Al-Urwah al-Wuthqa was an Islamic revolutionary journal founded by Muhammad Abduh and Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī. Despite only running from 13 March 1884 to October 1884, it was one of the first and most important publications of the Nahda. The journal targeted people across the Islamic ummah, calling upon them to unite. Its firm stance against European colonialism caused British authorities to ban it in Egypt and India. Al-Urwah al-Wuthqa is an Arabic term with religious significance, appearing twice in the Quran.
Jamal-al-Din Afghani advocated Islamic unity in the face of an increasingly stronger Christian Europe.
Muhammad Abduh was an Islamic modernist and rationalist.
Muḥammad ʿAbduh was an Egyptian Islamic scholar, judge, and Grand Mufti of Egypt. He was a central figure of the Arab Nahḍa and Islamic Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
An early photo of Muḥammad ʿAbduh
Muḥammad ʿAbduh's meeting with members of the executive committee of Tunisian educational institute Khaldounia in 1903
Muḥammad ʿAbduh during his last days
Tewfik Pasha (1852–1892), the Ottoman Khedive of Egypt and Sudan between 1879 and 1892