1.
Anfal genocide
–
The Al-Anfal campaign Operation Anfal or just simply Anfal was a campaign against Kurdistan in northern Iraq, led by Ali Hassan al-Majid in the final stages of the Iran–Iraq War. Sweden, Norway and the United Kingdom officially recognize the Anfal campaign as genocide, Al-Anfal is the eighth sura or chapter of the Quran which explains the triumph of 313 followers of the new Muslim faith over almost 900 pagans at the Battle of Badr in 624 AD. Al Anfal literally means the spoils and was used to describe the campaign of extermination. His orders informed jash units that taking cattle, sheep, goats, money, weapons, the Anfal campaign began in 1986 and lasted until 1989, and was headed by Ali Hassan al-Majid. Thousands of civilians were killed during the anti-insurgent campaigns stretching from the spring of 1987 through the fall of 1988.5 million Kurdish population, amnesty International collected the names of more than 17,000 people who had disappeared during 1988. The campaign has been characterized as genocidal in nature and it is also characterized as gendercidal, because battle-age men were the primary targets, according to Human Rights Watch/Middle East. According to the Iraqi prosecutors and Kurdish officials, as many as 180,000 people were killed, in March 1987, Ali Hassan al-Majid was appointed secretary-general of the Baath Partys Northern Region, which included Iraqi Kurdistan. Under al-Majid, control of policies against the Kurdish insurgents passed from the Iraqi Army to the Baath Party itself and it would be known as al-Anfal, in a reference to the eighth sura of the Quran. Anfal, officially conducted in 1988, would have eight stages altogether, for these assaults, the Iraqis mustered up to 200,000 soldiers with air support—matched against Kurdish guerrilla forces that numbered no more than a few thousand. On March 16,1988, there was a poison gas attack on the city of Halabja in which 3, 200-5,000 Kurdish people were killed. When captured, Kurdish populations were transported to detention centers, adult, according to Human Rights Watch/Middle East, With only minor variations. The standard pattern for sorting new arrivals, men and women were segregated on the spot as soon as the trucks had rolled to a halt in the bases large central courtyard or parade ground. A little later, the men were divided by age, small children were kept with their mothers. Men and teenage boys considered to be of an age to use a weapon were herded together, a strapping twelve-year-old might fail to make the cut, an undersized sixteen-year-old might be told to remain with his female relatives. It was then time to process the younger males and they were split into smaller groups. Once duly registered, the prisoners were hustled into large rooms, or halls, although the conditions at Topzawa were appalling for everyone, the most grossly overcrowded quarter seem to have been those where the male detainees were held. For the men, beatings were routine, after a few days in these camps, the men accused of being insurgents were trucked off to be killed in mass executions. It is apparent that a purpose of Anfal was to exterminate all adult males of military service age captured in rural Iraqi Kurdistan
2.
Surah
–
A Surah is the term for a chapter of the Quran. There are 114 Surahs in the Quran, each divided into verses, the chapters or suras are of unequal length, the shortest chapter has only three ayat while the longest contains 286 verses. Of the 114 chapters in the Quran,87 are classified as Meccan, except for sura At-Tawba, all chapters or suras commence with In the Name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate. This formula is known as the Bismillah and denotes the boundaries between chapters, the chapters are arranged roughly in order of descending size, therefore the arrangement of the Quran is neither chronological nor thematic. Suras are recited during the portions of Muslim prayers. Sura Al-Fatiha, the first chapter of the Quran, is recited in every unit of prayer, the word sura was used at the time of Muhammad as a term with the meaning of a chapter or a portion of the Quran. Its plural form suwar is also mentioned in the Quran, Or do they say, say, Then bring ten suwar like it and call upon whomever you can besides God, if you are truthful. Nöldeke following Buxtorf suggested that the sura has similar root with the Hebrew word שורה meaning a row. Some took it as connected with the Arabic word Sur meaning a wall, jeffery believes that it has a common origin with a Syrian word that means writing. Chapters in the Quran are not arranged in the order of revelation. For this reason, no attempt was made to edit the numerous revelations, organize them into thematic units, a number of medieval Islamic writers attempted to compile a chronologically ordered list of the chapters, with differing results. One version is given in a 15th-century work by Abd al-Kafi, another list is mentioned by Abu Salih, while a significantly different version of Abu Salihs is preserved in the book Kitab Mabani. Yet another, from the 10th century, is given by Ibn Nadim, a number of verses are associated with particular events which helps date them. Muhammads first revelation was chapter 96, verses 16,41 and 47,13 refer to migration of Muslims which took place in the year 622. Verses 8, 1-7 and 3, 120-175 refer to battles of Badr, Muhammads last pilgrimage is mentioned in 5,3 which occurred in 632, a few months before he died. This method is of limited usefulness because the Quran narrates the life of Muhammad or the history of the Muslim community only incidentally. In fact, very few chapters contain clear references to events which took place in Muhammads life, theodor Nöldekes chronology is based on the assumption that the style of the Quran changes in one direction without reversals. Tripartite chapters open with a warning, followed by one or more narratives about unbelievers
3.
Quran
–
The Quran is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God. It is widely regarded as the finest work in classical Arabic literature, the Quran is divided into chapters, which are then divided into verses. The word Quran occurs some 70 times in the text of the Quran, although different names, according to the traditional narrative, several companions of Muhammad served as scribes and were responsible for writing down the revelations. Shortly after Muhammads death, the Quran was compiled by his companions who wrote down and these codices had differences that motivated the Caliph Uthman to establish a standard version now known as Uthmans codex, which is generally considered the archetype of the Quran known today. There are, however, variant readings, with minor differences in meaning. The Quran assumes familiarity with major narratives recounted in the Biblical scriptures and it summarizes some, dwells at length on others and, in some cases, presents alternative accounts and interpretations of events. The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance and it sometimes offers detailed accounts of specific historical events, and it often emphasizes the moral significance of an event over its narrative sequence. The Quran is used along with the hadith to interpret sharia law, during prayers, the Quran is recited only in Arabic. Someone who has memorized the entire Quran is called a hafiz, some Muslims read Quranic ayah with elocution, which is often called tajwid. During the month of Ramadan, Muslims typically complete the recitation of the whole Quran during tarawih prayers, in order to extrapolate the meaning of a particular Quranic verse, most Muslims rely on the tafsir. The word qurʼān appears about 70 times in the Quran itself and it is a verbal noun of the Arabic verb qaraʼa, meaning he read or he recited. The Syriac equivalent is qeryānā, which refers to reading or lesson. While some Western scholars consider the word to be derived from the Syriac, regardless, it had become an Arabic term by Muhammads lifetime. An important meaning of the word is the act of reciting, as reflected in an early Quranic passage, It is for Us to collect it, in other verses, the word refers to an individual passage recited. Its liturgical context is seen in a number of passages, for example, So when al-qurʼān is recited, listen to it, the word may also assume the meaning of a codified scripture when mentioned with other scriptures such as the Torah and Gospel. The term also has closely related synonyms that are employed throughout the Quran, each synonym possesses its own distinct meaning, but its use may converge with that of qurʼān in certain contexts. Such terms include kitāb, āyah, and sūrah, the latter two terms also denote units of revelation. In the large majority of contexts, usually with an article, the word is referred to as the revelation
4.
Juz'
–
A juzʼ is one of thirty parts of varying lengths into which the Quran is sometimes divided. Of note, division into juz has no relevance to the meaning of the Quran, some use these divisions to facilitate recitation of the Quran in a month – especially during Ramadan, when the entire Quran is recited in the Tarawih prayers, reciting approximately one juz a night. A juz is further divided into two ahzab, and each hizb is in turn subdivided into four quarters, making eight quarters per juz, there are 240 of these quarters in the Quran. These maqra are often used as sections for revision when memorizing the Quran, the most commonly memorized juz is juzʾ amma, which is the 30th juz and contains chapters 78 through 114, most of the shortest chapters of the Quran. Juzʾ amma is named after the 1st word of the 1st chapter in that juz, muslims from South Asia also refer to a juz as a para or paaro
5.
Ruku
–
Rukūʿ refers to a paragraph of the holy book Quran. There 558 or at some books 540 Ruku in Holy Quran, in prayer it refers to the bowing down from the standing position while praying according to Islamic ritual. There is a consensus on the nature of the rukūʿ. The position of rukūʿ is established by bending over, putting ones hands on ones knees, in Al-Ghazalis book Inner Dimensions of Islamic Worship, he wrote about the rukūʿ by saying, Bowing and prostration are accompanied by a renewed affirmation of the supreme greatness of Allah. To confirm this, you seek the aid of your tongue, glorifying your Lord and testifying repeatedly to His supreme majesty, then you rise from bowing, hopeful that He will be merciful towards you. To emphasise this hope within you, you say samiʾa -llāhu liman ḥamidahu, acknowledging the need to express gratitude, you immediately add, rabbana lak al-ḥamd - Grateful praise to You, our Lord. To show the abundance of this gratitude, you may also say malʾ as-samāwāt wa-malʾ al-ʾarḍ - as much as the heavens, the term rukūʿ — roughly translated to passage, pericope or stanza — is also used to denote a group of thematically related verses in the Quran. Longer suras in the Quran are usually divided into several rukūʿs, so that the reciters could identify when to make rukūʿ in Salat without breaking an ongoing topic in the Quranic text
6.
Ayah
–
In the context of Islams principal scripture, the Quran, ayah is used to mean verse, i. e. each statement or paragraph marked by a number. These are the ayat of God, which We recite to you with truth, then in which speech after God and His signs will they believe. Although meaning verse when using the Quran, it is doubtful whether ayah means anything other than sign or remarkable event in the Qurans text. The signs refer to various phenomena, ranging from the universe, its creation, other references are to miracles or to the rewards of belief and the fate of unbelievers. For example, And of his signs is the creation of the heavens and earth, and a sign for them is the dead earth. We have brought it to life and brought forth from it grain, herein is indeed a sign yet most of them are not believers. You are but a mortal like us, so bring some sign if you are of the truthful. Chapters in the Quran consist of verses, varying in number from 3 to 286. Within a long chapter, the verses may be grouped into thematic sequences or passages. For the purpose of interpretation, the verses are separated into two groups, those that are clear and unambiguous and those that are allegorical and this distinction is based on the Quran itself, It is God Who has sent down to you the Book. In it are verses that are clear, they are the foundation of the Book, and those who are firmly grounded in knowledge say, We believe in the Book, the whole of it is from our Lord. And none will grasp the Message except men of understanding, the word ayah is also used to refer to the verses of the Bible by Arab Christians and Christians in countries where Arabic words are used for religious terms. A common myth persists that the number of verses in the Quran is 6,666, in fact, the total number of verses in all chapters is 6,236, although this varies depending on how the Bismillah appearing at the start of each chapter is counted. The Unicode symbol for a Quran verse, U+06DD, is, the first ayahs in the Quran from a chronological order are Read in the name of your Lord who created. He created man from a clot, Read, and your Lord is the Most Honorable who taught with the pen from sura Al-Alaq. The first ayahs from an order are In the name of God, the Merciful. The first ayahs after the opening sura are Alif Lam Mim and this is the Scripture whereof there is no doubt, a guidance unto those who ward off, from sura Al-Baqara. Quranism Media related to Islamic mythology at Wikimedia Commons
7.
Sujud
–
Sujūd, or sajdah, is an Arabic word meaning prostration to God in the direction of the Kaaba at Mecca which is usually done during the daily prayers. While in sujud, a Muslim is to praise and glorify Allah, the position involves having the forehead, nose, both hands, knees and all toes touching the ground together. Sujud is one of the pillars of daily prayer in Islam. A single act of sujud is called a sajdah, Muslims do sujud several times in each prayer, depending on the number of rakaat of prayer, two sajadat are performed every rakaah, and prayers vary in obligatory length between two and four rakaat. A rakaah is a unit of set actions that have to be performed in a prayer, the shortest fard Muslim prayer is that of fajr, performed immediately before sunrise. The rakaah can be described as follows, Standing and saying Allahu akbar, reciting surah al-Fatiha, performing ruku without bending the knees and with hands resting on the knees, while reciting additional phrases to glorify Allah. Standing up from bowing, and reciting further, going in prostration once, while reciting additional specific phrases to glorify Allah. Lifting the face up from prostration but sitting on the ground in a special position, rising for the second, third, or fourth rakaah. Thus, the shortest prayer, that of fajr, contains four sajadat, for Hanafis, witr prayer is three rakaahs, which is for them considered wajib, a level of necessity below that of fard but above all else, in practice, this makes witr obligatory. While in sujud, the use of a turbah, on which a person places their forehead, is compulsory in most Shia schools of Islam. This is from the sunnah of the Islamic prophet Muhammad that whenever he used to hear news which would make him happy, during the recitation of the Quran and during loud recitation prayers there are fifteen places where, when Muhammad recited a certain ayah, he prostrated to God. Out of forgetfulness a person can either omit obligatory parts of salat or add to the salat, in either cases the person corrects his/her salat by doing the Sujud Sahwi. Sujud is made only to God, in prayer, Muslims face the Kaaba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, but make their sujud to God, not the Kaaba. The Kaaba is only a direction that Muslims face as it is the order of God in the Quran. If any person claiming to be Muslim makes a sujud to any other than God, he is considered a disbeliever. There are numerous things that a Muslim can say during sujud as is evident from the example of Muhammad, among them are duas, hamd, tasbih and statements of Muhammad which make a person humble. Muslims are not allowed to recite the Quran during sujud, during the obligatory sujud during prayer one recites, سُبْحَانَ رَبِّيَ الْأَعْلَى. Sujud Sahwi USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts Detailed study of the word SuJuD in The Quran
8.
Al-A'raf
–
Sūrat al-Aʻrāf is the seventh sura of the Quran, with 206 verses. Its final verse, verse 206, requires a sajdah, or prostration, story of Hud, Hud lived with his people Aad, Aad were not ignorant of the existence of Allah, nor did they refuse to worship Him. What they did refuse was to worship Allah alone and they worshipped other gods, also, including idols. This is one sin Allah does not forgive, the Prophet Hud said to his people, He created you, He provides for you and He is the One Who will cause you to die. He gave you wonderful physiques and blessed you in many ways, so believe in Him and do not be blind to His favors, or the same fate that destroyed Noahs people will overtake you. Story of Saleh, Saleh was sent to an Arab tribe called Thamud and they were vain people who took great pride in their fertile farmland and grand architecture. Prophet Saleh tried to call his people to the worship of One God and he called upon the rich to stop oppressing the poor, and for an end to all mischief and evil. Story of Shuaib, His people were people who did not believe that Allah existed. Most of them were merchandisers and they gave short measure, praised their goods beyond their worth and they lied to their customers, thereby cheating them. Allah sent his prophet Shuaib armed with many miracles, Shuaib preached to them, begging them to be mindful of Allahs favors and warning them of the consequences of their evil ways, but they only mocked him. Shuaib remained calm as he reminded them of his kinship to them, story of Musa/Moses and Haroon/Aaron, The pharaoh who ruled Egypt was a tyrant who oppressed the children of Israel. He used every means to demean and disgrace them and they were kept in bondage and forced to work for him. Under this system the people obeyed and worshipped the pharaoh, Allah sent his prophet Moses to save the Children of Israel from the pharaoh, he gave him great power to face the pharaoh and win over him. He succeeded and saved his people and it also reveals that prophecies about the coming of Muhammad were present in the Jewish law and Gospel.7,157 Al Aaraaf — a poem based on it by Edgar Allan Poe Limbo Purgatory Surah Al-Araf Mp3
9.
At-Tawba
–
Sūrat at-Tawbah, also known as al-Barāah, is the ninth chapter of the Quran. It contains 129 verses and is one of the last Madinan chapters and it is the only sūrah of the Quran that does not begin with the basmala. This sūrah was revealed at the time of the Battle of Tabuk, verse 37 documents the prohibition of nasīʾ, the calculation of intercalation for the lunar calendar by the priests of the Banu Kinanah tribe of the Quraysh. This prohibition was repeated by Muhammad during the Farewell Sermon on Mount Arafat, according to Zayd ibn Thabit, when the Quran was first being compiled, he found the last verses of this sūrah in the possession of Abul-Khuzayma al-Ansari and no one else. In another account, Ubay ibn Kab informed Zayd that the Prophet taught him the end of this sūrah, some, like Ibn Hazm, suggested that Abu Khuzayma was the only one to have the last verses in written form, as Zayd and others had memorized them. Uzair, discusses the controversy of verse 30 of this sūrah, repentance in Islam Surah At-Tawba Mp3
