1.
People mover
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A people mover or automated people mover is a type of grade-separated mass transit system. The term was applied to three different systems, developed roughly at the same time. One was Skybus, a mass transit system prototyped by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation beginning in 1964. The second, alternately called the People Mover and Minirail, opened in Montreal at Expo 67, finally the last, called PeopleMover or WEDway PeopleMover, was an attraction that was originally presented by Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and that opened at Disneyland in 1967. Now, however, the people mover is generic, and may use technologies such as monorail, duorail. Propulsion may involve conventional on-board electric motors, linear motors or cable traction, generally speaking, larger APMs are referred to by other names. The most generic is automated guideway transit, which encompasses any automated system regardless of size, some complex APMs deploy fleets of small vehicles over a track network with off-line stations, and supply near non-stop service to passengers. These taxi-like systems are usually referred to as personal rapid transit. Larger systems, with vehicles with 20 to 40 passengers, are referred to as group rapid transit. Other complex APMs have similar characteristics to mass transit systems, another term Light Metro is also applied to describe the system worldwide. One of the first automated systems for human transportation was the screw-driven Never-Stop-Railway, constructed for the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley, London in 1924. This railway consisted of 88 unmanned carriages, on a double track along the northern and eastern sides of the exhibition. The railway ran reliably for the two years of the exhibition, and was then dismantled, small sections of this track bed, and a nearby heavy rail track bed, have been proposed for reuse. if Goodyear had ever considered working on People Movers. He felt that with Goodyears ability to move materials in large quantities on conveyor belts they should consider moving batches of people. Four years of engineering design, development and testing led to a joint patent being issued for three types of people movers, named Speedwalk, Speedramp, and Carveyor, Goodyear would sell the concept and Stephens-Adamson would manufacture and install the components. A Speedwalk consisted of a conveyor belt riding on a series of rollers, or a flat slippery surface. The passengers would walk onto the belt and could stand or walk to the exit point and they were supported by a moving handrail. Customers were expected to include airport terminals, ballparks, train stations, today, several manufacturers produce similar units called moving walkways
2.
O'Hare International Airport
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It is the primary airport serving the Chicago metropolitan area, with Midway International Airport, about 10 miles closer to the Loop, serving as a secondary airport. It is operated by the City of Chicago Department of Aviation, OHare was the busiest airport in the world by number of takeoffs and landings in 2014, topping Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, however, it lost the title to Atlanta a year later. Until 1998, OHare was also the worlds busiest airport in number of passengers and it was surpassed mainly due to limits the federal government imposed on the airport to reduce flight delays. As of 2016, OHare is the sixth-busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic, the third-busiest airport in the United States, OHare also has eight runways, more than any major international airport. OHare is a hub for American Airlines and United Airlines, as well as a hub for regional carrier Air Choice One. OHare was voted the Best Airport in North America for 10 years by two sources, Readers of the U. S. Edition of Business Traveler Magazine and Global Traveler Magazine, in contrast, Travel and Leisure magazines 2009 Americas Favorite Cities ranked Chicagos Airport System the second-worst for delays, behind the New York City airport system. OHare accounts for nearly 20% of the flight cancellations and delays. OHare was constructed in 1942–43 as part of a plant for Douglas C-54s during World War II. The site was chosen for its proximity to the city and transportation, the two-million-square-foot factory needed easy access to the workforce of the nations then-second-largest city, as well as its extensive railroad infrastructure. Orchard Place was a small farming community. Douglas Companys contract ended in 1945 and though plans were proposed to build commercial aircraft, with the departure of Douglas, the airfield took the name of Orchard Field Airport, the source of its three-letter IATA code ORD. In 1945, the city of Chicago chose Orchard Field as the site for a facility to meet future aviation demands, Matthew Laflin Rockwell was the director of planning for the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and responsible for the site selection and design. He was the great-grandson of Matthew Laflin, a founder and pioneer of Chicago, in 1949, the airport was renamed OHare International Airport to honor Edward OHare, the U. S. Navys first flying ace and Medal of Honor recipient in World War II. (This is similar to, sourced from McCoy Air Force Base, being used for todays Orlando International Airport, by the early 1950s Midway Airport, Chicagos main airport since 1931, was the worlds busiest airport and was too crowded despite multiple expansions. Midways runways were known to be too short for the planned first generation of jets, so the city of Chicago, traveling with him, LT Whitey Feightner was redirected to land at OHare. The runway had just been completed and was covered with peach baskets to prevent aircraft from landing until it was opened, LT Feightner was told to ignore the baskets and land on the new runway, and his F7U became the first aircraft to land there. OHare opened a $1 million Skymotive terminal for corporate aircraft in 1955, the April 1957 Official Airline Guide shows 10 weekday departures on United,9 on American,6 on Capital,3 Eastern,3 TWA,2 Delta,2 North Central, and 1 Braniff
3.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
4.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
5.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
6.
Mannheim Road
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Mannheim Road, also known as La Grange Road from Cermak Road to U. S. Route 30, is a north–south major street in the near-western suburbs of Chicago. From Cermak Road on the Westchester/La Grange Park border and points to the south, Mannheim Road skirts the eastern edge of OHare International Airport, numerous airport hotels and rental car services are located on the street near the airport. One major landmark of Mannheim Road is the Allstate Arena at the intersection of Mannheim Road, there is also a Metra station on the Milwaukee West Line at Mannheim Road, in addition, Metras BNSF Railway Line has a stop on La Grange Road in La Grange. Also, there is an overpass that carries Mannheim Rd over the Union Pacific rail yard, also there is another overpass that carries the street over the Canadian Pacific railroad yard. At the descent of that overpass the road goes under the Tri-State Tollway, theres also a school district on the left side of the street named Mannheim School District 83 on the intersection of Grand Avenue and Mannheim Road itself in Franklin Park. North Avenue also dips under Mannheim Road in Melrose Park
7.
O'Hare station
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OHare is the L station at the northwestern terminus of the CTAs Blue Line. It is a station with two island platforms serving three tracks, located at OHare International Airport,17 miles northwest of the Chicago Loop. The station is located underneath the OHare parking garage, trains are scheduled to depart from OHare roughly every 2–7 minutes during rush-hour periods and take about 40 minutes to travel to the Loop. It is the westernmost station of the L system and it is also the only CTA station without coordinates in Chicagos grid system, as OHare lines up with no street in the city. It is the only CTA terminal located in a subway and also is the terminal where a premium fare applies and is the only terminal that does not directly connect to any CTA or Pace buses. It is also one of two terminals that does not have a yard assigned to it, OHare station opened on September 3,1984, as the terminus of an extension of the West-Northwest route from its former terminal at River Road. It was built to a design by the architectural firm Murphy/Jahn, for the first 28 years of OHare stations operations, the fare passengers paid the same fare to enter it as they would at any other L station. On March 24,2014, a train approaching the station on the track collided with the bumper, then jumped the tracks and crashed into the escalators. The station reopened on March 30,2014, at 2,00 p. m
8.
Interstate 190 (Illinois)
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Interstate 190 is an intrastate Interstate Highway in the U. S. state of Illinois. I-190 runs west from I-90 to OHare International Airport and this is a distance of 3.07 miles. Interstate 190 is the westernmost leg of the Kennedy Expressway, Interstate 190 has two lanes in either direction between Interstate 90 and Interstate 294, and three lanes west of I-294. The freeway portion of I-190 consists largely of cloverleaf interchanges, the Blue Line operates in the median of I-190 for the highways entire length. Each road crossing I-190 is accessible via exit ramps, not all interchanges are accessible in the same way from both directions, however. For example, the exit to southbound U. S. 12/45 traveling eastbound on I-190 requires exiting at Bessie Coleman Drive, there is no specific sign indicating Interstate 190s western terminus at OHare. Interstate-standard freeway ends roughly at the ramps to the upper and lower loops, the freeway then resumes shortly after both loops merge to cross an emergency fire lane. The eastern terminus, I-90, is considered to be the point of the highway. Both exit numbers and mileage markers on roadside light fixtures ascend traveling westbound, the highway that is now I-190 was signed as part of Illinois Route 194 from 1960 to 1970. In 1971, it was changed to Illinois Route 594. and was changed to I-190 around 1978 after the rest of Illinois 194 was changed to Interstate 90 in the mid to late 1970s. OHare Airport originally opened in 1942, and was expanded to its current size in 1962, in late 2005, the intersection with Mannheim Road was reconstructed to remove unsafe conditions and bring the route closer to Interstate standards. In the late 1990s, the Illinois Department of Transportation restriped I-190 at Interstate 294 and this action increased the number of lanes west of I-294 from two to three. This created a condition, often leading to high-speed crashes should drivers waiting on the ramp become impatient or underestimate the speed of westbound traffic. Often, an IDOT Minuteman would be stationed on the ramp waiting to tow away vehicles that would be involved in a crash during rush hour, the improvements are designed to widen bridges and create significantly more merging space so that collision hazards are mitigated. In addition, the Mannheim Road bridge over Interstate 190 had outlived its useful life, although exit numbers on I-190 increase from east to west, this table presents interchanges from west to east to follow IDOT milepost measurements starting at OHare International Airport. The entire route is in Cook County
9.
Blue Line (CTA)
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The Blue Line, also known as the OHare-Congress Line and the West-Northwest Line, is a 26. It is the CTAs second busiest rail line, with an average of 186,796 passengers boarding each weekday in September 2012. The Blue Line and Red Line are the two routes of the Chicago L system to currently run 24 hours a day and is one of only six rapid transit rail systems in the United States to do so. The Blue Line is also one of two lines with more than one station with the same name, with the Green Line being the other. The Blue Line also has only three in-system transfers, contains a combination of both the oldest and newest portions of L tracks, and does not share tracks with any other L line. Before the adoption of color-coded names, the Blue Line was referred to as the West-Northwest Route or more commonly, the Congress and Douglas branches were renamed for their terminals, Forest Park and 54th/Cermak, when the current color naming system was adopted in 1993. Blue Line service on the Douglas Branch was discontinued in April 2008, the Blue Line is one of five L lines that run into Chicago suburbs, with the others being the Green, Purple, Pink, and Yellow lines. The most vintage components of the Blue Line began as part of the Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad in 1895, service on this section began on May 6,1895. The structure was completed from Damen Avenue to Logan Square on May 25,1895, an extension of service over the tracks of the Aurora, Elgin and Chicago Railroad to a new terminal at Desplaines Avenue was established on March 11,1905. A subsequent extension to Westchester opened on October 1,1926 and this was followed by still another addition when the Douglas Park Branch was placed in operation as far south as 18th Street on April 28,1896. The Douglas Park branch was cut back to 54th Avenue in Cicero. The Metropolitan West Side Elevated began service onto the Loop on October 11,1897, with opening of the Dearborn Subway, the old elevated alignment between Evergreen and Marshfield Avenues was decommissioned, used only for moving out-of-service rail cars. The new line connected with the Milwaukee-Dearborn Subway at the Chicago River, a five-mile extension of the route via the short subway connection and the Kennedy Expressway median from Logan Square to Jefferson Park opened on February 1,1970. It was also built by the City of Chicago using federal money, in March 1980, construction began on the OHare Airport extension of the Kennedy route between Jefferson Park and the airport. The first section between Jefferson Park and Rosemont was placed in service on February 27,1983, and the section to OHare on September 3,1984. On February 21,1993, the CTA adopted a color-coded naming system to the transit system. Congress service was doubled through much of the day since service frequency from OHare required shorter headways than what would have been left. On September 10,2001, the CTA began a reconstruction of the Douglas Branch to repair its aging stations
10.
Matra
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Mécanique Aviation Traction or Matra was a French company covering a wide range of activities mainly related to automobiles, bicycles, aeronautics and weaponry. In 1994, it became a subsidiary of the Lagardère Group, Matra was owned by the Floirat family. The name Matra became famous in the 1960s when it went into car production by buying Automobiles René Bonnet, Matra Automobiles produced racing cars and sports cars, and was successful in racing. Matra was privatized in 1988, with Lagardère holding 6% of the stock, in 1992 the Lagardère Group was radically restructured, acquiring more shares in Matra from Floirat, Daimler Benz and GEC, and Hachette from Floirat, Crédit Lyonnais and Aberly. Lagardère merged Matra and Hachette to form Matra Hachette, of which Lagardère Group held 37. 6%, following a share swap in 1994 Lagardère held 93. 3% of Matra Hachettes stock. In 1996 Matra Hachette was formally merged into Lagardère, Matra Hautes Technologies or MHT was the defence arm of Matra. The company was involved in aerospace, defence and telecommunications, in February 1999 Matra Hautes Technologies merged with Aérospatiale to form Aérospatiale-Matra. On July 10,2000 Aérospatiale-Matra became part of EADS, Matra Défense Matra Systèmes & Information Matra BAe Dynamics, formed in 1996, Matra BAe Dynamics brought together the missile business of BAe and half of the missile business of Matra Défense. Matra Marconi Space, was the division of Matra which merged with the space operations of GEC in 1989 to form Matra Marconi Space. In 2000, it was merged with the division of DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG to form Astrium. This was later renamed to EADS Astrium, Matra Nortel Communications R.511 air to air missiles R.530 air to air missiles Super 530 air to air missiles R.550 Magic air to air missiles MICA air to air missiles R. In 1984 Renault launched the Matra built Espace minivan, the car became a big success, after the discontinuation of the Renault Avantime, on February 27,2003 Matra announced its intention to close its automobile factory in Romorantin-Lanthenay, with the factory closing a month later. In September 2003, Pininfarina SpA acquired Matra Automobiles engineering, testing, the company was subsequently named Matra Automobile Engineering. On January 13,2009, Pininfarina sold its share in Matra Automobile Engineering to Segula Technologies, Matra competed as a constructor in Formula One from 1967 to 1972 and as an engine supplier between 1975 to 1982, winning the Drivers and Constructors Championships in 1969. Matra also competed in car racing from 1966 to 1974 winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1972,1973 and 1974. Matra sponsored Racing Club de France in 1987~1989, Matra produced a home computer, the Matra Alice. Matra produced a fiberglass 14 ft sailing dinghy with a double bottom. Though some hundreds were sold and a class association briefly existed, Matra created an automatic light rubber-tyred metro, the VAL Matra attempted, and failed to produce a personal rapid transit system, Aramis
11.
Platform screen doors
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Platform screen doors and platform edge doors at train or subway stations screen the platform from the train. They are a new addition to many metro systems around the world. They are widely used in newer Asian and European metro systems, the first stations in the world with platform screen doors are ten stations in the Saint Petersburg Metros Line 2 that opened between 1961 and 1972. The platform doors are actually openings in the wall, which support the ceiling of the platform. The track tunnels adjoining the ten island platforms were built with tunnel boring machines. Usually, TBMs bore the tunnels between stations, while the station vaults are dug out manually and contain both the tracks and the platform. These openings were covered with doors in order to prevent people from falling into the gaps between the walls. In 1987, the Singapore MRT was the first system in the world to install glass PSDs based on safety reasons, although the terms are often used interchangeably, platform screen doors can refer to both full-height and half-height barriers. The half-screen doors are only half of the height of the full-screen doors. These two types of screen doors are presently the main types in the world. These doors help to, Prevent accidental falls off the platform onto the track area, suicide attempts. Improve climate control within the station, improve security — access to the tracks and tunnels is restricted. Lower costs — eliminate the need for motormen or conductors when used in conjunction with Automatic Train Operation, Prevent litter build up on the track, which can be a fire risk. Improve the sound quality of platform announcements, as noise from the tunnels. Their primary disadvantage is their cost, installing a system typically costs several million USD per station and they also impede natural ventilation, increasing climate control costs. The doors also pose their own safety risks, the primary risk is that people may be trapped between the platform doors and the train carriage, and be subsequently crushed when the train begins to move. Cases of this happening are rare, and may depend upon door design, like full-height platform screen doors, these platform gates slide open or close simultaneously with the train doors. Half-height platform gates are cheaper to install platform screen doors
12.
Chicago Transit Authority
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Chicago Transit Authority, also known as CTA, is the operator of mass transit in Chicago, Illinois and some of its surrounding suburbs, including the trains of the Chicago L and CTA bus service. In 1952, CTA purchased the assets of the Chicago Motor Coach Company, today, the CTA is one of the three service boards financially supported by the Regional Transportation Authority. The Chicago Transit Authority provides service to Chicago and 40 surrounding suburbs, the CTA provided a total of 532 million rides in 2011, a 3 percent increase over 2010 with ridership rising to levels not seen for 20 years. CTA operates 24 hours each day and on an average weekday provides 1.7 million rides on buses and it has approximately 1,800 buses that operate over 140 routes traveling along 2,230 route miles. Buses provide about one million trips a day and serve more than 12,000 posted bus stops in 10 suburbs. The Chicago Transit Authoritys 1,450 train cars operate eight routes and 222 miles of track. Its trains provide about 750,000 customer trips each weekday and serve 144 stations in Chicago and seven suburbs. Currently, the CTA operates within Chicago and the suburbs of Forest Park, Evanston, Skokie, Oak Park, Summit, Cicero, Berwyn, North Riverside, Rosemont. The CTA accepts payment with a Ventra card, a single-ride or 1-day Ventra disposable ticket, contactless credit or debit card, children under seven can ride free with a fare-paying rider, 3-child limit. Only buses allow riders to pay with cash, the bus fare is $2, the L fare is $2.25, and no cash transfers are available. The CTA no longer sells Transit Cards, all remaining Transit Cards must have been used by July 1,2014. In its place CTA has adopted the Ventra Card system, the Ventra Card can be purchased online, at any Ventra machine at CTA stations, and at authorized retailers. Ventra is a fare payment system for the Chicago Transit Authority and Pace that replaced the Chicago Card. Ventra launched in August 2013, with a full system transition slated for July 1,2014, Ventra is operated by Cubic Transportation Systems. Riders can pay a quarter for up to two transfers within two hours, the Chicago Transit Authority produced a monthly television show, Connections, from May 2003 through December 2011. The show was hosted by Dale Rivera, Jeanne Sparrow, Connections was broadcast on City of Chicago Public-access television cable TV channels 23 &49, as well as on Comcasts CN100 in the Chicago media market, including areas of Michigan and Indiana. Connections featured news and information about the CTA and services it provides, individual segments from Connections are available on CTAs YouTube channel. The majority of train stations CTA operates have elevators or ramps to access for customers with disabilities
13.
Pace (transit)
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Pace is the suburban bus division of the Regional Transportation Authority in the Chicago metropolitan area. It was created in 1983 by the RTA Act, which established the formula that provides funding to the CTA, Metra, in 2013, Pace had 39.925 million riders. Paces headquarters are in Arlington Heights, Illinois, the six counties that Pace serves are Cook, Lake, Will, Kane, McHenry, and DuPage. Some of Paces bus routes go to Chicago and Indiana. In some areas, notably Evanston, River Forest, Oak Park, many of Paces route terminals are located at CTA rail stations and bus terminals and Metra stations. The CTA and Pace have shared a payment system since 2014 called Ventra, Ventra accounts are required to obtain transfers. Metra fares are completely separated, but a phone app is being developed that may allow Metra payment with Ventra, Pace buses generally have longer routes than CTA buses. Due to its service area, service is provided by nine operating divisions, as well as under agreements with several municipalities. All Pace buses are accessible and have racks accommodating two bicycles, available during all hours of operation. Pace is responsible for ADA paratransit service in its service area, Pace also coordinates various Dial-a-Ride projects, usually sponsored by various municipalities and townships. One of the largest is Ride DuPage, sponsored by Du Page County Human Services, Pace states that it is the nations largest paratransit service provider, providing approximately 17,000 daily trips on paratransit, dial-a-ride and ADvAntage vanpools. Pace operates a Vanpool Incentive Program, where groups save by commuting together in a van owned and maintained by Pace, there is also a Municipal Vanpool Program, under which Pace provides a van to a municipality, for any public transportation purpose. Pace is not an acronym, but a marketing name, in late 2011, Pace received its first Diesel-Electric Hybrid buses from Orion Bus Industries. These Orion VII 3G buses are the first buses in the Pace fleet to not be powered directly by diesel, during weekday rush hours, Pace buses are authorized to use the Stevenson Expressway. The majority of Pace bus routes run daily, morning through early to late evening, other routes run Monday through Saturday, weekdays only, or weekday rush hours only. The Brookfield Zoo Express bus route runs on weekends during the summer, one route,352 Halsted, runs 24 hours a day/7 days a week, four routes 390,392,395, and 890 run only for weekday UPS shifts. No buses with fleet numbers ending in 13, buses delivered in 2005 or later feature the new Pace logo. Starting in 2014, buses delivered in 2003, began receiving the current logo, some routes operated with paratransit or community vehicles
14.
O'Hare Transfer station
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OHare Transfer is a commuter railroad station along Metras North Central Service that serves Chicagos OHare International Airport. The station is 18.6 miles away from Union Station, the station is located at the dead end of Zemke Boulevard east of Mannheim Road outside the northeast corner of Economy Parking Lot F. Owing to the limited frequency offered by the North Central Service, however, a single outbound North Central Service train operates daily nonstop service from Union Station to the OHare Transfer station with a scheduled 27-minute travel time. Media related to OHare Transfer at Wikimedia Commons Metra – Stations – OHare Transfer station Station House from Google Maps Street View
15.
North Central Service
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The North Central Service is a Metra commuter rail line running from Union Station in downtown Chicago through northwestern and far northern suburbs to Antioch, Illinois. In April 2013 the public timetable shows 11 weekday departures from Chicago, one to Lake Villa, about a mile west of the River Grove, this route turns north at a junction known as tower B-12. The rest of the route operates on track owned and dispatched by the Canadian National Railway, a single daily inbound train, #120, uses a combination of the North Central Services trackage and the Milwaukee District North lines trackage by using a crossing with that line in Grayslake. The CN assumed ownership of this route on September 7,2001 when the CN absorbed the Wisconsin Central Railroad, the WC operated this route after it was purchased from the Soo Line Railroad in April 1987. Metra provides its own crews for service and operates under a trackage rights agreement with the CN. As of 2006, this is the new line in the Metra system since its formation. Prior to the start of NCS, the last passenger service on this route ended in 1965, the North Central Service serves OHare International Airport, but a limited number of trains. Metra does operates one train from Union Station to OHare Transfer daily. The North Central Service, the Heritage Corridor, and SouthWest Service are the only Metra lines that are fully ADA-accessible, no tickets are sold at any North Central Service stations outside Chicago. On January 30,2006 four new stations on the North Central Service opened, Franklin Park, Schiller Park, Rosemont, another station, at Grand and Cicero Avenues in Chicago, was scheduled to be completed by the end of as of 2006. Service doubled from 10 to 20 trains per day with this change in the timetable, on September 11,2006 service expanded from 20 to 22 trains when Metra split one rush-hour local train in each direction into two express trains. Notably, the line goes through Des Plaines but does not have a station there, the station in Des Plaines was on Thacker Street and closed in 1965. J. David Ingles, Ready or not, here we come, Trains November 1996 Media related to Metra North Central Service at Wikimedia Commons Metra North Central Service schedule
16.
Metra
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Metra is a commuter railroad in the Chicago metropolitan area. The railroad operates 241 stations on 11 different rail lines and it is the fourth busiest commuter rail system in the United States by ridership and the largest and busiest commuter rail system outside the New York City metropolitan area. There were 83.4 million passenger rides in 2014, up 1. 3% from the previous year, the estimated busiest day for Metra ridership occurred on Nov.4, 2016—the day of the Chicago Cubs 2016 World Series victory rally. Using Chicagos rail infrastructure, much of which was created in the 19th century, the Illinois General Assembly established the RTA, Metras creation was a result of the anticipated failure of commuter service operated and owned by various private railroad companies in the 1970s. Freight rail companies still operate some routes, however, these operations are guided by contracted service agreements, Metra owns all rolling stock and is responsible for all stations along with the respective municipalities. Since its inception, Metra has directed more than $5 billion into the rail system of the Chicago metropolitan area. Since its founding in the 19th century, Chicago has been a major Midwestern hub in the North American rail network and it has more trackage radiating in more directions than any other city in North America. Railroads set up their headquarters in the city and Chicago became a center for building cars, passenger cars. By the 1930s Chicago had the worlds largest public transportation system, by the mid-1970s, the commuter lines faced an uncertain future. The Burlington Northern, Milwaukee Road, Chicago and North Western, to provide stability to the commuter rail system, the Illinois General Assembly formed the Regional Transportation Authority in 1974. Its purpose was to fund and plan the Chicago regions public transportation, in the beginning the Regional Transportation Authority commuter train fleet consisted of second-hand equipment, until 1976 when the first order of new EMD F40PH locomotives arrived. That F40PH fleet is still in service today, less than a decade later the Regional Transportation Authority was already suffering from ongoing financial problems. In 1983 the Illinois Legislature reorganized the agency and that reorganization left the Regional Transportation Authority in charge of day-to-day operations of all bus, heavy rail and commuter rail services throughout the Chicago metropolitan area. It was also responsible for directing fare and service levels, setting up budgets, finding sources for capital investment, due to the broad range of responsibilities entrusted with the Regional Transportation Authority, the Commuter Rail Service Board was created in 1984. It was renamed Metra in July 1985, the newly reorganized Metra service helped to bring a single identity to the many infrastructure components serviced by the Regional Transportation Authoritys commuter rail system. Metras operating arm, the Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter Railroad Corporation, was created as a separate subsidiary which operates seven Metra owned routes. Contracts were set up with the Union Pacific and BNSF railroads to operate four other Metra routes, while Metra owns all rolling stock and is responsible for most stations on those routes, the freight carriers use their own employees and control the right-of-way for those routes. In keeping with Metras purpose to provide an identity for commuter rail in the region
17.
Chicago Union Station
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Chicago Union Station is a major railroad station that opened in 1925 in Chicago, Illinois, replacing an earlier station built in 1881. It is the only remaining intercity rail terminal in Chicago, as well as being the primary terminal for commuter trains. The station stands on the west side of the Chicago River between West Adams Street and West Jackson Boulevard, just outside the Chicago Loop, including approach and storage tracks, it is about nine and a half city blocks in size. Its facilities are underground, buried beneath streets and skyscrapers. Chicago Union Station is the third-busiest rail terminal in the United States, after Grand Central Terminal and it is Amtraks overall fourth-busiest station. It handles approximately 120,000 passengers on a weekday and is one of Chicago’s most iconic structures, reflecting the city’s strong architectural heritage. In addition to standing out architecturally, Union Station has features that reflect its commitment to sustainability, in 2011, its lighting system was replaced with more energy-efficient light bulbs and motion sensors, reducing the station’s carbon footprint by 4 million tons annually. Chicago Union Station was designated as one of America’s “Great Places” in 2012 by the American Planning Association. The “Great Places” program by APA highlights places streets, neighborhoods, and public spaces around America that exhibit “exemplary character, quality, and planning. ”These places are unique in their cultural and historical significance, sense of community, and vision. Other criteria include “architectural features, accessibility, functionality, and community involvement. ”Chicago Union Station is considered a “Great Public Space” by APA and these spaces are safe and inviting, well-maintained, and attractive, both visually and in functionality. In addition, local culture and history are reflected within the space, Union Station is laid out with a double stub-end configuration, with 10 tracks coming into the station from the north and 14 from the south. Because passenger trains do not pass through Union Station, all passengers traveling through Chicago must change trains to reach their final destination. There are 2 through tracks to allow out-of-service equipment moves between the north and south side, including one with a platform to allow extra long trains to board, between the north and south sides of the station is a passenger concourse. Passengers can walk through the concourse to get from any platform to any other without stairs or elevators, odd-numbered platforms are on the north half of the station, and even-numbered platforms on the south half. The north tracks are used by Amtrak for the Hiawatha Service and the Empire Builder, and by Metra for the Milwaukee District West, Milwaukee District North, the south tracks are used for all of the other Amtrak and Metra services. Two station management structures, one on side of the terminal, monitor train-to-track assignments. The concourse also has a level between platform and street level, containing a food court featuring local vendors as well as national chains. Located west of Canal Street, Union Stations headhouse occupies a city block
18.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
19.
Rubber-tyred metro
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A rubber-tyred metro is a form of rapid transit system that uses a mix of road and rail technology. Most rubber-tyred trains are purpose-built and designed for the system on which they operate, guided buses are sometimes referred to as trams on tyres, and compared to rubber-tyred metros. The first idea for rubber-tyred railway vehicles was the work of Scotsman Robert William Thomson, in his patent of 1846 he describes his Aerial Wheels as being equally suitable for, the ground or rail or track on which they run. During the World War II German occupation of Paris, the Metro system was used to capacity, at the end of the war, the system was so worn out that thought was given as to how to renovate it. Rubber-tyred metro technology was first applied to the Paris Métro, developed by Michelin, who provided the tyres and guidance system, in collaboration with Renault, who provided the vehicles. Starting in 1951, a vehicle, the MP51. Line 11 Châtelet - Mairie des Lilas was the first line to be converted, in 1956, finally, Line 6 Charles de Gaulle - Étoile - Nation was converted in 1974 to cut down train noise on its many elevated sections. The first completely rubber-tyred metro system was built in Montreal, Canada, santiago Metro and Mexico City Metro are based on Paris Métro rubber-tyred trains. Paris Metro Line 14 was automated from its beginning, and Line 1 was converted to automatic in 2007-2011, the first automated rubber-tyred system opened in Kobe, Japan, in February 1981. It is the Portliner linking Sanomiya railway station with Port Island, the vehicle is in the form of electric multiple unit, with power supplied by both, of the guide bars, which thus also serves as the third rail. The return current passes through a return shoe to the top of one, the type of guideway used on a system varies between networks. Two parallel roll ways, each the width of a tyre, are used, either of concrete, concrete slab, H-Shape hot rolled steel, or flat steel. As on a railway, the driver does not have to steer, the Sapporo system is an exception as it uses a central guide rail only. The VAL system used in Lille and Toulouse has conventional track between the guide bars, in Paris these rails were also used to enable mixed traffic with rubber-tyred and steel-wheeled trains using the same track, particularly during conversion from normal railway track. Other systems have other sorts of flat tyre compensation and switching methods, rubber-tyres have higher rolling resistance when compared to traditional steel wheels, which leads to some advantages and disadvantages. Compared to steel wheel on rail, the advantages of rubber-tyred metro systems are. Shorter braking distances, allowing trains to be signalled closer together, quieter rides in open air due to use rubber-tyre. Greatly reduced rail wear with resulting reduced costs of those parts
20.
Jacksonville, Florida
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Jacksonville is a seaport city and the seat of Duval County, Florida, United States. With an estimated 868,031 residents as of 2015, Jacksonville is the most populous city in both the state of Florida and the southeastern United States. It is estimated to be the 12th most populous city in the United States and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Jacksonville metropolitan area has a population of 1,603,497 and is the 34th largest in the United States and fourth largest in the state of Florida. The city is situated on the banks of the St. Johns River, in the First Coast region of North Florida, prior to European settlement, the Jacksonville area was inhabited by Native American people known as the Timucua. In 1564, the French established the colony of Fort Caroline at the mouth of the St. Johns River. In 1822, a year after the United States gained Florida from Spain, Jacksonville is the cultural, commercial and financial center of North Florida. A major military and civilian deep-water port, the citys riverine location supports two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Floridas third largest seaport. The two US Navy bases, Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Jacksonville is also home to several colleges and universities, including University of North Florida, Jacksonville University and Florida State College at Jacksonville. The area of the city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. In the 16th century, the beginning of the era, the region was inhabited by the Mocama. At the time of contact with Europeans, all Mocama villages in present-day Jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the Saturiwa, centered around the mouth of the St. Johns River. One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville, French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of May because he discovered it in May. Ribault erected a column near present-day Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France. In 1564, René Goulaine de Laudonnière established the first European settlement, Fort Caroline, philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to protect the interest of Spain by attacking the French presence at Fort Caroline. On September 20,1565, a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline, the Spanish renamed the fort San Mateo, and following the ejection of the French, St. Augustines position as the most important settlement in Florida was solidified. The location of Fort Caroline is subject to debate but a reconstruction of the fort was established on the St. Johns River in 1964. Spain ceded Florida to the British in 1763 after the French and Indian War, the British introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber
21.
Jacksonville Skyway
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The Jacksonville Skyway is a people mover in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. It is a monorail train operated by the Jacksonville Transportation Authority. Opening in 1989 with three stations in Downtown Jacksonville, the Skyway was extended in 1996 following a conversion from its technology to Bombardier Transportation equipment. It was expanded again in 1998 and 2000, the system currently comprises two routes across 2. 5-mile of track, serving eight stations, and crosses the St. Johns River on the Acosta Bridge. There is currently no fare to ride the Skyway, which had 1.2 million passengers in 2014, the Skyway runs on an elevated two-way monorail track. The 2. 5-mile system serves eight stations in Downtown Jacksonville, five in the Downtown Core and LaVilla areas, the system has used two car and control systems since its creation. From 1989 to 1996 it had a designed by Matra using its VAL 256-type rubber-wheeled technology. This ran only on the 0. 7-mile, three station Phase I-A segment, in the current system, vehicles run on beams 34 inches wide and 28 inches deep, fixed on an 11-foot wide guideway with parapet walls. Each train is automated by Automatic Train Control, can have two to six cars, and travels at up to 35 mph per hour, an automated people mover for Downtown Jacksonville was first proposed in 1972 to deal with traffic and parking issues in the urban core. In 1976, the city incorporated the system into its mobility plan, after several stops and starts, the UMTA selected Jacksonville as one of seven cities to receive federal funding for the Automated Skyway Express in 1985. Two other related projects are Miamis Metromover and Detroits People Mover, uMTAs approved plan called for the construction of a 2. 5-mile Phase I system to be built in three segments, the agency awarded JTA $23.5 million for the initial 0. 7-mile Phase I-A segment. In July 1987, JTA selected French company Matra to build the Phase I-A segment, work completed in May 1989 at a cost of $34.6 million. At its opening the Skyway served three stations on its east-west route, Central, Jefferson, and Terminal Station on the Northbank of Downtown Jacksonville. Subsequent extensions were planned to take the Skyway north to Florida Community College at Jacksonville, development of these routes began in 1992 and 1995, respectively, but negotiations for a new contract with Matra failed when the previous one expired. In October 1994 Bombardier Transportation was awarded a new contract to revamp the existing east-west segment with new technology, the system was shut down on December 15,1996 to replace the former Matra technology with Bombardier equipment, the older cars were sold to OHare International Airport in Chicago. The southern segment opened on October 30,1998, adding service to San Marco Station on Jacksonvilles Southbank, on November 1,2000, the Riverplace and Kings Avenue Stations opened, completing the Southbank segment and Phase I of the Skyway. Ridership on the Skyway has been far below projections, while JTA originally anticipated 100,000 riders monthly. The primary reasons are the decline of the workforce and lack of connections to other neighborhoods
22.
Jacksonville Transportation Authority
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The Jacksonville Transportation Authority is the independent agency responsible for public transit in the city of Jacksonville, Florida, and roadway infrastructure that connects northeast Florida. However, they do not maintain any roadways, in 1955, the Florida Legislature established the Jacksonville Expressway Authority. The JTA is governed by a seven-member Board of Directors, the mayor of Jacksonville appoints three members who must be confirmed by the Jacksonville City Council, the Florida Governor appoints three members who must be confirmed by the Florida Senate. Each member serves a four-year, unpaid term and can be re-appointed for a second term, if a member serves eight consecutive years, they must rotate off the board. From its membership, the Board elects its own Chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretary, the seventh member is the District Two Secretary from the Florida Department of Transportation who serves as long as s/he is employed in the position. That individual is responsible for the FDOT activities within the 18 counties of the district, including administrative, planning, originally, when a bridge or roadway was completed, a toll was imposed at that location to create a revenue stream to repay bonds used to fund construction. State and federal tax money was used for capital projects. The Jacksonville City Council approved a 10-year, 6¢ per gallon gasoline surcharge in 1986 to pay for new roadways, prior to its expiration in 1996, the council extended the tax for 20 additional years, until 2016. J. JTA was the beneficiary of the $2.25 billion Better Jacksonville Plan. In 2005, the JTA and city re-prioritized the projects still outstanding, the actual cost for most projects had significantly exceeded the estimate due to an 18-month lag time and an unanticipated increase in the price of construction materials. Dozens of projects were deferred to the future and removed from the BJP or left on a $320 million list of unfunded tasks, the gasoline surcharge generates approximately $30 million in revenue each year, about one third of JTAs budget of $100 million in 2010. Prior to the 1986 gasoline surcharge, tolls were the source of local revenue for the JTA. Federal and state highway provided the balance. In early June,2010, JTA announced their intentions to request an extension of the 6¢ per gallon gasoline surcharge, due to expire in 2016. They will also ask the council for an additional 5¢ per gallon tax over 30 years that would generate another $25 million per year, the goal of the JTA is to improve the flow of traffic into and throughout Jacksonville/Duval County. This was the role of the Expressway Authority. Regular bus service, JTAs fleet has 220 vehicles, as of 2015, First Coast Flyer, a bus rapid transit system, one of four planned routes is in operation. JTA Connexion, paratransit for the disabled and elderly, provided by vendors with specially equipped vehicles
23.
Wenhu Line
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Line BR of Taipei Metro comprises two sections of the Taipei Rapid Transit System, the Wenshan Section, and the Neihu Section. It is a medium-capacity line and has a total of 24 stations serving the Nangang, Neihu, Zhongshan, Songshan, Daan, Xinyi, and Wenshan districts, stretching 25.7 km long. Zhongshan Junior High School borders the Wenshan Section and the Neihu Section, north of the station is the Neihu Section, as of September 2011, the line transports an average of 180,000 passengers daily. MRT line BR are completely on the viaduct, the Line BR connects to the Nangang Section at Zhongxiao Fuxing and Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center. The Wenshan Section began revenue service on March 28,1996, the Neihu Section began revenue service on July 4,2009. The Wenhu Line was formerly named the Muzha–Neihu Line, colloquially shortened as the Zhahu Line before October 8,2009
24.
Taipei Metro
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The Taipei Metro, also known as the MRT or formally as the Taipei Rapid Transit System, is a rapid transit system serving metropolitan Taipei, Taiwan. It consists of 108 stations and 5 main routes, operating on 131.1 kilometres of revenue track, the system carried an average of around 2.10 million passengers per day in March 2016. The Taipei Metro is Taiwans first metro system, since it first began operations in 1996, the system has been effective in relieving some of Taipeis traffic congestion problems. The system has proved effective as a catalyst for urban renewal. Conversions to existing lines were made to integrate them into the metro system. The system operates according to a spoke-hub distribution paradigm, with most rail lines running radially outward from central Taipei, the MRT system operates from 6 am to midnight daily, with extended services during special events. Trains operate at intervals of 1.5 to 15 minutes depending on the line, smoking is forbidden in the entire metro system, while eating, drinking, chewing gum and betel nuts are forbidden within the paid area. Stations become extremely crowded during rush hours, especially at transfer stations such as Taipei Main Station, Zhongxiao Fuxing, automated station announcements are recorded in Mandarin, English, Taiwanese, and Hakka. Line 1, The Wenshan and Neihu Lines connect through to each other, the route utilizes four-car configurations, although the platform lengths allow for six-car configurations. Line 2, The Xinyi and Tamsui Lines connect through to each other, during regular service hours, trains run alternatively on routes and. During rush hour, additional trains run on a route, Line 3, The Songshan and Xindian Lines connect through to each other. During regular service hours, trains run alternatively on routes and, during rush hour, additional trains run on a route. Line 4, The Xinzhuang and Luzhou Lines currently run on two routes, and. Line 5, The Nangang, Banqiao, and Tucheng Lines connect through to each other, during regular service hours, trains run alternatively on routes and. During rush hour, additional trains run on a route, Xiaobitan Branch Line, RFID single journey tokens and rechargeable IC cards are used to collect fares for day-to-day use, with the exception of group tickets and bicycle access tickets. Fares range from NT$20 to NT$65 with most locations accessible for around NT$20–30, beginning April 1,2011, senior citizens and physically challenged individuals will be entitled to a 50% discount on fares. The fare for the first 5 km on a ticket is NT$20. A 20% discount is taken with use of an IC card, the table below shows fare amounts versus distance
25.
U.S. Route 45
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U. S. Route 45 is a north–south United States highway. US45 is a route, from Lake Superior to the Gulf of Mexico. A sign at the northern terminus notes the total distance as 1,300 miles. US45 is notable for incorporating, in its alignment, the first paved road in the South. Let to contract in July 1914, the highway opened on November 15,1915. As of 2006, the northern terminus is in Ontonagon, Michigan, at the corner of Ontonagon and River Streets. M-64 formerly terminated there as well until its rerouting in October 2006 to use the newly built Ontonagon River Bridge and its southern terminus is in Mobile, Alabama, at an intersection with U. S. Route 98. US45 is concurrent with unsigned SR17 between Mobile and Vinegar Bend, just north of Deer Park, in Washington County, Alabama, from Vinegar Bend to the Mississippi state line, US45 is concurrent with unsigned SR57. U. S. Highway 45 is part of a hurricane evacuation route in Mississippi. At Brooksville, U. S.45 splits away from U. S.45 Alternate and serves the towns of Columbus and Aberdeen before rejoining U. S.45 Alternate south of Tupelo. The alternate roadway provides a direct and entirely four-laned route between Meridian and Tupelo, bypassing Columbus to the west and, more closely, Starkville to the east. Major junctions of U. S.45 in Mississippi include U. S. Route 84 at Waynesboro, Interstate 20/59 at Meridian, U. S. Route 82 at Columbus, Route 78 at Tupelo and U. S. Route 72 at Corinth. Each of these junctions is an interchange and, with the exception of Waynesboro, the Mississippi section of U. S.45 is defined at Mississippi Code Annotated § 65-3-3. From the Mississippi state line U. S.45 extends north past Selmer and Henderson and Jackson to Three Way, at Three Way, the highway splits into U. S. 45E and U. S. 45W. From Three Way to the northeast, U. S, mainline U. S.45, concurrent with U. S.51, continues north into Kentucky. U. S.45 enters Kentucky at Fulton then northeast past Mayfield then heads north into Paducah as a four-lane highway. In Paducah, U. S.45 serves as an artery, intersecting with Interstate 24 at exit 7. U. S.45 leaves Kentucky from Paducahs northern border across the two-lane, metal-grate Brookport Bridge to Brookport, Illinois across the Ohio River
26.
Chicago Sun-Times
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The Chicago Sun-Times is a daily newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. It is the paper of the Sun-Times Media Group. The Chicago Sun-Times is the oldest continuously published daily newspaper in the city and it began in 1844 as the Chicago Daily Journal, which was the first newspaper to publish the rumor, now believed false, that a cow owned by Catherine OLeary was responsible for the Chicago fire. The Evening Journal, whose West Side building at 17-19 S. Canal was undamaged, in 1929, the newspaper was relaunched as the Chicago Daily Illustrated Times. The modern paper grew out of the 1948 merger of the Chicago Sun, founded December 4,1941 by Marshall Field III, and the Chicago Daily Times. The newspaper was owned by Field Enterprises, controlled by the Marshall Field family, when the Daily News ended its run in 1978, much of its staff, including Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist Mike Royko, were moved to the Sun-Times. During the Field period, the newspaper had a populist, progressive character that leaned Democratic but was independent of the citys Democratic establishment, although the graphic style was urban tabloid, the paper was well regarded for journalistic quality and did not rely on sensational front-page stories. It typically ran articles from the Washington Post/Los Angeles Times wire service, the advice column Ask Ann Landers debuted in 1943. Ann Landers was the pseudonym of staff writer Ruth Crowley, who answered readers letters until 1955, eppie Lederer, sister of Dear Abby columnist Abigail van Buren, assumed the role thereafter as Ann Landers. Kups Column, written by Irv Kupcinet, also made its first appearance in 1943, Jack Olsen joined the Sun-Times as editor-in-chief in 1954, before moving on to Time and Sports Illustrated magazines and authoring true-crime books. Hired as literary editor in 1955 was Hoke Norris, who covered the civil-rights movement for the Sun-Times. Jerome Holtzman became a member of the Chicago Sun sports department after first being a boy for the Daily News in the 1940s. He and Edgar Munzel, another longtime sportswriter for the paper, famed for his World War II exploits, two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist Bill Mauldin made the Sun-Times his home base in 1962. The following year, Mauldin drew one of his most renowned illustrations, two years out of college, Roger Ebert became a staff writer in 1966, and a year later was named Sun-Times film critic. He continued in this role for the remainder of his life, after the friend wrote a story about it, Grizzard fired Banks. With that, the employees union intervened, a federal arbitrator ruled for Banks and 13 months later. The articles received considerable publicity and acclaim, but a nomination for the Pulitzer Prize met resistance from some who believed the Mirage series represented a form of entrapment. In March 1978, the afternoon publication the Chicago Daily News, sister paper of the Sun-Times
27.
Chicago Tribune
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The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by tronc, Inc. formerly Tribune Publishing. The Tribune was founded by James Kelly, John E. Wheeler, forrest, publishing its first edition on June 10,1847. The paper saw numerous changes in ownership and editorship over the eight years. Initially, the Tribune was not politically affiliated but tended to either the Whig or Free Soil parties against the Democrats in elections. By late 1853, it was frequently running xenophobic editorials that criticized foreigners, about this time it also became a strong proponent of temperance. Ray became editor-in-chief, Medill became the editor, and Alfred Cowles, Sr. brother of Edwin Cowles. Each purchased one third of the Tribune, under their leadership the Tribune distanced itself from the Know Nothings and became the main Chicago organ of the Republican Party. However, the continued to print anti-Catholic and anti-Irish editorials. Between 1858 and 1860, the paper was known as the Chicago Press & Tribune, on October 25,1860, it became the Chicago Daily Tribune. Before and during the American Civil War, the new editors pushed an abolitionist agenda and strongly supported Abraham Lincoln, the paper remained a force in Republican politics for years afterwards. In 1861, the Tribune published new lyrics for the song John Browns Body by William W. Patton, Medill served as mayor of Chicago for one term after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Under the 20th-century editorship of Colonel Robert R. Joseph McCarthy, when McCormick assumed the position of co-editor in 1910, the Tribune was the third-best-selling paper among Chicagos eight dailies, with a circulation of only 188,000. At the same time, the Tribune competed with the Hearst paper, by 1914, the cousins succeeded in forcing out Managing Editor William Keeley. By 1918, the Examiner was forced to merge with the Chicago Herald, in 1919, Patterson left the Tribune and moved to New York to launch his own newspaper, the New York Daily News. In a renewed war with Hearsts Herald-Examiner, McCormick and Hearst ran rival lotteries in 1922. The Tribune won the battle, adding 250,000 readers to its ranks, also in 1922, the Chicago Tribune hosted an international design competition for its new headquarters, the Tribune Tower. The competition worked brilliantly as a publicity stunt, and more than 260 entries were received, the winner was a neo-Gothic design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood. The newspaper sponsored an attempt at Arctic aviation in 1929
28.
Portable Document Format
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The Portable Document Format is a file format used to present documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, PDF was developed in the early 1990s as a way to share computer documents, including text formatting and inline images. It was among a number of competing formats such as DjVu, Envoy, Common Ground Digital Paper, Farallon Replica, in those early years before the rise of the World Wide Web and HTML documents, PDF was popular mainly in desktop publishing workflows. Adobe Systems made the PDF specification available free of charge in 1993 and these proprietary technologies are not standardized and their specification is published only on Adobe’s website. Many of them are not supported by popular third-party implementations of PDF. So when organizations publish PDFs which use proprietary technologies, they present accessibility issues for some users. In 2014, ISO TC171 voted to deprecate XFA for ISO 32000-2, on January 9,2017, the final draft for ISO 32000-2 was published, thus reaching the approval stage. The PDF combines three technologies, A subset of the PostScript page description programming language, for generating the layout, a font-embedding/replacement system to allow fonts to travel with the documents. A structured storage system to bundle these elements and any associated content into a single file, PostScript is a page description language run in an interpreter to generate an image, a process requiring many resources. It can handle graphics and standard features of programming such as if. PDF is largely based on PostScript but simplified to remove flow control features like these, often, the PostScript-like PDF code is generated from a source PostScript file. The graphics commands that are output by the PostScript code are collected and tokenized, any files, graphics, or fonts to which the document refers also are collected. Then, everything is compressed to a single file, therefore, the entire PostScript world remains intact. PDF supports graphic transparency, PostScript does not, PostScript is an interpreted programming language with an implicit global state, so instructions accompanying the description of one page can affect the appearance of any following page. Therefore, all preceding pages in a PostScript document must be processed to determine the appearance of a given page. A PDF file is a 7-bit ASCII file, except for elements that may have binary content. A PDF file starts with a header containing the magic number, the format is a subset of a COS format. A COS tree file consists primarily of objects, of which there are eight types, Boolean values, representing true or false Numbers Strings, enclosed within parentheses, objects may be either direct or indirect
29.
The Plane Train
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The Plane Train is an automated people mover at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport that transports passengers between the terminals and the airside concourses. The system is the worlds most heavily traveled airport APM, with 64 million riders as of 2002, the Plane Train opened along with the current airport terminal on September 21,1980. The system was built by Westinghouse Electric and Adtranz, who supplied the systems initial fleet of C-100 vehicles. The initial system consisted of the six stations from the terminal up to Concourse D, in 1994, the system was extended with a new station for Concourse E and trains lengthened from three cars to four. In 2002, Bombardier Transportation, which had recently acquired Adtranz, having operated without an official name since its opening, the system was officially given its current name of The Plane Train on August 10,2010. In 2012, the Maynard Holbrook Jackson, Jr. International Terminal, ten additional vehicles were added to the system to accommodate this expansion, bringing the total number of Innovia APM100 vehicles in the systems fleet to 59. The Plane Train operates in two tunnels bracketing the pedestrian walkway in the airports Transportation Mall, displays on the platforms announce the time of arrival for the next train and its destination. Each door on the platform also has a set of red lights flash alternately to warn that the doors are closing. Inside the trains, color displays provide information in eight languages as well as information about dining and shopping options in the concourses. Audible announcements deliver station information and warn passengers of the trains movements, the messages use the NATO phonetic alphabet to identify each concourse station. For example, the message announcing Concourse B says, Welcome aboard the Plane Train, the next stop is for B Gates. The one exception to this is Concourse D, which is identified by David rather than Delta to avoid confusion with Delta Air Lines, the audio announcements on the Plane Train have been delivered by five different voices throughout its history. Originally, the featured a computer-generated male voice. This was later replaced with a male voice in conjunction with the extension to Concourse E in 1994, at the same time. New announcements that debuted in 2002 when the vehicles were replaced did away with the effects and were provided by local voice talent Bill Murray. The current announcements, which debuted in March 2012, are provided by voice actress Sharon Feingold and they are the first to not use the word concourse, instead referring to the concourse stations with the word gates, e. g. They also added the name of the train, returned sound effects, while the in-vehicle voice changed throughout the years, the male voice continued to be used in the stations during 1994–2002 to alert passengers when the doors close, by stating, Careful. Doors are closing and will not reopen, please wait for the next train, after a chime plays
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ATL SkyTrain
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The ATL SkyTrain is an automated people mover at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport that runs between its terminals and rental car center. The system opened on December 8,2009 to connect the terminals with the newly-opened rental car center. Unlike The Plane Train, which is underground inside the zone of the airport. The ride between the terminal and the rental car center takes 5 minutes, with a two and a half minute wait at each station, the station at the terminal is located on the west end of the Domestic Terminal, adjacent to MARTAs Airport station. The system uses Mitsubishi Crystal Mover vehicles, there are 12 cars that run as six two-car trains, plus one maintenance vehicle. The vehicles are stored and maintained at a facility near the rental car center
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DFW Skylink
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Skylink is an automated people mover system operating at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. It is an application of the Bombardier Innovia APM200 system manufactured by Bombardier Transportation, when it opened, it was the worlds largest airport train system. Sixty-four Skylink trains are in service at DFW, Skylink was developed as a replacement for the Airtrans APM, the airports original people mover system that connected airport facilities and parking lots. As DFW became a large connecting hub for flights, Airtrans was inefficient in moving passengers, the system made its public debut at DFW International Airport on June 25,2004 when it began a rigorous testing period. It was opened to the public on May 21,2005, Skylink trains run every two minutes and travel at speeds up to 35–37 mph. The Skylink system is airside at DFW, serving passengers connecting between flights, there is no need to leave security and be re-screened when switching terminals. The system is only accessible airside and cannot be accessed by those not arriving at DFW or who have not cleared security, arriving International passengers who are connecting clear US CBP formalities and are then security screened before access to the terminals. Departing international passengers connecting from domestic or pre-cleared international flights do not need to be re-screened, the longest trip between farthest stations is 9 minutes with an average 5 minute journey. This allows most passengers to make a connection from any one flight to another in around seven minutes, not including walking time to, the concrete and steel guideway for Skylink was constructed above the terminals on 375 columns in a 4.8 mile long bi-directional loop. The inner track travels clockwise and the track travels counter-clockwise. Each of the five current terminals contains 2 stations which are accessed on the secure side, unlike the previous Airtrans APM system, Skylink only connects terminals and does not travel to the airports parking lots or rental car facility. The stations contain four sets of doors on platform, with only the front 2 currently in operation pending future increased demand. Two more stations can be constructed for a sixth terminal if it is built, the Innovia APM200 technology is also used at London Heathrow International Airports T5 terminal as well as the PHX Sky Train. During severe weather, SkyLink service will be suspended, requiring long walks in between gates and exiting security in order to access Terminal E, official DFW International Airport site – SkyLink Video of Skylink
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ExpressTram
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The ExpressTram is an automated people mover system operating at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, in Romulus, Michigan, USA. The driverless system transports passengers along Concourse A of the airports Edward H. McNamara Terminal, Detroit Metro Airport serves as the second largest hub for Delta Air Lines, after Atlanta. The ExpressTram entered service when the McNamara Terminal opened on February 24,2002, the system was custom designed by Poma-Otis Transportation Systems, a joint venture between Otis Elevator Company and Poma that has since been dissolved. Installation was performed by Otis, who operates and maintains the system. The system operates 21 feet above the floor, and it consists of two cable-driven trams that ride upon an air-cushion, similar to a hovercraft. Each tram is made up of two cars and can carry up to 208 passengers at a time, the track, referred to as a guideway in the APM industry, is over 3,700 feet long. The system also has informational displays located in the stations and throughout the entire concourse and these information boards include a LED track display that shows the location of the two trams, and the amount of time until the next tram departs from the closest station. The ExpressTram services three stations along Concourse A, the stations at the ends of the concourse are appropriately named the North Station and the South Station. The center station serves gates A29-A55, Luggage Claim, Ground Transportation, a maintenance garage lies beyond the North Station. The systems primary infrastructure consists of a single guide-way with a bypass, when approaching the Center station, one tram veers off from the main guideway into the bypass, allowing the two trams to pass each other. The bypass reconnects to the portion of the guideway beyond the center station. Operating software attempts to keep the trams synchronized, so that the trams arrive at the Center Station simultaneously, but this is not essential
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Skyway (George Bush Intercontinental Airport)
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Skyway is a people mover system operating at George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston, Texas. The system is 0.7 miles long, and runs along the side of the airport. The system serves all of the airports five terminals, with four stations at Terminal A, Terminal B, Terminal C, Skyway is one of two people movers currently operating at Bush Intercontinental Airport. The other people mover opened in 1969 and is known as the Subway, the system uses Bombardier Innovia APM100 people mover vehicles, which are powered from a 600-volt third rail. There are a total of 12 vehicles in the system, and each vehicle travels at 30 mph, the same type of vehicles are also found at Denver International Airport, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, San Francisco International Airport, and Tampa International Airport. The TerminaLink system opened on May 24,1999 as a 0.1 mile line with two stations, connecting Terminal C and Terminal B with a building for the rail vehicles between the two terminals. The system was funded by Continental Airlines at a cost of US $58 million, construction was completed in a total of 30 months and was the last phase of Continentals US $200 million airport expansion project. In 2001, the system was expanded 0.6 mile from Terminal C to Terminal D, the electrical work for the expansion was supervised by TAG Electric Company who installed over 71 miles of cables and wires for the project. The airport has expanded the line to Terminal A at a cost of US $100 million, in 2015, the airport updated its branding. As part of the initiative, TerminaLink and the Inter-terminal Train were renamed to Skyway and Subway, the new names refer to each APMs location, Skyway is the elevated track, while Subway is underground. This was intended to make it easier for travelers to differentiate the two lines, Skyway vehicles also received blue and green body wraps with the new name
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Miami International Airport
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Miami International Airport, also known as MIA and historically Wilcox Field, is the primary airport serving the Miami area, United States. It is South Floridas main airport for international flights. Miami International is also one of only eight U. S. airports to accommodate the Airbus A380 jumbo jet and it is a focus airport for Avianca, Frontier Airlines, and LATAM, both for passengers and cargo operations. Miami International Airport has passenger and cargo flights to cities throughout the Americas, Europe and Western Asia, as well as cargo flights to East Asia. In the past, it has been a hub for Braniff International Airways, Eastern Air Lines, Air Florida, the original National Airlines, the original Pan Am, United Airlines, Iberia and Fine Air. In 2011 the airport ranked first in the United States by percentage of international flights and second by volume of international passengers, in 2016,44,901,753 passengers traveled through the airport, making the airport the 23rd-busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic. The airport also ranks as the 10th busiest airport in the United States by annual passenger count and is the busiest airport in the state of Florida, the airport also handled more international cargo than any other airport in the United States. For the World War II and United States Air Force Reserve use of the airport, Pan American World Airways opened an expanded facility adjacent to City Airport, Pan American Field, in 1928. Pan American Field was built on 116 acres of land on 36th Street and was the only airport in the eastern United States that had port of entry facilities. Its runways were located around the threshold of todays Runway 26R, Eastern Airlines began to serve Pan American Field in 1931, followed by National Airlines in 1936. National used a terminal on the side of LeJeune Road from the airport. In 1945 the City of Miami established a Port Authority and raised bond revenue to purchase Pan American Field and it merged with the Army airfield south of the railroad in 1949 and expanded further in 1951 when the railroad line was moved south to make room. The old terminal on 36th Street was closed in 1959 when the passenger terminal opened. Nonstop flights to Chicago and Newark started in late 1946, but nonstops didnt reach west beyond St. Louis, nonstop transatlantic flights began in 1970. In the late 1970s and early 1980s Air Florida had a hub at MIA, Air Florida ceased operations in 1982 after the crash of Air Florida Flight 90. British Airways flew a Concorde triweekly between Miami and London via Washington, D. C. from 1984 to 1991, in the midst of Easterns turmoil American Airlines CEO Bob Crandall sought a new hub in order to utilize new aircraft which AA had on order. AA studies indicated that Delta Air Lines would provide strong competition on most routes from Easterns hub at Atlanta, American announced that it would establish a base at MIA in August 1988. The effort quickly proved futile, and American purchased the routes in a liquidation of Eastern which was completed in 1990, later in the 1990s, American transferred more employees and equipment to MIA from its failed domestic hubs at Nashville and Raleigh–Durham
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MIA Mover
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The MIA Mover is an automated people mover system which opened at the Miami International Airport in metropolitan Miami, Florida, United States on September 9,2011. The MIA Mover is one of three separate automated people movers operating at the airport, the others are the Skytrain, and the people mover connecting Concourse Es satellite building. On March 2,2009, ground was broken for the project. Costing an estimated million to complete, the 1.27 miles link travels east from the MIA Station, to Central Boulevard and finally to NW 21st Street. The ride lasts three minutes. The concrete guideways are generally elevated an average of 40 feet above grade and are supported by concrete piers every 120 feet, the vehicles used are Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Movers. The MIA Mover has two stations, the MIC Station and the MIA Station, MIC Station The MIC Station is the eastern terminus of the line located on the fourth floor of the Miami Intermodal Center. The station is being constructed by FDOT, MIA Station The MIA Station is the western terminus of the line located on the third floor of the main terminal building between the Flamingo and Dolphin Parking Garages. Constructed by MDAD, a storage and maintenance facility for the APM vehicles is located beneath the MIA Station, MIA Mover APM, A Fixed Facilities Design-Build Perspective. Automated People Movers,2009, Connecting People, Connecting Places, Connecting Modes, Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference, May 31-June 3,2009, Atlanta, Georgia
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AirTrain JFK
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AirTrain JFK is a 3-line,8. 1-mile-long people mover system and elevated railway in New York City providing a 24/7 service to John F. Kennedy International Airport. It is operated by Bombardier Transportation under contract to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the service operates all day, year-round. A railroad link to JFK Airport had been proposed since 1968 as part of the Program for Action, from the 1970s to the early 1990s, various plans surfaced to try to build such a link. In 1995, the current people-mover system started construction, the system opened on December 17,2003, with connections to the New York City Subway and Long Island Rail Road. The Program for Action contained a plan to extend the Long Island Rail Road to the airport and this plan would have been implemented under Phase 2 of expansion. It ran from 1978 through 1990, transporting passengers to Howard Beach via subway, for many years, shuttle buses were also used to transport passengers even between the different terminals of the airport, within JFKs Central Terminal Area. There had long been a desire for a connection to JFK Airport. However, efforts to build a system took time to bear fruit, the original line was to begin in Midtown Manhattan at the foot of the Queensboro Bridge and cross the East River via the side roads, formerly used by trolley cars, on the lower level. It would then use the Sunnyside Yards as a right-of-way towards LaGuardia Airport, from there, the AirTrain would connect to the LIRRs former Rockaway Beach Branch, head south to Howard Beach and then go onto JFK Airport. Another suggestion proposed bypassing the LIRR line and instead following the Grand Central Parkway and Van Wyck Expressway south towards Jamaica, the line between LaGuardia/JFK and Manhattan was canceled in May 1995, at which time the JFK Airport connection was proposed to be a 7. 5-mile monorail. Eventually, the Port Authority decided on a rail system, with the qualities of a people mover. The new set of extensions proposed by the RPA, dubbed MetroLink, consisted of 31 new metro stations,3 recycled commuter rail stations, ultimately, only the portions linking Jamaica and Howard Beach to JFK Airport were approved and built. The project, as a whole, also faced criticism from southeast Queens residents who feared the project could become a boondoggle, residents were also concerned about the noise that an elevated structure would create, which was a main factor in the cancellation of the LaGuardia Airport connection. The $1.9 billion AirTrain system was financed in part by a federal Passenger Facility Charge, the use of this funding required FAA approval. Several airlines challenged the use of the PFC funds for this project and they also appealed the funding decision in court along with a small number of Ozone Park residents. The airlines subsequently withdrew from the following negotiations with the Port Authority while the residents continued the legal battle. The Port Authority also contributed $100 million toward the renovation of the Jamaica LIRR station, the purpose of this renovation was, in part, to facilitate AirTrain connections. The state also spent $75 million to renovate the Howard Beach station and this would provide faster service to JFK via a one-seat ride and LIRR service to Lower Manhattan via a transfer at Jamaica
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AirTrain Newark
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The monorail opened in 1996 and initially served only as an airport circulator, a service which allows passengers to transfer between airport terminals or concourses. The monorail track was refurbished and extended to the NEC, with construction beginning in 1997, the system reopened for service on October 21,2000. When first opened in 1996 a fleet of 12 six-car Bombardier trains ran on the network and it has expanded to 18 six-car trains. The contract to build the system was awarded to Von Roll AG, but the project was finished by Adtranz, who acquired Von Rolls monorail division while the system was being built. Adtranz was later acquired by Bombardier Transportation, who continues to operate the AirTrain under contract to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, AirTrain service was suspended from May 1,2014, for 75 days, until mid-July, to allow repairs. Repairs were completed early, and the service re-opened on July 3, the system has a projected lifespan of 25 years. In April 2015, the PANYNJ suggested that work to replace the system would cost $40 million in consultant. The train is free, except to and from the Amtrak/New Jersey Transit station, in that case, the fare is included in the price of the train ticket. New Jersey Transit monthly pass holders must pay an extra $5.50 to ride AirTrain, the AirTrain has three major stations within the airport, one for each main terminal. These stations sit on top of the terminal buildings, there are four other stations for the parking lots and rental car facilities plus an eighth at the Northeast Corridor. Automated announcements recorded by traffic reporter Bernie Wagenblast tell riders which airlines can be found in each terminal, in 2007, the average daily paid ridership was 4,930
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