1.
Molde Idrettspark
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Molde idrettspark, until 1998 known as Molde stadion, is a multi-purpose stadium located in Molde, Norway. It serves as the ground for the athletics team IL Molde-Olymp. Prior to the 1998 opening of Aker Stadion it also served as the ground for Molde FKs Norwegian Premier League team. The stadium opened on 28 August 1955 and has a capacity for 15,000 spectators, the venue opened on 28 August 1955 in a league match between Molde FK and Kristiansund FK, with the home team winning 1–0. Until then Molde FK had been playing their games at Rivalbanen, Molde played in the top league, the Main League in 1958, after which the stadium was not used for top-level football again until Molde was promoted to the 1974 Norwegian First Division. That year saw an expansion of the terraces, the seated stand was built by the club in the mid-1980s. However, the costs were too much for the club to bear and was a factor to the clubs near bankruptcy in 1991. The record attendance of 14,615 dates from a 1987 match against Moss FK, the A-team moved to Molde Stadion in 1998
2.
Molde
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Molde is a city and municipality in Romsdal in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The municipality is located on the Romsdal Peninsula, surrounding the Fannefjord and Moldefjord, the city is located on the northern shore of the Romsdalsfjord. Other main population centers in the municipality include Hjelset, Kleive, Molde has a maritime, temperate climate, with cool-to-warm summers, and relatively mild winters. The city is nicknamed The Town of Roses and it is an old settlement which emerged as a trading post in the late Middle Ages. Formal trading rights were introduced in 1614, and the city was incorporated through a charter in 1742. The citys current location dates from the medieval period, but is preceded by the early medieval township on Veøya. However, settlement in the area can be traced further back in time—evidence given by two rock slabs carved with petroglyphs found at Bjørset, west of the city center. At the eve of the 15th century, the influence of Veøy waned, the town gained formal trading rights in 1614. During the Swedish occupation of Middle Norway, 1658–1660, after Denmark-Norways devastating defeat in the Northern Wars, after the rebellion and liberation in 1660, Molde became the administrative center of Romsdalen Amt and was incorporated through a royal charter in 1742. Molde continued to grow throughout the 18th and 19th Centuries, becoming a center for Norwegian textile, tourism later became a major industry, and Molde saw notabilities such as the German emperor Wilhelm II of Germany and the Prince of Wales as regular summer visitors. Molde consisted of luxurious hotels surrounding an idyllic township with quaint, wooden houses, lush gardens and parks, esplanades and pavilions and this was interrupted when one third of the city was destroyed in a fire on 21 January 1916. However, Molde recovered and continued to grow in the economically difficult interbellum period, a second fire, or series of fires, struck from the German air-raids in April and May 1940, which destroyed about two thirds of the town. They were put up at Glomstua, then at the outskirt of the town. The Norwegian gold reserve was also conveyed to Molde, and was hidden in a clothing factory, however, German intelligence was well aware of this, and on April 25 the Luftwaffe initiated a series of air-raids. For a week the air-raid siren on the chimney of the dairy building announced the repeated attacks, April 29 turned out to be the worst day in the history of Molde, as the city was transformed into a sea of flames by incendiary bombs. Until then the church had escaped undamaged, but in the final sortie a firebomb got stuck high up in the tower, after World War II, Molde experienced tremendous growth. The city of Molde was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838. It was surrounded by the municipality of Bolsøy
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Molde FK
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Molde Fotballklubb is a football club from Molde, Norway, that currently plays in the Tippeligaen, the Norwegian top division. Founded on 19 June 1911, Molde was originally known as International, Molde are three-time league champions and four-time Norwegian Cup winners, and have finished 2nd in the league a further seven times. Molde is one of only two Norwegian clubs to have participated in the UEFA Champions League and its home matches are played at Aker Stadion, which has a maximum capacity of 11,800. The stadium was inaugurated in 1998, and was a gift from the local businessmen Kjell Inge Røkke, the club was formerly based at Molde stadion, which hosted the clubs record attendance of 14,615. Moldes supporter club is called Tornekrattet and were started after the 1994 Cup Final victory, until the beginning of the 1970s, the club mainly played in local lower division leagues, except for a short visit in the Hovedserien in the 1957–58 season. In 1974 Molde was back in the top division and finished second in the league, Molde also finished second in the league in 1987, when the club lost the championship to Moss in the decisive match of the season. The club was the first professional club of former Manchester United player Ole Gunnar Solskjær, in his first season as manager, which also was the clubs centenary season, Molde won the league championship for the first time. The next season Solskjær and Molde retained the championship, Today the club has approximately 900 members and around 55 teams in three departments. Molde FK was founded on 19 June 1911 by a group gathered by Klaus Daae Andersen, the same year, on 5 August, the club played its first competitive match. The match away against Kristiansund ended 2–2, the rising interest and activity in football in neighbouring towns caused the club to change its name to Molde Fotballklubb in 1915. Jan Fuglset, Torkild Brakstad, and Harry Hestad, amongst others, the club played in local lower leagues, except for a short visit to the top division in the 1957–58 season. In 1970, Molde was promoted to the tier and played there for three seasons until its promotion to the First Division with a 5–1 win against Sogndal Fotball in Sogndal on 16 September 1973. Molde shocked the clubs in their first season of the Norwegian First Division. Before the last match, Molde would win the league if they beat Sarpsborg, both Molde and Viking won their last match, so Molde won the silver medals, one point behind Viking. Since then, Molde has generally stayed in the top division and has one of the nations leading clubs. The club has produced a number of national team players. Between 1978 and 1984, Molde did not play on the level in two consecutive years. Molde was relegated from the First Division in every even-numbered year, in fact, Molde and Brann did not play at the same level these years, as Brann were promoted when Molde was relegated and the other way around
5.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
6.
Norwegian krone
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The krone, plural kroner, is the currency of Norway and its dependent territories. It is subdivided into 100 øre, which exist only electronically since 2012, the name translates into English as crown. The krone was the thirteenth most traded currency in the world by value in April 2010, the krone was introduced in 1875, replacing the Norwegian speciedaler/spesidaler at a rate of 4 kroner =1 speciedaler. In doing so, Norway joined the Scandinavian Monetary Union, which had established in 1873. After its dissolution, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden all decided to keep the names of their respective, within the Scandinavian Monetary Union, the krone was on a gold standard of 2,480 kroner =1 kilogram of pure gold. This gold standard was restored between 1916 and 1920 and again in 1928 and it was suspended permanently in 1931, when a peg to the British pound of 19.9 kroner =1 pound was established. In 1939, Norway pegged the krone temporarily to the U. S. dollar at a rate of 4.4 kroner =1 dollar, nonetheless, Norway would continue to hold the Kingdoms gold reserves. During the German occupation in the Second World War, the krone was initially pegged to the Reichsmark at a rate of 1 krone =0.6 Reichsmark, after the war, a rate of 20 kroner =1 pound was established. The rate to the pound was maintained in 1949, when the pound devalued relative to the U. S. dollar, in 1875, coins were introduced in denominations of 10 and 50 øre and 1 and 10 kroner. These coins also bore the denomination in the currency, as 3,15. Between 1875 and 1878, the new coinage was introduced in full, in denominations of 1,2,5,10,25, and 50 øre and 1,2, and 10 kroner. The 1,2, and 5 øre were struck in bronze, the 10,25, and 50 øre and 1 and 2 kroner, in silver, the last gold coins were issued in 1910, silver was replaced by cupro-nickel from 1920. Between 1917 and 1921, iron replaced bronze. 1917 also saw the last issuance of 2 kroner coins, during the German occupation in the Second World War, zinc was used in place of cupro-nickel in 10,25, and 50 øre coins, and production of the 1 krone piece was suspended. In 1963,5 kroner coins were introduced, production of 1 and 2 øre coins ceased in 1972. The following year, the size of the 5 øre coin was reduced, production of the denomination ceased in 1982, ten-kroner coins were introduced in 1983. In 1992, the last 10 øre coins were minted, between 1994 and 1998, a new coinage was introduced, consisting of 50 øre,1,5,10, and 20 kroner. These are the coins which are currently legal tender, with the exception of the 50-øre coin which was withdrawn on 1 May 2012
7.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
8.
Eliteserien (football)
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Eliteserien is a Norwegian professional league for association football clubs. At the top of the Norwegian football league system, it is the primary football competition. Before 1937, there was no league competition in Norway, only regional leagues. Starting in 1937–38, the regional leagues in Southern Norway were aligned into eight districts. There were plans at the time to merge the district leagues into a competition, but because of World War II. This format was in place from the 1948–49 season until 1960–61, the 1961–62 season became a transitional season, where the 16 top-flight teams were placed in a single group, playing a season that lasted 18 months. Officially still known as Hovedserien, the 1961–62 season became known as Maratonserien because of its unusual length. In 1963, a top division containing ten teams was introduced. The league was expanded to 12 teams in 1972, in 1990, the league was renamed Tippeligaen, after Norsk Tipping which has been the main sponsor of the league since then. However, unofficially the league was known as 1. And ahead of the 1991-season it was decided to let the second league of Norwegian football inherit the name 1. Divisjon to help Tippeligaen establish as a brand, in 1995, Tippeligaen was expanded to 14 teams, and in 2009 it was further expanded to 16 teams. Starting with the 2017 season the league will be called Eliteserien after NFF decided to drop the sponsor name from the name of the league after the 2016 season. An important note is that teams from Northern Norway were not allowed to gain promotion to the top division before 1972, in 1979 teams from Northern Norway were given the same promotion rights as the rest of the country. During the course of a season, each plays the others twice, home and away, for a total of 30 games for each club. The season starts in March and lasts until early November, rounds played during the weekends are broken up into one game on Fridays, two games on Saturdays and five games on Sundays. For the final two rounds, all games start simultaneously so that no club may gain an advantage by knowing the results of other games in advance of kicking off their own. The 16 May round, which is played the day before Norways Constitution Day,17 May, is one of the most anticipated rounds of the season
9.
Rosenborg BK
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Rosenborg Ballklub is a Norwegian professional football club from Trondheim that plays in the Eliteserien. Rosenborg is Norways most successful team, having won a record 24 league titles, eleven Norwegian Football Cup titles, RBK play their home games at the all-seater Lerkendal Stadion which has a capacity of 21,400. Kåre Ingebrigtsen was appointed coach in July 2014. The club was founded as Odd in 1917 but were not allowed to play league matches until 1928. They reached the League of Norway in 1937–38, but were relegated to lower divisions during the 1940s, the club moved to Lerkendal in 1957 and their first title was the 1960 Cup, resulting in their first participation in a UEFA tournament. It was not until the 1960s that RBK was established as Trondheims leading football team, in 1967 RBK was promoted to the top league where they, except for the 1978 season, have remained ever since. They won three titles between 1967 and 1971. The clubs golden era started with the 1985 league title, from 1991 through 2004 the team won 13 consecutive titles,10 under manager Nils Arne Eggen. During this period, they participated in the group stage of Champions League 11 times. On 19 May 1917,12 young men from Rosenborg in Trondheim founded Sportsklubben Odd, the name Odd was a tribute to Odd of Skien, the most successful team in Norway at the time. Odd spent their first few years playing against other teams before attempting to join the regional series in 1920. As with most of the clubs formed at the time. Since many of players also played for the bigger teams. As the years went by, disillusioned players began leaving the club, a year later they were set for entry into the Football Association of Norway, but their entry was blocked as the association refused to have two member clubs with the same name. The club therefore took on its current name, Rosenborg Ballklub, Rosenborg is a mainly residential area in Trondheim. Rosenborg enjoyed little success at first, moving constantly between the divisions of the regional series. Yet their performance was improving and in 1931 the team qualified for the highest level and it was also at this time that Rosenborg started planning for a new home ground at Lerkendal, although this project was not completed until after World War II. In 1960 Rosenborg progressed all the way to the cup final where they faced Odd and it took a rematch to decide the winner, but Rosenborg were able to claim their first trophy
10.
Norway national football team
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The Norway mens national football team represents Norway in international association football and is controlled by the Football Association of Norway, the governing body for football in Norway. Norways home ground is Ullevaal Stadion in Oslo and their coach is Lars Lagerbäck. It is, as of March 2017, ranked by FIFA as the 81st best national team in the world, Norway has participated three times in the FIFA World Cup, and once in the UEFA European Championship. Norway is also notable as the national team that has never lost any of the matches it has played against Brazil. In four matches played, Norway has a 2–0–2 record against Brazil, Norways performances in international football have usually been weaker than those of their Scandinavian neighbours Sweden and Denmark, but they did have a golden age in the late 1930s. An Olympic team achieved third place in the 1936 Olympics, after beating the hosts Germany earlier in the tournament, Norway also qualified for the 1938 FIFA World Cup, where they lost 2–1 after extra time against eventual champions Italy. This turned out to be Norways last World Cup finals appearance in 56 years, in the post-war years, up to and including the 1980s, Norway was usually considered as one of the weaker nations in Europe. They never qualified for a World Cup or European Championship in this period, Norway had their most successful period from 1990 to 1998 under the legendary coach Egil Drillo Olsen. At its height in the mid-90s the team was ranked second on the FIFA World Rankings. In the 1994 World Cup in the United States, Norway was knocked out at the stage after a win against Mexico, a defeat against Italy. Former under-21 coach Nils Johan Semb replaced Olsen after the retirement of the latter. Under Sembs guidance, Norway qualified for Euro 2000, which remains their last finals appearance to date, Semb resigned at the end of an unsuccessful qualifying campaign in 2003, and was replaced by Åge Hareide. Under Hareide, Norway came close to reaching both the 2006 World Cup and Euro 2008, but ultimately fell short on both occasions, then, in 2008, it all fell apart as Norway failed to win a single game the entire calendar year. Hareide resigned at the end of 2008 and his replacement, initially on a temporary basis, was the returning Egil Olsen, who began his second spell in charge with an away win against Germany, and subsequently signed a three-year contract. Olsen resigned in September 2013 after Norway lost at home to Switzerland and he was replaced with Per-Mathias Høgmo. Norways best single result is arguably the 2–1 win against Brazil on 23 June 1998 in the World Cup group stage, Norway is in fact the only team in the world that has played against Brazil and never lost. In its four matches all-time against Brazil, Norway have won twice, Norway used the national flag on a white circle as their badge from the 1920s onwards. In May 2008 the NFF unveiled a new crest, a Viking-style Dragon wrapped around the NFF logo, after massive public pressure the crest was dropped
11.
Saudi Arabia national football team
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The Saudi Arabia national football team represents Saudi Arabia in international football. The teams colours are green, and white, Saudi Arabia are known as Al-Suqour, and Al-Akhdhar. In the 1994 World Cup under the leadership of Jorge Solari, Saudi Arabia was dismissed in the first round of the next three Cup tournaments. The following players have also called up to the Saudi Arabia squad within the last 12 months. Notes, SUS Player suspended INJ Player withdrew from the due to an injury RET Retired from the national team Updated 10 August 2015. As of 23 March 2017 Saudi Arabia FA official website Saudi Arabia national football team website Saudi Arabia in fifaworldcup. com
12.
UEFA Champions League
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The UEFA Champions League is an annual continental club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations and contested by top-division European clubs. It is one of the most prestigious tournaments in the world, the UEFA Champions League final is the most watched annual sporting event worldwide. The final of the 2012–13 tournament had the highest TV ratings to date, the pre-1992 competition was initially a straight knockout tournament open only to the champion club of each country. During the 1990s, the format was expanded, incorporating a round-robin group stage to include clubs that finished runner-up of some nations top-level league. Clubs that finish next-in-line in each top level league, having not qualified for the UEFA Champions League competition. In its present format, the UEFA Champions League begins in mid-July with three qualifying rounds and a play-off round. The 10 surviving teams enter the stage, joining 22 other teams qualified in advance. The 32 teams are drawn into eight groups of four teams, the eight group winners and eight runners-up proceed to the knockout phase that culminates with the final match in May. The winner of the UEFA Champions League qualifies for the UEFA Super Cup, Real Madrid is the most successful club in the competitions history, having won the tournament 11 times, including its first five seasons. Spanish clubs have accumulated the highest number of victories, followed by England, the competition has been won by 22 different clubs,12 of which have won it more than once. Since the tournament changed name and structure in 1992, no club has managed consecutive wins, Milan were the last holders to defend their title. The reigning champions are Real Madrid, who secured their title in the competition after defeating Atlético Madrid on penalties following a 1–1 draw in the 2016 final. The first pan-European tournament was the Challenge Cup, a competition between clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Mitropa Cup, a competition modelled after the Challenge Cup, was created in 1927, an idea of Austrian Hugo Meisl, and played between Central European clubs. In 1930, the Coupe des Nations, the first attempt to create a cup for national clubs of Europe, was played and organised by Swiss club Servette. Held in Geneva, it brought together ten champions from across the continent, the tournament was won by Újpest of Hungary. Latin European nations came together to form the Latin Cup in 1949 and it was conceived in Paris in 1955 as the European Champion Clubs Cup. The first edition of the European Cup took place during the 1955–56 season, the first European Cup match took place on 4 September 1955, and ended in a 3–3 draw between Sporting CP and Partizan. The first goal in European Cup history was scored by João Baptista Martins of Sporting CP, the inaugural final took place at the Parc des Princes between Stade de Reims and Real Madrid
13.
Aker ASA
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Aker ASA is a Norwegian holding company engaged in offshore fishing, construction and engineering. The company is listed on Oslo Stock Exchange and is controlled by Kjell Inge Røkke with 66. 66% ownership through TRG Holding, the corporate headquarters are located in Oslo, Norway. The company was established in 2004 and it takes its name from the former Akers mekaniske Verksted, which was closed in 1982. In 1987 one of the companies split off from the shipyard merged with Norcem. The cement business was sold in 1999, Kjell Inge Røkke used his investment company Resource Group International to purchase large amounts of Aker shares, and merged the two companies in 1996 to form Aker RGI. Kværner had been through major economical trouble due to a bad market in the late 1990s because of the low oil price, after the merger the holding company changed its name back to just Aker. In 2007, as part of the Aker Material Handling group of companies, Constructor/Dexion was sold to the Swedish finance investor Altor Equity Partners
14.
Artificial turf
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Artificial turf is a surface of synthetic fibers made to look like natural grass. It is most often used in arenas for sports that were originally or are played on grass. However, it is now being used on lawns and commercial applications as well. The main reason is maintenance—artificial turf stands up to use, such as in sports. Domed, covered, and partially covered stadiums may require artificial turf because of the difficulty of getting enough sunlight to stay healthy. But artificial turf does have its downside, limited life, periodic cleaning requirements, petroleum use, toxic chemicals from infill, artificial turf first gained substantial attention in the 1960s, when it was used in the newly constructed Astrodome. The specific product used was developed by Monsanto and called AstroTurf, AstroTurf remains a registered trademark, but is no longer owned by Monsanto. The first generation systems of the 1960s have been largely replaced by the second generation. That accomplishment led Sports Illustrated to declare Chaney as the man responsible for major league baseball. Artificial turf was first installed in 1964 on a school recreation area in Rhode Island. The material came to prominence in 1966, when AstroTurf was installed in the Astrodome in Houston. The use of AstroTurf and similar surfaces became widespread in the U. S. and Canada in the early 1970s, more than 11,000 artificial turf playing fields have been installed nationally. More than 1,200 were installed in the U. S. in 2013 alone, maintaining a grass playing surface indoors, while technically possible, is prohibitively expensive. Artificial turf was first used in Major League Baseball in the Houston Astrodome in 1966, for most of the 1965 season, the Astros played on green-painted dirt and dead grass. The solution was to install a new type of grass on the field, ChemGrass. Because the supply of AstroTurf was still low, only a limited amount was available for the first home game, there was not enough for the entire outfield, but there was enough to cover the traditional grass portion of the infield. The outfield remained painted dirt until after the All-Star Break, the team was sent on an extended road trip before the break, and on 19 July 1966, the installation of the outfield portion of AstroTurf was completed. The Chicago White Sox became the first team to install artificial turf in a stadium, as they used it in the infield
15.
Prime Minister of Norway
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For a list, see List of heads of government of Norway. The Prime Minister of Norway is the leader of Norway. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to the Storting, to their political party, and ultimately the electorate. In practice, since it is impossible for a government to stay in office against the will of the Storting. Norway has a Constitution, which was adopted on 17 May 1814, the position of Prime Minister is the result of legislation. As of 2017, the Prime Minister of Norway is Erna Solberg, unlike their counterparts in the rest of Europe, Norwegian Prime Ministers do not have the option of advising the King to dissolve the Storting and call a snap election. The Constitution requires that the Storting serve out its full four-year term, if the Prime Minister loses the confidence of the Storting, he or she must resign. As of 2015 six former Prime Ministers are alive, Odvar Nordli born 3 November 1927, kåre Willoch born 3 October 1928, served 1981–1986. Gro Harlem Brundtland born 20 April 1939, served 1981, 1986–1989, kjell Magne Bondevik born 3 September 1947, served 1997–2000 and 2001–2005. Thorbjørn Jagland born 5 November 1950, served 1996–1997, jens Stoltenberg born 16 March 1959, served 2000–2001 and 2005–2013. List of Prime Ministers of Norway Regjeringskvartalet Government Official Homepage
16.
Kjell Magne Bondevik
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Kjell Magne Bondevik is a Norwegian Lutheran minister and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Norway from 1997 to 2000, currently, he is President of the Oslo Centre for Peace and Human Rights. On 31 October 2006 he published his memoir, called Et liv i spenning and he became a theological candidate from MF Norwegian School of Theology in 1975. In 1979 he was ordained as pastor in the Church of Norway and he is married to Bjørg Bondevik and has three children, Bjørn, Hildegunn and John Harald. Kjell Magne Bondevik is the nephew of politician Kjell Bondevik, the cousin of former bishop Odd Bondevik and brother in law of author, Bondevik in 2008 said that he regards himself as a 68er, and that he was influenced by the radical wind of the time. While he remained in the movement of Young Christian Democrats, he claims to have radicalized the organization to great despair in the party. He has also said that he would rather have oriented himself towards the Socialist Peoples Party, had his radicalization of the Christian Democratic Party not gone through. Representing the Christian Democratic Party, Bondevik was a member of the Storting from 1973 to 2005 and he was his partys parliamentary leader in the periods of 1981–1983, 1986–1989, 1993–1997,1997 and 2000–2001, and party leader from 1983 to 1995. In this position, he was succeeded by Valgerd Svarstad Haugland, upon this revelation, Anne Enger Lahnstein became acting Prime Minister for three weeks, from 30 August to 23 September, while he recovered from the depressive episode. Bondevik received thousands of letters, and said that the experience had been positive overall. Bondevik then formed his cabinet, consisting of the Christian Democratic Party, the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party. Bondevik announced his retirement from politics at the end of his term as prime minister. The Oslo Centre for Peace and Human Rights was founded by Kjell Magne Bondevik in January 2006, the purpose of the centre is to work for world peace, human rights and inter-religious tolerance worldwide. The centre cooperates closely with the Carter Center in Atlanta, the Kim Dae Jung Library in Seoul, Bondevik was awarded the Grand Cross of St. Olav in 2004, the first sitting Norwegian Prime Minister to receive the Order of St. Olav in 80 years. The award happened due to a change in the Statutes of the Order with automatic awards to the Prime Minister and Ministers of the Government that stirred some debate, with the succeeding Stoltenberg Government, the practice was halted. He is a member of the Club de Madrid, a group of former leaders of democratic states that works to strengthen democratic governance. Kjell Magne Bondevik is an Honorary Member of The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation, in 2009, Bondevik was awarded an honorary degree from the University of San Francisco. The Oslo Centre for Peace and Human Rights The Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav
17.
Lerkendal Stadion
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The Lerkendal Stadion is an all-seater football stadium located at Lerkendal in Trondheim, Norway. The home ground of the Tippeligaen side Rosenborg BK, it has a capacity for 21,405 spectators, Lerkendal opened as a multi-purpose stadium on 10 August 1947, as the main football and athletics stadium in Trondheim. Originally the venue was used by the football teams SK Freidig and FK Kvik. A new grandstand with roof was completed in 1962, and floodlights were installed in 1968, the oldest of the current stands were built in 1996, along with new lighting. Three more grandstands were built between 2000 and 2002, which saw the removal of the athletics facilities and the sale of the stadium from Trondheim Municipality to Rosenborg. Further expansions plans have been launched, to capacity by filling in the corners. The record attendance of 28,569 dates from the league match against Lillestrøm in 1985. Ten international matches were held at Lerkendal between 1951 and 1990, one domestic cup final has been held at Lerkendal, the Womens Cup Final in 1986. Construction of Lerkendal started as a public works during the 1930s and it opened on 10 August 1947, and consisted of a main grass field, two gravel fields, two handball courts and two tennis courts. The main field had a capacity for 37,000 on temporary stands. The long sides consisted of temporary stands, with seating on the south stand. The end sides of the stadium consisted of grass embankments at a 30 percent angle, changing rooms were located in a nearby German-built barracks dating from the Second World War. The first major rebuilding of the venue took place ahead of the 1962 season, the new stands were taken into use on 3 May 1962. Floodlighting was installed in 1968 to allow UEFA club tournament matches to be held at the venue, an all-weather running track was subsequently also laid. On 1 December 1988, Lerkendal Station opened, allowing passengers a short walk to the stadium. In 1994, the first pitch with Desso GrassMaster was laid, by the time Rosenborg had qualified for the 1995–96 UEFA Champions League, UEFA had for security reasons introduced restrictions which reduced Lerkendals capacity to 12,200 spectators. In addition, a ban on standing places would be introduced from 1997. In 1995, a debate arose between Rosenborg and Trondheim Municipality regarding the construction of a new grandstand, to be located on the side of the stadium
18.
1998 FIFA World Cup
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The 1998 FIFA World Cup was the 16th FIFA World Cup, the world championship for mens national association football teams. It was held in France from 10 June to 12 July 1998, the country was chosen as the host nation by FIFA for the second time in the history of the tournament, defeating Morocco in the bidding process. It was the time that France staged the competition. Qualification for the finals began in March 1996 and concluded in November 1997, for the first time in the competition, the group stage was expanded from 24 teams to 32, with eight groups of four. A total of 64 matches were played in 10 stadiums located across 10 different host cities, with the match and final staged at the Stade de France. The tournament was won by France, who beat Brazil 3–0 in the final, France won their first title, becoming the seventh nation to win a World Cup, and the sixth to win the tournament on home soil. Croatia, Jamaica, Japan and South Africa made their first appearances in the finals, France was awarded the 1998 World Cup on 2 July 1992 by the executive committee of FIFA during a general meeting in Zürich, Switzerland. They defeated Morocco by 12 votes to 7, Switzerland withdrew, due to being unable to meet FIFAs requirements. This made France the third country to host two World Cups, after Mexico and Italy in 1986 and 1990 respectively, France previously hosted the third edition of the World Cup in 1938. England, who hosted the competition in 1966 and won it, were among the original applicants, blazer stated that we facilitated bribes in conjunction with the selection of the host nation for the 1998 World Cup. Since France won the selection process it was thought the bribery came from its bid committee. It eventually transpired that the payment was from the failed Moroccan bid. The qualification draw for the 1998 World Cup finals took place in the Musée du Louvre, as tournament hosts, France was exempt from the draw as was Brazil the defending champions. 174 teams from six confederations participated, up 24 from the previous round, in Europe, fourteen countries qualified excluding France. Ten were determined after group play, nine group winners and the best second-placed team, the other eight group runners-up were drawn into pairs of four play-off matches – the winners of which qualifying for the finals as well. The winner of the Oceanian zone advanced through to an intercontinental play-off against the runner-up of the Asian play-off, four nations qualified for the World Cup for the first time, Croatia, Jamaica, Japan and South Africa. The last team to qualify was Iran by virtue of beating Australia in a tie on 29 November 1997. It marked their first appearance in the finals since 1978, the last time Tunisia also qualified for the tournament, chile qualified for the first time since 1982
19.
PFC CSKA Sofia
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PFC CSKA Sofia is a professional association football club from Sofia, Bulgaria, which currently competes in the countrys premier football competition, the First League. CSKA stands for Central Sports Club of the Army, established on May 5,1948, CSKA have won a record 31 Bulgarian titles, and 4 national supercups, as well as 20 Bulgarian Cups. The clubs home colours are red and white, CSKAs home ground is the Bulgarian Army stadium in Sofia. The clubs biggest rivals are Levski Sofia and matches between the two sides are known as The Eternal Derby of Bulgaria. With the help of Mihail Mihaylov again, in February 1948 Chavdar became the club of the Central House of the Troops. Looking for ways to halt the decline, CDVs administrators sought to merge it with another club. In May 1948, an agreement was reached between CDV and Septemvri Sofia for uniting the clubs under the name Septemvri pri CDV, the contract was signed on 5 May 1948, which is officially considered the clubs date of foundation. The clubs first official game took place on 19 May 1948, against Slavia Sofia at Yunak Stadium, Septemvri pri CDV eliminated Aprilov and Spartak Varna on its way to the final, where it faced Levski Sofia, losing 1–2 in the first leg. The decisive second match took place on 9 September 1948, the score was 3–3 on aggregate, as Septemvri pri CDV led 2–1 near the end of regulation time, when a last-minute goal by Nako Chakmakov gave the club its first title ever. The following two years, C. D. N. V. won two titles in a row, in 1951, the Army club clinched their first double. In 1953, the club was renamed by the authorities again, this time to Otbor na Sofiyskiya Garnizon, in 1962, CDNA was united with DSO Cherveno Zname to form CSKA Cherveno Zname. The Central House of the Peoples Troops ceased its affiliation with the club, CSKA finished third after Spartak Plovdiv and Botev Plovdiv in the 1962–63 season. The following season, CSKA had its worst performance in the Bulgarian championship to date and this led to the sacking of legendary coach Krum Milev after 16 years. CSKA did not recapture the title until 1966, during the 1966–67 season, however, CSKA made its first major international achievement in reaching the semi finals of the European Cup for the first time, where it faced Italian grand Inter Milano. After two hard-fought 1–1 draws, a decisive match was played, which CSKA lost 0–1. The next two seasons were unmemorable for The Army Men, as finished in 5th and 2nd place consecutively. CSKA was again joined with Septemvri Sofia in 1968, and the club took the name CSKA Septemvriysko Zname. The club clinched the title in 1969 with the help of the recent acquisition of Petar Zhekov, the 1970s are widely considered the period when CSKA made its name on the European stage
20.
UEFA Europa League
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The UEFA Europa League, previously called the UEFA Cup, is an annual football club competition organized by UEFA since 1971 for eligible European football clubs. Clubs qualify for the competition based on their performance in their national leagues, previously called the UEFA Cup, the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League since the 2009–10 season, following a change in format. For UEFA footballing records purposes, the UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League are considered the same competition, in 1999, the UEFA Cup Winners Cup was abolished and merged with the UEFA Cup. For the 2004–05 competition a group stage was added prior to the knockout phase, the 2009 re-branding included a merge with the UEFA Intertoto Cup, producing an enlarged competition format, with an expanded group stage and changed qualifying criteria. The winner enters at least at the round, and will enter the group stage if the berth reserved for the Champions League title holders is not used. The title has been won by 27 different clubs,12 of which have won the more than once. The UEFA Cup was preceded by the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, which was a European football competition played between 1955 and 1971, the competition grew from 11 teams during the first cup to 64 teams by the last cup which was played in 1970–71. It had become so important on the European football scene that in the end it was taken over by UEFA, the UEFA Cup was first played in the 1971–72 season, with an all-English final of Wolverhampton Wanderers versus Tottenham Hotspur, with Spurs taking the first honours. The title was retained by another English club, Liverpool in 1973, Borussia would win the competition in 1975 and 1979, and reach the final again in 1980. Liverpool won the competition for the time in 1976, beating Club Brugge in the final. During the 1980s, IFK Göteborg and Real Madrid won the competition twice each,1989 saw the commencement of the Italian clubs domination, when Maradonas Napoli beat Stuttgart. The 1990s started with two finals, and in 1992, Torino lost the final to Ajax on the away goals rule. Juventus won the competition for a time in 1993 and Internazionale kept the cup in Italy the following year. 1995 saw a third final, with Parma proving their consistency. The only final with no Italians during that decade was in 1996, Parma won the cup in 1999, which ended the Italian club era. Liverpool won the competition for the time in 2001 and Porto triumphed in the 2003 and 2011 tournaments. In 2004, the cup returned to Spain with Valencia being victorious, either side of Sevillas success, two Russian teams, CSKA Moscow in 2005 and Zenit Saint Petersburg in 2008, had their glory and yet another former Soviet club, Ukraines Shakhtar Donetsk, won in 2009. Atlético Madrid would themselves win twice in three seasons, in 2010 and 2012, the latter in another all-Spanish final, in 2013, Chelsea would become the first Champions League holders to win the UEFA Cup/Europa League the following year
21.
PFC CSKA Moscow
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PFC Central Sport Club of the Army, Moscow is a Russian professional football club. It is based in Moscow, playing its matches at the 30. The club is the most known division of the CSKA Moscow sports club, founded in 1911, CSKA had its most successful period after World War II with five titles in six seasons. It won a total of 7 Soviet Top League championships, including the season in 1991. The club has also won 6 Russian Premier League titles, CSKA was the official team of the Soviet Army during the communist era. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union it has become privately owned, Russian businessman Roman Abramovichs Sibneft corporation was a leading sponsor of the club from 2004 to 2006. Officially, CSKA is a club and thus no longer a section of the Russian militarys CSKA sports club. The Russian Ministry of Defense is a PFC CSKA shareholder, however, the Moscow Army men won their 10th national title back in 2006 and they are one of the most successful clubs in Russian football, having an extensive legacy in Soviet football as well. In 2004, the received a major financial infusion from a sponsorship deal with Sibneft. The partnership with Sibneft lasted until 2006, when VTB became the sponsor of the club, CSKA started 2009 without a shirt sponsor. On 4 November 1992, CSKA qualified for the stage of the UEFA Champions League which contained only 8 teams after defeating Spanish champion FC Barcelona 4–3 on aggregate. On 16 March 2010, CSKA qualified for the quarterfinals of the UEFA Champions League after defeating Sevilla FC 3–2 on aggregate and they were later eliminated from competition by Internazionale, losing by 1–0 scorelines in both Milan and Moscow. On 7 December 2011, CSKA qualified for the phase of the UEFA Champions League after winning crucial 3 points by defeating Internazionale with scoreline 1–2 in Milan. On 6 December 2016, CSKA announced that manager Leonid Slutsky would leave the club after seven years at the club, following their last game of 2016,6 days later,12 December, Viktor Goncharenko was announced as the clubs new manager, signing a two-year contract. As of match played 6 December 2016 CSKA Moscow won their first, sergei Ignashevich lifted the 2005 UEFA Cup after CSKA ran out 3-1 winners over Sporting CP in Sportings own Estádio José Alvalade stadium. Goals from Aleksei Berezutski, Yuri Zhirkov and Vágner Love saw CSKA become the first Russian club to win a major European title, CSKA was nicknamed Horses because the first stadium was built on the old racecourse/hippodromo in Moscow. Its capacity is small for a club of its stature. This is one of the reasons the club uses other venues in the city
22.
RCD Mallorca
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Real Club Deportivo Mallorca, S. A. D. is a Spanish football team based in Palma, in the Balearic Islands. Founded on 5 March 1916 it currently plays in Segunda División, team colours are red shirts with black shorts and black socks. The oldest club in the Balearic Islands, Mallorca was founded in 1916 by Adolfo Vázquez, a republican engineer, the first stadium, called Buenos Aires, was inaugurated on March 25,1916, with a 0–8 loss against Barcelona. And, on June 28,1916, Spanish king Alfonso XIII de Borbón honored the team with the title Real Sociedad, in 1917, the Catalan Federation admitted Real Sociedad Alfonso XIII into the Catalan Championship tournament. The Mallorcan team reached the final in Barcelona, where played against FC Palafrugell. And so, the Mallorcan club tried to broaden its sporting repertoire by incorporating a cycling team in 1919 and this coupled with the influence of the Second Spanish Republic caused the club to change its name to Club Deportivo Mallorca. Still with that name in 1945, the club inaugurated Es Fortínas the new stadium of the Balearic club. But, during that season and in honor of the man who had started working and preparing that ground three years prior, the club changed the name of the stadium Lluís Sitjar. In 1960, RCD Mallorca earned its first promotion to the División de Honor under the tutelage of coach Juan Carlos Lorenzo, in 1964, RCD Mallorca again earned promotion, this time to the Primera Division, under coach Cesar Rodriguez and president Baron de Vidal. Then, in 1969, RCD Mallorca earned its promotion to the Primera Division, with coach Juancho Forneris. This decade produced three promotions to the Primera Division, including the first in Club history, however, it also produced the same number of relegations. The scorer of the first goal for RCD Mallorca in the Primera Division was Joan Forteza and he was the only player to survive the roster changes from the previous season after President Jaime Roselló Pascual dismissed all other members of the roster. Meanwhile, the coach of that 1960´s squad was Argentine Juan Carlos Lorenzo and he led the team into the Primera Division all the way from the depths of the third division, for the first time on April 17,1960. It was a mere 44 years since the club was founded under the name of Alfonso XIII FBC, RCD Mallorca was one of only 16 professional teams to compete in this top division. And the team reinforced by picking up players from FC Barcelona, among others, in the following season, the team finished eleventh. And so, with ups and downs, RCD Mallorca did not last more than three years in the top echelon of Spanish soccer. The team dropped into the division until 1964-65, when it rose up again. But, in day in age, the only direct promotion came via winning the Segunda Division
23.
Real Madrid C.F.
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Real Madrid Club de Fútbol, commonly known as Real Madrid, or simply as Real outside Spain frontiers, is a professional football club based in Madrid, Spain. Founded in 1902 as Madrid Football Club, the team has worn a white home kit since inception. The word Real is Spanish for Royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the crown in the emblem. The team has played its matches in the 85, 454-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947. Unlike most European sporting entities, Real Madrids members have owned and operated the club throughout its history. The club was estimated to be worth €3.24 billion in 2015, the club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world. Real Madrid is one of three founding members of the Primera División that have never relegated from the top division, along with Athletic Bilbao. The club holds many long-standing rivalries, most notably El Clásico with Barcelona, Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s, winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times. This success was replicated in the league, where the club won five times in the space of seven years. In domestic football, the club has won a record 32 La Liga titles,19 Copa del Rey, nine Supercopa de España, a Copa Eva Duarte, and a Copa de la Liga. Real Madrid was recognised as the FIFA Club of the 20th Century on 23 December 2000, the club received the FIFA Centennial Order of Merit in 2004. The club is ranked first in the latest IFFHS Club World Ranking, setting a new ranking-points record, the club also leads the current UEFA club rankings. They founded Football Club Sky in 1897, playing on Sunday mornings at Moncloa and it split into two clubs in 1900, New Foot-Ball de Madrid and Madrid Football Club. On 6 March 1902, after a new Board presided by Juan Padrós had been elected, three years after its foundation, in 1905, Madrid FC won its first title after defeating Athletic Bilbao in the Spanish Cup final. The club became one of the sides of the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 4 January 1909. After moving between grounds the team moved to the Campo de ODonnell in 1912, in 1920, the clubs name was changed to Real Madrid after King Alfonso XIII granted the title of Real to the club. In 1929, the first Spanish football league was founded, Real Madrid led the first league season until the last match, a loss to Athletic Bilbao, meant they finished runners-up to Barcelona. Real Madrid won its first League title in the 1931–32 season, Real won the League again the following year, becoming the first team to have won the championship twice
24.
FC Porto
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Futebol Clube do Porto, MHIH, OM, commonly known as FC Porto or simply Porto, is a Portuguese sports club based in Porto. It is best known for the football team playing in the Primeira Liga. They are nicknamed Dragões, for the mythical creature atop the clubs crest, the club supporters are called Portistas. Since 2003, Porto have played their matches at the Estádio do Dragão, which replaced the previous 52-year-old ground. Porto is the second most successful Portuguese team, with a total of 74 official trophies,67 were achieved in domestic competitions and comprise 27 league titles,16 Taça de Portugal,4 Campeonato de Portugal, and a record 20 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira. Porto is the team in Portuguese league history to have won two titles without conceding any defeat, namely in the 2010–11 and 2012–13 seasons. In the former, Porto achieved the largest-ever difference of points between champion and runner-up in a system, on their way to a second quadruple. In addition, they were runners-up in the 1983–84 European Cup Winners Cup, together with Barcelona and Real Madrid, Porto have the most appearances in the UEFA Champions League group stage. At the end of the 2015–16 season, Porto were 16th in the UEFA club coefficient ranking, Porto was the only Portuguese club that was part of G-14 member. Porto played its first matches with other Portuguese clubs, including one against Lisbons Foot-Ball Club Lisbonense on 2 March 1894. This match had the patronage of King Carlos I and Queen Amélie of Orléans, almeidas enthusiasm and involvement with the club waned due to family pressure, and by the turn of the century, Porto had entered a period of inactivity. In 1906, José Monteiro da Costa returned to Porto after finishing his studies in England, on 2 August 1906, Porto was revived and Monteiro da Costa appointed its president. Although football was the force, the club also promoted other sports, including gymnastics, weightlifting and wrestling, athletics. Shortly after, Porto rented its first ground and recruited a French coach named Adolphe Cassaigne, on 15 December 1907, Porto played its first match against a foreign team, hosting Spains Real Fortuna. In the following month, Porto returned the visit and played its first match abroad, four years later, the club won the inaugural staging of the Taça José Monteiro da Costa, securing its first-ever official title. In 1912, Porto joined efforts with Leixões to establish the Porto Football Association, Porto finished the first season as runners-up, behind local rivals Boavista, but in the following season the club won its first championship. The 1921–22 season was marked by the creation of the first nationwide football competition – the Campeonato de Portugal, organised by the national federation, this knockout tournament gathered the winners of the different regional championships to determine the Portuguese champion. After clinching its fourth consecutive title, Porto defeated Sporting CP in the inaugural edition
25.
Olympiacos CFP
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Olympiacos Sindesmos Filathlon Pireos is a major multi-sport club based in Piraeus, Greece. They have won European titles with six of their sports departments, in total, Olympiacos departments have reached 28 times the final of the most prestigious and important European and Worldwide competitions, which is an all-time record for a Greek multi-sport club. Olympiacos CFP has nurtured some of the greatest Greek athletes, Olympiacos athletes have become Olympic medal winners, as well as World and European Champions, while they are constantly chosen to be part of the Greek national teams. The club maintains Academies with state of the art training facilities, overall, Olympiacos CFP have granted Greek sports and the club itself numerous Olympic, Worldwide and European honours. Olympiacos is the most popular Greek club with four million fans inside Greece. As of April 2006, Olympiacos has 83,000 registered members and its placed in the top ten of the clubs with the most paying members in the world, in 2014, that figure increased and the team boasts 98,000 registered members. Olympiacos CFP was the first Greek club that made it possible for its fans to become members, notis Kamperos, a senior officer of the Hellenic Navy, proposed the name Olympiacos and the profile of a laurel-crowned Olympic winner as the emblem of the new club. Andrianopoulos, a family of well-established Piraeus merchants, played a role in the founding of Olympiacos. The five brothers, Yiannis, Giorgos, Dinos, Vassilis and Leonidas Andrianopoulos raised the reputation of the club and brought it to its current glory. Yiannis, Giorgos, Dinos and Vassilis were the first to play, while Leonidas, Olympiacos is also known as Thrylos, after the legendary, classic side of the 1950s which won a hatful of titles. Olympiacos dominating success can be evidenced by the fact that all the other Greek clubs have won a combined total of 37 League titles. They are also one of three clubs to have never been relegated from the top flight of Greek football. Olympiacos are the highest ranked Greek team in the UEFA rankings, occupying the 21st place in Europe with 70.820 points, standing one place above Shakhtar Donetsk and two places above A. C. Milan. They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1963, becoming the first ever Greek club to win an international, Olympiacos is one of the founding members of the European Club Association in 2008. They play their matches at Peace and Friendship Stadium. They are the first Greek club that played in a Euroleague Final. As European champions, Olympiacos played in the 1997 McDonalds Championship and reached the final of the tournament, where they met Michael Jordans NBA champions, based on all those achievements, FIBA declared Olympiacos as the Best European Team of the 1990s. Domestically, Olympiacos have won 12 Greek League titles,9 Greek Cups and 4 Doubles and they dominated Greek basketball during the decade of the 90s, when Greek Basket League was considered Europes best professional league
26.
2007 Norwegian First Division
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The 2007 Norwegian First Division season began on April 9,2007 and concluded on November 4,2007. It was the tenth and final season in which teams competed for two promotion spots and one playoff spot. The First Division was won by Molde, who finished one point ahead of Ham-Kam, both clubs were relegated from the Norwegian Premier League in 2006 and were promoted back to the highest level after only one season. Bodø/Glimt finished third and defeated Odd Grenland in the playoff to earn promotion, of the four teams promoted from the Second Division in 2006, only Notodden managed to hold on to their spot. They played in the First Division for the first time in their history, raufoss returned to the First Division after being relegated in 2004 and were able to finish in eleventh place. Raufoss were demoted to the Second Division and their place given to Sparta Sarpsborg, mandalskameratene and Skeid were relegated to the Second Division after one season. They were joined by Tromsdalen, who survived for two seasons, the third-placed team in the First Division and the 12th-placed team in the Premier League meet in a playoff at the end of the season. The four teams finishing at the bottom of the table are relegated to the Second Division. = Champion, = Relegated, = Promoted, = Eliminated, = Play-off winner, to read this table, the home team is listed in the left-hand column
27.
FK Ventspils
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FK Ventspils is a Latvian football club, based at Ventspils Olimpiskais Stadions in Ventspils city and is one of the most popular football clubs in the country. The clubs plays in the Latvian Virsliga, in total, FK Ventspils has won six league titles and six Latvian Cups. They became Latvian Higher League champions in 2006,2007,2008,2011,2013 and 2014, in 2009 FK Ventspils became the first Latvian club to participate in the group stages of a UEFA competition after beating BATE Borisov from Belarus. Paul Ashworth became the manager of the club on 15 September 2015, replacing Jurģis Pučinskis, FK Ventspils was founded in 1997 with the merger of two former Ventspils clubs – FK Venta and FK Nafta. Its predecessor, Venta, was one of the clubs in the Latvian league in the 1960s. The next notable success for “Venta” was in 1967, when they won the Latvian Cup, by that time they had quite a fighting fit line-up, and 1969 already was their golden year when Venta became champions. During the tournament they gained 43 points,20 matches won,3 matches ended with a draw, additionally, they lost only in the away matches. They scored 45 goals and 16 conceded, at that time Ventas leader was a player manager, who is well known not only to the admirers of Ventspils, but the whole of Latvian football, Vladimir Chikinov. Of course, the victories did not come easy, there was a huge effort put into both – the matches and training. However, at time they had quite a modest material and technical basis. They trained in the hall of Ventspils port, had training camps in Piltene. They had close contacts with a sport school from which talented youth players often came into the team. Whereas these days there are limits on foreign players, at that time it was an obligation for the team to have two players younger than 18 years of age in the line-up. Thus, V. Kutuzov, V. Ivankovich, N. Dishlov, romanenko, V. Fedotov and others appeared in the team. In 1963 Ventspils gained a place and the rights to play in the Latvian championship, the next major achievement for Venta came in 1967, when it won the Latvian Cup. In 1969 Venta were champions of Latvia, in that season Venta got 43 points,20 matches won, in the 1970s the team lost its position, in the 1980s it lost its financial support and became defunct for some years. In 1994 Venta returned to 1, līga but after that season many players left the club as FK Nafta was formed. Until the merger Venta played in 1, FK Nafta was formed in 1995, in the first season the club won its 2nd league division and earned a promotion to the 1st league
28.
FC Basel
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FC Basel 1893, widely known as FC Basel or just Basel, and sometimes referred to as FC Basle in English or FCB, is a Swiss football club based in Basel. They are one of the most successful clubs in Swiss football, having won the Swiss Super League 19 times, besides their current dynasty, they were most successful in the late 1960s and 1970s, winning the title a total of seven times between 1967 and 1980. The 1980s saw hard times for Basel, as they were absent from European competition for many years and suffered relegation in 1987. In the 2000s, Basel returned to the top of Swiss football, winning their first title for 22 years in 2002, Basel have also won the Swiss Cup 11 times. Basel have competed in European competition every season since 1999–2000 and they have been in the Champions League more times than any other Swiss club — a total of six times — and are the only Swiss club to have ever qualified directly for the Champions League group stages. In the 2011–12 season, Basel produced some outstanding results in the Champions League, after a 1–1 away draw against Benfica, Basel tied away 3–3 and then won at home 2–1 against Manchester United, which saw them progress to the knockout phase. Here they were defeated by Bayern Munich on aggregate despite a 1–0 home win, the 2012–13 season saw them scale greater heights as the RotBlau advanced as far as the semi-finals of the UEFA Europa League, but there they were beaten by eventual champions Chelsea. During the following season, however, Basel avenged that defeat with two-straight wins during the 2013–14 Champions League group stage, the advert had been placed by Roland Geldner, who was later elected as first president. Eleven men attended the meeting, Emil Abderhalden, Max Born, Josef Ebinger, Max Geldner, Wilhelm Glaser, Jean Grieder, Ferdinand Isler, Wilhelm Oser, Lucien Schmoll, thus, Fussball Club Basel was founded on 15 November 1893. The founding members were generally from the academic community, the club colours from the first day on were red and blue. Basels first game was on 26 November 1893 against itself, a match between two ad hoc formed FCB teams against each other. Two weeks later, FCB had their first official appearance in a game against a team formed by students from the high school gymnastic club. In the early days, the team played only friendly matches, for example the local derby against BSC Old Boys. One of the club captains was Hans Gamper, who later founded FC Barcelona in Spain. Basel did not compete in the first Swiss football championship held 1897–98 and they did, however, contest in the second Serie A championship which was organized by the Swiss Football Association. The Serie A was divided into three groups, an east, a central and a west group. The winners of each qualified for the finals. Basel did not qualify for the finals and they did not compete in the championship the following season, the Serie A 1900–01 was divided into two groups, an east and a west group
29.
SC Heerenveen
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Sportclub Heerenveen football club currently playing in the Eredivisie, the top level of football in the Netherlands. Sportclub Heerenveen was founded on 20 July 1920 in the town of Heerenveen, Friesland and it changed name twice, first to Spartaan and then to v. v. During this period, Lenstra led Heerenveen to a victory over Ajax in one of the most noted games in Dutch domestic football history. Trailing 5–1 with 25 minutes remaining, the Frisian team inexplicably fought back for a 6–5 victory, by the end of the decade, Heerenveen was in the Eerste Divisie, but found itself relegated again. In 1969–70, the Frisian club won the Tweede Divisie to return to the Eerste Divisie, by 1974, the club was in financial trouble and to ensure its survival it was split into amateur and professional sections, the professional part being renamed sc Heerenveen. In the 1980s, Heerenveen twice made the playoffs, but were unsuccessful both times. It finally reached the Eredivisie in 1990, becoming the first Frisian club to reach the top level, the achievement was overseen by Frisian coach Foppe de Haan. The 1998 semi-final in the cup competition was lost to Ajax, because Ajax and the other finalist, PSV, had both qualified for the cup final, a decision match was needed to fill in the vacant spot for the next seasons UEFA Cup Winners Cup. Heerenveen had to play against the other losing semi-finalist, Twente, Heerenveen won that match in which Ruud van Nistelrooy scored his last goal for Heerenveen. Heerenveen became regular competitors in the UEFA Cup, and in 1999–2000 finished second in the Eredivise, its highest ever finish, and qualified for the 2000–01 UEFA Champions League. The club was led from 1983 until September 2006 by president Riemer van der Velde, a 2010 report by the Dutch football association showed that Heerenveen is the only Eredivisie club that has a financially secure budget. Under the tenure of Trond Sollied, Heerenveen won its first KNVB Cup, Trond Sollied, however, was sacked on 31 August 2009 due to a weak opening of the season and a conflict with the board. On 17 May 2009, the club defeated Twente 5–4 in a penalty shoot-out to win the Dutch Cup for the first time after a 2–2 draw in the final, with Gerald Sibon scoring the winning penalty. On 13 February 2012, it was announced that Marco van Basten would replace Ron Jans, the club plays its home matches at the Abe Lenstra Stadium, which opened in 1994 and holds 26,100 people. Throughout the years, the club developed several plans to expand the stadium. One of the plans was to extend at least one side stand towards the pitch, Due to deteriorating league results and financial limitedness, however, those plans were shelved. It is uncertain whether or not the club will carry them out. Before the move to the Abe Lenstra Stadion, Heerenveen played at the Sportpark Noord, the crest on the club emblem is the symbol of the flag of Friesland
30.
VfB Stuttgart
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Verein für Bewegungsspiele Stuttgart 1893 e. V. commonly known as VfB Stuttgart, is a German sports club based in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg. The club is best known for its team which is part of Germanys second division 2. VfB Stuttgart has won the championship five times, most recently in 2006–07. The football team plays its games at the Mercedes-Benz Arena. Second team side VfB Stuttgart II currently plays in the Regionalliga Südwest, the clubs junior teams have won the national U19 championships a record ten times and the Under 17 Bundesliga six times. A membership-based club with over 50,0000 members, VfB is the largest sports club in Baden-Württemberg and it has departments for fistball, hockey, track and field, table-tennis and football referees, all of which compete only at the amateur level. The club also maintains a department, the VfB-Garde. Verein für Bewegungsspiele Stuttgart was formed through 2 April 1912 merger of predecessor sides Stuttgarter FV, Stuttgarter Fußballverein was founded at the Zum Becher hotel in Stuttgart on 9 September 1893. FV were initially a rugby club, playing games at Stöckach-Eisbahn before moving to Cannstatter Wasen in 1894, the rugby club established a football section in 1908. Rugby was soon replaced by football within the club, as found the game too complicated to follow. In 1909, FV joined the Süddeutschen Fußballverband, playing in the second tier B-Klasse and they eventually advanced to the senior Südkreis-Liga in 1912. Cannstatter Fußballklub was formed as a club in 1890 and also quickly established a football team. This club was dissolved after just a few years of play, the new team joined the Süddeutschen Fußballverband as a second division club and won promotion in 1904. Krone possessed their own ground, which exists today as the home of TSV Münster. The club also made appearances in the final rounds of the SFV in the late 1920s. In 1933, VfB moved to Neckar Stadium, the site of its current ground, German football was re-organized that same year under the Third Reich into sixteen top-flight divisions called Gauligen. The club had a rivalry with Stuttgarter Kickers throughout this period. After a third-place result at the level in 1937, Stuttgart was not able to advance out of the preliminary rounds in subsequent appearances
31.
F.C. Copenhagen
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Football Club Copenhagen is a professional Danish football club in Copenhagen, Denmark. F. C. Copenhagen is the most successful club in the history of Danish football having won the Danish Football Championship eleven times, Copenhagen is also the highest ranked Scandinavian club in the UEFA team rankings list. In 1992, F. C. Copenhagen was founded through the amalgamation of 15-time Danish football champions Kjøbenhavns Boldklub, Copenhagen plays its matches at the Telia Parken, which also serves as the venue for Denmark national football team matches. Copenhagen qualified for the 2006–07 edition of the UEFA Champions League, three years later, they became the first Danish club ever to reach the knockout stage of the Champions League. Football Club Copenhagen is, in ways, both an old and a new club. Even though that the club was established in 1992, it is rooted in more than 100 years of club tradition, the clubs first team represents two separate clubs, Kjøbenhavns Boldklub founded in 1876 and Boldklubben 1903 founded in 1903. The two Copenhagen clubs merged their first teams to found Copenhagen on 1 July 1992, Copenhagen used Boldklubbens club license to play in the Danish Superliga championship, while Kjøbenhavns Boldklub became the official reserve team of the club. With the rebuilding of the Parken Stadium, Denmarks national team stadium, the initial ambition of the club was continually to qualify for one of the European competitions each season. To reach this goal, the club needed a solid economy, a big fan base. Benny Johansen managed the club and started its maiden season well, FCK made its first appearance in the European tournaments when it beat Swiss team Grasshoppers 2–1 in the 1992 UEFA Intertoto Cup. FCK won the Intertoto Cup that year and thereby qualified for the UEFA Cup, the club won the 1992–93 Superliga season one point ahead of Odense Boldklub and two points ahead of third-place Brøndby IF. For the 1993–94 Superliga season, expectations were high, the season opened with a 0–6 thrashing at the hands of Italian team Milan in the 1993–94 Champions League qualification. FCK went on winter break after the first half of the Superliga season in third place, in the spring of 1994, Copenhagen gained on leading team Silkeborg IF. In the penultimate match of the season, the two met at the Parken Stadium. In front of an attendance of 26,679, FCK won the match 4–1. The club was one point ahead of Silkeborg, but because FCK lost 3–2 to Odense in the game of the season. For the next three seasons, Copenhagen had little success in the Superliga, despite winning two Danish Cups, the team won the 1995 Cup final against Akademisk Boldklub with a 5–0 win, qualifying for European football once again, despite mediocre results in the league. Kim Brink took over as manager in 1996, but despite winning the second Cup trophy for the club, in February 1997, Flemming Østergaard, later given the ironic nickname Don Ø, joined the board of the club as vice chairman and CEO
32.
AFC Ajax
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Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax, also AFC Ajax, Ajax Amsterdam or simply Ajax, is a Dutch professional football club based in Amsterdam. Historically, Ajax is the most successful club in the Netherlands, Ajax is historically one of the most successful clubs in the world, according to the IFFHS, Ajax were the seventh-most successful European club of the 20th century. The club is one of the five teams that has earned the right to keep the European Cup and to wear a multiple-winner badge, in 1972, they completed the continental treble by winning the Eredivisie, KNVB Cup, and the European Cup. It also won the first organized UEFA Super Cup in 1972 against Glasgow Rangers, Ajax is also one of three teams to win the continental treble and the Intercontinental Cup in the same season/calendar year, This was achieved in the 1971–72 season. Ajax, Juventus, Bayern Munich, and Chelsea are the four clubs to have won all three major UEFA club competitions. They have also won the Intercontinental Cup twice, the 1991–92 UEFA Cup, as well as the Karl Rappan Cup, Ajax plays at the Amsterdam Arena, which opened in 1996. They previously played at De Meer Stadion and the Amsterdam Olympic Stadium, Ajax was founded in Amsterdam on 18 March 1900. The club achieved promotion to the highest level of Dutch football in 1911 and had its first major success in 1917, winning the KNVB Beker, the following season, Ajax became national champion for the first time. The club defended its title in 1918–19, becoming the team to achieve an unbeaten season in the Netherlands Football League Championship. Throughout the 1920s, Ajax was a regional power, winning the Eerste Klasse West division in 1921,1927 and 1928. This changed in the 1930s, with the winning five national championships. In 1956, the first season of the Netherlands new professional league, the team were again Eredivisie champions in 1960 and won a third KNVB Cup in 1961. A year earlier, Johan Cruyff, who would go on to become the greatest Dutch footballer of all time, between them, Michels and Cruyff led Ajax through the most successful period in its history, winning seven Eredivisie titles, four KNVB Cups and three European Cups. Ajax won the Dutch championship in 1966,1967, and 1968, during the 1966–67 season, Ajax scored a record 122 goals in an Eredivisie season and also won the KNVB Cup to achieve its first league and cup double. In 1969–70, Ajax won a fourth Dutch league championship and second league and cup double in five seasons, winning 27 out of 34 league games, after this success, Michels departed to become manager of Barcelona and was replaced by the Romanian Ștefan Kovács. In Kovács first season, Ajax completed a treble of the European Cup, the Eredivisie, in 1973, Michels Barcelona broke the world transfer record to bring Cruyff to Catalonia. Kovács also departed to become manager of the France national team, in 1976–77, Ajax won its first domestic championship in four seasons and recorded a double of the Eredivisie and KNVB Cup two years later. The early 1980s saw the return of Johan Cruyff to the club, as well as the emergence of young players Marco van Basten, the team won back-to-back Eredivisie titles in 1982 and 1983, with all three playing a significant role in the latter
33.
Celtic F.C.
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The Celtic Football Club is a professional football club based in Glasgow, Scotland, which plays in the Scottish Premiership. The club was founded in 1887 with the purpose of alleviating poverty in the immigrant Irish population in the East End of Glasgow and they played their first match in May 1888, a friendly match against Rangers which Celtic won 5–2. Celtic established itself within Scottish football, winning six league titles during the first decade of the 20th century. The club enjoyed their greatest successes during the 1960s and 70s under Jock Stein when they won nine league titles. Celtic have won the Scottish League Championship on 48 occasions, most recently in the 2016–17 season, the Scottish Cup 36 times, Celtic also reached the 1970 European Cup Final, and the 2003 UEFA Cup Final. Celtic have a fierce rivalry with Rangers, and the clubs have become known as the Old Firm. The two clubs have dominated Scottish football, winning 102 league titles between them since the inception of the Scottish League in 1890. The clubs fanbase was estimated in 2003 as being around nine million worldwide, an estimated 80,000 fans travelled to Seville for the 2003 UEFA Cup Final. The club has the nickname, The Bhoys. However, according to the Celtic press office, the established club was known to many as the bold boys. A postcard from the early 20th century that pictured the team, the extra h imitates the spelling system of Gaelic, wherein the letter b is often accompanied by the letter h. On 28 May 1888, Celtic played their first official match against Rangers, Neil McCallum scored Celtics first ever goal. Celtics first kit consisted of a shirt with a green collar, black shorts. The original club crest was a green cross on a red oval background. In 1889 Celtic reached the final of the Scottish Cup, this was their first season in the competition, Celtic again reached the final of the Scottish Cup in 1892, but this time were victorious after defeating Queens Park 5–1 in the final, the clubs first major honour. Several months later the moved to its new ground, Celtic Park. In 1895, Celtic set the League record for the highest home score when they beat Dundee 11–0, in 1897, the club became a Private limited company and Willie Maley was appointed as the first secretary-manager. Between 1905 and 1910, Celtic won the Scottish League Championship six times in a row, in both 1907 and 1908 Celtic also won the Scottish Cup, this was the first time a Scottish club had ever won the Double
34.
Sevilla FC
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Sevilla Football Club, S. A. D. or simply Sevilla, is Spain’s oldest club solely devoted to football practice. Sevilla FC is based in Seville, capital and largest city of the community of Andalusia. Sevilla FC is one of the teams play in Spain’s top flight. The club was formed on 25 January 1890, Scot Mr. Edward Farquharson Johnston being their first president. A few years later, on October 14,1905, the articles of association were registered in the Civil Government of Seville under the presidency of the Jerez-born José Luis Gallegos Arnosa. Sevilla FC is also the most successful club in Andalusia, winning a league title in 1945–46, five Spanish Cups, one Spanish Super Cup, five UEFA Cups. Sevilla FCs main rivalry is with their cross-city rivals Real Betis de Sevilla, matches between the two are referred to as Seville derby. Its reserve side Sevilla Atlético, founded in 1958, currently play in the Segunda B league, other clubs related to Sevilla FC include their womens team, futsal team and former Superleague Formula team. The Club’s home ground is the 45, 000-seat Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium and it is located in the neighborhood of Nervión and owes its name to Mr. Sánchez Pizjuan, who was Sevilla FC’s President for 17 years. Sevilla FC has contributed many players to the Spanish National Football Team throughout their history, Sevilla Fútbol Club was founded on 25 January 1890 as Sevilla Foot-ball Club. Sevilla was duly formed on 25 January 1890 while a group of young British, mainly Scots, along with young men of Spanish origin. After a deal of talk and a consumption of small beer. Hugh Maccoll, another Scottish young man, an engineer who at that time had moved to Seville to work as the technical manager of Portilla White foundry, was their first captain. One of Maccoll’s partners in the Portilla White foundry in Seville and he was the son of an English entrepreneur who founded the aforesaid company, one of the major foundries in Spain at the end of the 19th century. In order to celebrate the foundation of the club, Isaias White sent a letter to Recreativo de Huelva and that letter was published by the Spanish newspaper La Provincia. Huelva Recreation accepted the invitation and the took place on 8 March 1890. Sevilla FC won that historical match 2–0, with the first goal in a match in Spanish football history scored by the Seville team player Ritson. Isaias lived at Calle Bailen 41 in Seville making this the first home of Sevilla FC, in 1907, Sevilla Balompíe was founded, followed by Betis Football club in 1909, Recreativo de Sevilla and Español de Sevilla
35.
Moldejazz
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Molde International Jazz Festival or Moldejazz takes place annually in July, and is known as one of the oldest jazz festivals in Europe. It was initiated by the local Storyville Jazz Club, since 1964 it has received government support, and the government Buddy Award was for several years awarded at this festival. To the extent Molde festival operates with records, is probably the bassist Bjørn Kjellemyr holder of Most festivals in a row musicians record, in 2015 he visits Moldejazz for the 17th time in row as performer. Two club gigs with Dag Arnesens band is on the program for the versatile bassist, Guttorm Guttormsen, Jon Balke, Karin Krog, Knut Riisnæs, Terje Rypdal and Jon Eberson are among the artists he has visited Moldejazz through the years. The daily parade has for years been led by New Orleans-musician Lionel Batiste. Concerts have been broadcast to the EBU, the first was Guttorm Guttormsens quintet, the composition Break of day in Molde was composed by Johs. Bergh and Karin Krog, based on Carla Bleys Ida Lupino, live recordings include Concerts co-occurring with the jazz festival include blues-, rock- and pop-musicians such as Arild Steen, Molde jazz Terje Mosnes, Jazz i Molde two volumes. Official website nrk. no offers audio and video coverage
36.
Stevie Wonder
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Stevland Hardaway Morris, known by his stage name Stevie Wonder, is an American musician, singer, songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist. A child prodigy, he is considered to be one of the most critically and commercially successful musical performers of the late 20th century, Wonder signed with Motowns Tamla label at the age of 11, and he continued performing and recording for Motown into the 2010s. He has been blind since shortly after birth, Wonder is also noted for his work as an activist for political causes, including his 1980 campaign to make Martin Luther King Jr. s birthday a holiday in the United States. In 2009, Wonder was named a United Nations Messenger of Peace, in 2013, Billboard magazine released a list of the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists to celebrate the US singles charts 55th anniversary, with Wonder at number six. Stevie Wonder was born in Saginaw, Michigan, in 1950, the third of six children of Calvin Judkins and Lula Mae Hardaway, when Wonder was four, his mother left his father and moved to Detroit with her children. She changed her back to Lula Hardaway and later changed her sons surname to Morris. Wonder has retained Morris as his legal surname and he began playing instruments at an early age, including piano, harmonica and drums. He formed a partnership with a friend, calling themselves Stevie and John, they played on street corners. Before signing, producer Clarence Paul gave him the name Little Stevie Wonder, because of Wonders age, the label drew up a rolling five-year contract in which royalties would be held in trust until Wonder was 21. He and his mother would be paid a stipend to cover their expenses, Wonder received $2.50 a week. Wonder was put in the care of producer and songwriter Clarence Paul, tribute to Uncle Ray was recorded first, when Wonder was still 11 years old. Mainly covers of Ray Charless songs, it included a Wonder and Paul composition, the Jazz Soul of Little Stevie was recorded next, an instrumental album consisting mainly of Pauls compositions, two of which, Wondering and Session Number 112, were co-written with Wonder. At the end of 1962, when Wonder was 12 years old, he joined the Motortown Revue, at the Regal Theater, Chicago, his 20-minute performance was recorded and released in May 1963 as the album Recorded Live, The 12 Year Old Genius. A single, Fingertips, from the album was released in May. The song, featuring a confident and enthusiastic Wonder returning for a spontaneous encore that catches out the replacement bass player, was a No.1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 when Wonder was aged 13, making him the youngest artist ever to top the chart. The single was simultaneously No.1 on the R&B chart and his next few recordings, however, were not successful, his voice was changing as he got older, and some Motown executives were considering cancelling his recording contract. During 1964, Wonder appeared in two films as himself, Muscle Beach Party and Bikini Beach, but these were not successful either, sylvia Moy persuaded label owner Berry Gordy to give Wonder another chance. He also began to work in the Motown songwriting department, composing songs both for himself and his mates, including The Tears of a Clown, a No.1 hit for Smokey Robinson
37.
Statoil
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Statoil ASA, is a Norwegian multinational oil and gas company headquartered in Stavanger, Norway. It is a fully integrated petroleum company operations in thirty-six countries. By revenue, Statoil is ranked by Forbes Magazine as the eleventh largest oil and gas company. The company has about 23,000 employees, Statoil was formed by the 2007 merger of Statoil with the oil and gas division of Norsk Hydro. As of 2013, the Government of Norway is the largest shareholder in Statoil with 67% of the shares, the ownership interest is managed by the Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy. The company is headquartered and led from Stavanger, while most of their operations are currently led from Fornebu. Statoil is the largest operator on the Norwegian continental shelf, with 60% of the total production, the company also has processing plants at Kolsnes, Kårstø, Mongstad, Tjeldbergodden, and Melkøya. Statoil has offices that are looking for possible ventures in the countries of Mexico, Qatar, the company has processing plants in Belgium, Denmark, France, and Germany. In 2006, Statoil was given approval to implement the worlds largest carbon sequestration project as a means to mitigate carbon emissions to the atmosphere, in September 2007, Statoil and the Brazilian oil company Petrobras signed a deal aimed at expanding exploration, sub-sea, and biofuels cooperation. After the merger with Hydro, Statoil became a partner in Brazils offshore Peregrino oil field, under the agreement Statoil became a partner on six offshore licenses, as well as expanding biofuels production. Petrobras and Statoil announced plans to create dozens of refineries in Brazil, on 4 March 2008, Statoil bought Anadarko Petroleum Corporations 50% share of the Peregrino oil field for 1.8 billion USD. At the time of acquiring the license, the recovery factor was estimated to be 9%. However, with the current reservoir depletion plan of the calling for the use of produced water injection and rock compaction. On 24 May 2010, Statoil sold a 40% stake in the Peregrino field to Sinochem, the Chinese state-controlled oil company, for a sum of $3.07 billion, but retained 60%. On 7 April 2010, Statoil announced finding oil and gas reserves in the Fossekall prospect just north of the Norne oil field in the Norwegian Sea. In May 2010, Noble Energy, Inc. operator of the Deep Blue exploration well on Green Canyon 723 in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico successfully reached a depth of 32,684 feet, Statoil holds a 15.625 per cent interest in the Deep Blue well. In April 2011, Statoil announced a new find at the Skrugard prospect in the northern Norwegian Sea north of the Snøhvit field off Hammerfest. The find was seen as a key find as it could lead to more finds in the region, in September 2011 the company announced a large new find at its Aldous Major South prospect on the Norwegian continental shelf
38.
Ane Brun
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Ane Brun is a Norwegian international songwriter, guitarist, and vocalist. Since 2003 she has recorded eight albums, six of which are studio albums and she has lived in Stockholm, Sweden, since 2001, where she writes, records, and runs her own label when not on tour. Ane Brunvoll is the daughter of lawyer Knut Anker Brunvoll and jazz singer and she grew up in a musical family. Her younger sister is vocalist Mari Kvien Brunvoll and her older brother is photographer Bjørn Brunvoll. After growing up in Molde, Norway, she moved from her town in 1995. In Bergen she began writing her own material while at university as well as making a living working in record shops and bars. Brun recorded her album, Spending Time with Morgan, in 2002 in both Stockholm and back in Uppsala, with engineers and producers Katharina Nuttall, Cécile Grudet. It was released on the DetErMine label, which she formed with Ellekari Larsson from the Swedish band The Tiny, the album was released in 11 European countries in 2003 through a licence/distribution deal with V2 Music. After releasing the first album Brun toured around Europe but soon took some time out and she had been working intensively for two years and felt somewhat burnt out and in need of a break. After a six-month breather she started touring around Europe again and within the year had her second album ready. A Temporary Dive was again produced by Katharina Nuttall and was released in 2005 throughout Europe, followed by the UK and the US in 2006, and in Japan in 2007. This album took the themes of Spending Time With Morgan further, through songs like The Fight Song and title track A Temporary Dive. 6, a duet with Ron Sexsmith, a Temporary Dive was well received all over the world, picking up good reviews in magazines and newspapers from Time magazine to The Independent. She received award nominations from all over Europe too, and that took home the Spellemannpris. After enjoying the collaboration on the previous few duets she had recorded and this album was released in November 2005 and besides another recording with Ron Sexsmith it also included songs with artists such as Syd Matters and Teitur. The collaboration with the band Madrugada on the single Lift Me gained her another Norwegian Grammy, Brun spent much of the next couple of years touring the world in many different stage arrangements. She has played with a band including string section, just herself and string section at times, sometimes just a cello. Of course it all started with her and the acoustic guitar, there is something about the focus in playing by myself that fascinates me, she says
