1.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
2.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
3.
Montgomery, Alabama
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Montgomery /mɒntˈɡʌməri/ is the capital of the U. S. state of Alabama and is the county seat of Montgomery County. Named for Richard Montgomery, it is located on the Alabama River, as of the 2013 Census, Montgomery has a population of 201,332. It is the second-largest city in Alabama, after Birmingham, and is the 115th largest in the United States, the Montgomery Metropolitan Statistical Area had a 2010 estimated population of 374,536. It is the fourth-largest in the state and 136th among United States metropolitan areas, the city was incorporated in 1819 as a merger of two towns situated along the Alabama River. In February 1861, Montgomery was selected as the first capital of the Confederate States of America, until the seat of government moved to Richmond, Virginia, in May of that year. During the mid-20th century, Montgomery was a center of events and protests in the Civil Rights Movement, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Two ships of the United States Navy have been named after the city, Montgomery has also been recognized nationally for its downtown revitalization and new urbanism projects. It was one of the first cities in the nation to implement Smart Code Zoning, prior to European colonization, the east bank of the Alabama River was inhabited by the Alibamu tribe of Native Americans. The Alibamu and the Coushatta, who lived on the west side of the river, were descended from the Mississippian culture. This civilization had numerous chiefdoms throughout the Midwest and South along the Mississippi and its tributaries and its largest location was at Cahokia, in present-day Illinois east of St. Louis. The historic tribes spoke mutually intelligible Muskogean languages, which were closely related, present-day Montgomery is built on the site of two Alibamu towns, Ikanatchati, meaning red earth, and Towassa, built on a bluff called Chunnaanaauga Chatty. The first Europeans to travel through central Alabama were Hernando de Soto and his expedition, the next recorded European encounter occurred more than a century later, when an English expedition from Carolina went down the Alabama River in 1697. The first permanent European settler in the Montgomery area was James McQueen and he married a high-status woman in the Coushatta or Alabama tribe. Their mixed-race children were considered Muskogean, as both tribes had a system of property and descent. The children were considered born into their mothers clan. In 1785, Abraham Mordecai, a war veteran from a Sephardic Jewish family of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Coushatta and Alabama had gradually moved south and west in the tidal plain. By the time Mordecai arrived, Creek had migrated into and settled in the area, as they were moving away from Cherokee, when her people had to cede most of their lands after the 1813-14 Creek War, she joined them in removal to Indian Territory. Mordecai brought the first cotton gin to Alabama, the Upper Creek were able to discourage most European-American immigration until after the conclusion of the Creek War
4.
Alabama
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Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the U. S. states. At nearly 1,500 miles, Alabama has one of the nations longest navigable inland waterways, Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State, the state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, the oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U. S. suffered economic hardship, like other southern states, Alabama legislators disenfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, in the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo. The word Alabama is believed to have come from the Alabama language, the words spelling varies significantly among historical sources. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. Sources disagree on the words meaning, some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba and amo. The meaning may have been clearers of the thicket or herb gatherers, the state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language, an 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant Here We Rest. This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek, experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization, trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period and continued until European contact. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no links to Mesoamerican culture
5.
NCAA Division I
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Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football
6.
Southwestern Athletic Conference
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The Southwestern Athletic Conference is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama, which is made up of historically black universities in the Southern United States. It participates in the NCAAs Division I for all sports, in football, it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision, still frequently referred to by its former designation of Division I-AA. The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with sports teams. In 1994, the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games, in 1920, athletic officials from six Texas HBCUs — C. H. Fuller of Bishop College, Red Randolph and C. H, patterson of Paul Quinn College, E. G. Evans, H. J. Evans and H. J. Starns of Prairie View A&M, D. C. Fuller of Texas College and G. Whitte Jordan of Wiley College — met in Houston, Texas, to discuss common interests. At this meeting, they agreed to form a new league, Paul Quinn became the first of the original members to withdraw from the league in 1929. When Langston University of Oklahoma was admitted into the two years later, it began the migration of state-supported institutions into the SWAC. Southern University entered the ranks in 1934, followed by Arkansas AM&N in 1936, the enter-exit cycle continued in 1961 when Texas College withdrew, followed by the admittance of Alcorn A&M in 1962. Wiley left in 1968, the same year Mississippi Valley State College entered, Arkansas AM&N exited in 1970 and Alabama State University entered in 1982. Arkansas–Pine Bluff rejoined the SWAC on July 1,1997, regaining full-member status one year later, Alabama A&M University became the conference’s tenth member when it became a full member in September,1999 after a one-year period as an affiliate SWAC member. Most of the former SWAC members that have left the conference are currently a part of the Red River Athletic Conference of the NAIA, the SWAC is one of two conferences – the other being the Ivy League – that does not participate in the FCS football playoffs. The SWAC instead splits its schools into two divisions, and plays a conference championship game, the SWAC has occasionally been a participant in bowl games, the most recent being the Celebration Bowl, which features the SWAC as one of its tie-ins. Current championship competition offered by the SWAC includes competition for men in baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, indoor track, outdoor track & field and tennis. Women’s competition is offered in the sports of basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, indoor track, outdoor track & field, soccer, softball, tennis and volleyball. Note Arkansas–Pine Bluff was a member of the SWAC from 1936 to 1970 as Arkansas AM&N before re-joining in the 1997-98 academic season, note - Upon the closure of Bishop College, Paul Quinn College relocated from Waco to Dallas and re-established itself at the Bishop College campus. - Huston–Tillotson University was formerly known as Samuel Huston College, in 1933 Langston appeared to win the title outright with a 4-0 conference record after the regular season, while Wiley finished 4-1, and Prairie View A&M finished 3-1. Langston was invited to the Prairie View Bowl, which was won by Prairie View, the Panthers subsequently declared themselves SWAC champions even though their claim was based on a postseason game
7.
Alabama State University Historic District
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The Alabama State University Historic District is a 26-acre historic district at the heart of the Alabama State University campus in Montgomery, Alabama. It contains eighteen contributing buildings, many of them in the Colonial Revival style, the district was placed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on August 25,1994 and the National Register of Historic Places on October 8,1998. Curtis founded a school for African Americans in Marion, Alabama, in 1887 the school moved to Montgomery, renamed the Alabama Colored Peoples University. Classes were initially held at Beulah Baptist Church, the name was changed to State Normal School of Colored Students in 1889, following legal wrangling regarding state funding. Land for a permanent campus at the current location was purchased in 1889, with the first permanent building and this Tullibody Hall burned in 1904 and was rebuilt in brick in 1906. Following the death of the first president, William Paterson, in 1915, in the 1920s additional land was purchased and the state appropriated $50,000 for the construction of dormitories and dining facilities. The school became a full four-year institution in 1928, had a change to State Teachers College in 1929. The majority of buildings within the district date from this mid-20th century period,1916 through 1945. National Register of Historic Places listings in Montgomery County, Alabama Properties on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in Montgomery County, Alabama
8.
Lincoln Normal School
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The Lincoln Normal School, also known as the Lincoln School was a historic African American school in Marion, Alabama. Its roots went back to a Union soldier who remained in Marion after the end of the Civil War to teach newly freed African Americans and his efforts proved successful and in 1867 the school was incorporated with the support of African Americans from the surrounding Perry County. In 1868, school trustees sought the assistance of the American Missionary Association for help with day-to-day operation of the school, the AMA supplied teachers and financial support. In 1870, the school expanded to include training and for a time became known as the Lincoln Normal University for Teachers. The program primarily focused on training African American high school graduates to become teachers, in 1885, Lincoln School was voted the top school for freed slaves in the south. In 1887 fire destroyed many of the campus buildings, as a result, the teacher training function was relocated to Montgomery where it became Alabama State University. The school was led by several principals, most notably Miss Mary Elizabeth Phillips, during her tenure from 1896 to 1927 both the campus and student body expanded. In 1939, alumni and friends constructed Phillips Memorial Auditorium in her honor, other notable faculty included Cecil and Fran Thomas who were instrumental in establishing a choral program at the school. Under their direction, choirs from the school toured across the Southeast and Midwest, the school closed in 1970, when it was consolidated with the newly built and racially integrated Marion High School. One of the few remaining on the campus site is the Phillips Memorial Auditorium, now on the National Register of Historic Places. The Lincoln High School Gymnasium was also added to the Alabama Register on February 29,2005, neither Carpetbaggers Nor Scalawags, Black Officeholders during the Reconstruction of Alabama 1867–1878
9.
Marion, Alabama
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Marion is a city in, and the county seat of, Perry County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city is 3,686, first known as Muckle Ridge, the city was renamed after a hero of the American Revolution, Francis Marion. Marion is the 152th most populous city in the state of Alabama, formerly the territory of the Creek Indians, it was founded shortly after 1819 as Muckle Ridge. The city was renamed in honor of Francis Marion, the Swamp Fox, hero of the American Revolutionary War and it incorporated as a town the same year and also became the second county seat after the hamlet of Perry Ridge was unsuitable. In 1829, it upgraded from a town to a city, from the very early days, Marion created considerable history for a small town on the western frontier of Alabama. The old City Hall is but one of many public buildings, churches. General Sam Houston, while between terms as 1st and 3rd President of the Republic of Texas, married Margaret Lea of Marion in the city in 1840, at the 1844 meeting of the Alabama Baptist State Convention in Marion, the Alabama Resolutions were passed. This was one of the factors that led to the 1845 formation of the Southern Baptist Convention in Augusta, judson College was founded in 1838 and Marion Military Institute after Howard College moved in 1887. Howard College, initially the location of the current Marion Military Institute, was founded in Marion in 1842, a groundbreaking school for African Americans, the Lincoln Normal School, was founded here in 1867. The associated Lincoln Normal University for Teachers moved to Montgomery and became Alabama State University, in 1889, Marion Military Institute was chartered by the State of Alabama and today is the oldest military junior college in the nation. In December 1857, Andrew Barry Moore of Marion was elected the sixteenth Governor of Alabama, george Doherty Johnson served as mayor of Marion in 1856, state legislator from 1857-58 and rose to the rank of brigadier general in the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War. Moore of Marion, to design a flag for the new Confederacy, at the turn of the century in 1900, Perry County peaked in population at 31,783 or three times the population of the county in 2010 census. In 1909, Marion became the county seat, Hal Kemp, a jazz alto saxophonist, clarinetist, bandleader, composer, and arranger. was born in Marion in 1904 and died in Madera, California, following an auto accident in 1940. His major recordings were Theres a Small Hotel, Where or When, This Years Kisses, When Im With You, Got a Date With an Angel and his band was very popular from 1934 until 1939. In 1936, he was one for two weeks with Theres a Small Hotel and two weeks with When Im With You. In 1937, his number one hits were This Years Kisses, which was one for four weeks, and Where or When. In 1992, Hal Kemp was inducted into the Big Band, coretta Scott King, wife of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born in Marion in 1927 and spent her childhood there. She graduating from Lincoln Normal School as valedictorian in 1945, the couple was married on the front lawn of her mothers home north of Marion in 1953
10.
WVAS
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WVAS is a jazz-music formatted radio station in the Montgomery, Alabama, market licensed to the Alabama State University. WVAS is a member-supported non-commercial, educational station featuring news and other programming from National Public Radio, WVAS began broadcasting on June 15,1984 from the fifth floor of the Levi Watkins Learning Center. Two years later, the moved to its current location at Thomas Kilby Hall. WVAS has a signal that spans 18 counties, reaching a population of more than 651,000. In September 2007, WVAS received a grant from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting to assist in its conversion from analog to digital broadcasting, WVAS was one of just two radio stations in Alabama to receive such a grant
11.
Black Belt (region of Alabama)
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The Black Belt is a region of the U. S. state of Alabama. The term originally referred to the rich, black topsoil. The term took on a meaning in the 19th century. After the American Civil War, many stayed in the area as sharecroppers and tenant farmers. In the antebellum and Jim Crow eras, the elites of the Black Belt were powerful in Alabama state politics. Rural elites continued to power in state politics through the 1960s. Montgomery, the Black Belts largest city, has been the capital of Alabama since 1846, Montgomery and Selma and other parts of the Black Belt were important centers of public activism during the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s to 1968. Since the mid-20th century, white conservatives have shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party, the region is underlain by a thin layer of rich, black topsoil developed atop the chalk of the Selma Group, a geologic unit dating to the Cretaceous. The soils have developed continuously at least since the Pliocene Epoch, because the underlying chalk is nearly impermeable to groundwater, the black soils tend to dry out during the summer. The natural vegetation of the belt consisted mainly of oak-hickory forest interspersed with shortgrass prairie. Beginning in the 1830s, cotton produced the commodity crop that became Alabamas greatest source of wealth. Before the American Civil War, these plantations were worked by thousands of African American slaves, the region attained the highest density of population in the state and was majority-black. Birmingham, the largest and most industrialized city in the state, was among those that had been underrepresented for decades in the state legislature, the Black Belts largest city, Montgomery, was designated as the capital of Alabama in 1846. Because Alabama was geographically central to the states, Montgomery was also the original capital of the Confederate States of America. The regions distance from the front lines during the American Civil War saved it from much of the ravages of war, many of the Greek Revival mansions of the 19th-century planters have survived, as have some of the plantations slave quarters. Gaineswood in Demopolis and Magnolia Grove in Greensboro, Alabama are among those that can be visited by tourists today. Around 1910–20, the infestation of the crop by the boll weevil destroyed much of the crops and plantation system. But, African Americans continue to make up the majority proportion of the population in most rural Black Belt counties, today the term Black Belt is commonly used by scholars and the media as a demographic characterization, as well as a geologic one
12.
Engineering
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The term Engineering is derived from the Latin ingenium, meaning cleverness and ingeniare, meaning to contrive, devise. Engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel, each of these inventions is essentially consistent with the modern definition of engineering. The term engineering is derived from the engineer, which itself dates back to 1390 when an engineer originally referred to a constructor of military engines. In this context, now obsolete, a referred to a military machine. Notable examples of the obsolete usage which have survived to the present day are military engineering corps, the word engine itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium, meaning innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention. The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep, as one of the officials of the Pharaoh, Djosèr, he probably designed and supervised the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630–2611 BC. Ancient Greece developed machines in both civilian and military domains, the Antikythera mechanism, the first known mechanical computer, and the mechanical inventions of Archimedes are examples of early mechanical engineering. In the Middle Ages, the trebuchet was developed, the first steam engine was built in 1698 by Thomas Savery. The development of this gave rise to the Industrial Revolution in the coming decades. With the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, similarly, in addition to military and civil engineering, the fields then known as the mechanic arts became incorporated into engineering. The inventions of Thomas Newcomen and the Scottish engineer James Watt gave rise to mechanical engineering. The development of specialized machines and machine tools during the revolution led to the rapid growth of mechanical engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad. John Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and is regarded as the father of civil engineering. He was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbours and he was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Smeaton designed the third Eddystone Lighthouse where he pioneered the use of hydraulic lime and his lighthouse remained in use until 1877 and was dismantled and partially rebuilt at Plymouth Hoe where it is known as Smeatons Tower. The United States census of 1850 listed the occupation of engineer for the first time with a count of 2,000, there were fewer than 50 engineering graduates in the U. S. before 1865. In 1870 there were a dozen U. S. mechanical engineering graduates, in 1890 there were 6,000 engineers in civil, mining, mechanical and electrical. There was no chair of applied mechanism and applied mechanics established at Cambridge until 1875, the theoretical work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of electronics
13.
University of Alabama at Birmingham
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The University of Alabama at Birmingham is a public university in Birmingham in the U. S. state of Alabama. The UAB Health System, one of the largest academic medical centers in the United States, is affiliated with the university, UAB Hospital sponsors residency programs in medical specialties, including internal medicine, neurology, surgery, radiology, and anesthesiology. UAB Hospital is the only ACS verified Level I trauma center in Alabama, UAB is the states largest employer, with more than 18,000 faculty and staff and over 53,000 jobs at the university and in the health system. An estimated 10 percent of the jobs in the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Area and 1 in 33 jobs in the state of Alabama are directly or indirectly related to UAB, the universitys overall annual economic impact was estimated to be $4.6 billion in 2010. The center operated in an old house in downtown Birmingham at 2131 6th Avenue North, in 1945, UAs newly established four-year School of Medicine moved from Tuscaloosa to Birmingham and took over management of Jefferson and Hillman hospitals. In 1957 enrollment at the center stood at 1,856. By 1959, research grants, training grants, and fellowships exceeded $1,000,000, by the 1960s, it grew apparent that the extension center was becoming a university in its own right. An engineering building was close to the medical center in 1962, and in 1966, the Extension Center. An Advisory Board for UAB was created in 1967, dr. Joseph Volker was named the first president of UAB. In the 1970s, the university began a period of rapid growth, enrollment at the beginning of the decade stood at 6,629, including 2,724 women. To accommodate the student population, UAB acquired land in the Southside. UAB Mini Park was dedicated in 1977, the university created an intercollegiate athletic program, joined the NCAA and began fielding teams beginning with golf in 1970 and mens basketball in 1978. The universitys name was changed to the University of Alabama at Birmingham in 1984, by 1990, UAB had awarded its 50, 000th degree. In 1992, U. S. News and World Report named UAB as the #1 up-and-coming university in the United States, in 1993, UABs economic impact on the Birmingham region was estimated at more than $1.5 billion per year. Since 1994, UAB is the first and only Alabama university to achieve Research University I status in the Carnegie Foundation classification, UAB is located in the Southside neighborhood of downtown Birmingham. Spanning around 83 blocks, the UAB campus blends with the character of the Southside. The campus is rectangular in shape with University Boulevard serving as the axis of the rectangle. The campus can be divided into three sections, the medical center occupies most of the campus east of Campus Green
14.
National Pan-Hellenic Council
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The National Pan-Hellenic Council is a collaborative organization of nine historically African American, international Greek lettered fraternities and sororities. The nine NPHC organizations are sometimes referred to as the Divine Nine. The member/partner organizations have not formally adopted nor recommended the use of term to describe their collaborative grouping. The NPHC was formed as a permanent organization on May 10,1930 on the campus of Howard University, in Washington, D. C. with Matthew W. Bullock as the active Chairman, NPHC was incorporated under the laws of the State of Illinois in 1937. Each constituent member organization determines its own direction and program agenda. Today, the purpose and focus of member organizations remains camaraderie and academic excellence for its members. Each promotes community awareness and action through educational, economic, the founding members of the NPHC were Kappa Alpha Psi, Omega Psi Phi, Alpha Kappa Alpha, Delta Sigma Theta, and Zeta Phi Beta. The councils membership expanded as Alpha Phi Alpha, Phi Beta Sigma, Sigma Gamma Rho, in his book on BGLOs, Lawrence Ross coined the phrase The Divine Nine when referring to the coalition. As required by various campus recognition policies, neither the NPHC, the members of the National Pan-Hellenic Council are shown below in order of founding. Gregory S. Parks, and Clarenda M. Phillips, African American Fraternities and Sororities, The Legacy and the Vision. Lexington, KY, University Press of Kentucky, Black Greek-Letter Organizations in the 21st Century, Our Fight Has Just Begun. Lexington, KY, University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 978-0-8131-2491-9 Skocpol, Theda, Ariane Liazos, and Marshall Ganz. What A Mighty Power We Can Be, African American Fraternal Groups and the Struggle for Racial Equality
15.
Alabama State Hornets football
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The Alabama State Hornets are the college football team representing the Alabama State University. The Hornets play in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference, the Hornets play their home games in the New ASU Stadium. The 26, 500-seat on-campus stadium opened November 22,2012, the Magic City Classic is the highest attended and most anticipated ASU football game every year. The Hornets take on in-state rival Alabama A&M Bulldogs in Birmingham, Alabama
16.
Alabama State Hornets basketball
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This article is about the mens basketball team at Alabama State University. The womens team is known as the Lady Hornets, the Alabama State Hornets basketball team is the mens basketball team that represents Alabama State University in Montgomery, Alabama, United States. The schools team competes in the Southwestern Athletic Conference. The Alabama State-AAMU basketball rivalry is annually the highest attended and most anticipated series for both schools, in seven total postseason appearances the Hornets are yet to win a game. The Hornets have appeared in the NCAA tournament four times, the Hornets have appeared in the National Invitation Tournament two times. The Hornets have appeared in one CollegeInsider. com Postseason Tournament
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National Collegiate Athletic Association
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The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States
18.
College football
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It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States. No minor league farm organizations exist in American football and it is in college football where a players performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football. The best collegiate players will declare for the professional draft after 3 to 4 years of collegiate competition. Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as a free agent. Even after the emergence of the professional National Football League, college football remained extremely popular throughout the U. S, in many cases, college stadiums employ bench-style seating, as opposed to individual seats with backs and arm rests. This allows them to more fans in a given amount of space than the typical professional stadium. College athletes, unlike players in the NFL, are not permitted by the NCAA to be paid salaries, colleges are only allowed to provide non-monetary compensation such as athletic scholarships that provide for tuition, housing, and books. Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as football, by the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football. The game was taken to Canada by British soldiers stationed there and was soon being played at Canadian colleges, the first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9,1861. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. In 1864, at Trinity College, also a college of the University of Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, early games appear to have had much in common with the traditional mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard. Dartmouth played its own version called Old division football, the rules of which were first published in 1871, all of these games, and others, shared certain commonalities
19.
Hornet
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Hornets are the largest of the eusocial wasps, and are similar in appearance to their close relatives yellow jackets. Some species can reach up to 5.5 cm in length and they are distinguished from other vespine wasps by the relatively large top margin of the head and by the rounded segment of the abdomen just behind the waist. Worldwide, there are 22 recognized species of Vespa, and three species of Provespa, which are unique amongst hornets in being nocturnal. Most species only occur in the tropics of Asia, though the European hornet, is distributed throughout Europe, Russia, North America. Wasps native to North America in the genus Dolichovespula are commonly referred to as hornets, like other social wasps, hornets build communal nests by chewing wood to make a papery pulp. Each nest has one queen, who lays eggs and is attended by workers who, while genetically female, most species make exposed nests in trees and shrubs, but some build their nests underground or in other cavities. In the tropics, these nests may last year-round, but in temperate areas, hornets are often considered pests, as they aggressively guard their nesting sites when threatened. This is particularly true for hornets nesting close to human habitation, in Vespa crabro, the nest is founded in spring by a fertilized female known as the queen. She generally selects sheltered places like dark hollow tree trunks and she first builds a series of cells out of chewed tree bark. The cells are arranged in horizontal layers named combs, each cell being vertical, an egg is then laid in each cell. After 5–8 days, the egg hatches, and in the two weeks, the larva undergoes its five stages. During this time, the queen feeds it a protein-rich diet of insects, then, the larva spins a silk cap over the cells opening and, during the next two weeks, transforms into an adult, a process called metamorphosis. The adult then eats its way through the silk cap, as the colony size grows, new combs are added, and an envelope is built around the cell layers until the nest is entirely covered with the exception of an entry hole. To be able to build cells in total darkness, it is assumed they use gravity to aid them, at the peak of its population, the colony can reach a size of 700 workers, which occurs in late summer. At this time, the queen starts producing the first reproductive individuals, fertilized eggs develop into females, and unfertilized ones develop into males. Adult males do not participate in nest maintenance, foraging, or caretaking of the larvae, in early to mid autumn, they leave the nest and mate during nuptial flights. The workers and queens survive at most until mid to late autumn, other temperate species have similar cycles. In the case of species, life histories may well differ
20.
Ang Lee
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Ang Lee OBS is a Taiwanese-born film director, screenwriter and producer. Lees earlier films, such as The Wedding Banquet, Pushing Hands, Lee also deals with repressed, hidden emotions in many of his films, including Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, The Ice Storm, Hulk, and Brokeback Mountain. Lees work is known for its charge, which critics believe is responsible for his success in offsetting cultural barriers. Ang Lee was born in a Waishengren family, in a Military dependents village of the Republic of China Armed Forces located at Chaochou, Pingtung, both of Lees parents moved from Mainland China to Taiwan following the Chinese civil war in 1949. He grew up in a household that put emphasis on education. Lee studied in the Provincial Tainan First Senior High School where his father was the principal and he was expected to pass the annual Joint College/University Entrance Examination, the only route to a university education in Taiwan. But after failing the exam twice, to the disappointment of his father, he entered a college, the National Arts School. His father had wanted him to become a professor, but he had interested in drama. This early frustration set his career on the path of performance art, seeing Ingmar Bergmans film The Virgin Spring was a formative experience for him. Originally, Lee was interested in acting, but his challenges with speaking English made it difficult, at UIUC, Lee met his future wife Jane Lin, also a Taiwanese student, who pursued her Ph. D. degree. Thereupon, he enrolled at the Tisch School of the Arts of New York University and he was a classmate of Spike Lee and worked on the crew of his thesis film, Joes Bed-Stuy Barbershop, We Cut Heads. During graduate school, Lee finished a 16mm short film, Shades of the Lake and his own thesis work, a 43-minute drama, Fine Line, won NYUs Wasserman Award for Outstanding Direction and was later selected for the Public Broadcasting Service. Lees NYU thesis drew attention from the William Morris Agency, the famous talent, at first, though, WMA found Lee few opportunities, and Lee remained unemployed for six years. During this time, he was a full-time house-husband, while his wife Jane Lin and this arrangement put enormous pressure on the couple, but with Lins support and understanding, Lee did not abandon his career in film but continued to generate new ideas from movies and performances. He also wrote several screenplays during this time, in 1990, Lee submitted two screenplays, Pushing Hands and The Wedding Banquet, to a competition sponsored by Taiwans Government Information Office, and they came in first and second, respectively. The winning screenplays brought Lee to the attention of Li-Kong Hsu, Hsu, a first-time producer, invited Lee to direct Pushing Hands, a full-length feature that debuted in 1991. The Father Knows Best trilogy Pushing Hands was a success in Taiwan both among critics and at the box office and it received eight nominations in the Golden Horse Film Festival, Taiwans premier film festival. In all, this film collected eleven Taiwanese and international awards and these first two movies were based on stories of Chinese Americans, and both were filmed in the US
21.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
22.
Give It 2 U
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Give It 2 U is a song by American recording artist Robin Thicke, featuring a guest appearance from American rapper Kendrick Lamar. The song was serviced to radio on August 27,2013 as the third single from Thickes sixth studio album Blurred Lines. The song was written by Thicke and Lamar alongside will. i. am and it peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 and 41 on the ARIA chart in Australia. The song originally leaked online featuring a verse from American rapper 2 Chainz, the song was later dubbed as the remix and is included on the deluxe edition as a bonus track. The Diane Martel-directed music video also includes 2 Chainzs verse, Thicke, Lamar and 2 Chainz all performed the song at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards. The video, directed by Diane Martel, premiered on August 23,2013 on MTV, the video is set on a football field and features a cameo by Thickes son, Julian Fuego, as well as college dance teams from Albany State University and Alabama State University. 2 Chainz enters the field leading a parade float labelled the Ass Float while Kendrick enters on a miniature car, the video ends with every girl dancing to the song with Robin Thicke. The song appears during the party scene in the episode of season one of The CW television series The Tomorrow People. The song was featured in the 2015 comedy film Ted 2. Lead vocals – Robin Thicke, Kendrick Lamar, Tauheed 2 Chainz Epps
23.
Plus-size clothing
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Plus size clothing is a term given to clothing proportioned specifically for people whose bodies are larger than the average persons. The application of the term varies from country to country, according to PLUS Model magazine, In the fashion industry, plus size is identified as sizes 10-14, super size as sizes 1X-6X and extended size as 7X and up. The article continues Susan Barone shared, Plus sizes are sizes 14W - 24W, super sizes and extended sizes are used interchangeably for sizes 26W and above. Sometimes the size 26W is included in plus size, such clothing has also been called outsize in Britain, a term that has been losing favor. One example of this is the renaming of Evans Outsize to simply Evans, as well as losing their advertising slogan Evans - The Outsize Shop, a related term for mens plus-size clothing is big and tall. A relatively new term for plus size gaining consumer and editorial favor is curvy. In a euphemistic sense, curvy is regarded as offensive to those that wear larger sized clothes. There is evidence of this term gaining media and market traction, demonstrated by searching say, curvy clothes London. In current media use, while curvy can appear less offensive, Lane Bryant began trading in the early 1900s as a producer of clothing for Expectant Mothers and Newborn. By the early 1920s, Lane Bryant started selling clothing under the category For the Stout Women, Evans, a UK-based plus-size retailer, was founded in 1930. Mary Duffys Big Beauties was the first model agency to work with hundreds of new plus-size clothing lines, for two decades, this plus-size category produced the largest per annum percentage increases in ready-to wear retailing. Max Mara started Marina Rinaldi, one of the first high-end clothing lines, the first plus-size fashion line to show at Mercedes Benz Fashion Week was Cabiria, featured in the Fashion Law Institute fashion show in the tents at Lincoln Center on September 6,2013. Now a days, the plus size section doesnt suffer from any restrictions, U. S. companies Lane Bryant and Catherines teamed up over a three-year period to source data to modernize the companies garment construction. 14,000 women were measured in what was the most extensive female sizing study in the U. S. in over 60 years. Sizing in Australia is not synchronous with the US, plus size garments are considered to be size 16 and upward, notable Australian chain store brands for plus-size clothing include Maggie T, Autograph, Free People and City Chic. There is also a boom in Australian designer independent plus size labels such as Camilla Jayne, Curvy Chic Sports, Hope & Harvest,17 Sundays, Sonsee, Lowanna Australia, and Harlow. In the UK there are over sixty brands for plus-size womens clothing, however, more recently, stores specifically supplying plus-size sportswear, fitness wear and bras have sprung to life such as State of Mind, Charlotte Jackson, Eve Activewear, and We Fit In. Notable online sites also include ASOS. com and Style908, anna Scholz has been creating clothes for the high end market since 1995
24.
Drum major
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A drum major or Field Commander is the leader of a marching band, drum and bugle corps, or pipe band, usually positioned at the head of the band or corps. The commands may be given verbally, through hand gestures, using a whistle or a baton. In modern-day high school and college marching bands, drum majors are responsible for leading the practices and performances of the band, in addition, they serve as the liaison between the band director and the band. Essentially a drum major is the leader that keeps the rhythm, the drum major often holds the responsibility to keep the band organized and structured. The position of drum major originated in the British Army with the Corps of Drums in 1650. Military groups performed mostly duty calls and battle signals during that period, with the arrival of military concert bands and pipe bands around the 18th century, the position of the drum major was adapted to those ensembles. This position faded in the 18th century, conductor Drum majors are responsible for knowing the music of the ensemble and conducting it appropriately. Controlling tempo What is appropriate conducting has evolved over the decades, current drum majors use a variety of conducting patterns and styles that suit the needs of their respective marching bands and/or drum corps. Performer Drum majors have different roles within the world of traditional show bands. Many college bands have drum majors who are very much part of the element of a field show. Rather than conduct as a drum major would, traditional drum majors often march on the field with the band, using a mace or baton to keep time. Drum majors in the Big Ten and HBCUs have a prominent role. While most of them do not conduct as much as a drum major, they lead the band onto the field. During dance routines, they move along with the bands. As traditional drum majors have much more of a role than corps drum majors, there are often many more of them. Leader The drum major position is one of leadership, instruction, and group representation, a band director or corps director assumes administrative responsibility. In the absence of the Band Director, the Drum Major carries the authority of the director or instructor, there are a number of specialized pieces of equipment that drum majors use to more effectively execute their duties. These include a whistle, a mace or baton, their uniform, uniform In British and European tradition, a drum major usually wears the same uniform as the rest of the band with the additional of a diagonal sash
25.
Big band
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A big band is a type of musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late 1940s. Big Bands evolved with the times and continue to this day, a big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. The terms jazz band, jazz ensemble, stage band, jazz orchestra and this does not, however, mean that each one of these names is technically correct for naming a big band specifically. The music is traditionally called charts, improvised solos may be played only when called for by the arranger. There are two periods in the history of popular bands. Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then consisting of 10–25 pieces. At that time they played a form of jazz that involved very little improvisation, which included a string section with violins. A few bands also had violas and cellos, usually one or two along with them, the dance form of jazz was characterized by a sweet and romantic melody. Orchestras tended to stick to the melody as it was written and vocals would be sung, many of these artists changed styles or retired after the introduction of swing music. Although unashamedly commercial, these bands often featured front-rank jazz musicians - for example Paul Whiteman employed Bix Beiderbecke, there were also all-girl bands such as Helen Lewis and Her All-Girl Jazz Syncopators. Towards the end of the 1920s, a new form of Big Band emerged which was more authentically jazz and this form of music never gained the popularity of the sweet dance form of jazz. The few recordings made in form of jazz were labelled race records and were intended for a limited urban audience. Few white musicians were familiar with music, Johnny Mercer. The three major centres in this development were New York City, Chicago and Kansas City, some big ensembles, like the Joe King Oliver outfit played a kind of half arranged, half improvised jazz, often relying on head arrangements. Other great bands, like the one of Luis Russell became a vehicle for star instrumentalists, there the whole arrangement had to promote all the possibilities of the star, although they often contained very good musicians, like Henry Red Allen, J. C. Earl Hines became the star of Chicago with his Grand Terrace Cafe band, meanwhile, in Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as Benny Moten and, later, by Jay McShann and Jesse Stone. Radio was a factor in gaining notice and fame for Benny Goodman. Soon, others challenged him, and the battles of the bands became a staple at theater performances featuring many groups on one bill
26.
Erskine Hawkins
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Erskine Ramsay Hawkins was an American trumpet player and big band leader from Birmingham, Alabama, dubbed The 20th Century Gabriel. He is most remembered for composing the jazz standard Tuxedo Junction with saxophonist, the song became a popular hit during World War II, rising to No.7 nationally and to No.1 nationally. Vocalists who were featured with Erskines orchestra include Ida James, Delores Brown, Hawkins was named after Alabama industrialist Erskine Ramsay. Erskine Hawkins was named by his parents after Alabama industrialist Erskine Ramsay who was rewarding parents with savings accounts for them for doing so, Hawkins attended Councill Elementary School and Industrial High School in Birmingham, Alabama. In 1938, he signed with RCA Victor Records and began recording on their Bluebird label as, simply, Erskine Hawkins, in the late 1930s Hawkins and his Orchestra were one of the house bands at the Savoy Ballroom. They alternated with the Chick Webb band, and often used Tuxedo Junction as their sign-off song before the band would take the stage. Hawkins also engaged in battles of the bands with such bandleaders as Glenn Miller, Duke Ellington, in the mid 1940s, he was transferred to the main RCA Victor label, recording many of his greatest hits for both labels during this decade. He remained with them until 1950 when he switched over to Coral Records and he continued to record for many years. He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery, alongside his sister, in Birmingham, in 1978, Erskine Hawkins became one of the first five artists inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame. In 1989, he was inducted into the Alabama Music Hall of Fame, Hawkins was a contemporary of another Birmingham jazz musician, Sun Ra. The story of the Hawkins legacy continues to be today, during tours of the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame Museum, by Ray Reach and Frank Adams. On his final Sunday night radio show Malcolm Laycock celebrated the 95th anniversary of Hawkins birth, by featuring music performed by Hawkins. In 2011, the story of Erskine Hawkins and the Bama State Collegians was the subject of a Florida State University Film School MFA Thesis Film The Collegians, written and directed by Bryan Lewis. com
27.
Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame
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It is located in Birmingham, Alabama, United States. The museum contains more than 2,200 square feet of exhibits, the Jazz Hall of Fame also sponsors jazz performances around the city and brings jazz to many local students with school visits from musicians. It contains memorabilia such as paintings, quilts, instruments, and personal effects of such artists as Ella Fitzgerald, Handy, and offers a tour guided by Frank Adams. Every Saturday morning since 1999, the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame has offered free classes to any resident of the state of Alabama. These classes are taught by a faculty of professionals, organized by Director of Student Jazz Programs Ray Reach, collectively, the members of the faculty form a performing ensemble known as the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame All-Stars. These free classes are supported by grants from the Cultural Alliance of Greater Birmingham, in these classes, students learn to read and improvise jazz. Graduates of the AJHoF classes have received scholarships to prestigious jazz studies programs, such as the ones offered by the University of New Orleans and New School University in New York City. Directed by Ray Reach, the AJHoF Student All-Star band is a group chosen by auditioning students from the Birmingham Jefferson County. The group performs at concerts and events all over the Birmingham metro area, on December 19,2010, the group opened for Grammy Award-winning vocal group Take 6 at Old Car Heaven in Birmingham. Beginning in 2006, founder Ray Reach and a faculty of jazz professionals have presented free one-hour lessons introducing jazz through live performance, the program, which was originated under the auspices of the University of Alabama at Birminghams Alys Stephens Center, includes four unique presentations. Every year, the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame sponsors the Student Jazz Festival, open to school, high school. The festival is non-competitive, and bands are invited to play, awards for Band of Distinction and Outstanding Soloist are made in each of the categories, Middle School, High School, Junior College and College. Among these is a called the Neo Jazz Collective. A group of students, exhibiting the skills they learned at the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame, created this ensemble. The group is directed by Lud Yisrael, the group started their own school in Fairfield, Alabama, and is fast becoming a popular Nu-Jazz ensemble in the Birmingham area. During the fall of each year, the Taste of 4th Avenue Jazz Festival takes place, jointly sponsored by the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame, AJHoF offers free jazz workshops, clinics and masterclasses. Past guest clinicians include Lou Marini, Eric Marienthal, Bill Goodwin, T. S. Monk, every year, the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame accepts contributions of used, but repairable, instruments. Numerous instruments have been donated, many by famous musicians such as Lou Marini, Erskine Hawkins, Sammy Lowe and these recycled instruments are put to use by students of the AJHoF educational programs
28.
Alabama Music Hall of Fame
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It currently stands in the town of Tuscumbia, Alabama. The Alabama Music Hall of Fame serves to showcase a multitude of different Alabamians who have had a significant impact upon the music industry, the third addition is to be a southern music research library. Governor Boosts State Music Hall Of Fane, alliance forms to give support to hall of fame. State pays tribute to some of its stars with Music Hall of Fame inductions, archived from the original on April 4,2010. Alabama Music Hall of Fame welcomes inductees in style, archived from the original on January 17,2016
29.
Tuxedo Junction
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Tuxedo Junction is a song co-written by Birmingham, Alabama composer Erskine Hawkins and saxophonist and arranger Bill Johnson. Julian Dash is also credited for the music, the instrumental was a no.1 hit for Glenn Miller and his Orchestra in 1940. The song was introduced by the Erskine Hawkins Orchestra, a dance band formerly known as the Bama State Collegians. Tuxedo Junction rose to number 7 on the hit parade in 1939. Here is a recording by Hamilton High school https, //www. youtube. com/watch. v=-7liX70jat8. In the late 1930s Hawkins and his Orchestra were one of the bands at the Savoy Ballroom. They alternated with the Chick Webb band, and often used Tuxedo Junction as their sign-off song before the band would take the stage. It was recorded as an aircheck in the summer of 1942 at the Blue Room club in New York City, Glenn Miller and His Orchestra had the most successful recording of the song in a best-selling record, RCA Bluebird B-10612-A. Millers arrangement slowed down the tempo and added trumpet fanfares, the infamous trumpet lick in the original recording was played by band member Johnny Best. The main soloists on that recording were Best and Bobby Hackett, the Glenn Miller recording sold 115,000 copies in the first week alone. It was featured in the 1953 Glenn Miller biopic The Glenn Miller Story starring James Stewart, bob Marley used this song as an inspiration for his hit Kaya. It was also the inspiration for a disco group, entitled Tuxedo Junction. The song is about a jazz and blues club in the Birmingham, the area is referred to as Tuxedo Junction, even though the building is called the Nixon Building. This is due to the location of a crossing at Tuxedo Park. The building still stands at 1728 20th Street and is occupied by janitorial contractor. A punk rock venue bearing the name operated near there briefly in the mid-1980s. The song was written as an instrumental. When it was given to Lewis Music Publishing, they farmed it out to several prospective lyricists to see who could write the best words that matched the song, buddy Feyne asked Erskine Hawkins why he titled it Tuxedo Junction
30.
Glenn Miller Orchestra
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Glenn Miller and His Orchestra was a swing dance band formed by Glenn Miller in 1938. It was arranged around a clarinet and tenor saxophone playing melody and this arrangement was different from usual and allowed Miller to develop his own style and sound, which made him and his orchestra one of the greatest and well-known of the swing era. By the mid-1930s, Glenn Miller was known as a sideman, originally forming a band around 1935–36, they signed with Brunswick Records, but struggled with financial troubles and the band folded in 1937. But they reformed in 1938, and under new management they got significant radio airplay, the newly reformed band was much better but it took more time for them to get famous. They opened April 16,1938 at Raymor Ballroom in Boston, but they performed more and more and eventually signed with RCA Victor subsidiary label Bluebird Records. On September 7,1938, the first recordings made with the newly reformed band. They were My Reverie, King Porter Stomp and By the Waters of Minnetonka, Miller was not yet famous, and made less than 10 recordings with his band for the rest of that year. On May 17,1939, they played their first songs of the night, the casino had a radio broadcast antenna and the Miller band was heard around the country. By the end of their season, they had nationwide attention. George T. Simon, the drummer for the unsuccessful first Miller band, had this to say about the Glen Island broadcasts, the bands first semi hit, Little Brown Jug, came out just when it opened at Glen Island. And the clarinet lead in Glenns arrangements was such a romantic sound and it caught the public fancy during this exposure. Miller began ending his broadcasts from Glen Island with his Something Old, but the most important thing for Glenns success was that he recorded In the Mood while he was at the casino. That made him the Michael Jackson of his day, also, at this time, Miller decided to add a trombone and a trumpet, giving the band a fuller sound. Miller was enormously popular and the rest of 1939 only got better, on April 4,1939, Miller and his Orchestra recorded Moonlight Serenade. Considered as one of the top songs of the swing era and it was soon played as the theme song to start and end all of his radio performances. Millers most famous song In the Mood was recorded August 1,1939, Miller, although he was never credited as an arranger, arranged some of the song in the studio. The song, famous for its dueling saxophone solos between Tex Beneke and Al Klink, and often the number to most shows, hit number one on Billboards charts. 1940 was a popular year for Miller and the band with 31 top ten hits
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