1.
Airline codes
–
This is a list of airline codes. The table lists IATAs two-character airline designators, ICAOs three-character airline designators, IATA airline designators, sometimes called IATA reservation codes, are two-character codes assigned by the International Air Transport Association to the worlds airlines. The standard is described in IATAs Standard Schedules Information Manual and the codes themselves are described in IATAs Airline Coding Directory, Airline designator codes follow the format xx, i. e. two alphanumeric characters followed by an optional letter. Although the IATA standard provides for three-character airline designators, IATA has not used the third character in any assigned code. This is because some legacy computer systems, especially the central reservations systems, have failed to comply with the standard, the codes issued to date comply with IATA Resolution 762, which provides for only two characters. These codes thus comply with the current airline designator standard, there are three types of designator, unique, numeric/alpha and controlled duplicate. IATA airline designators are used to identify an airline for commercial purposes in reservations, timetables, tickets, tariffs, air waybills, a flight designator is the concatenation of the airline designator, xx, and the numeric flight number, n, plus an optional one-letter operational suffix. Therefore, the format of a flight designator is xxn. After an airline is delisted, IATA can make the code available for reuse after six months, controlled duplicates are issued to regional airlines whose destinations are not likely to overlap, so that the same code is shared by two airlines. The controlled duplicate is denoted here, and in IATA literature, an example of this is the code 6Y, which refers to both Mid Airlines, a charter airline in Sudan, and Med Airways, a charter airline in Lebanon. IATA also issues an accounting or prefix code and this number is used on tickets as the first three characters of the ticket number. The IATA codes originally based on the ICAO designators which were issued in 1947 as two-letter airline identification codes and these codes are unique by airline, unlike the IATA airline designator codes. The designators are listed in ICAO Document 8585, Designators for Aircraft Operating Agencies, ICAO codes have been issued since 1947. The ICAO codes originally based on a two-letter-system and were identical to the codes used by IATA. After an airline joined IATA its existing ICAO-two-letter-code was taken over as IATA code, so in the 1970s the abbreviation BA was the ICAO code and the IATA code of British Airways while non-IATA-airlines like Court Line used their 2-letter-abbreviation as ICAO code only. In the early 1980s ICAO introduced the current three-letter-system due to the number of airlines. It became the new standard system in November 1987. Other designators, particularly starting with Y and Z, are reserved for government organizations
2.
Cardiff Airport
–
Cardiff Airport is by far the busiest airport in Wales and has been under the ownership of the Welsh Government since March 2013, operating at an arms length as a commercial business. The Airport serves customers in mainly South, but also Mid, the Airport is located in the village of Rhoose, Vale of Glamorgan,12 mi. On 27 March 2013, the Welsh Government announced it had purchased the Cardiff International Airport Ltd from TBI Ltd as a concern for £52,000,000. It will be managed at arms length from Government on a basis and, over time. Since 2013 Cardiff Airport has undergone a transformation with improvements made to the terminal, surrounding infrastructure, customer service standards. In June 2015 Europes largest regional airline Flybe opened a two aircraft base at Cardiff, the airline now operates a busy flight network of 16 direct routes across the UK & Europe to destinations including Faro, Jersey, Dublin, Glasgow, Berlin, Verona and Paris CDG. Construction work commenced in 1941, and the airfield began life on 7 April 1942 when it was taken over by No 53 Operational Training Unit. After WW2 the airfield fell into disuse and was abandoned, in 1951 Rees-Williams was appointed, briefly, Minister of Aviation and identified what he called a great need for a commercial Airport of international standards in South Wales. Rees-Williams thought diverting the river at Pengam would be a problem, the Welsh Civil Aviation Consultative Committee then proposed he should look at the abandoned Royal Air Force airfield at Rhoose as a possible alternative. On inspecting it Rees-Williams found it in a condition, with a large number of bombs stacked on the runways. However he considered Rhoose could be suitable for civil aviation if the necessary money, the Government accepted his proposal and the Ministry of Aviation promptly began converting the abandoned airfield into a civilian Airport. In October 1952 the new Rhoose Airport was opened by Rees-Williamss successor as Minister of Aviation Alan Lennox-Boyd, also in 1952 Aer Lingus started a service to Dublin. Civilian flights from the old Cardiff Municipal Airport at Pengam Moors were transferred to Rhoose on 1 April 1954, a new terminal building followed, along with flights to France, Belfast and Cork. An escalation in holiday charter business resulted in passenger throughout exceeding 100,000 in 1962, on 1 April 1965 the Ministry of Aviation handed over the Airport to Glamorgan County Council and it was renamed Glamorgan Airport. The council started a plan to develop the Airport including a new control tower, terminal building. In the 1970s, the supersonic airliner Concorde made a few flights into the Airport on special occasions and these were limited by the length of the runway, meaning it could only land lightly loaded, and only take off without passengers and with a minimal fuel load. In the 1980s, its name was changed to Cardiff-Wales Airport,1986 saw a further extension of 750 ft to the runway, costing in the region of £1 million, thus attracting more business to the Airport in the form of new-generation jet aircraft. Development of transatlantic links were made with flights to Florida
3.
Focus city
–
In the airline industry, a focus city is a destination from which an airline operates several point-to-point routes. Thus, a city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers. However, with the terms expanded usage, a city may also function as a small-scale hub. Allegiant Air, JetBlue and Frontier Airlines are examples of airlines that consider some of their destinations to be focus cities
4.
Cork Airport
–
Cork Airport is one of the three principal international airports in the Republic of Ireland, along with Dublin and Shannon. It is located 6.5 km south of Cork city in a known as Farmers Cross. In 2016, Cork Airport handled over 2.2 million passengers, Cork is the states second busiest airport in terms of passenger numbers, after Dublin, and fourth busiest on the island of Ireland, after Dublin, Belfast International and Belfast City. In 1957 the Government of Ireland agreed in principle to the building of an airport for Cork, after considering many sites in the area, it was agreed that the airport should be built at Ballygarvan. Tenders were invited for the construction of the airport in 1959 at an estimated cost of £1 million, the airport was officially opened on 16 October 1961, following proving flights four days earlier by Aer Lingus and Cambrian Airways. Vincent Fanning was the first manager at the airport, in its first year the airport handled 10,172 passengers – close to the average number of passengers handled each day at the airport in 2007. Throughout the 1960s the airport expanded with the arrival of more advanced aircraft, the first jet, a British Overseas Airways Corporation Comet, landed at Cork Airport on 29 March 1964. By 1969 Aer Lingus was operating to London Heathrow, Manchester, in 1975 Aer Rianta, the then state airports authority, undertook a passenger terminal study aimed at improving the terminal facilities. The findings resulted in the provision, over the two years, of new departure and arrival halls, a new check-in area, office complex, information desk, duty office. The new extensions and facilities were opened in 1978, the 1980s began with an extension of the main apron. New services to London Gatwick began, while Aer Lingus commuter division started a new service to Dublin Airport. In 1985 following significant growth, Aer Rianta carried out a survey of the facilities with a view to carrying out a major expansion. On 8 June 1987, Ryanair commenced services at Cork Airport, the following year, Phase I of the Terminal Expansion and Development Plan was completed. The following year the main extension of 1,000 ft was opened. The 1990s began with the completion of Phase II of the expansion in 1991. Also towards the end of 2001, new Irish regional airline Aer Arann opened its base at Cork opening new routes to/from the airport. Airbridges were an element of the original terminal design. In the given circumstances, the DAA had no choice but to remove the airbridges from the design during construction of the new facility
5.
Plymouth City Airport
–
Plymouth City Airport is a mothballed airport located within the City of Plymouth 3.5 NM north northeast of the city centre in Devon, England at Roborough. The airport opened on site in 1925 and was officially opened by the future Edward VIII, as Prince of Wales. The airport is located close to the city centre and has a modern terminal, the airport is owned by Plymouth City Council and leased to Plymouth-based company Sutton Harbour Holdings. However, following the withdrawal of London flights in early 2011, the London Stock Exchange was notified on 28 April 2011 that the airport would close by the end of the year. Plymouth City Airport had a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence that allowed flights for the transport of passengers or for flying instruction. The airport closed and ceased all operations on 23 December 2011, as result of the announced closure a public campaign group was formed to protect the airport site. The group known as Viable delivered a petition to the City Council with 37000 signatures objecting to the Airport closure, in May 2015 FlyPlymouth announced it was ending its campaign and launching a social enterprise to acquire the Airport site and reopen the Airport. In February 2017 Sutton Harbour Holdings plc, which is the joint landowner and leaseholder of the airport site, published proposals to create a mixed-use garden suburb on the site called Plym Vale. It said this would be a £200 million investment that would create a £50m windfall for Plymouth City Council,440 permanent jobs,1,500 new homes and a range of community facilities. The future use of the site will be determined by an Examination in Public of the draft Plymouth and South West Devon Joint Local Plan. In the draft plan, Plymouth City Council currently earmarks the airport site for future General Aviation use, Sutton Harbour Holdings plc is seeking to have the site included in the plan for redevelopment as a garden suburb. In 1923, a flight, flown by Alan Cobham, to Croydon carried passengers from a grass strip at Chelson Meadow. Following the flight, Plymouth City Council looked for a permanent site for an airport, in 1925, the airport was moved to Roborough in north Plymouth. The Prince of Wales later Edward VIII officially opened the airport in July 1931, as well as transporting mail and passengers, the airport was used as a bad weather training base for the Royal Air Force as RAF Roborough as well as other services of the armed forces. In September 2007 the airport management announced that the runway might be sold for industrial and residential development. However, this runway cannot be used by commercial airlines and this prompted a response from the city assets manager which indicated a review of the demand for and extent of local interest in a Plymouth City Airport. Efforts to reinvigorate the support of the business community met with polite well disposed indifference. Diversion to Newquay is not convenient, the travel on time from London Gatwick to London Victoria adds considerably to total travel time
6.
Swansea Airport
–
Swansea Airport is an airport located at Fairwood Common on the Gower Peninsula 5 NM west south-west of Swansea, Wales. Swansea Airport has a CAA Ordinary Licence that allows flights for the transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee. The airport is not licensed for night use, the airport has two runways, 04/22 and 10/28. A part of the out of use runway 15/33 is used as a taxiway, the airport is mainly used to handle light helicopters and small privately owned aircraft. Several small general aviation companies conduct fixed-wing and helicopter pilot training, located on the eastern part of the site is the airports only terminal building with seats for 25 passengers. The control tower is integrated into the terminal building, the airport is quite distant from any major roads, taking around 20 minutes to reach from the nearest M4 junction by mainly suburban roads. It can be reached via the A4118 road, running through the Gower Peninsula, the fire brigade at Swansea is CAT1, and able to do CAT2 on request. Swansea Airport was built on what was common land during the Second World War. The aerodrome was declared operational on 15 June 1941 as RAF Fairwood Common and it was built as a day and night fighter station within 10 Group RAF Fighter Command. The aerodrome became a station in October 1941, taking on the responsibility for the air defence of South and West Wales including shipping in the Bristol. Finally decommissioned by the RAF in spring 1949, private flying started in July 1949 with the formation of Swansea Flying Club at the renamed Fairwood Common Airfield. The airfield hosted a number of air races and motor/motorcycle races, renamed Swansea Airport, it was officially opened on 1 June 1957 with Cambrian Airways inaugural flight arriving from Jersey. Then in the following 12 years, a variety of airlines operated through the airport with varying degrees of success, Cambrian Airways operated services to Jersey and Guernsey, and Morton Air Services operated a service to Gatwick. Scheduled regular flights ceased in 1969. During the 1970s and 1980s, only ad hoc and summer charter flights continued to operate, the 1990s saw the arrival of Heli-air Wales to the airport, and so began the era of Helicopter Training in South Wales. In April 2000, Swansea entrepreneur Martin Morgan via his company Jaxx Landing Ltd. bought the remaining lease, ambitious plans were put in place to upgrade the then run-down facilities. With the take over of the airport by Jaxx Landing, activity at the airport began to increase, in August 2001, gliders of 636 VGS moved from Aberporth back to Swansea Airport. However, the venture was not successful, after 18 months of operation, Air Waless owner Roy Thomas had invested more than £3.25 million of his personal fortune into the airport
7.
Rhoose
–
Rhoose is a village and community located near the sea in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales, near Barry. The village is the location of Cardiff International Airport, formerly RAF Rhoose, commercial flights began in the 1950s and control passed to Glamorgan County Council in 1965, after which date the airport expanded. The village also has a Holiday Park, some shops, a library, Rhoose is one of the fastest growing villages in the Vale of Glamorgan, with the two newest developments being The Hollies, and more recently, Rhoose Point. Further development of Rhoose Point was halted in 2008, because of concerns the drainage infrastructure would not cope, Rhoose Cardiff International Airport railway station, which was scheduled to re-open in 2003, suffered numerous bureaucratic delays before eventually re-opening in June 2005. There are now hourly train services to Cardiff and Bridgend via Barry, Rhoose does not have its own community council but does have two county councillors. Following the death of Cllr Philip Clarke a by-election will take place 30 June 2015, david Gwilym John www. geograph. org. uk, Photographs of Rhoose and surrounding area
8.
Wales
–
Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and it had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2. Wales has over 1,680 miles of coastline and is mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon. The country lies within the temperate zone and has a changeable. Welsh national identity emerged among the Celtic Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, Llywelyn ap Gruffudds death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of Englands conquest of Wales, though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century. The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism, Welsh national feeling grew over the century, Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962. Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998, the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, two-thirds of the population live in south Wales, mainly in and around Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, and in the nearby valleys. Now that the countrys traditional extractive and heavy industries have gone or are in decline, Wales economy depends on the sector, light and service industries. Wales 2010 gross value added was £45.5 billion, over 560,000 Welsh language speakers live in Wales, and the language is spoken by a majority of the population in parts of the north and west. From the late 19th century onwards, Wales acquired its popular image as the land of song, Rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness. The Old English-speaking Anglo-Saxons came to use the term Wælisc when referring to the Celtic Britons in particular, the modern names for some Continental European lands and peoples have a similar etymology. The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales and these words are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning fellow-countrymen. The use of the word Cymry as a self-designation derives from the location in the post-Roman Era of the Welsh people in modern Wales as well as in northern England and southern Scotland. It emphasised that the Welsh in modern Wales and in the Hen Ogledd were one people, in particular, the term was not applied to the Cornish or the Breton peoples, who are of similar heritage, culture, and language to the Welsh. The word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century and it is attested in a praise poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan c. 633. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh, until c.1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland. The Latinised forms of names, Cambrian, Cambric and Cambria, survive as lesser-used alternative names for Wales, Welsh
9.
Chairman
–
The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
