rouge serves predominantly leisure destinations in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, South America, Central America, Mexico and the United States. Destinations in the Caribbean include Cuba, Jamaica, Curaçao, Haiti, the Bahamas, Grenada, Barbados, St. Maarten, destinations in Africa include Algiers and Casablanca. In December 2015 new routes were announced including Toronto to Miami, Fort Myers, Charlottetown, montreal to Miami will now be year round and Vancouver to San Diego and Mexico City and Calgary to Phoenix, which will now be year-round. The Air Canada Rouge fleet consists of the following registered aircraft, the Air Canada Rouge Airbus A319 has 16 more seats than a regular Air Canada Airbus A319 with 136 seats, the first four rows being for Rouge Plus and Premium Rouge passengers. The Air Canada Rouge Boeing 767-300ER carries 71 more passengers than most regular Air Canada Boeing 767-300ER aircraft, of these 223 are economy,35 Rouge Plus and 24 Premium Rouge. The 29-inch seat pitch is one of the smallest in North America, laptop use requires the Flash plug-in. IPads are available for rental to Economy Class passengers for a cost of $10 and are complimentary for Premium Rouge customers, the rental iPads are loaded with additional premium content on the Player Plus app. Baggage policy is the same as Air Canadas, and catering is complimentary on flights to/from Europe and Asia, Premium Rouge food and beverages are complimentary. Air Canadas mainline economy class fare services as well as full-fare, media related to Air Canada Rouge at Wikimedia Commons Official website
36.
Zip (airline)
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Zip was a Canadian discount airline headquartered in Hangar 101 at Calgary International Airport, Calgary, Alberta. It was launched by Air Canada as a subsidiary in September 2002. It operated a fleet of 12 Boeing 737 aircraft, each painted in a bright, the subsidiary was headed by former WestJet CEO, Steve Smith. As a direct competition to Canadas leading low-cost carrier WestJet, Zip flew mostly between the cities of Abbotsford, Calgary, Edmonton, Vancouver, Saskatoon, Regina. Zip ceased operations in September 2004 when Air Canada resumed a schedule on its western routes. Zip was known for branding its advertising with 3 character words, among them, yuk was printed on the air sickness bags, bag was printed on the personal baggage tags, and yum was printed on the napkins distributed with beverages on board. Large print advertisements were erected in cities, which simply said fly. Today, the website redirects to the official Air Canada website, Air Canada Air Canada Tango Zip CBC News article, Zip
An Air Canada Express Embraer E175 in the new livery_Embraer_175_C-FRQW_(38632597954).jpg)