1.
Beechcraft King Air
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The Beechcraft King Air family is part of a line of utility aircraft produced by Beechcraft. The King Air was the first aircraft in its class and has been in production since 1964. It has outsold all of its competitors combined. The Model 90 King Air was conceived as the Model 120 in 1961, in May 1963, Beechcraft began test flights of the proof-of-concept Model 87, a modified Queen Air with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-6 engines. On 14 July, Beech announced a new type, and a month later began accepting orders for the King Air, after 10 months of test flying, in 1964 the Model 87 was delivered to the United States Army as the NU-8F. On 24 January, the first definitive prototype, by now designated Model 65-90 and also fitted with PT6A-6 engines, flew for the first time. The first production aircraft was delivered on October 8, and by the end of the month,152 aircraft had been ordered, by years end, in 1966, after 112 65-90s were completed, production switched to the Model 65-A90 with PT6A-20 engines. As a measure of the popularity,206 65-A90s were built in less than two years when production switched to the Model B90, the first of these rolling off the production line in 1968. Military versions built during these years included the 65-A90-1, 65-A90-2, 65-A90-3 and these were produced for the US Army which designated them U-21s of various sub-models, many were fitted out for electronic battlefield surveillance. A total of 162 of these were built between 1967 and 1971, the broadly similar Model E90 was introduced the following year, with PT6A-28 engines, the two were produced in parallel. Further refinement of the 90 series resulted in the Model F90, the F-models featured the T-tail of the Model 200 King Air mated to the fuselage and wings of the E90, with PT6A-135 engines of 750 shp driving four-bladed propellers. The F90 prototype flew on 16 January 1978 and 203 production versions followed between 1979 and 1983, when the F90 was superseded by the F90-1. The F90 prototype was re-engined with Garrett AiResearch TPE-331 engines to test the feasibility of a Model G90, the Model C90-1 entered production in 1982 after 507 C90s and 347 E90s had been built, and featured PT6A-21 engines and improvements to the pressurization system. The C90-1 was soon followed by the Model C90A, which featured the engine cowlings of the F90-1. The C90A received an increase in MTOW in 1987, being certified to 10,100 lb, the C90A model was in production until 1992, by which time 235 had been built, all but 74 with the increased MTOW. Only two C90As were built in 1992, the Model C90B followed that year with airframe improvements, four-bladed propellers and this model also had PT6A-21s, the first production C90B was fitted with the 10, 000th PT6 engine delivered to Beechcraft. A total of 456 C90Bs and C90SEs were delivered by the production of these models ended in late 2005. In July 2005, during the Oshkosh Airshow, Beechcraft introduced the C90GT, the C90GT was fitted with 750 shp PT6A-135As, flat rated to the same 550 shp as the earlier King Airs
2.
Taxicab
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A taxicab, also known as a taxi or a cab, is a type of vehicle for hire with a driver, used by a single passenger or small group of passengers, often for a non-shared ride. A taxicab conveys passengers between locations of their choice, Taxicab is a compound word formed from contractions of taximeter and cabriolet. Taximeter is an adaptation of the German word taxameter, which was itself a variant of the earlier German word, taxe is a German word meaning tax, charge, or scale of charges. The Medieval Latin word, taxa, also means tax or charge, meter is from the Greek metron meaning measure. A cabriolet is a type of carriage, from the French word cabrioler, from Italian capriolare. Both instituted fast and reliable postal services across Europe, the taxicabs of Paris were equipped with the first meters beginning on March 9,1898. They were originally called taxamètres, then renamed taximètres on October 17,1904, horse-drawn for-hire hackney carriage services began operating in both Paris and London in the early 17th century. The first documented public hackney coach service for hire was in London in 1605, in 1625 carriages were made available for hire from innkeepers in London and the first taxi rank appeared on the Strand outside the Maypole Inn in 1636. In 1635 the Hackney Carriage Act was passed by Parliament to legalise horse-drawn carriages for hire, coaches were hired out by innkeepers to merchants and visitors. A further Ordinance for the Regulation of Hackney-Coachmen in London and the places adjacent was approved by Parliament in 1654, a similar service was started by Nicolas Sauvage in Paris in 1637. His vehicles were known as fiacres, as the vehicle depot apparently was opposite a shrine to Saint Fiacre. The hansom cab was designed and patented in 1834 by Joseph Hansom, Hansoms original design was modified by John Chapman and several others to improve its practicability, but retained Hansoms name. These soon replaced the hackney carriage as a vehicle for hire and they quickly spread to other cities in the United Kingdom, as well as continental European cities, particularly Paris, Berlin, and St Petersburg. The cab was introduced to other British Empire cities and to the United States during the late 19th century, being most commonly used in New York City. The first cab service in Toronto, The City, was established in 1837 by Thornton Blackburn, Electric battery-powered taxis became available at the end of the 19th century. Bersey designed a fleet of cabs and introduced them to the streets of London on 19 August 1897. They were soon nicknamed Hummingbirds’ due to the idiosyncratic humming noise they made, in the same year in New York City, the Samuels Electric Carriage and Wagon Company began running 12 electric hansom cabs. The company ran until 1898 with up to 62 cabs operating until it was reformed by its financiers to form the Electric Vehicle Company, the modern taximeter was invented and perfected by a trio of German inventors, Wilhelm Friedrich Nedler, Ferdinand Dencker and Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn
3.
NASA
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President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science. The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29,1958, disestablishing NASAs predecessor, the new agency became operational on October 1,1958. Since that time, most US space exploration efforts have led by NASA, including the Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station. Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, the agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches. NASA shares data with various national and international such as from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite. Since 2011, NASA has been criticized for low cost efficiency, from 1946, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics had been experimenting with rocket planes such as the supersonic Bell X-1. In the early 1950s, there was challenge to launch a satellite for the International Geophysical Year. An effort for this was the American Project Vanguard, after the Soviet launch of the worlds first artificial satellite on October 4,1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. This led to an agreement that a new federal agency based on NACA was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The Advanced Research Projects Agency was created in February 1958 to develop technology for military application. On July 29,1958, Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, a NASA seal was approved by President Eisenhower in 1959. Elements of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and the United States Naval Research Laboratory were incorporated into NASA, earlier research efforts within the US Air Force and many of ARPAs early space programs were also transferred to NASA. In December 1958, NASA gained control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA has conducted many manned and unmanned spaceflight programs throughout its history. Some missions include both manned and unmanned aspects, such as the Galileo probe, which was deployed by astronauts in Earth orbit before being sent unmanned to Jupiter, the experimental rocket-powered aircraft programs started by NACA were extended by NASA as support for manned spaceflight. This was followed by a space capsule program, and in turn by a two-man capsule program. This goal was met in 1969 by the Apollo program, however, reduction of the perceived threat and changing political priorities almost immediately caused the termination of most of these plans. NASA turned its attention to an Apollo-derived temporary space laboratory, to date, NASA has launched a total of 166 manned space missions on rockets, and thirteen X-15 rocket flights above the USAF definition of spaceflight altitude,260,000 feet. The X-15 was an NACA experimental rocket-powered hypersonic research aircraft, developed in conjunction with the US Air Force, the design featured a slender fuselage with fairings along the side containing fuel and early computerized control systems
4.
Transport Canada
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Transport Canada is the department within the government of Canada which is responsible for developing regulations, policies and services of transportation in Canada. It is part of the Transportation, Infrastructure and Communities portfolio, the current Minister of Transport is Marc Garneau. Transport Canada has its offices in Ottawa, Ontario, the Department of Transport was created in 1935 by the government of William Lyon Mackenzie King in recognition of the changing transportation environment in Canada at the time. He created a National Harbours Board and Trans-Canada Air Lines, the Department of Transport Act came into force November 2,1936. Transport Canada emerged from this process as a department focused on policy, in 2004, Transport Canada introduced non-passenger screening to enhance both airport and civil aviation security. Transport Canadas headquarters are located in Ottawa, at Place de Ville, each inspector with delegated power from the Minister of Transport receives official credentials to exercise their power, as shown on the right. These inspectors are public officers identified within the Criminal Code of Canada, the Motor Vehicle Safety Act was established in 1971 in order to create safety standards for cars in Canada. The department also acts as the governments funding partner with provincial transport ministries on jointly-funded provincial transportation infrastructure projects for new highways. On June 26,2013, the Fair Rail Freight Service Act became law which was a response to the Rail Freight Service Review’s Final Report, Transport Canada is responsible for the waterways inside and surrounding Canada. As was certain regulatory aspects of Emergency Response Transport Canadas role in aviation seems to be the most detailed, until 1996, Transport Canada was responsible for both regulation of aviation and the operation of air traffic services, as well as the operation of most major airports. This change was controversial because NAV CANADA began charging for services that were funded through general tax revenue. In 2005, the United States was discussing a similar delegation of the FAAs air traffic services to a government corporation. During the 1990s, Transport Canada also began privatizing the operation of large airports, in 2003, Transport Canada launched its Electronic Collection of Air Transportation Statistics program to collect passenger and cargo data in real-time from air carriers flying in Canada. ECATS will expand into the field of aviation during 2008. Transport Canada also collects data on all accidents and incidents, no matter how minor, Transport Canada continues to be responsible for licensing pilots and other aviation specialists as well as registering and inspecting aircraft. It is also responsible for the safety certification and continuous safety oversight of most forms of commercial operations, the Canadian Aviation Regulations are also under Transport Canada control. Transport Canadas Civil Aviation Directorate or is Canadas civil aviation authority and it existed since 1936 when civil aviation was transferred from the Civil Aviation Branch of the Department of National Defence. de Havilland Canada Dash 7-150IR. In September 2009, the CBCs Fifth Estate produced a report Riding on Risk, the story was sparked by a lost memory stick which was found by a journalism student
5.
Visual flight rules
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Visual flight rules are a set of regulations under which a pilot operates an aircraft in weather conditions generally clear enough to allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going. Specifically, the weather must be better than basic VFR weather minima, i. e. in visual meteorological conditions, the pilot must be able to operate the aircraft with visual reference to the ground, and by visually avoiding obstructions and other aircraft. If the weather is below VMC, pilots are required to use instrument flight rules, in a control zone, a VFR flight may obtain a clearance from air traffic control to operate as Special VFR. VFR require a pilot to be able to see outside the cockpit, to control the altitude, navigate. In some countries VFR flight is permitted at night, and is known as Night VFR, the VFR pilot is required to see and avoid obstacles and other aircraft. Pilots flying under VFR assume responsibility for their separation from all aircraft and are generally not assigned routes or altitudes by air traffic control. Meteorological conditions that meet the requirements for VFR flight are termed visual meteorological conditions. If they are not met, the conditions are considered instrument meteorological conditions, IFR operations have specific training requirements and certification required of the pilot, and increased equipment requirements for the aircraft. Additionally, an IFR flight plan must usually be filed in advance, for efficiency of operations, some ATC operations will routinely provide pop-up IFR clearances for aircraft operating VFR, but that are arriving at an airport that does not meet VMC requirements. For instance, a small cloud forming over the airport at less than 1000 feet technically requires the airport to allow only IFR flights using instrument approaches/departures. To avoid these scenarios, VFR flights intending to land at or take off from an airport experiencing localized conditions marginally below VMC minima may request Special VFR clearance from the tower. SVFR flight is only allowed while within the portion of an airports controlled airspace extends to the surface. Visibility on the ground must still be greater than one statute mile, the pilot is required to maintain VFR separation distances from other aircraft and, by requesting SVFR, asserts that they can do so despite the marginal conditions. For departing flights, the pilot must be flying in VMC by the time they leave the surface footprint of the controlled airspace. In the United States, class A airspace is measured using flight levels, and begins at FL180 up to FL600, in the United States, Canada and Australia, a pilot operating VFR outside Class B, C, D airspace can request Flight Following from ATC. This service is provided by ATC if workload permits it, but is an advisory service only, the responsibility for maintaining separation with other aircraft and proper navigation still remains with the pilot. In the United Kingdom, this is known as a Traffic Service, in other countries it is known as Flight Information Service. In the United States and Canada, any certified pilot who meets specific recency of experience criteria may operate an aircraft under VFR
6.
Air charter
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Air charter is the business of renting an entire aircraft as opposed to individual aircraft seats. Some air charters brokers have been given authority to sell seats on private jets with mixed success. Some air charter companies offer a variety of aircraft, such as helicopters. Charter jet categories include turbo props, light jets, mid-size jets, super mid-size jets, heavy jets, long-range jets, there are an estimated 15,000 business jets available for charter in the worldwide fleet. The US market is the largest and the European market is the second largest, with growing activity in the Middle East, Asia, the changing landscape of air taxi and air charter. Media related to Charter airlines at Wikimedia Commons
7.
Scheduled air carriers
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An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body, Airlines vary in size, from small domestic airlines to full-service international airlines. Airline services can be categorized as being intercontinental, domestic, regional, or international, the largest airline currently is American Airlines Group. DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft was the worlds first airline and it was founded on November 16,1909 with government assistance, and operated airships manufactured by The Zeppelin Corporation. The first fixed wing scheduled air service was started on January 1,1914 from St. Petersburg, Florida to Tampa, the four oldest non-dirigible airlines that still exist are Netherlands KLM, Colombias Avianca, Australias Qantas, and the Czech Republics Czech Airlines. The earliest fixed wing airline in Europe was the Aircraft Transport and Travel, using a fleet of former military Airco DH. 4A biplanes that had been modified to carry two passengers in the fuselage, it operated relief flights between Folkestone and Ghent. On 15 July 1919, the company flew a proving flight across the English Channel, flown by Lt. H Shaw in an Airco DH.9 between RAF Hendon and Paris - Le Bourget Airport, the flight took 2 hours and 30 minutes at £21 per passenger. On 25 August 1919, the company used DH. 16s to pioneer a regular service from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome to Le Bourget, the airline soon gained a reputation for reliability, despite problems with bad weather and began to attract European competition. In November 1919, it won the first British civil airmail contract, six Royal Air Force Airco DH. 9A aircraft were lent to the company, to operate the airmail service between Hawkinge and Cologne. In 1920, they were returned to the Royal Air Force, the first French airline was Société des lignes Latécoère, later known as Aéropostale, which started its first service in late 1918 to Spain. The first German airline to use heavier than air aircraft was Deutsche Luft-Reederei established in 1917 which started operating in February 1919, in its first year, the D. L. R. Operated regularly scheduled flights on routes with a length of nearly 1000 miles. Network was more than 3000 km long, and included destinations in the Netherlands, Scandinavia, another important German airline was Junkers Luftverkehr, which began operations in 1921. It was a division of the aircraft manufacturer Junkers, which became a company in 1924. It operated joint-venture airlines in Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Sweden, the Dutch airline KLM made its first flight in 1920, and is the oldest continuously operating airline in the world. Established by aviator Albert Plesman, it was awarded a Royal predicate from Queen Wilhelmina. Its first flight was from Croydon Airport, London to Amsterdam, using a leased Aircraft Transport and Travel DH-16, in 1921, KLM started scheduled services
8.
Commercial aviation
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Commercial aviation is the part of civil aviation that involves operating aircraft for hire to transport passengers or multiple loads of cargo. There were 17,721 business jets in the fleet at the end of 2011 with about 70% of the fleet in North America. The European market is the next largest, with growing activity in the Middle East, Asia, in 2014 the total airplane billing amounted to just over USD22 billion and 722 business jets were delivered to customers across the globe. After World War II, commercial aviation grew rapidly, using mostly ex-military aircraft to transport people and this growth was accelerated by the glut of heavy and super-heavy bomber airframes like the B-29 and Avro Lancaster that could be converted into commercial aircraft. The DC-3 also made for easier and longer commercial flights, the first commercial jet airliner to fly was the British de Havilland Comet. By 1952, the British state airline BOAC had introduced the Comet into scheduled service, while a technical achievement, the plane suffered a series of highly public failures, as the shape of the windows led to cracks due to metal fatigue. The fatigue was caused by cycles of pressurization and depressurization of the cabin, by the time the problems were overcome, other jet airliner designs had already taken to the skies
9.
General aviation
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General aviation is the term for all civil aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non-scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire. General aviation flights range from gliders and powered parachutes to corporate business jet flights, the majority of the worlds air traffic falls into this category, and most of the worlds airports serve general aviation exclusively. General aviation covers a range of activities, both commercial and non-commercial, including flying clubs, flight training, agricultural aviation, light aircraft manufacturing. Of the 21,000 civil aircraft registered in the UK,96 per cent are engaged in GA operations, there are 28,000 Private Pilot Licence holders, and 10,000 certified glider pilots. Some of the 19,000 pilots who hold professional licences are also engaged in GA activities, GA operates from more than 1,800 airports and landing sites or aerodromes, ranging in size from large regional airports to farm strips. GA is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority, although regulatory powers are being transferred to the European Aviation Safety Agency. The main focus is on standards of airworthiness and pilot licensing, general aviation is particularly popular in North America, with over 6,300 airports available for public use by pilots of general aviation aircraft. In comparison, scheduled flights operate from around 560 airports in the U. S, aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, general aviation provides more than one percent of the United States GDP, accounting for 1.3 million jobs in professional services and manufacturing. Most countries have authorities that oversee all civil aviation, including general aviation, Aviation accident rate statistics are necessarily estimates. In Canada, recreational flying accounted for 0.7 fatal accidents for every 1000 aircraft, while air taxi accounted for 1.1 fatal accidents for every 100,000 hours
10.
Very light jet
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They are the lightest business jets and can be flown by single pilot owners. There were early attempts to create small jet aircraft in this class in the 1970s and 1980s, after a flurry of interest in the Small Aircraft Transportation System and air taxi markets in the early 2000s, the VLJ sector underwent significant expansion. Several new designs were produced, such as the Embraer Phenom 100, the Cessna Citation Mustang, however, following the late 2000s recession the air taxi market underperformed expectations, and both Eclipse Aviation and air taxi firm DayJet collapsed. In December 2010, AvWebs Paul Bertorelli explained that the very light jet has lost favor in the aviation industry. Personal jet is the description du jour, single-engine designs were popular in the mid-2000s, before the global financial crisis diminished the market appeal of the category. They would compete with single turboprop aircraft, VLJs are intended to have lower operating costs than conventional jets, and to be able to operate from runways as short as 3,000 feet, either for personal use or in point-to-point air taxi service. In the United States, the Small Aircraft Transportation System is aimed at providing air service to areas ignored by airlines, DayJet ceased operations on September 19,2008. Many models are under development or awaiting certification, while others have failed, business jet sales were suffering due to the ongoing late 2000s recession. The General Aviation Manufacturers Association reported in November 2010 that third quarter business jet sales were down 20. 3% over the period in 2009. Industry analysts PMi suggest that 1,700 VLJs will be delivered between 2013 and 2020, compared to 1,000 delivered up to 2013, the Cessna Mustang also has an emergency toilet, but it is located between the cockpit and cabin. The Embraer Phenom 100 offers an enclosed lavatory with a solid door. The 2015 Honda HA-420 HondaJet has a lavatory at the rear of the aircraft with flushing toilet, full sink. List of very light jets EBACE2006 Show preview, Flight International, April/May 2006 Time for an Eclipse
11.
ImagineAir
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ImagineAir is an air taxi service headquartered in metro Atlanta, Georgia, operating the largest floating fleet of piston aircraft in the United States. With a service covering a majority of the southern and eastern US. ImagineAirs business model is based on an extensive study of the Small Aircraft Transportation System. ImagineAir is a member of the Air Taxi Association. In 2008, the company reported revenues of US $800,000 with the goal of operating 50 aircraft with 100 pilots by 2014. ImagineAir operates a fleet of Cirrus SR-22 aircraft and was one of the depositors of the Eclipse 500 very light jet before Eclipse fell into bankruptcy. ImagineAir was founded in November 2005 as ImagineAir Jet Services LLC by Paul Fischer, Aaron Sohacki and Benjamin Hamilton and headquartered at the Gwinnett County Airport near Atlanta, Georgia. From the beginning it was the intention of the founders to fly a network of the Eclipse 500 VLJs. In March 2014, ImagineAir announced a merger with the Danbury, the merger widened ImagineAirs service area to include the entire east coast of the United States. ImagineAir operates a fleet of Cirrus SR22 aircraft. The Cirrus SR22 is a single-engine, originally four and later five-seat, composite aircraft, the aircraft is perhaps best known for being equipped with the Cirrus Airframe Parachute System, an emergency parachute capable of lowering the entire aircraft to the ground in an emergency. Cirrus SR-22-GTS Official website ImagineAir on CNN
12.
Propair
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Propair Inc. is a charter airline with its headquarters on the property of Rouyn-Noranda Airport in Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada. It operates charter and medevac flights and its main base is Rouyn-Noranda Airport. It has a base at Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport. A true pioneer of air transport, Émilien Pronovost grew his company by carrying workers, scientists. Over time, he was able to strengthen the position due to an influx of passengers destined for hunting and fishing camps. After another ten years of growth, Jean and Louis purchased the company in 1981 and they also bought the company Air Fecteau, and amalgamated the two businesses to create Propair. With a fleet of around 40 aircraft, Propair was the largest bush aviation company in Eastern Canada, in addition, new roads had been built over time, greatly facilitating ground access to the territory. On 18 June 1998 a company Fairchild-Swearingen Metro II was involved in a crash that killed all eleven people on board. Propair Flight 420 departed Montréal International Airport - Dorval, Quebec, at about 0701 eastern daylight time en route to the Peterborough Airport, Ontario with nine passengers and two pilots. At 12 minutes after take-off, at 12,500 ft above sea level, at about 0719, while descending through 8,600 ft ASL, the crew told ATC that the left engine was on fire and had been shut down. At about 0720 hours, the decided to proceed to Montréal-Mirabel International Airport instead and at 0723. While on final for Runway 24 at Mirabel, the crew advised ATC that the engine was once again on fire. On short final the left wing failed and all on board were killed when the aircraft impacted the ground, today, Propair mainly does air taxi and medevac flights in most part of Quebec, Ontario and north east United-States. Propair also offers services at Rouyn-Noranda Airport and Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport. The Propair fleet includes the aircraft types, Propair Inc
13.
Hackney carriage
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A hackney or hackney carriage is a carriage or automobile for hire. A hackney of a more expensive or high class was called a remise, despite the currency of this opinion, however, earlier sources dispute it. The place-name, through its fame for its horses and horse-drawn carriages, is also the root of the Spanish word jaca, a used for a small breed of horse. The first documented hackney coach—the forerunner of the more generic hackney carriage—operated in London in 1621, the New York City colloquial terms hack, hackstand, and hack license are probably derived from hackney carriage. Such cabs are now regulated by the New York City Taxi, the first hackney-carriage licences date from 1662, and applied literally to horse-drawn carriages, later modernised as hansom cabs, that operated as vehicles for hire. There was a distinction between a general hackney carriage and a coach, a hireable vehicle with specifically four wheels. In 19th century London, private carriages were sold off for use as hackney carriages. The Clarence or growler was a type of four-wheel, enclosed carriage drawn by two used as a hackney carriage, that is, as a vehicle for hire with a coachman. It is distinguished from a cab, hansom cab or cabriolet and it is distinguished from most coaches by being of slightly smaller size, nominally holding four passengers, and being much less ostentatious. A small, usually two-wheeled, one-horse hackney vehicle called a noddy once plied the roads in Ireland and Scotland, the French had a small hackney coach called a fiacre. Electric hackney carriages appeared before the introduction of the combustion engine to vehicles for hire in 1901. In fact there was even London Electrical Cab Company, the cabs were informally called Berseys after the manager who designed them, another nickname was Hummingbirds from the sound that they made. In August 189725 were introduced, and by 1898 there were 50 more, during the 20th century, cars generally replaced horse-drawn models, and the last horse-drawn hackney carriage ceased service in London in 1947. In 1999, the first of a series of fuel cell powered taxis were trialled in London, the Millennium Cab built by ZeTek gained television coverage and great interest when driven in the Sheraton Hotel ballroom in New York by Judd Hirsch, the star of the television series Taxi. ZeTek built three cabs but ceased activities in 2001, horse-drawn hackney services continue to operate in parts of the UK, for example in Cockington, Torquay. The city of Bath has an occasional horse-drawn Hackney, principally for tourists, motorised hackney cabs in the UK, are known as black cabs, although they are now produced in a variety of colours, sometimes in advertising brand liveries. The 50 golden cabs produced for the Queens Golden Jubilee celebrations in 2002 were notable, other models of specialist taxis include the Peugeot E7 and rivals from Fiat, Volkswagen, Metrocab and Mercedes-Benz. These vehicles normally allow six or seven passengers, although some models can accommodate eight, some of these minibus taxis include a front passenger seat next to the driver, while others reserve this space solely for luggage
14.
Hybrid taxi
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In 2000, North Americas first hybrid taxi was put into service in Vancouver, British Columbia, operating a 2001 Toyota Prius which traveled over 332,000 km before being retired. In 2015, taxi driver in Austria claims to have covered 1,000,000 km in his Toyota Prius with the battery pack. Unlike conventional gasoline cars, hybrids get better economy, do well at slow speeds or idling. Out of a total of 1,378 taxis eligible for the incentive 788 are alternative fuel vehicles, gasoline-electric hybrids accounted for 657 green taxis and compressed natural gas vehicles for the remaining 131. The City Council passed a bill in 2003 requiring the New York City Taxi, the Commission cleared the first six hybrid models to be used as taxicabs by mid-2005 as there were concerns about which hybrids on the market had enough leg room. The models authorized were the Ford Escape Hybrid, Toyota Highlander Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h, Toyota Prius, Honda Accord Hybrid, the first 27 hybrid taxis entered service in November 2005. In 2006 Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced that 254 of the 308 medallions to be auctioned by mid-2006 would be designated for hybrid, the remaining 54 were for handicapped-accessible taxis. As integral part of the 2007 PlaNYC, Mayor Bloomberg set the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 30 percent by 2030. Since hybrid cars were at time the only vehicles that could meet those fuel standards. In October 2008 a federal judge blocked New York City from implementing the fuel economy requirement, at the time of the ruling NYC already had nearly 1,500 hybrids as a result of voluntary efforts, and only a fraction as a result of the medallion incentives. In March 2009 the Bloomberg administration attempted a different policy for replacing the fleet with hybrid or other low-emission vehicles. The city argued that drivers would not be hurt by the higher hybrid leasing fees because those cars use less gasoline and this approach was also blocked after some taxi groups sued and obtained a preliminary court injunction. In July 2010 the citys appeal was rejected by an appeals court. On February 28,2011, the United States Supreme Court declined to consider an appeal by the city, the Taxi and Limousine Commissions list of 12 vehicle models that can be used as yellow taxis includes nine models are hybrids. As of July 2011, New York City had 4,980 hybrid taxis, representing almost 38% of the overall fleet. The deployment of the citys Taxi of Tomorrow, scheduled to begin in 2013, only about 1,000 taxis will not be phase out and exempted for various reasons, such as 273 taxis whose medallions require that they be high-mileage vehicles. City officials did not challenge the judge’s ruling, in June 2013, the Taxi and Limousine Commission on Thursday approved an adjusted set of rules in an effort to introduce the Taxi of Tomorrow as scheduled by October 2013. According to the rules, only hybrids with a large interior, at least 130 cu ft
15.
Limousine
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A limousine is a luxury sedan or saloon car generally driven by a chauffeur and with a partition between the driver and the passenger compartment. Limousines often have a lengthened wheelbase, although usually associated with luxury vehicles, the word Limousine is also simply a generic term in some countries for a standard sedan bodystyle. It was originally an automobile with open drivers seat. In modern use, a limousine is a sedan or saloon car. The chassis of a limousine may have been extended by the manufacturer or by an independent coachbuilder and these are called stretch limousines and are traditionally black or white. Limousines are usually liveried vehicles, driven by professional chauffeurs, as the most expensive form of automobile ground transportation, limousines are culturally associated with wealth or power and are commonly cited as examples of conspicuous consumption. Among the less wealthy, limousines are often hired during special events, while some limousines are owned by individuals, many are owned by governments to transport senior politicians, by companies to transport executives and guests. Most stretch limousines, however, operate as livery vehicles, providing competition to taxicabs. Builders of stretch limousines purchase stock cars from manufacturers and modify them, few stretch limousines are sold new to private individuals. In addition to luxuries, security features such as armoring and bulletproof glass are available, the first automobile limousine, built in 1902, was designed so the driver sat outside under a covered compartment. The word limousine is derived from the name of the French region Limousin, an alternate etymology has the chauffeur wearing a Limousin-style cloak in the open drivers compartment, for protection from the weather. The first “stretch limousine” was created in Fort Smith, Arkansas and these cars were primarily used to transport famous “big band” leaders, such as Glenn Miller and Benny Goodman, and their bands and equipment. These early stretch limousines were often called “big band buses”, in 1916, the Society of Automobile Engineers defined a limousine as, a closed car seating three to five inside, with drivers seat outside. A berline was defined as a limousine having the seat entirely inclosed. In German-speaking countries, a Limousine is simply a sedan, while a car is called Stretch-Limousine. The limousine body style has a partition separating the driver from the passenger compartment. This partition usually contains a glass window so that conversations between passengers in the rear compartment may be kept private. Communication with the driver is either by opening the window in the partition or by using an intercom system
16.
Share taxi
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A share taxi is a mode of transport which falls between both taxicabs and buses. These vehicles for hire are typically smaller than buses and usually take passengers on a fixed or semi-fixed route without timetables and they may stop anywhere to pick up or drop off their passengers. Often found in developing countries, the used as share taxis range from four-seat cars to minibuses. The UITP term informal transport includes share taxis, a given share taxi route may start and finish in fixed central locations, and landmarks may serve as route names or route termini. In some African cities routes are run between formal termini, where the majority of passengers board, in these places the share taxis wait for a full load of passengers prior to departing, and off-peak wait times may be in excess of an hour. In other places there may be no formal termini, with taxis simply congregating at a central location, even more-formal terminals may be little more than parking lots. In South Africa, its referred to as a rank, which denotes an area specifically built, by a municipality or city, for taxi operators. Where they exist, share taxis provide service on set routes within, after a share taxi has picked up passengers at its terminus, it proceeds along a semi-fixed route where the driver may determine the actual route within an area according to traffic condition. Drivers will stop anywhere to allow riders to disembark, and may sometimes do the same when prospective passengers want to ride, while all share taxis share certain characteristics—and many regional versions exhibit peculiarities—some basic operational distinctions can be delineated. Most share taxis are operated under one of two regimes, some share taxis are operated by a company. For example, in Dakar there are company-owned fleets of hundred of car rapides, in Soviet Union, share taxis, known as marshrutka, were operated by state-owned taxi parks. There are also operators in many countries. In Africa, while there are company share taxis, individual owners are more common, rarely owning more than two vehicles at a time, they will rent out a minibus to operators, who pay fuel and other running costs, and keep revenue. In some places, like some African cities and also Hong Kong, share taxi minibuses are overseen by syndicates, unions, or route associations. These groups often function in the absence of an environment and may collect dues or fees from drivers, set routes, manage terminals. Terminal management may include ensuring each vehicle leaves with a load of passengers. In Africa, regulation is mainly something that pertains to the vehicle itself not its operator or its mode of operation, route syndicates and operators associations often exercise unrestricted control, and existing rules may see little enforcement. Share taxi is a mode of transport independent of vehicle type
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Water taxi
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A water taxi or a water bus, also known as a sightseeing boat, is a watercraft used to provide public or private transport, usually, but not always, in an urban environment. Service may be scheduled with stops, operating in a similar manner to a bus, or on demand to many locations. A boat service shuttling between two points would normally be described as a rather than a water bus or taxi. The term water taxi is usually confined to a boat operating on demand, in North American usage, the terms are roughly synonymous. The earliest water taxi service was recorded as operating around the area that became Manchester, on March 6,2004, a water taxi on the Seaport Taxi service operated by the Living Classrooms Foundation capsized during a storm on the Patapsco River, near Baltimores Inner Harbor. The company no longer operates water taxi vessels in Baltimore harbor
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Yellow cab
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There are many yellow cab taxicab operators around the world. The original Yellow Cab Company, based in Chicago, Illinois, was one of the largest taxicab companies in the United States, Yellow cabs date back to at least 1798, when the musical comedy, Cabriolet Jaune, debuted at Paris Theatre de l’Opera Comique National. Yellow cabs were known in Paris and London throughout most of the 1800s, a yellow cab company shook up the New York Cab system in the mid-1880s, offering cheaper, more predictable fares than competitors. One of the first automobile cabs in London, in the 1890s, were yellow electric cabs, the Yellow Cab Company of Chicago was founded by John D. Their specially designed taxicabs were powered by a 4-cylinder Continental engine equipped with a purpose-built taxicab body supplied by the Racine Body Co. of Racine, Wisconsin. According to Yellow Cab Co. tradition, the yellow was selected by John Hertz as the result of a survey by the University of Chicago which indicated it was the easiest color to spot. However, he was not the first taxicab operator to use that color. Wyckoff, Church and Partridge had a number of orange-yellow colored Rockwell taxicabs operating on Manhattan streets in 1909, by March 1910, the Connecticut Cab Co. assumed operating control of Wyckoff, Church and Partridges taxis. The Yellow Taxicab Co. was incorporated in New York on April 4,1912 and its fares that year started at 50¢/mile. Among its directors and major stockholders were Albert F, Rockwell and the Connecticut Cab Co. Its independent corporate life was short, however, as fare wars. The Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company was formed in 1920, in 2017, a study showed that the color yellow, for taxis, was more noticeable, resulting in 9% fewer accidents. The Yellow Cab Company of Baltimore, Maryland, was founded in 1909 and it is currently owned by Transdev. The Yellow Cab Company of Vancouver, British Columbia was founded in 1921, Yellow Cab of Victoria, British Columbia, formerly Empress Taxi. Yellow Checker Cab of Peoria, Illinois, was founded in 1922 and is the largest taxi fleet in downstate Illinois. The Yellow Cab Group was founded in 1924 and operates in Queensland and Tasmania, Yellow Cabs operate in Melbourne and Yellow and Coastal Cabs are in Perth, Yellow Cab Co. in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma was founded in 1918. It ultimately became the Yellow Roadway, a major U. S. truck operator, Yellow Cab of Edmonton, Alberta was purchased and given the Yellow name in 1945. The Yellow Cab Cooperative of San Francisco, California, was founded on November 8,1977, Yellow Cab of San Diego, California, has been in continuous operation since the 1920s
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Chauffeur
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A chauffeur is a person employed to drive a passenger motor vehicle, especially a luxury vehicle such as a large sedan or limousine. A woman employed to drive a motor vehicle is a chauffeuse. Early petrol/gasoline-powered motor cars, before the advent of electric ignition, were ignited by hot tubes in the head which had to be pre-heated before the engine would start. Hence the term chauffeur which, in context, means something like heater-upper. The chauffeur would prime the hot tubes at the start of a journey, only the very wealthy could afford the first automobiles, and they generally employed chauffeurs rather than driving themselves. A1906 article in The New York Times reported that. the chauffeur problem to-day is one of the most serious that the automobilist has to deal with and this is very similar to but more luxurious than taking a taxicab. A variety of benefits are cited for using chauffeurs, including convenience, productivity and time savings, insurance costs for luxury vehicles are often lower if the designated driver is a chauffeur. The legal requirements to be a chauffeur vary depending on the local jurisdiction, in addition to the minimum legal requirements, limousine companies often require their chauffeurs to undergo specific extra training. Most companies also have their own courses as to what they expect from their chauffeurs, chauffeurs may be taught proper etiquette for use when they are in presence of their clientele. They may also be trained for services to the client beyond the car itself, in many places, proper physical presence is presented by the chauffeur at all times. In some areas, such as Japan, white gloves are the norm, some companies have complete uniforms for their chauffeurs, and some require that hats be worn as part of the uniform. Some companies do not keep strictly to this standard, and there is wide variation throughout the transportation industry
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Taximeter
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A taximeter is a mechanical or electronic device installed in taxicabs and auto rickshaws that calculates passenger fares based on a combination of distance travelled and waiting time. Its shortened form, taxi, is also a metonym for the cars that use them. The modern taximeter was invented by German Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn in 1891, taximeters were originally mechanical and mounted outside the cab, above the drivers side front wheel. Meters were soon relocated inside the taxi, and in the 1980s electronic meters were introduced, in some locations, taxicabs display a small illuminated sign indicating if they are free. In Argentina, this sign is called a banderita, a term from the days of mechanical taximeters. The flag would be hidden at the start of a trip, world Moto developed the worlds first portable taximeter for motorcycles and pedicabs, which Fast Company called the First Real Taxi Meter Innovation in 100 Years. Taximeters can include several accessories, or act as components in larger dispatching/control systems, features include, Ticket/receipt printer Fraud control and prevention, through the impression of control tickets or computer monitoring. Additionally, taximeters are often sealed by a municipal weights. Radio communication, allowing trip status to be monitored by a dispatcher or supervisor, dispatching of trip assignments through radio or data systems. Interaction with GPS systems to assist with dispatching and to provide security, seat sensors that detect the presence of a passenger. Bluetooth support for communication with smartphones or tablets, USB support for setup, diagnostics, and connectivity to the vehicle computer. During normal operation, taximeters repeat cyclically through several stages, Free, The taxicab is empty, the luminous sign, if present, is switched on. Occupied, The taximeter enters in this stage at the start of the trip, in this stage the running fare and the present tariff are displayed. Additional information that can be displayed in this mode includes extras, present time, speed, to Pay, At the end of the trip, the driver enters this stage to collect payment, make change, and optionally print a receipt. The exterior roof light may also blink to alert potential passengers, taxicab Ohmer fare register Mobile data terminal Odometer Speedometer Tachometer
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Taxicab stand
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A taxicab stand is a queue area on a street or on private property where taxicabs line up to wait for passengers. Usually stands are marked by simple painted signs, in the Republic of Ireland an intending passenger is entitled to choose any taxicab that is available for hire at an appointed taxi stand. The Commission for Taxi Regulation has deemed that the customer has the right to choose, in some cities, such as London and New York, some older taxi stands are marked by special lamps with TAXI painted on the sides of them. Some major stands are divided into separate queues, in Hong Kong, different kinds of taxis line up separately, as some of their service areas overlap. Taxicab stands can be used to recharge batteries of electric taxis
