1.
Controlled flight into terrain
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A controlled flight into terrain is an accident in which an airworthy aircraft, under pilot control, is unintentionally flown into the ground, a mountain, a body of water or an obstacle. In a typical CFIT scenario, the crew is unaware of the disaster until too late. The term was coined by engineers at Boeing in the late 1970s, according to Boeing, CFIT is a leading cause of airplane accidents involving the loss of life, causing over 9,000 deaths since the beginning of the commercial jet age. CFIT was identified as a cause of 25% of USAF Class A mishaps between 1993 and 2002, while there are many reasons why a plane might crash into terrain, including bad weather and navigation equipment problems, pilot error is the most common factor found in CFIT accidents. Fatigue can cause even highly experienced professionals to make significant errors, CFIT accidents frequently involve a collision with terrain such as hills or mountains during conditions of reduced visibility, while conducting an approach to landing at the destination airport. While those factors undoubtedly reduced the number of CFIT accidents. To prevent the occurrence of CFIT accidents, manufacturers developed terrain awareness. The first generation of systems was known as a ground proximity warning system. That system was improved with the addition of a GPS terrain database and is now known as an enhanced ground proximity warning system. When combined with mandatory pilot simulator training, which emphasizes proper responses to any caution or warning event, smaller aircraft often use a GPS database of terrain to provide terrain warning. The GPS database contains a database of terrain and will present terrain that is near the aircraft in red or yellow depending on its distance from the aircraft. Statistics show that aircraft fitted with a second-generation EGPWS have not suffered a CFIT accident if TAWS or EGPWS are properly handled, as of 2007, 5% of the worlds commercial airlines still lack a TAWS, leading to a prediction of two CFIT accidents in 2009. In the case of Mount Salak Sukhoi Superjet 100 crash, the TAWS was working, many notable accidents have been ascribed to CFIT
2.
Pilot error
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Pilot error is a term used to describe a decision, action or inaction by a pilot or crew of an aircraft determined to be a cause or contributing factor in an accident or incident. The term includes mistakes, oversights, lapses in judgment, gaps in training, adverse habits, accounting for the way human factors influence the actions of pilots is now considered standard practice by accident investigators when examining the chain of events that led to an accident. Usually in an accident caused by error, it is assumed that the pilot in command makes an error unintentionally. However, a disregard for a standard operating procedure is still considered to be a pilot error. Pilot error is a decision or action mistake by pilots when there is an emergency, as the commander of the aircraft, the pilot is always regarded to be one of the most important factors. The decisions of the pilot determine everything on the craft, analyses of accident patterns can have value for the improvement of passengers safety. The pilot may be a factor even during adverse weather conditions if the investigating body deems that the pilot did not exercise due diligence. The responsibility for the accident in such a case would depend whether the pilot could reasonably know of the danger and whether he or she took reasonable steps to avoid the weather problem. Some weather phenomena are difficult to avoid, especially if the aircraft involved is the first aircraft to encounter the phenomenon in an area at a certain time. Placing pilot error as a cause of an accident has often been controversial. Attorneys for the co-pilot, who was killed in the crash, modern accident investigators avoid the words pilot error, as the scope of their work is to determine the cause of an accident, rather than apportion blame. Furthermore, any attempt to blame pilots does not consider that they are part of a broader system, ICAO and its member states therefore adopted the Reason Model in 1993 in an effort to better understanding the role of human factors in aviation accidents. Thus, pilot error is a cause of air accidents. During 2004, pilot error was pointed to be the reason of 78. 6% of disastrous GA accidents. Pilot errors are related to multiple causes, decision errors can be caused by several factors such as tendencies, biases as well as breakdowns when human proceeds the information coming in. For pilot in aviation, these errors are highly to produce not only errors, pilots work in complex environments and are routinely exposed to high amounts of situational stress in the workplace, inducing pilot error which may result in a threat to flight safety. While aircraft accidents are infrequent, they are visible and often involve massive loss of life. For this reason, research on causal factors and methodologies of mitigating risk associated with pilot error is exhaustive, pilot error results from physiological and psychological limitations inherent in humans
3.
Busan
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Busan, officially Busan Metropolitan City, romanized as Pusan before 2000, is South Koreas second most-populous city after Seoul, with a population of approximately 3.6 million. The population of the area, including the adjacent cities of Gimhae. The city is located on the southeastern-most tip of the Korean peninsula, located within South Koreas largest industrial area, The Southeast Economic Zone, the city is the cultural, educational and economic center of the region. It is the largest port city in South Korea and the fifth busiest seaport by cargo tonnage. The most densely built up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong River and the Suyeong River, with mountains separating most of the districts, administratively, it is designated as a Metropolitan City. The Busan metropolitan area is divided into 15 major administrative districts, Busan was the host city of the 2002 Asian Games and the APEC2005 Korea. It was also one of the host cities for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, on November 14,2005, the city authorities officially announced its bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics Games. After Pyeongchangs successful bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics, Busan is considering bidding to host the 2028 or 2032 Summer Olympics, Busan has Koreas largest beach and longest river, and is home to the worlds largest department store, the Shinsegae Centum City. Geochilsan-guk existed in the second and 3rd and 4th centuries as a chiefdom of Jinhan and it was absorbed by Silla and renamed Geochilsan-gun. The word Geochilsan means rough mountain, probably referring to Hwangbyeongsan, the mounded burials of Bokcheon-dong were built along the top of a ridge that overlooks a wide area that makes up parts of modern-day Dongnae-gu and Yeonje-gu. Archaeologists excavated more than 250 iron weapons and ingots from Burial No,38, a wooden chamber tomb at Bokcheon-dong. In 757, Geochilsan-gun was again renamed Dongnae, which it is still called, from the beginning of the 15th century, the Korean government designated Busan as a trading port with the Japanese and allowed their settlement. Other Japanese settlements in Ulsan and Jinhae diminished later, but the Busan settlement, called Waegwan at the time, after the war, diplomatic relations with the new shogunate in Japan were established in 1607, and Busan Waegwan was permitted to be reconstructed. The Japanese settlement, though relocated into Choryang later, continued to exist until Korea was exposed to modern diplomacy in 1876, in 1876, Busan became the first international port in Korea. During the Japanese rule, Busan developed into a hub trading port with Japan, Busan was the only city in Korea to adopt the steam tramway before electrification was introduced in 1924. During the Korean War, Busan was one of two cities in South Korea not captured by the North Korean army within the first three months of the War. As a result, the city became a camp site for Koreans during the war. As Busan was one of the few areas in Korea that remained under the control of South Korea throughout the Korean War, UN troops established a defensive perimeter around the city known as the Pusan Perimeter in the summer and autumn of 1950
4.
South Korea
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South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945, peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the worlds 10th largest defence budget. South Koreas tiger economy soared at an average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful, today, it is the worlds fifth largest exporter with the G20s largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US. Since 1988, its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency, high personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC. It is the third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance, ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance. It is the worlds largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science, the name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the name for the entire territory. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon, in 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk. The name Daehan, which means great Han literally, derives from Samhan, however, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted, there were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the Republic of Korea was adopted as the name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the part of the Korean Peninsula
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Boeing 767
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The Boeing 767 is a mid- to large-size, long-range, wide-body twin-engine jet airliner built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It was Boeings first wide-body twinjet and its first airliner with a glass cockpit. The aircraft has two engines, a conventional tail, and, for reduced aerodynamic drag, a supercritical wing design. Development of the 767 occurred in tandem with a narrow-body twinjet, the 767 is produced in three fuselage lengths. The original 767-200 entered service in 1982, followed by the 767-300 in 1986 and the 767-400ER, the extended-range 767-200ER and 767-300ER models entered service in 1984 and 1988, respectively, while a production freighter version, the 767-300F, debuted in 1995. Engines featured on the 767 include the General Electric CF6, Pratt & Whitney JT9D and PW4000, United Airlines first placed the 767 in commercial service in 1982. The aircraft was flown on domestic and transcontinental routes, during which it demonstrated the reliability of its twinjet design. In 1985, the 767 became the first twin-engined airliner to receive approval for extended overseas flights. The aircraft was used to expand non-stop service on medium- to long-haul intercontinental routes. In 1986, Boeing initiated studies for a higher-capacity 767, ultimately leading to the development of the 777, in the 1990s, the 767 became the most frequently used airliner for transatlantic flights between North America and Europe. The 767 is the first twinjet wide-body type to reach 1,000 aircraft delivered, as of February 2017, Boeing has received 1,204 orders for the 767 from 74 customers,1,097 have been delivered. A total of 742 of these aircraft were in service in July 2016, competitors have included the Airbus A300, A310, and A330-200, while a successor, the 787 Dreamliner, entered service in October 2011. Despite this, the 767 still remains in production, in 1970, Boeings 747 became the first wide-body jetliner to enter service. The 747 was the first passenger jet that was enough to feature a twin-aisle cabin. Two years later, the manufacturer began a development study, code-named 7X7, for a new wide-body aircraft intended to replace the 707 and other early generation narrow-body jets. The aircraft would also provide twin-aisle seating, but in a smaller fuselage than the existing 747, McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and this marked the manufacturers first major international joint venture, and both Aeritalia and the CTDC received supply contracts in return for their early participation. At this stage the aircraft featured two or three engines, with possible configurations including over-wing engines and a T-tail. By 1976, a layout, similar to the one which had debuted on the Airbus A300
7.
Air China
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Air China Limited is the flag carrier and one of the major airlines of the Peoples Republic of China, with its headquarters in Shunyi District, Beijing. Air Chinas flight operations are based at Beijing Capital International Airport, in 2015, the airline carried 90 million domestic and international passengers with an average load factor of 80%. Air China was given responsibility for intercontinental flights and took over the CAACs long haul aircraft. In January 2001, the former CAACs ten airlines agreed on a merger plan, before the acquisition, Air China was the countrys fourth largest domestic airline. The merger created a group with assets of 56 billion Yuan, in October 2002, Air China consolidated with the China National Aviation Holding and China Southwest Airlines. On 15 December 2004, Air China was successfully listed on the Hong Kong, the airline also listed its shares on the Shanghai Stock Exchange on 18 August 2006. In 2006, Air China signed an agreement to join the Star Alliance and it became a member of the alliance on 12 December 2007 alongside Shanghai Airlines. In July 2009, Air China acquired $19.3 million of shares from its troubled subsidiary Air Macau, one month later, Air China spent HK$6.3 billion to raise its stake in Cathay Pacific from 17. 5% to 30%, expanding its presence in Hong Kong. On 2 December 2010, Air China received Spains highest tourism industry award, Air China was the first foreign airline to receive the award, which is given to organisations and individuals contributing to the Spanish tourism industry. On 23 December 2010, Air China became the first Chinese airline to offer combined tickets that include domestic flights, the first combined flight-shuttle bus ticket connected Tianjin via shuttle bus with domestic flights passing through Beijing. Air China began offering Wi-Fi internet service on board its aircraft on 15 November 2011, in 2012, after pressure from PETA, Air China stated that it would no longer transport monkeys to laboratories. On July 3,2013 in time for the companys 25th anniversary and it was the first global satellite Internet flight in Mainland China. In early 2015 it was announced that the airline had selected the Boeing 737 Next Generation and 737 MAX for its fleet renewal programme of 60 aircraft, the deal, with a value of over $6B at current list prices, has yet to be finalised. The entity Air China Limited was registered in 2003, and its shares began trading in Hong Kong, as of June 2015, it ranks no.1 of Chinese companies for long term accounts payable. The Air China HQ Building, the headquarters, is located in Zone A of the Tianzhu Airport Industrial Zone in Shunyi District. The company registered office is on the floor of the Blue Sky Mansion. The enterprise logo of Air China consists of an artistic pattern, the name of the airline written in calligraphy by former national leader Deng Xiaoping. The phoenix logo is also the artistic transfiguration of the word VIP, Air China is a member of Star Alliance
8.
Aircraft registration
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In accordance with the Convention on International Civil Aviation, all civil aircraft must be registered with a national aviation authority using procedures set by each country. Every country, even those not party to the Chicago Convention, has a NAA whose functions include the registration of civil aircraft, an aircraft can only be registered once, in the one jurisdiction. The registration identifier must be displayed prominently on the aircraft, most countries also require the registration identifier to be imprinted on a permanent fireproof plate mounted on the fuselage in case of a post-fire/post-crash aircraft accident investigation. Military aircraft typically use tail codes and serial numbers, although each aircraft registration identifier is unique, some countries allow it to be re-used when the aircraft has been sold, destroyed or retired. For example, N3794N is assigned to a Mooney M20F and it had been previously assigned to a Beechcraft Bonanza. Also note that an aircraft may be assigned different registrations during its existence. This can be because the aircraft ownership, jurisdiction of registration. The first use of aircraft registrations was based on the radio callsigns allocated at the London International Radiotelegraphic Conference in 1913, the format was a single letter prefix followed by four other letters. The major nations operating aircraft were allocated a letter prefix. Smaller countries had to share a single letter prefix, but were allocated exclusive use of the first letter of the suffix and this was modified by agreement by the International Bureau at Berne and published on April 23,1913. The agreement stipulated that the nationality marks were to be followed by a then a group of four letters that must include a vowel. This system operated until the adoption of the system in 1928. The International Radiotelegraph Convention at Washington in 1927 revised the list of markings and these were adopted from 1928 and are the basis of the currently used registrations. The markings have been amended and added to over the years, upon registration, the aircraft receives its unique registration, which must be displayed prominently on the aircraft. Annex 7 to the Chicago Convention describes the definitions, location, the aircraft registration is made up of a prefix selected from the countrys callsign prefix allocated by the International Telecommunication Union and the registration suffix. Depending on the country of registration, this suffix is a numeric or alphanumeric code, a supplement to Annex 7 provides an updated list of approved nationality and common marks used by various countries. When painted on the fuselage, the prefix and suffix are usually separated by a dash, when entered in a flight plan, the dash is omitted. In some countries use a number suffix rather than letters, like the United States, South Korea, and Japan
9.
Beijing International Airport
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Beijing Capital International Airport is the main international airport serving Beijing. It is located 32 km northeast of Beijings city center, in an enclave of Chaoyang District, the airport is owned and operated by the Beijing Capital International Airport Company Limited, a state-controlled company. The airports IATA Airport code, PEK, is based on the citys romanized name. Beijing Capital International Airport is the hub for Air China, the flag carrier of the Peoples Republic of China. China Eastern Airlines, Hainan Airlines and China Southern Airlines also use the airport as their hub, Beijing Capital International Airport covers 1480 hectares of land. Beijing Capital has rapidly ascended in rankings of the worlds busiest airports in the past decade and it had become the busiest airport in Asia in terms of passenger traffic and total traffic movements by 2009. It has been the second busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic since 2010. The airport registered 557,167 aircraft movements, ranking 6th in the world in 2012, in terms of cargo traffic, Beijing airport has also witnessed rapid growth. By 2012, the airport had become the 13th busiest airport in the world by cargo traffic, Beijing Airport was opened on 2 March 1958. The airport then consisted of one terminal building, which still stands to this day, apparently for the use of VIPs. On 1 January 1980, a newer, larger Terminal 1 – green in colour – opened, the terminal was larger than the one built in the 1950s, but by the mid-1990s, its size became relatively inadequate. The first International flight to China and Beijing Capital International Airport was of Pakistan International Airlines from Islamabad. In late 1999, to mark the 50th anniversary of the founding of the PRC, Terminal 1 was then temporarily closed for renovation after the opening of Terminal 2. 20 September 2004 saw the opening of a renovated Terminal 1, other airlines domestic and international flights still operated in Terminal 2. Another round of expansion started in 2007, a third runway opened on 29 October 2007, to relieve congestion on the other two runways. Terminal 3 was completed in February 2008, in time for the Beijing Olympics and this colossal expansion also included a rail link to the city-center. At its opening, the new Terminal 3 was the largest man made structure in the world in terms of area covered, the expansion was largely funded by a 30 billion yen loan from Japan and a 500-million-euro loan from the European Investment Bank. The loan is the largest ever granted by the EIB in Asia, fresh from hosting the 2008 Olympic Games and adding its new terminal building, Beijing Capital has overtaken Tokyo Haneda to be the busiest airport in Asia based on scheduled seat capacity
10.
Beijing
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Beijing is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China and the worlds third most populous city proper. It is also one of the worlds most populous capital cities, the city, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government with 16 urban, suburban, and rural districts. Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by population after Shanghai and is the nations political, cultural. It is home to the headquarters of most of Chinas largest state-owned companies, and is a hub for the national highway, expressway, railway. The citys history dates back three millennia, as the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, Beijing has been the political centre of the country for much of the past eight centuries. Beijing was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium A. D, the city is renowned for its opulent palaces, temples, parks, gardens, tombs, walls and gates. Its art treasures and universities have made it centre of culture, encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural centre of an area as immense as China. Siheyuans, the traditional housing style, and hutongs, the narrow alleys between siheyuans, are major tourist attractions and are common in urban Beijing. The city hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics and was chosen to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, many of Beijings 91 universities consistently rank among the best in China, of which Peking University and Tsinghua University are ranked in the top 60 universities in the world. Beijings Zhongguancun area is known as Chinas Silicon Valley and Chinas center of innovation. According to the 2016 InterNations Expat Insider Survey, Beijing ranked first in Asia in the subcategory Personal Finance Index, expats live primarily in urban districts such as Dongcheng and Chaoyang in the east, or in suburban districts such as Shunyi. Over the past 3,000 years, the city of Beijing has had other names. The name Beijing, which means Northern Capital, was applied to the city in 1403 during the Ming Dynasty to distinguish the city from Nanjing, the English spelling is based on the pinyin romanisation of the two characters as they are pronounced in Standard Mandarin. Those dialects preserve the Middle Chinese pronunciation of 京 as kjaeng, the single Chinese character abbreviation for Beijing is 京, which appears on automobile license plates in the city. The official Latin alphabet abbreviation for Beijing is BJ, the earliest traces of human habitation in the Beijing municipality were found in the caves of Dragon Bone Hill near the village of Zhoukoudian in Fangshan District, where Peking Man lived. Homo erectus fossils from the date to 230,000 to 250,000 years ago. Paleolithic Homo sapiens also lived more recently, about 27,000 years ago. Archaeologists have found neolithic settlements throughout the municipality, including in Wangfujing, the first walled city in Beijing was Ji, a city from the 11th to 7th century BC
11.
Gimhae International Airport
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Gimhae International Airport is located on the western end of Busan, South Korea. A new international terminal opened on October 31,2007, Gimhae International Airport is the main hub for Air Busan. Runway 18L/36R is used for military purposes only for Gimhae Air Base, in 2016,14,900,815 passengers used the airport. As the airport is now beyond its capacity, the airport is embarking on a major expansion project to add a new runway. Construction is due to begin in 2021 for an estimated 2026 completion,11, Ulman ↔ Gimhae Intl Airport ↔ Gangseo-gu Office ↔ Buk-gu Office ↔ Gupo Station ↔ Deokcheon Station Gangseo No. M. and 6 A. M. On January 31,2001, Japan Airlines Flight 958, bound for Narita International Airport from Busan, the other aircraft, a Boeing 747, suddenly dove and avoided the Narita-bound DC-10. See 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident
12.
China
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China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
13.
Flag carrier
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The term also refers to any carrier that is or was owned by a government, even long after their privatization when preferential rights or privileges continue. Flag carriers may be known as such due to maritime law requiring all aircraft or ships to display the flag of the country of their registry. A flag carrier may also be known as an airline or a national carrier. The first definition is rooted in the fact that pursuant to Article 17 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation aircraft have the nationality of the state in which they are registered. U. S. law requires American air carriers to operate aircraft registered in the United States and most countries have similar laws. Article 3 of Tokyo Convention declares that The State of registration is competent to exercise jurisdiction over “offenses, the American definition of U. S. -flag air carrier service contained in 48 CFR47. 403-1. is based on this first definition. The U. S. requirements under the Fly America Act, are consistent with requiring that Title 18 of the United States Code would protect U. S. government employees on flights to foreign countries. The second and more broadly used definition of flag carrier is a legacy of the time when countries established state-owned airline companies, governments then took the lead due to the high capital costs of establishing and running airlines. However, not all such airlines were government-owned, Pan Am, TWA, Cathay Pacific, Union de Transports Aériens, Canadian Pacific Air Lines and Olympic Airlines were all privately owned. Most of these were considered to be flag carriers as they were the national airline. The heavily regulated aviation industry also meant aviation rights are negotiated between governments, denying airlines the right to an open market. Some countries also establish flag carriers such as Israels El Al or Lebanons Middle East Airlines for nationalist reasons, or to aid the countrys economy, in many cases, governments would directly assist in the growth of their flag carriers typically through subsidies and other fiscal incentives. The establishment of competitors in the form of other locally registered airlines may be prohibited, in the last two decades, however, many of these airlines have since been corporatized as a public company or a state-owned enterprise, or completely privatized. One of the features of such agreements is the right of a country to designate multiple airlines to serve routes with the result that there is no single flag carrier. The chart below lists airlines considered to be a carrier, based on current or former state ownership. International Air Transport Association US Maritime Administration
14.
Beijing Capital International Airport
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Beijing Capital International Airport is the main international airport serving Beijing. It is located 32 km northeast of Beijings city center, in an enclave of Chaoyang District, the airport is owned and operated by the Beijing Capital International Airport Company Limited, a state-controlled company. The airports IATA Airport code, PEK, is based on the citys romanized name. Beijing Capital International Airport is the hub for Air China, the flag carrier of the Peoples Republic of China. China Eastern Airlines, Hainan Airlines and China Southern Airlines also use the airport as their hub, Beijing Capital International Airport covers 1480 hectares of land. Beijing Capital has rapidly ascended in rankings of the worlds busiest airports in the past decade and it had become the busiest airport in Asia in terms of passenger traffic and total traffic movements by 2009. It has been the second busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic since 2010. The airport registered 557,167 aircraft movements, ranking 6th in the world in 2012, in terms of cargo traffic, Beijing airport has also witnessed rapid growth. By 2012, the airport had become the 13th busiest airport in the world by cargo traffic, Beijing Airport was opened on 2 March 1958. The airport then consisted of one terminal building, which still stands to this day, apparently for the use of VIPs. On 1 January 1980, a newer, larger Terminal 1 – green in colour – opened, the terminal was larger than the one built in the 1950s, but by the mid-1990s, its size became relatively inadequate. The first International flight to China and Beijing Capital International Airport was of Pakistan International Airlines from Islamabad. In late 1999, to mark the 50th anniversary of the founding of the PRC, Terminal 1 was then temporarily closed for renovation after the opening of Terminal 2. 20 September 2004 saw the opening of a renovated Terminal 1, other airlines domestic and international flights still operated in Terminal 2. Another round of expansion started in 2007, a third runway opened on 29 October 2007, to relieve congestion on the other two runways. Terminal 3 was completed in February 2008, in time for the Beijing Olympics and this colossal expansion also included a rail link to the city-center. At its opening, the new Terminal 3 was the largest man made structure in the world in terms of area covered, the expansion was largely funded by a 30 billion yen loan from Japan and a 500-million-euro loan from the European Investment Bank. The loan is the largest ever granted by the EIB in Asia, fresh from hosting the 2008 Olympic Games and adding its new terminal building, Beijing Capital has overtaken Tokyo Haneda to be the busiest airport in Asia based on scheduled seat capacity
15.
Aviation accidents and incidents
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If the aircraft is destroyed or severely damaged so that it must be written off, it is further defined as a hull loss accident. Annex 13 further defines an aviation incident as an occurrence, other than an accident,583, The Tenerife airport disaster, which occurred on March 27,1977, remains the accident with the highest number of airliner passenger fatalities. 583 people died when a KLM Boeing 747 attempted to take off without clearance, there were no survivors from the KLM aircraft,61 of the 396 passengers and crew on the Pan Am aircraft survived. Pilot error was the cause, as the KLM captain began his takeoff run without obtaining air traffic control clearance. A contributing factor was the dense fog, the KLM flight crew could not see the Pan Am aircraft on the runway until immediately before the collision. The accident had a influence on the industry, particularly in the area of communication. An increased emphasis was placed on using standardized phraseology in air traffic control communication by controllers and pilots alike. Furthermore, all members of the crew are now able to question the captains judgment concerning the safety of the airliner. 520, The crash of Japan Airlines Flight 123 on August 12,1985, is the disaster with the highest number of fatalities,520 people died on board a Boeing 747. Pilots were able to keep the plane flying for 32 minutes after the mechanical failure before crashing into a mountain, all 15 crew members and 505 of the 509 passengers on board died. The death toll was exacerbated by delays in the rescue operation, although a number of people survived the impact, by the time the Japanese rescue teams arrived at the crash site all but four had succumbed to their injuries. 349, On November 12,1996, the worlds deadliest mid-air collision was the Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision involving Saudia Flight 763 and Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907 over Charkhi Dadri, the collision was mainly the result of the Kazakh pilot flying lower than the assigned clearance altitude. All 349 passengers and crew on both aircraft died. The Ramesh Chandra Lahoti Commission, empowered to study the causes, recommended the creation of the semi-circular rule,346, On March 3,1974, Turkish Airlines Flight 981, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10, crashed in a forest northeast of Paris, France. The London-bound plane crashed shortly after taking off from Orly airport and it was later determined that the cargo door detached, which caused an explosive decompression, this caused the floor just above to collapse. The collapsed floor severed the control cables, which left the pilots without control of the elevators, the plane entered a steep dive and crashed. It was the deadliest plane crash of all time until the Tenerife disaster in 1977,329, On June 23,1985, Air India Flight 182, a Boeing 747-237B crashed off the southwest coast of Ireland when a bomb exploded in the cargo hold. All 307 passengers and 22 crew members died, one passenger had checked in as M. Singh
16.
Civil Aviation Administration of China
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The Civil Aviation Administration of China, formerly the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China, is the aviation authority under the Ministry of Transport of the Peoples Republic of China. It oversees civil aviation and investigates aviation accidents and incidents, the agency is headquartered in Dongcheng District, Beijing. The CAAC does not share the responsibility of managing Chinas airspace with the Central Military Commission under the regulations in the Civil Aviation Law of the Peoples Republic of China and it was initially managed by the Peoples Liberation Army Air Force. In August 1971 the airline purchased six Trident 2Es directly from Hawker Siddeley, the country also placed provisional orders for three Concorde aircraft. With the 1972 Nixon visit to China the country ordered 10 Boeing 707 jets, in December 1973 it took the unprecedented step of borrowing £40 million from Western banks to fund the purchase of 15 additional Trident jets. Russian built Ilyushin Il-62 aircraft were used on long range routes during the 1970s and 1980s, in 1980 the airline was transferred to the direct control of the State Council. In 1987 the airline division of CAAC was divided up into a number of airlines, since then, CAAC acts solely as a government agency and no longer provides commercial flight service. In March 2008, CAAC was made a subsidiary of the newly created Ministry of Transport and its official English name has remained Civil Aviation Administration of China. CAAC began operating scheduled flights to cities in China in 1949. The Boeing customer code for CAAC was J6, which was inherited by Air China until 1999, CAAC aircraft livery featured Chinese national flag on the vertical stabilizer, with blue stripes and Chinese version of CAAC logo on a white fuselage. September 26,1961 CAAC Shijiazhuang Y-518188 struck the side of a mountain at Qinglongshan, Henan Province, may 1972 A CAAC Lisunov Li-2 overshot the runway at Dalian Airport, killing 6 occupants. January 14,1973 CAAC Ilyushin Il-14644 struck a mountain near Guiyang, killing all 29 on board, january 21,1976 CAAC Antonov An-24 B-492 crashed on approach to Changsha Huanghua International Airport, killing all 40 on board. August 26,1976 A CAAC Ilyushin Il-14 crashed during landing in Chengdu, March 14,1979 CAAC Hawker Siddeley Trident 2E B-274 crashed into a factory in Beijing on climbout from Xijiao Airport during a training flight, killing all 12 on board and 32 on the ground. March 20,1980 CAAC Antonov An-24RV B-484 crashed and burned near Huanghua Airport, april 26,1982 CAAC Flight 3303, a Hawker Siddeley Trident 2E, crashed into a mountain near Yangshuo while on approach to Guilin, killing all 112 on board. December 24,1982 CAAC Flight 2311, an Ilyushin Il-18B, burst into flames while landing at Guangzhou Baiyun Airport, may 5,1983 CAAC Hawker Siddeley Trident 2E was hijacked and landed at a U. S. military base in South Korea. The incident marked the first direct negotiations between South Korea and China, which did not have formal relations at the time, september 14,1983 CAAC Hawker Siddeley Trident 2E B-264 collided with a Harbin H-5 bomber while taxiing at Guilin Airport. 11 of 106 on board were killed, january 18,1985 CAAC Flight 5109, an Antonov An-24B, crashed in drizzle and fog while performing a missed approach to Jinan, killing 38 of 41 on board. December 15,1986 CAAC Antonov An-24RV B-3413 crashed while attempting to return to Lanzhou after an engine failed due to icing, killing 6 of 44 on board
17.
Uzbekistan
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Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is one of only two doubly landlocked countries in the world. Located in Central Asia, it is a unitary, constitutional, presidential republic, comprising twelve provinces, one autonomous republic and a capital city. Uzbekistan is bordered by five landlocked countries, Kazakhstan to the north, Tajikistan to the southeast, Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Afghanistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest. Once part of the Turkic Khaganate and later Timurid Empires, the region that includes the Republic of Uzbekistan was conquered in the early 16th century by Eastern Turkic-speaking nomads. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, it declared independence as the Republic of Uzbekistan on 31 August 1991, Uzbekistan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. The countrys official language is Uzbek, a Turkic language written in the Latin alphabet and spoken natively by approximately 85% of the population, however, Uzbeks constitute 81% of the population, followed by Russians, Tajiks, Kazakhs, and others. A majority of Uzbeks are non-denominational Muslims, Uzbekistan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, UN, and the SCO. While officially a republic, non-governmental human rights organizations define Uzbekistan as an authoritarian state with limited civil rights. Uzbekistans economy relies mainly on commodity production, including cotton, gold, uranium, despite the declared objective of transition to a market economy, its government continues to maintain economic controls which imports in favour of domestic import substitution. Uzbekistan has an area of 447,400 square kilometres and it is the 56th largest country in the world by area and the 42nd by population. Among the CIS countries, it is the 4th largest by area, Uzbekistan lies between latitudes 37° and 46° N, and longitudes 56° and 74° E. It stretches 1,425 kilometres from west to east and 930 kilometres from north to south, Uzbekistan also shares a short border with Afghanistan to the south. Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country and it is one of two doubly landlocked countries in the world, the other being Liechtenstein. In addition, due to its location within a series of endorheic basins, less than 10% of its territory is intensively cultivated irrigated land in river valleys and oases. The rest is vast desert and mountains, the climate in the Republic of Uzbekistan is continental, with little precipitation expected annually. The average summer high temperature tends to be 40 °C, while the winter low temperature is around −23 °C. Uzbekistan has a rich and diverse natural environment, the Aral Sea used to be the fourth-largest inland sea on Earth, acting as an influencing factor in the air moisture and arid land use. Since the 1960s, the decade when the misuse of the Aral Sea water began, it has shrunk to less than 50% of its former area, reliable, or even approximate data, have not been collected, stored or provided by any organization or official agency
18.
Pilot in command
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The pilot in command of an aircraft is the person aboard the aircraft who is ultimately responsible for its operation and safety during flight. This would be the captain in a typical two- or three-pilot aircrew, the PIC must be legally certificated to operate the aircraft for the specific flight and flight conditions, but need not be actually manipulating the controls at any given moment. The PIC is the person legally in charge of the aircraft and its safety and operation. The strict legal definition of PIC may vary slightly from country to country, the International Civil Aviation Organization, a United Nations agency, definition is, The pilot responsible for the operation and safety of the aircraft during flight time. This would normally include taxiing, which involves the operation to and from the runway. The U. S. CFR Title 14, Part 1, under U. S. FAA FAR91.3, Responsibility and authority of the pilot in command, the FAA declares, U. S. FAA FAR121. ICAO and other countries equivalent rules are similar, in Annex 2, Rules of the Air, under par. 2.4 Authority of pilot-in-command of an aircraft, ICAO adds, both FAR91.3 and ICAO Annex 2, par. 2.3.1, specifically empower the PIC to override any other regulation in an emergency and this provision mirrors the authority given to the captains of ships at sea, with similar justifications. It essentially gives the PIC the final authority in any situation involving the safety of a flight, under U. S. FAA FAR14 CFR61.51, logging flight time as a PIC is different and distinct from acting as the legal PIC for a flight. Aircrew Pilot flying Craig, Paul A
19.
First officer (aeronautics)
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In commercial aviation, the first officer is the second pilot of an aircraft. The first officer is second-in-command of the aircraft to the captain, in the event of incapacitation of the captain, the first officer will assume command of the aircraft. Even when the first officer is the pilot, however, the captain remains ultimately responsible for the aircraft, its passengers. In typical day-to-day operations, the job tasks remain fairly equal. Many airlines promote by seniority only within their own company, as a consequence, an airline first officer may be older and/or have more flight experience than a captain, by virtue of having experience from other airlines or the military. Traditionally, the first officer sits on the side of a fixed-wing aircraft. Other airlines may designate the senior of two first officers operating a long-haul sector together with a captain in an enlarged crew as the senior first officer. The senior first officer will then sit in the seat when the captain takes his rest. In the rank of senior first officer the pilot will also sit in the right hand seat, the pilot is therefore on hold as a senior first officer until a position as captain becomes available, when they will receive their command line check. Aircrew Captain Second officer Third officer Citations Bibliography Harris, Tom, how Airline Crews Work, HowStuffWorks. com website, June 14,2001. Patrick Smiths Ask The Pilot, When a Pilot Dies in Flight, AskThePilot. com website,2013, cockpit Confidential, Everything You Need to Know About Air Travel, Questions, Answers, and Reflections, Sourcebooks,2013, ISBN1402280912, ISBN 978-1402280917. Flying the World in Clipper Ships at flightjournal. com,2007
20.
Marine layer
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A marine layer is an air mass which develops over the surface of a large body of water such as the ocean or large lake in the presence of a temperature inversion. The inversion itself is initiated by the cooling effect of the water on the surface layer of an otherwise warm air mass. As it cools, the air becomes denser than the warmer air above it. The layer may thicken through turbulence generated within the marine layer itself. It may also if the warmer air above it is lifted by an approaching area of low pressure. The layer will also increase its humidity by evaporation of the ocean or lake surface. Fog will form within a layer where the humidity is high enough. Stratus and stratocumulus will also form at the top of a layer in the presence of the same conditions there. The fog lingers until the heat of the sun becomes strong enough to evaporate it, an approaching frontal system or trough can also drive the marine layer onshore. A marine layer will disperse and break up in the presence of instability, such as may be caused by the passage of a system or trough. A marine layer can also be driven away by strong winds. It is not unusual to hear media weather reporters discuss the marine layer as if it were synonymous with the fog or stratus it may contain, in fact, a marine layer can exist with virtually no cloudiness of any kind, although it usually does contain some. The marine layer is a medium within which clouds may form under the right conditions, san Francisco fog June Gloom Santa Ana fog Marine Catalina eddy Haar
21.
Pre-flight safety demonstration
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The pre-flight safety briefing is a detailed explanation given before take-off to airline passengers about the safety features of the aircraft they are aboard. Aviation regulations do not state how an airline should deliver the briefing, as a result, and depending on the inflight entertainment system in the aircraft, as well as the airline’s policy, airlines may deliver a pre-recorded briefing or provide a live demonstration. A live demonstration is performed by a flight attendant/s standing up in the aisle/s, a pre-recorded briefing may feature audio only, or may take the form of a video. Pre-flight safety briefings typically last two to six minutes, some safety videos are made using three-dimensional graphics. Other videos were made to be humorous, or feature celebrities, many safety videos were uploaded to YouTube. Cebu Pacific choreographed the entire demonstration to Lady Gagas Just Dance, the flight attendant featured in the most recent Delta Air Lines video has become an internet celebrity known as Deltalina. In an emergency, flight attendants are trained to calmly instruct passengers how to respond, in one study, a range of pre-recorded safety briefings were tested. One safety briefing contained humour, another was void of humour, and another used a celebrity to sell the importance of the safety briefing, two hours post exposure to the pre-flight safety briefings, recall decreased on average by 4% from the original levels across all conditions. Airlines are required to orally brief their passengers before each take-off and this requirement is set by their nations civil aviation authority, under the recommendation of the International Civil Aviation Organization. How they do this is up to the airline, but most elect to do this through a safety briefing or demonstration delivered to all passengers at the same time, the use of the seat belt. Some airlines recommend or require that passengers keep their seatbelt fastened at all times in case of unexpected turbulence, the requirement that passengers must comply with lighted signs, posted placards, and crew members instructions. Most other airlines only include the seatbelt and no smoking signs and that even though oxygen will be flowing to the mask, the plastic bag may not inflate. Some planes such as the Boeing 787 do not include plastic bags in the oxygen masks. to review the safety information card prior to takeoff or to follow along during the demonstration
22.
Chinese language
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Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese is spoken by the Han majority and many ethnic groups in China. Nearly 1.2 billion people speak some form of Chinese as their first language, the varieties of Chinese are usually described by native speakers as dialects of a single Chinese language, but linguists note that they are as diverse as a language family. The internal diversity of Chinese has been likened to that of the Romance languages, There are between 7 and 13 main regional groups of Chinese, of which the most spoken by far is Mandarin, followed by Wu, Min, and Yue. Most of these groups are mutually unintelligible, although some, like Xiang and certain Southwest Mandarin dialects, may share common terms, all varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic. Standard Chinese is a form of spoken Chinese based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. It is the language of China and Taiwan, as well as one of four official languages of Singapore. It is one of the six languages of the United Nations. The written form of the language, based on the logograms known as Chinese characters, is shared by literate speakers of otherwise unintelligible dialects. Of the other varieties of Chinese, Cantonese is the spoken language and official in Hong Kong and Macau. It is also influential in Guangdong province and much of Guangxi, dialects of Southern Min, part of the Min group, are widely spoken in southern Fujian, with notable variants also spoken in neighboring Taiwan and in Southeast Asia. Hakka also has a diaspora in Taiwan and southeast Asia. Shanghainese and other Wu varieties are prominent in the lower Yangtze region of eastern China, Chinese can be traced back to a hypothetical Sino-Tibetan proto-language. The first written records appeared over 3,000 years ago during the Shang dynasty, as the language evolved over this period, the various local varieties became mutually unintelligible. In reaction, central governments have sought to promulgate a unified standard. Difficulties have included the great diversity of the languages, the lack of inflection in many of them, in addition, many of the smaller languages are spoken in mountainous areas that are difficult to reach, and are often also sensitive border zones. Without a secure reconstruction of proto-Sino-Tibetan, the structure of the family remains unclear. A top-level branching into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman languages is often assumed, the earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BCE in the late Shang dynasty
23.
Korean language
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It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County of the Peoples Republic of China. Approximately 80 million people worldwide speak Korean and this implies that Korean is not an isolate, but a member of a small family. There is still debate on whether Korean and Japanese are related with each other, the Korean language is agglutinative in its morphology and SOV in its syntax. A relation of Korean with Japonic languages has been proposed by linguists like William George Aston, Chinese characters arrived in Korea together with Buddhism during the pre-Three Kingdoms period. Mainly privileged elites were educated to read and write in hanja, however, today, the hanja are largely unused in everyday life, but in South Korea they experience revivals on artistic works and are important in historic and/or linguistic studies of Korean. Since the Korean War, through 70 years of separation, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation, verb inflection, the Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in North Korea and South Korea. In South Korea, the Korean language is referred to by names including hanguk-eo Korean language, hanguk-mal, Korean speech and uri-mal. In hanguk-eo and hanguk-mal, the first part of the word, hanguk, refers to the Korean nation while -eo and -mal mean language and speech, Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo, literally national language. This name is based on the same Chinese characters meaning nation + language that are used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China, the language is most often called Chosŏn-mal, or more formally, the English word Korean is derived from Goryeo, which is thought to be the first dynasty known to Western countries. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram and Goryeo In, the majority of historical and modern linguists classify Korean as a language isolate. Such factors of typological divergence as Middle Mongolians exhibition of gender agreement can be used to argue that a relationship with Altaic is unlikely. Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list, a good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asa, meaning hemp. Also, the doublet wo meaning hemp is attested in Western Old Japanese and it is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. Among ancient languages, various relatives of Korean have been proposed. Some classify the language of Jeju Island as a distinct modern Koreanic language, Other famous theories are the Dravido-Korean languages theory and the mostly unknown southern-theory which suggest an Austronesian relation. Korean is spoken by the Korean people in North Korea and South Korea and by the Korean diaspora in countries including the Peoples Republic of China, the United States, Japan. Korean-speaking minorities exist in these states, but because of cultural assimilation into host countries, Korean is the official language of South Korea and North Korea
24.
American Airlines Flight 965
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American Airlines Flight 965 was a regularly scheduled flight from Miami International Airport in Miami, Florida, to Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport in Cali, Colombia. On December 20,1995, the Boeing 757-200 flying this route crashed into a mountain in Buga, Colombia, killing 151 passengers, the crash was the first U. S. -owned 757 accident and the highest death toll of any accident in Colombia. It is also the highest death toll of any accident involving a Boeing 757 at that time and it was surpassed by Birgenair Flight 301 which crashed in 1996 with 189 fatalities. Flight 965 was the deadliest air disaster involving a U. S. carrier since the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 in 1988, five passengers, all seated within two rows of each other, survived the initial impact, but one died two days later of his injuries. The Colombian Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics investigated the accident, the aircraft was a Boeing 757-223 registered N651AA. Its first flight was on August 12,1991, and was the 390th Boeing 757 built, the aircraft was powered by two Rolls-Royce RB211 engines. At that time, Flight 965 mainly carried people returning to Colombia for the Christmas holiday, vacationers, some other passengers booked on Flight 965 missed the flight due to missed connections. The cockpit crew consisted of Captain Nicholas Tafuri,57, both pilots were considered to be highly skilled airmen. Tafuri had more than 13,000 hours of flying experience, the cabin crew consisted of Purser Pedro Pablo Calle and Flight Attendants Magdalena Borrero, Rosa Cabrejo, Teresa Delgado, Gilberto Restrepo, and Margaret Maggie Villalobos. They had voluntarily chosen the flight, as a prerogative awarded by seniority, Calis air traffic controllers had no functional radar to monitor the 757, as it had been blown up in 1992 by the terror group FARC. Calis approach uses several radio beacons to guide pilots around the mountains and canyons that surround the city, since the wind was calm, Calis controllers asked the pilots whether they wanted to fly a straight-in approach to runway 19 rather than coming around to runway 01. The pilots agreed, hoping to make up some time, the pilots then erroneously cleared the approach waypoints from their navigation computer. When the controller asked the pilots to check back in over Tuluá, north of Cali, it was no longer programmed into the computer, in the meantime, they extended the aircrafts speed brakes to slow it down and expedite its descent. By the time the pilots found Tuluás coordinates, they had passed over it. In response to this, they attempted to program the computer for the next approach waypoint. However, the Rozo NDB was identified as R on their charts, Colombia had duplicated the identifier for the Romeo NDB near Bogotá, and the computers list of stored waypoints did not include the Rozo NDB as R, but only under its full name ROZO. In cases where a country allowed duplicate identifiers, it often listed them with the largest city first, by picking the first R from the list, the captain caused the autopilot to start flying a course to Bogotá, resulting in the airplane turning east in a wide semicircle. By the time the error was detected, the aircraft was in a valley running roughly parallel to the one they should have been in
25.
Asiana Airlines Flight 733
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Asiana Airlines Flight 733 was a domestic Asiana Airlines passenger flight between Seoul Gimpo International Airport and Mokpo Airport, South Korea. The flight carrying 110 passengers along with six crew members departed Seoul at 14,37 for a flight to Mokpo Airport. On approach to runway 06, the aircraft crashed into a ridge, Mt. Ungeo, at 800 feet on July 26,1993, at 15,48. The aircraft, a Boeing 737-5L9, failed to land twice in bad weather and crashed on the attempt, causing the deaths of 66 passengers. Mokpo Airport was only equipped with VOR/DME, there were three Japanese nationals and two American nationals among the passengers, many of whom were vacationers heading for the popular summer resort there off the Yellow Sea, the airline said. The pilot, Hwan In-ki, died in the crash, chung Jong-hwan, the director general of the Ministry of Transportation, said that Hwans actions caused the crash. An inquiry found pilot error was the cause of the crash when the plane began a descent while it was passing over a mountain peak. The flight recorders were found and they recorded that after the third attempt, the twin-engine plane then disappeared from the radar at 3,41 PM. Flight 733 had the highest death toll of any accident in South Korea at that time. It was surpassed by Air China Flight 129, which crashed on April 15,2002 and it was also the highest death toll of any accident involving a Boeing 737-500 at that time. It was surpassed by Aeroflot Flight 821, which crashed on September 14,2008, accident description at the Aviation Safety Network Planecrashinfo. com Aircraft Crashes record office Airdisaster. com Airsafe. com
26.
Crossair Flight 3597
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Crossair Flight LX3597 was a scheduled flight from Berlin Tegel Airport, in Germany, to Zürich Airport, in Switzerland. On 24 November 2001, the Crossair Avro RJ100 operating the route, registration HB-IXM, crashed into a range of hills near Bassersdorf and caught fire. The accident aircraft, a British made Avro 146-RJ100, registration HB-IXM, was manufactured in 1996, the aircraft was powered by four Lycoming LF507-1F turbofan engines. The flight departed Berlin Tegel Airport at 21,01 CET with 28 passengers, Lutz was an extremely experienced pilot with more than 19,500 flight hours – approximately 19,300 of which were as pilot in command. Loehrer, in contrast, was inexperienced with just 490 total flight hours, swissair, a major shareholder in Crossair, had been grounded about a month before the crash as a result of financial difficulties. At 22,07 CET, the airplane crashed into a range of hills near the small town of Bassersdorf, around 4 km short of the runway. Twenty-four people died, while nine survived, melanie Thornton, the lead singer of the Eurodance group La Bouche, was killed in the crash. St. Maartens injuries were classified as severe, peter Hogenkamp, founder and CEO of Swiss commercial blog service company Blogwerk AG, and his business partner Jacqueline Badran survived the accident. This course deviation caused the plane to crash into a hilltop,4.05 kilometres short of and 150 metres north of its assigned landing strip, runway 28. The CVR records Lutz and Loehrer discussing the 14 approach as well as Lutzs request that Loehrer call out the height when the plane reaches 100 feet above DA, however, Flight 3597 was behind schedule and would not reach Zürich until after 22,00 CET. This delay forced Flight 3597 to change its landing plan and this runway change forced Captain Lutz to abandon his planned ILS approach and required First Officer Loehrer to consult the Jeppesen charts for runway 28. The charts included a new set of parameters, of which the higher MDA was the most crucial piece of information. The MDA states the minimum altitude in MSL to safely fly above any obstructions or terrain in the final approach flight-path before visual contact with the runway is made. In contrast to the ILS approach, which displays lateral and vertical position, due to increased azimuth error associated with the use of VORs and lack of vertical guidance, the MDA is therefore much higher than a DA for an ILS. When Loehrer reported the plane reaching 100 feet above MDA, the CVR records Lutz asking Loehrer, the fact that Loehrer made no attempt to prevent the continuation of the flight below the minimum descent altitude also directly contributed to the crash. Instead, Lutz was over 4 nautical miles from the runway, and could not possibly have seen the runway due to the presence of a hill, below the MDA of 2,400 feet and it was into this hill that Flight 3597 eventually crashed. Just before the crash, the voice of the ground proximity warning system announced the radio altimeter reading 500 feet above ground. Immediately thereafter Lutz exclaimed *****, two miles he said, he sees the runway, a few seconds later Lutz said Two thousand and then one second later the synthetic voice gave the minimums GPWS message, which was triggered by the radio altimeter reading at 300 feet
27.
Ground proximity warning system
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A ground proximity warning system is a system designed to alert pilots if their aircraft is in immediate danger of flying into the ground or an obstacle. The United States Federal Aviation Administration defines GPWS as a type of terrain awareness warning system, more advanced systems, introduced in 1996, are known as enhanced ground proximity warning systems, although sometimes called terrain awareness warning systems. In the late 1960s, a series of controlled flight into terrain accidents took the lives of hundreds of people, beginning in the early 1970s, a number of studies examined the occurrence of CFIT accidents. Findings from these studies indicated that such accidents could have been avoided if a warning device called a ground proximity warning system had been used. The ICAO recommended the installation of GPWS in 1979, C. Donald Bateman, a Canadian-born engineer, developed and is credited with the invention of GPWS. In March 2000, the U. S. FAA amended operating rules to require that all U. S. registered turbine-powered airplanes with six or more passenger seats be equipped with an FAA-approved TAWS, the mandate affects aircraft manufactured after March 29,2002. Prior to the development of GPWS, large aircraft were involved in 3.5 fatal CFIT accidents per year. After 1974, there were still some CFIT accidents that GPWS was unable to help prevent, older TAWS, or deactivation of the EGPWS, or ignoring its warnings when airport is not in its database still leave aircraft vulnerable to possible CFIT incidents. In April 2010, a Polish Air Force Tupolev Tu-154M aircraft crashed near Smolensk, Russia, in a possible CFIT accident killing all passengers and crew, the aircraft was equipped with TAWS made by Universal Avionics Systems of Tucson. According to the Russian Interstate Aviation Committee TAWS was turned on, however, the airport where the aircraft was going to land is not in the TAWS database. The system monitors an aircrafts height above ground as determined by a radar altimeter, a computer then keeps track of these readings, calculates trends, and will warn the captain with visual and audio messages if the aircraft is in certain defined flying configurations. Since it can gather data from directly below the aircraft. If there is a change in terrain, such as a steep slope. In the late 1990s improvements were made and the system was renamed Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System, the system was now combined with a worldwide digital terrain database and relies on Global Positioning System technology. On-board computers compared its current location with a database of the Earths terrain, the Terrain Display now gave pilots a visual orientation to high and low points nearby the aircraft. EGPWS software improvements were focused on solving two problems, no warning at all, and late or improper response. The primary cause of CFIT occurrences with no GPWS warning is landing short, when the landing gear is down and landing flaps are deployed, the GPWS expects the airplane to land and therefore, issues no warning. EGPWS introduces the Terrain Clearance Floor function, which provides GPWS protection even in the landing configuration, the occurrence of a GPWS alert typically happens at a time of high workload and nearly always surprises the flight crew
28.
Korean Air Flight 801
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Korean Air Flight 801 crashed on August 6,1997, on approach to Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport, in the United States territory of Guam, the aircraft crashed on Nimitz Hill in Asan, Guam, while on approach to the airport. Flight 801 departed from Seoul-Kimpo International Airport at 8,53 p. m. on August 5 on its way to Guam and it carried two pilots, a flight engineer,14 flight attendants, and 237 passengers, a total of 254 people. Of the passengers, three were children between the ages of 2 and 12 and three were 24 months old or younger, six of the passengers were Korean Air flight attendants who were deadheading. Park had originally scheduled to fly to Dubai, United Arab Emirates, since he did not have enough rest for the Dubai trip. The flight experienced some turbulence but was uneventful until shortly after 1,00 a. m. on August 6, there was heavy rain at Guam so visibility was significantly reduced and the crew attempted an instrument landing. The crew noticed that the aircraft was descending steeply. Of the 254 people on board,228 died as a result of the crash, the rescue effort was hampered by the weather, terrain, and other problems. Emergency vehicles could not approach due to a fuel pipeline destroyed by the crash, United States Navy Seabees of NMCB133 were some of the first on the scene as they utilized their earth moving equipment to clear roadways and timber from the crash site approach. The Seabees used backhoes to crack open the plane to rescue survivors. There was confusion over the administration of the effort, the crash occurred on land owned by the United States Navy, the hull had disintegrated, and jet fuel in the wing tanks had sparked a fire which was still burning eight hours after impact. Gutierrez found 11-year-old Rika Matsuda, a South Korean citizen from Japan who boarded the flight with her mother, Rika Matsuda described what happened to her and her mother to interpreters. Cho could not free herself from the aircraft and told Rika to run away, luggage piled on the girl and her mother as the crash occurred, Rika Matsuda said her mother, unable to free herself, asked her to leave. After escaping from the aircraft, Rika discovered a flight attendant. They stayed together until Gutierrez discovered them, Rika Matsuda, treated at Guam Memorial Hospital in Tamuning, was released on August 7,1997.85 inches Hg. The U. S. National Transportation Safety Board investigation report stated that a factor was that the ATC Minimum Safe Altitude Warning system at Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport had been modified so as to limit spurious alarms. The DME was sited at the NIMITZ VOR some 3, nevertheless the correct DME distances were shown on the approach chart
29.
Television New Zealand
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Television New Zealand, Limited, more commonly referred to as TVNZ, is a government-owned national broadcaster broadcasting in New Zealand and parts of the Pacific region. Although the network identifies as a national, part-public broadcaster, it is fully commercially funded and this began the battle for ratings with the only real rival MediaWorks New Zealand, which currently operates channels TV3, Bravo, and The Edge TV. However, the company maintains a number of transmission advantages due to their long standing relationship with the state-owned sister company Kordia. Its former channels include TVNZ Kidzone, TVNZ Heartland, TVNZ U, TVNZ7, TVNZ6, the TVNZ board is appointed by Minister of Broadcasting Amy Adams. Members are, the chairman Sir John Anderson KBE, Anne Blackburn, Bryan Gould CNZM, Sir John Goulter, KNZM, JP, June McCabe, approximately 90% of TVNZs revenue is from commercial activity. The remainder of its funding comes from government funding agencies, TVNZ was created in 1980, through the merger of Television One and South Pacific Television. Until 1988, it was paired with Radio New Zealand as the Broadcasting Corporation of New Zealand, in 1989, TVNZ moved to a new television centre in central Auckland. Broadcasting in New Zealand was deregulated in 1989, the Labour-led government under Helen Clark from 1999 to 2008 pursued a programme of public broadcasting reforms. New Zealands wide-ranging adoption of policies in the mid-1980s and 1990s had large sections of the state sector privatised. As a state owned enterprise, TVNZ enjoyed enormous commercial success, the Clark governments highest profile broadcasting reform to date was the restructuring of TVNZ as a Crown Entity in 2003. This introduced a dual remit whereby the broadcaster had to maintain its performance while simultaneously implementing a new public service Charter. The TVNZ Charter would require the negotiation and reconciliation of potentially contradictory commercial, the final version of the TVNZ Charter included a range of public service objectives and expectations. TVNZ continues to pay dividends to the Crown, however, from 2006 until 2009 TVNZ received $15.11 million each year from Government to assist it with fulfilling Charter obligations. There was much debate about the secrecy surrounding funding allocations. The allocation of $5 million toward coverage of the 2008 Olympics, in 2009 the Government gave control of that funding to funding agency NZ On Air. NZ On Air announced the creation of the contestable Platinum Fund in April 2009, setting aside the $15.11 million for high quality drama, documentary and other programme types. Following the election of a National Party-led government under John Key in 2008, there is much debate on the future of TVNZ, which focuses on the nature of public service broadcasting and its commercial role. An example was in a memo called A More Public Broadcaster written by outgoing Chief Executive Ian Fraser to the board of TVNZ in October 2005, was obtained and released by Green MP Sue Kedgley
30.
Boeing
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The Boeing Company is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets, and satellites worldwide. The company also provides leasing and product support services, Boeing stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The Boeing Companys corporate headquarters are located in Chicago and the company is led by President, Boeing is organized into five primary divisions, Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Boeing Defense, Space & Security, Engineering, Operations & Technology, Boeing Capital, and Boeing Shared Services Group. Boeing bought Heaths shipyard in Seattle on the Duwamish River, which became his first airplane factory. Boeing was incorporated in Seattle by William Boeing, on July 15,1916, Boeing was later incorporated in Delaware, the original Certificate of Incorporation was filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware on July 19,1934. Boeing, who studied at Yale University, worked initially in the timber industry and this knowledge proved invaluable in his subsequent design and assembly of airplanes. The company stayed in Seattle to take advantage of the supply of spruce wood. William Boeing founded his company a few months after the June 15 maiden flight of one of the two B&W seaplanes built with the assistance of George Conrad Westervelt, a U. S. Navy engineer. Boeing and Westervelt decided to build the B&W seaplane after having flown in a Curtiss aircraft, Boeing bought a Glenn Martin Flying Birdcage seaplane and was taught to fly by Glenn Martin himself. Boeing soon crashed the Birdcage and when Martin informed Boeing that replacement parts would not become available for months, Westervelt agreed to build a better airplane and soon produced the B&W Seaplane. This first Boeing airplane was assembled in a hangar located on the northeast shore of Seattles Lake Union. Many of Boeings early planes were seaplanes, on April 6,1917, the U. S. declared War on Germany and later in the year entered World War I. On May 9,1917, the became the Boeing Airplane Company. With the U. S. entering the war, Boeing knew that the U. S. Navy needed seaplanes for training, so Boeing shipped two new Model Cs to Pensacola, Florida, where the planes were flown for the Navy. The Navy liked the Model C and ordered 50 more, the company moved its operations to a larger former shipbuilding facility known as Boeing Plant 1, located on the lower Duwamish River, Washington state. Others, including Boeing, started selling other products, Boeing built dressers, counters, and furniture, along with flat-bottom boats called Sea Sleds. In 1919 the Boeing B-1, flying boat made its first flight and it accommodated one pilot and two passengers and some mail. Over the course of eight years, it made international airmail flights from Seattle to Victoria, on May 24,1920, the Boeing Model 8 made its first flight
31.
CBS News
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CBS News is the news division of American television and radio service CBS. The president of CBS News is David Rhodes, CBS News broadcasts include the CBS Evening News, CBS This Morning, news magazine programs CBS Sunday Morning,60 Minutes and 48 Hours, and Sunday morning political affairs program Face the Nation. CBS operates a 24-hour news network called CBSN, the first live anchored 24-hour streaming news network that is exclusively online, in December 1930 CBS chief William S. Paley hired journalist Paul W. White away from United Press as CBSs news editor. Paley put the networks news operation at the same level as entertainment. Along with other networks, CBS chafed at the breaking news embargo imposed upon radio by the wire services, CBS disregarded an embargo when it broke the story of the Lindbergh kidnapping in 1932, using live on-the-air reporting. Radio networks scooped print outlets with news of the 1932 presidential election, in March 1933 White was named vice president and general manager in charge of news at CBS. As the first head of CBS News, he began to build an organization that established a legendary reputation. In 1935 White hired Edward R. Murrow, and sent him to London in 1937 to run CBS Radios European operation, White led a staff that would come to include Charles Collingwood, William L. Shirer, Eric Sevareid, John Charles Daly, Joseph C. Harsch Cecil Brown, Elmer Davis, Quincy Howe, H. V. Kaltenborn, CBS was getting its ducks in a row for the biggest news story in history, World War II, wrote radio historian John Dunning. Upon becoming commercial station WCBW in 1941, the pioneer CBS television station in New York City broadcast two daily news programs, at 2,30 and 7,30 p. m. weekdays, anchored by Richard Hubbell. Most of the newscasts featured Hubbell reading a script with only occasional cutaways to a map or still photograph, when Pearl Harbor was bombed on December 7,1941, WCBW, took to the air at 8,45 p. m. with an extensive special report. The national emergency even broke down the wall between CBS radio and television. The WCBW special report that night lasted less than 90 minutes, but that special broadcast pushed the limits of live television in 1941 and opened up new possibilities for future broadcasts. Additional newscasts were scheduled in the days of the war. In May 1944, as the war began to turn in favor of the Allies, WCBW reopened the studios and the newscasts returned, briefly anchored by Ned Calmer, and then by Everett Holles. After the war, expanded news programs appeared on the WCBW schedule – whose call letters were changed to WCBS-TV in 1946 – first anchored by Milo Boulton, and later by Douglas Edwards. On May 3,1948, Edwards began anchoring CBS Television News and it aired every weeknight at 7,30 p. m. and was the first regularly scheduled, network television news program featuring an anchor. NBCs offering at the time, NBC Television Newsreel, was simply film footage with voice narration, the broadcast was renamed the CBS Evening News when Walter Cronkite replaced Edwards in 1962
32.
Xinhua News Agency
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The Xinhua News Agency is the official press agency of the Peoples Republic of China. Xinhua is the biggest and most influential organization in China. Xinhua is a ministry-level institution subordinate to the Chinese central government and its president is a member of the Central Committee of Chinas Communist Party. Xinhua operates more than 170 foreign bureaus worldwide, and maintains 31 bureaus in China—one for each province, Xinhua is the sole channel for the distribution of important news related to the Communist Party and Chinese central government. Xinhua is regarded as the most influential media outlet in China as almost every newspaper in China relies on Xinhua feeds for content, Peoples Daily, for example, uses Xinhua material for approximately 25 percent of its stories. The Xinhua press agency was started in November 1931 as the Red China News Agency, during the Pacific War the agency developed overseas broadcasting capabilities and established its first overseas branches. It began broadcasting to foreign countries in English from 1944, when the communists took power in China, the agency represented the Chinese Communist Party in countries and territories with which it had no diplomatic representation, such as Hong Kong. The agency was described as the eyes and tongue of the Party, observing what is important for the masses and passing on the information. A former Xinhua director, Zheng Tao, noted that the agency was a bridge between the Party, the government and the people, communicating both the demands of the people and the policies of the Party. Like many other organizations, Xinhua struggled to find the right line to use in covering the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Even so, many Xinhua reporters were angry with top editors for not going far enough, for several days after the violence on June 4, almost no one at Xinhua did any work, and journalists demonstrated inside the Agencys Beijing compound. It has made contracts to exchange news and news pictures with more than eighty foreign news agencies or political news departments, Xinhua is also responsible for handling, and in some cases, censoring reports from foreign media destined to release in China. The agency recently began to converge its news and electronic media coverage and has increased its English coverage through its wire service, Xinhua recently acquired commercial real estate on New Yorks Times Square and is developing a staff of top-tier English-language reporters. Xinhua has also started an English-language satellite news network, the State values these internal reports because they contain much of Chinas most sensitive, controversial, and high-quality investigative journalism. Xinhua produces reports for the internal journals, the Chinese governments internal media publication system follows a strict hierarchical pattern designed to facilitate party control. A three-to-ten-page report called Internal Reference is distributed to officials at the ministerial level, one example was the first reports on the SARS outbreak by Xinhua which only government officials were allowed to see. The most classified Xinhua internal reports are issued occasionally to the top dozen or so party, the Xinhua headquarters is located in Beijing. The Xinhua News Agency established its first overseas affiliate in 1947 in London, now it distributes its news in Asia, Middle East, Latin America, Africa where run the superior offices, in Hong Kong, Macau and many foreign countries and districts
33.
Latin script
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Latin script is used as the standard method of writing in most Western and Central European languages, as well as in many languages in other parts of the world. Latin script is the basis for the largest number of alphabets of any writing system and is the most widely adopted writing system in the world, Latin script is also the basis of the International Phonetic Alphabet. The 26 most widespread letters are the contained in the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The script is either called Roman script or Latin script, in reference to its origin in ancient Rome, in the context of transliteration, the term romanization or romanisation is often found. Unicode uses the term Latin as does the International Organization for Standardization, the numeral system is called the Roman numeral system, and the collection of the elements, Roman numerals. The numbers 1,2,3. are Latin/Roman script numbers for the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, the Latin alphabet spread, along with Latin, from the Italian Peninsula to the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea with the expansion of the Roman Empire. The Latin script also came into use for writing the West Slavic languages and several South Slavic languages, the speakers of East Slavic languages generally adopted Cyrillic along with Orthodox Christianity. The Serbian language uses both scripts, with Cyrillic predominating in official communication and Latin elsewhere, as determined by the Law on Official Use of the Language and Alphabet. As late as 1500, the Latin script was limited primarily to the languages spoken in Western, Northern, the Orthodox Christian Slavs of Eastern and Southeastern Europe mostly used Cyrillic, and the Greek alphabet was in use by Greek-speakers around the eastern Mediterranean. The Arabic script was widespread within Islam, both among Arabs and non-Arab nations like the Iranians, Indonesians, Malays, and Turkic peoples, most of the rest of Asia used a variety of Brahmic alphabets or the Chinese script. It is used for many Austronesian languages, including the languages of the Philippines, Latin letters served as the basis for the forms of the Cherokee syllabary developed by Sequoyah, however, the sound values are completely different. In the late 19th century, the Romanians returned to the Latin alphabet, under French rule and Portuguese missionary influence, a Latin alphabet was devised for the Vietnamese language, which had previously used Chinese characters. In 1928, as part of Mustafa Kemal Atatürks reforms, the new Republic of Turkey adopted a Latin alphabet for the Turkish language, kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Iranian-speaking Tajikistan, and the breakaway region of Transnistria kept the Cyrillic alphabet, chiefly due to their close ties with Russia. In the 1930s and 1940s, the majority of Kurds replaced the Arabic script with two Latin alphabets, although the only official Kurdish government uses an Arabic alphabet for public documents, the Latin Kurdish alphabet remains widely used throughout the region by the majority of Kurdish-speakers. In 2015, the Kazakh government announced that the Latin alphabet would replace Cyrillic as the system for the Kazakh language by 2025. In the course of its use, the Latin alphabet was adapted for use in new languages, sometimes representing phonemes not found in languages that were written with the Roman characters. These new forms are given a place in the alphabet by defining an alphabetical order or collation sequence, a digraph is a pair of letters used to write one sound or a combination of sounds that does not correspond to the written letters in sequence. Examples are ⟨ch⟩, ⟨ng⟩, ⟨rh⟩, ⟨sh⟩ in English, a trigraph is made up of three letters, like the German ⟨sch⟩, the Breton ⟨c’h⟩ or the Milanese ⟨oeu⟩
34.
People's Daily
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The Peoples Daily is the biggest newspaper group in China. The paper is a newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party. The newspaper provides direct information on the policies and viewpoints of the government, the paper was established on 15 June 1946 and was published in Pingshan, Hebei, until its offices were moved to Beijing in March 1949. Ever since its founding, the Peoples Daily has been under control of the Partys top leadership. Deng Tuo and Wu Lengxi served as editor-in-chief from 1948–1958 and 1958–1966, respectively, newspaper articles in the Peoples Daily are often not read for content so much as placement. A large number of devoted to a political figure or idea is often taken as a sign that the mentioned official or subject is rising. Likewise with articles on geographical areas foreign or domestic, recently increased interest in Latin America has been shown, in China, like in the rest of the world, visibility and prominence in official media communicates power. Editorials in the Peoples Daily are regarded both by foreign observers and Chinese readers as authoritative statements of government policy. Distinction is made between editorials, commentaries, and opinions, although all must be government approved, they differ sharply on the amount of official authoritativeness they contain by design – from the top. In other words, a trial balloon to assess internal public opinion. By contrast, an editorial, which is rather infrequent. During the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the Peoples Daily editorial of 26 April, the editorial increased tension between the government and protesters, and top CPC leaders argued about whether to revise it. An article that compiles the most important editorials released by the Peoples Daily during the student movement can be found at the following page, since the mid-1990s, the Peoples Daily has faced a decline of governmental subsidies combined with increasing competition from international news sources and Chinese tabloids. The Peoples Daily is also responsible for the publication Global Times, the internet new portal of Peoples Daily includes pages in Arabic, French, Russian, Spanish, Japanese and English. The Peoples Daily also maintains an internet presence, and established the Peoples Daily Online in 1997. Peoples Daily in recent years has been expanding its publicity on the social media platforms. It has tens of million followers on its Facebook page, Twitter account, Instagram account, the worlds great dailies, profiles of fifty newspapers pp 264–72 Wu Guoguang. Command Communication, The Politics of Editorial Formulation in the Peoples Daily, Peoples Daily Home Page Peoples Daily English Edition Todays Peoples Daily front page at the Newseum website
35.
Garuda Indonesia Flight 421
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Garuda Indonesia Flight 421 was a scheduled domestic flight operated by Indonesian flag carrier Garuda Indonesia travelling about 625 km from Ampenan to Yogyakarta. The aircraft, a Boeing 737-3Q8, registration PK-GWA, was manufactured in 1988, as the Boeing 737-300 aircraft was on approach to its destination, the pilots were confronted with substantial thunderstorm activity visible ahead and on their onboard weather radar. They attempted to fly between two intense weather cells visible on their radar and they later entered a thunderstorm containing heavy rain and hail. About 90 seconds later, as the aircraft was descending through 19,000 ft, both engines were set at their flight-idle power setting before flameout occurred. The crew tried unsuccessfully to restart the engines two or three times and they then tried but failed to start the auxiliary power unit, at which time total electrical power loss occurred. The co-pilot attempted to transmit a Mayday call, but was unable, the ditch procedure was successful, leaving the aircraft settled down on its belly in the shallow water, with the fuselage, wings and control surfaces largely intact. Only two doors were available for evacuation, uninjured passengers and their personal belongings were temporarily sheltered in a nearby empty house, while injured passengers were transported by an available vehicle to the nearest clinic. After evacuation, the pilot contacted the Jogja Tower via cellphone and reported the emergency landing, the rescue team arrived about two hours later and all remaining passengers and crew were taken safely to a hospital. Both were found with injuries in the river behind the aircraft. Twelve passengers suffered injuries, while the crew and two other flight attendants were uninjured. The aircraft was written off as a total loss, had the crew manipulated the radar tilt to sweep the ground during descent, they would have been aware of the risks associated with the chosen flight path. Intense noise audible in data from the voice recorder as well as damage to the nose radome. The report concludes that the hail/water density exceeded the engine tolerance at flight idle, a later Safety Recommendation letter from the U. S. It also notes that the procedure recommended in the Boeing 737 Operations Manual to respond to a dual flameout is to first start the APU, the letter recommends to the FAA that pilots be advised to maintain a higher engine power level in moderate to severe precipitation to avoid flameout. Garuda Indonesia still uses GA-421 flight number, but now used on Denpasar - Jakarta route operated by Airbus A330 or 777-300ER, Garuda Indonesia also funded local road construction nearby the accident area and also built a multipurpose hall and reservoir facility in return of local villagers assistance when evacuating. The crash was dramatized in the 16th season of the TV series Mayday, TACA Flight 110 - Similar incident with same aircraft type, dual engine flameout when passing thunderstorm. US Airways Flight 1549 - Similar incident, landing on Hudson river but due to birdstrike
36.
TAME Flight 120
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The aircraft crashed while on approach to Tulcáns Teniente Coronel Luis A. Mantilla International Airport on January 28,2002. The pilot flew the approach incorrectly in reportedly foggy conditions, all passengers and crew were killed in the crash. The Boeing 727-100 departed Quito at 10,03 local time, the aircraft climbed to a cruising altitude of 18,000 feet and proceeded north-north-east along the G-675 airway. The first leg, between Quito and Tulcán, was a short one, at 10,15 HC-BLF made contact with the Tulcán control tower, at which point it was positioned 29 miles from the Tulcán NDB. The crew were given permission to descend to 14,000 feet, the elevation of the runway is 9679 feet, there are numerous mountain ridges and peaks located in the vicinity of the airport, which is located high in the Andes mountains. The Cumbal Volcano, which rises to an altitude of 15,626 feet, is located less than 20 miles due west of the airport, el Oro entered the approach from the southwest, passing slightly west of the NDB, as opposed to directly over it. The pilot began the turn correctly, but was flying too fast and this took the 727 wide of its intended course, by the time it came around to a westerly heading, it was flying not towards the runway, but into the side of the Cumbal Volcano. The aircraft flew into the side of the mountain at 10,23 AM, the impact occurred at an elevation of 14,700 feet, some 1,400 feet below the volcanos summit. Visibility was very poor at the time of the accident, the wreckage was not found until almost a day later, the investigation committee of the Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics found the probable cause of the accident to be, 1) the pilots decision. To initiate and continue the flight towards Tulcán Airport while below minimum meteorological conditions established in the standard operating procedure. 2) Inadequate navigation and operation of the aircraft by the pilot in command, holding pattern obstacle protection, leading to a collision against the Cumbal Volcano. Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics Preliminary report Final report Report on the design of the approach to SETU Web site about the accident Aviation Safety Network report
37.
2002 Pirelli Tower airplane crash
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On April 18,2002 at 17,48, a Rockwell Commander 112 crashed into the upper floors of the Pirelli Tower in Milan, Italy, for reasons still unclear. The crash killed the pilot and two others in the building, sixty more people sustained injuries in the building and on the ground. The crash raised fears of a terrorist attack because of the similarities with the September 11 attacks, a subsequent investigation ruled out terrorism as a motive. The plane, piloted by 65-year-old Luigi Fasulo, took off from Magadino Airport in Switzerland eighteen minutes before the crash, later as the plane flew over Milan, Italy the pilot radioed to the control tower at Linate Airport that there was a problem with the retractable landing gear. The tower was arranging an emergency landing, suddenly the pilot left, leaving another aircraft saying, No, they told you to land, not me. Minutes later, at 17,48 local time, the plane crashed into the Pirelli Tower. The vibration of the crash caused shop windows to break and littered the surroundings with debris, the pilot and two lawyers present inside the building died. Between thirty and forty people were taken to the hospital with moderate injuries, immediately after the crash, the nearby Milan central railway station, metro station and the Linate airport were shut down. Italian officials conducted an investigation after the crash, the cause of the crash was never exactly determined, but the most plausible reason is an accident or a suicide. The pilot was in fact victim of a scam that brought him close to bankruptcy, the crash aroused fears of another terrorist attack since it occurred seven months after the September 11th attacks. Because of this, stock markets around the United States and Europe fell sharply, the fears abated when investigators concluded that the crash was not an act of terrorism. 1945 Empire State Building Crash 2002 Tampa airplane crash October 11,2006 New York City plane crash
38.
2002 Jalandhar MiG-21 crash
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On May 3,2002, an Indian Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21bis crashed into an office building in Jalandhar, Punjab, India, killing eight and injuring 17 people on the ground. The pilot, who ejected from the aircraft, survived, a number of passers-by were also injured as they attempted to rescue people trapped in the buildings. The aircraft, piloted by Flt Lt SK Nayak, had taken off from Adampur Air Force airbase about 10, 00am, the pilot reported that he heard some unusual noise followed by an explosion in the engine, and ejected. The aircraft crashed into the Bank of Rajasthan, located in a populated residential and commercial section of the city. The crash started a fire in the bank and the adjoining lumber store. Pieces of the aircraft landed on nearby homes. The first fire fighting units to respond could not find sources with which to fight the blaze. It took 40 fire units five hours to contain the fire, at least one news source reported that a copilot had also ejected, however the MiG-21bis is a single seat aircraft. Following the crash, the IAF suspended all MiG-21 flight training operations, the safety record of the IAFs MiG-21s has raised concern in the Indian Parliament and media, leading to the aircraft sometimes being referred to in the IAF as a flying coffin. One source estimates that in the nine years from 1993 to 2002, during its service life, the IAF has lost at least 116 aircraft to crashes, with 81 of those occurring since 1990. Prior to discussion on the accident proneness or otherwise of the MiG-21 aircraft, during this period,221 MiG-21 were never lost nor 100 pilots lost their lives in MiG-21 accidents. The figures as reported perhaps are the loss of IAF aircraft involving all the types operated by the service. It is also possible that the figures were reported in the press. However, Chief of Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal S. Krishnaswamy, tipnis have stated that the aircraft are fit to fly. Besides the raw age of the aircraft, their maintenance and upkeep have been called into question, other sources blame the accident rate on failures in the pilot training system. A similar crash occurred on June 14,1986, when the pilot of a MiG-21 taking off from an air base in Bareilly, India, the aircraft crashed into nearby Rampurmasi Village, killing 13 people on the ground. BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR, Wing Cdr. K. S. Suresh VrC Volume 5 July-August 2002 A detailed response, hindu Business Line editorial, June 13,2006
39.
China Northern Airlines Flight 6136
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China Northern Airlines Flight 6136 was a domestic passenger flight from Beijing Capital International Airport, Beijing to Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport, in Dalian, Liaoning province, China. On May 7,2002 the McDonnell Douglas MD-82 operating the flight crashed into the bay near Dalian shortly after the pilot reported fire on board, killing all 103 passengers and 9 crew members. It was the air disaster involving PRC aircraft in less than a month. The crash occurred hours after the crash of an EgyptAir Boeing 737 in Tunis that claimed 14 lives, the cause of the fire was later determined to be arson. The aircraft involved was a McDonnell Douglas MD-82 with the registration B-2138 and it had been built in 1991 and had accumulated about 26,000 hours flight time in service. The jetliner left its gate at Beijing Capital International Airport at 20,22. At 21,20, as the aircraft neared Dalian, the captain reported fire in cabin to Dalian tower, at 21,24 the aircraft disappeared from the radar screen and lost contact with air traffic control. It was due to arrive in Dalian at 21,40, the aircraft crashed in the water at a 90 degree bank angle and 30 degree nose down pitch. On May 14, seven days after the disaster, the two recorders were retrieved from the seabed by searchers. Results of the accident investigation were published by the Xinhua News Agency on December 8,2002, a passenger named Zhang Pilin apparently set fire to the passenger cabin with gasoline, causing the loss of control and crash. Zhang had purchased seven air insurance policies worth a total of 1,400,000 renminbi prior to boarding the flight, the investigation of the wreckage showed a quantity of gasoline near Zhangs seat, and that most passengers, including Zhang, died of carbon monoxide inhalation. The engines, cabin floor, and other critical parts showed no signs of burning or explosion, further investigation showed that Zhang had flown from Dalian to Beijing and returned to Dalian on Flight 6136 the same day. According to security camera recordings, he had spent several hours smoking cigarettes in the hall of Beijing airport. Zhang purchased two insurance policies before leaving Dalian and purchased the five in Beijing. Some water bottles filled with gasoline were found in Zhangs apartment. Of the 103 passengers,96 were from China, three were Japanese, and the four were from France, India, Singapore and South Korea. com Accident aircraft photos from airliners. net
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Photos of B-2552 at Airliners.net
