1.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
2.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
3.
Two-lane expressway
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A two-lane expressway or two-lane freeway is an expressway or freeway with only one lane in each direction, and usually no median barrier. It may be built that way because of constraints, or may be intended for expansion once traffic volumes rise, the term super two is often used by roadgeeks for this type of road, but traffic engineers use that term for a high-quality surface road. Most of these roads are not tolled, a somewhat related concept is a four-lane undivided expressway. This is much rarer, an example is some sections of U. S. Route 101 in northern California. When upgraded in this manner, the road becomes a typical freeway, many two-lane freeways are built so that when the road is upgraded to a proper divided freeway, the existing overpasses and ramps do not need reconstruction. A super-2 expressway is a surface road with at-grade intersections. At-grade intersections exist but there is sufficient land to them with interchanges. In some US states, an expressway is simply referred to as a super-2. Highway 410 in Ontario was originally a super-2 before being upgraded to a full freeway, similarly, most of Highway 102 in Nova Scotia was a super-2 for three decades before being upgraded. Many super-2 expressways are simply just short transitional segments between surface street and four-lane divided freeways, a super-4 may may have been a super-2 that has been twinned, although such instances of super-4 intermediaries are rare as super-2s are often upgraded right away to full freeways. Highway 40 in Ontario is an expressway between Highway 402 and Wellington St. and from Indian Rd to Rokeby Line. The remaining sections of Highway 40 are super-2 expressways, national Route 38, between Famaillá and Juan Bautista Alberdi in Tucumán Province. In Melbourne, Victoria, the Mornington Peninsula Freeway, is a freeway between the interchange with Jetty Road and the interchange with Boneo Road at 90 km/h. In Hobart, Tasmania, Kingston Bypass has been constructed as a two-Lane expressway, in north-eastern Tasmania, the Bass Highway has some grade-separated interchanges, and the standard rural freeway 110 km/h speed limit, but with some sections having only two lanes. On the Sunshine Coast in Queensland, the Sunshine Motorway is a freeway between Kawana Way and Nicklin Way, and again between David Low Way and Emu Mountain Road. In Townsville, Queensland, the future Townsville Ring Road is planned to be the route of Highway 1 through the city. The first stage of the project, the two-laned Douglas Arterial Road opened in April 2005, once all four stages are built, it will have two lanes in each direction, and be designated as the M1. Canberras Gungahlin Drive Extension was constructed as a two-lane grade-separated freeway for part of its length, the GDE has since been duplicated to four lanes
4.
Rideau Canal
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The Rideau Canal, also known unofficially as the Rideau Waterway, connects the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, on the Ottawa River to the city of Kingston, Ontario, on Lake Ontario. It is 202 kilometres in length, the name Rideau, French for curtain, is derived from the curtain-like appearance of the Rideau Rivers twin waterfalls where they join the Ottawa River. The canal system uses sections of two rivers, the Rideau and the Cataraqui, as well as several lakes, the Rideau Canal is operated by Parks Canada. The canal was opened in 1832 as a precaution in case of war with the United States and it remains in use today primarily for pleasure boating, with most of its original structures intact, operated by Parks Canada. The locks on the open for navigation in mid-May and close in mid-October. It is the oldest continuously operated system in North America. Lawrence River, which would have severed the lifeline between Montreal and Kingston, the British built a number of other canals as well as a number of forts to impede and deter any future American invasions of Canadian territory. The initial purpose of the Rideau Canal was military, as it was intended to provide a secure supply, westward from Montreal, travel would proceed along the Ottawa River to Bytown, then southwest via the canal to Kingston and out into Lake Ontario. The objective was to bypass the stretch of the St. Lawrence bordering New York, the canal also served a commercial purpose. The Rideau Canal was easier to navigate than the St. Lawrence River because of the series of rapids between Montreal and Kingston, as a result, the Rideau Canal became a busy commercial artery from Montreal to the Great Lakes. However, by 1849, the rapids of the St. Lawrence had been tamed by a series of locks, the construction of the canal was supervised by Lieutenant-Colonel John By of the Royal Engineers. Colonel John By decided to create a canal system instead of constructing new channels. This was an approach as it required fewer workers, was more cost effective. The canal work started in the fall of 1826, and it was completed by the spring of 1832, the final cost of the canals construction was £822,804 by the time all the costs, including land acquisitions costs, were accounted for. Given the unexpected cost overruns, John By was recalled to London and was retired with no accolades or recognition for the tremendous accomplishment hed achieved, once the canal was constructed, no further military engagements took place between Canada and the United States. Although the Rideau Canal never had to be used as a supply route. Tens of thousands of immigrants from the British Isles travelled the Rideau in this period, hundreds of barge loads of goods were shipped each year along the Rideau, allowing Montreal to compete commercially in the 1830s and 40s with New York as a major North American port. In 1841, for instance, there were 19 steamboats,3 self-propelled barges and 157 unpowered or tow barges using the Rideau Canal, as many as one thousand of the workers died from malaria, other diseases and accidents
5.
Carleton University
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Carleton University is a comprehensive university located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The enabling legislation is The Carleton University Act,1952, S. O and it was founded on rented premises in 1942, and grew to meet the needs of returning World War II veterans and later became Ontarios first private, non-denominational college. It would expand further in the 1960s, consistent with government policy that saw increased access to education as a social good. Carleton is a university that offers more than 65 academic programs across a wide range of disciplines. It is named after the former Carleton County, Ontario, which included the city of Ottawa at the time Carleton was founded, Carleton County, in turn, was named in honour of Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, an early Governor-General of British North America. As of 2016, Carleton has enrollment of more than 22,000 undergraduate, the university is represented in U Sports by the Carleton Ravens. I learned very early the lesson that it is people, not buildings. And if we put our hearts to it we can do something worthwhile, – Henry Marshall Tory Carleton College, a non-denominational institution, was founded in 1942 at the height of the Second World War by the Ottawa Association for the Advancement of Learning. It began in a building and only offered night courses in public administration. When the war ended in 1945, the college began expanding to meet the needs of veterans coming home, the Faculty of Arts and Science was established, which included courses in journalism and first-year engineering. In 1946, the moved to First Avenue in The Glebe neighbourhood. Its first degrees were conferred in 1946 to graduates of its programs in Journalism, for nearly a decade the college operated on a shoestring budget, with funds raised mainly through community initiatives and modest student fees. During the war, student fees were low and Carleton gave special grants to veterans returning home who wished to continue their studies. The faculty was composed largely of part-time professors who worked full-time in the Public Service, however, full-time teaching staff were still mostly young scholars at the beginning of their careers. In 1952 the Carleton College Act was passed by the Ontario Legislature, changing its name to Carleton College. Carleton thus became the provinces first private, non-sectarian college, in the same year, the 62-hectare property nestled between the Rideau Canal and the Rideau River on which the current campus is located was acquired. Some of the land was donated by a prominent Ottawa businessman Harry Stevenson Southam, construction began on the new campus in 1953. In 1957 the Carleton University Act,1952 was amended, granting Carleton status as a public university, Carletons motto, Ours the Task Eternal, is taken from Walt Whitmans poem, Pioneers
6.
Rideau River
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The Rideau River is an Eastern Ontario river which flows north from Upper Rideau Lake and empties into the Ottawa River at Rideau Falls in Ottawa, Ontario. The Rideau Canal, which travel from Ottawa to the city of Kingston. The river diverges from the Canal at Hogs Back Falls in Ottawa and this practice has been going on for more than 100 years. The regulatory authority charged with protecting the Rideau River and its tributaries is the Rideau Valley Conservation Authority, ISBN 0-8020-2573-0 – via Google Books. Rideau Valley Conservation Authority Biodiversity of the Rideau River
7.
Trillium Line
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The Trillium Line is a diesel light-rail transit service in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada operated by OC Transpo. The line is part of Ottawas O-Train light rail system, the present line runs north-south on a railway line, from Bayview to Greenboro, a distance of approximately 8 kilometres. It is isolated from road traffic, but shared with other trains, since its opening on October 15,2001, the Trillium Line hit the 1-millionth rider mark on May 29,2002, the 5-millionth mark on January 21,2005, and the 10-million in late 2010. Until late 2014, the name of the diesel-powered, north-south line was O-Train. After construction started on a second, east-west light rail line the O-Train name was applied to the system. The upgrade was also a precursor to extending the line southwards by three stations, Bayview Station provides an interchange with the Transitway and will provide an interchange to the Confederation Line which is under construction. The station is located on a track branching off from the railway line, immediately under the Wellington Street. It is currently the closest Trillium Line station to downtown Ottawa, Gladstone had a passing loop added in 2013 to increase train frequency and line capacity. It is the site of a proposed O-Train station, Carling Station is located at Carling Avenue and Preston Street. South of Carling, the train enters a tunnel to pass under Dows Lake, Carleton Station serves Carleton University and has separate tracks and platforms for each direction. Until the upgrade of the line in 2013, this station had the only passing loop along the line, South of Carleton, the train crosses over the Rideau River on a bridge. Confederation Station is located at Heron Road and Bronson Avenue, Walkley had a passing loop added in 2013 to increase train frequency and line capacity. It is the site of a proposed O-Train station, Greenboro Station provides an interchange with a large Transitway station, which has a large park-and-ride lot and is located next to the South Keys Shopping Centre. The Trillium Line platform is level with the pedestrian crossing the Transitway. This section and its subsections provide a description of the Trillium Line prior the upgrades of 2013-2015. Until 2015, the system used three diesel-powered Bombardier Transportation Talent BR643 low-floor diesel multiple unit trains, OC Transpo operates it under the official name ‘Capital Railway’, which appears on the trains along with their regular logo. Ottawa is also authorized to run trains with only an operator and no other crew. As a pilot project, the Trillium Line system was built at the cost of $21 million, the downside to this, however, is that much ground pollution remains from the track’s previous use
8.
Ontario Highway 417
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Kings Highway 417, commonly referred to as Highway 417 and the Queensway through Ottawa, is a 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. It connects Montreal with Ottawa, and is the backbone of the system in the National Capital Region. Within Ottawa, it part of the Queensway west to Highway 7. Highway 417 extends from the Quebec border to Arnprior, where it continues westward as Highway 17, aside from the urban section through Ottawa, Highway 417 passes through farmland that dominates much of the fertile Ottawa Valley. Within Ottawa, the Queensway was built as part of a plan for the city between 1957 and 1966, and later reconstructed to its present form throughout the 1980s. The eastern section, from Gloucester to the Quebec border, opened in 1975 in preparation for the 1976 Montreal Olympics, sections west of Ottawa have been under construction since the mid-1970s, with the latest section bypassing Arnprior opening on November 29,2012. The freeway has also gradually been extended northwest from Ottawa alongside the old highway to its current terminus in Arnprior, Highway 417 currently has 42 interchanges from the Quebec border to Arnprior, with more planned as the highway is extended westward. Unlike other highways in Ontario and most of North America, exits are numbered from east to west. While a significant portion of Highway 417 is a four lane freeway divided by a grass median. Highway 417 begins at the border between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, east of which the four lane freeway continues as Autoroute 40, the route proceeds west along the former alignment of Highway 17, which it has served to replace. It passes through a forested and agricultural landscape en route to Ottawa, serving the communities of Hawkesbury, Vankleek Hill, Casselman, Limoges, the route later meets the southern terminus of Highway 34 at Exit 27. At this point, the freeway enters The Nation and diverges from the boundary, after crossing a Via Rail line, the route dips south of Casselman and curves to the west at Exit 66. It roughly parallels the Via Rail line several kilometres north of the freeway, though significant deviations bypass the communities of Benoit and Limoges, the latter is served by Exit 79. Near Limoges is the Larose Forest, a man-made forest planted between 1928 and 1980 over the Bourget Desert, itself created as the result of cutting in the 19th century. At Exit 88, Highway 417 enters the city of Ottawa, though the surroundings remain unchanged until Exit 110, the freeway merges with the Queensway at a large multi-level interchange known locally as the Split, curving to the west and into downtown Ottawa. The interchange also provides access to Aviation Parkway from westbound Highway 417, within Ottawa, the Queensway extends from Orleans in the east and passes just south of downtown through central Ottawa to Kanata in the west. The core section of the Queensway is eight lanes wide, four per carriageway, the freeway is elevated on a berm along some central portions of the route, providing views of downtown and the Gatineau Hills to the north. This section was constructed along a former Canadian National Railway railbed, the route bisects central Ottawa with downtown and the Parliament Buildings lay to the north of the highway and residential neighbourhoods including the Glebe to the south
9.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
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