1.
Quimper
–
Quimper is a commune and capital of the Finistère department of Brittany in northwestern France. Quimper is the prefecture of the Finistère department, the name Quimper comes from the Breton kemper confluent because the city was built on the confluence of the Steir, Odet and Jet rivers. It is at the intersection of Route National 165, D785, D765, Quimper is the ancient capital of Cornouaille, Brittany’s most traditional region, and has a distinctive Breton character. The Breton origin of the name is Kemper, which means confluence, shops and flags celebrating the regions Celtic heritage can be found throughout the city. Quimper was originally settled during Roman times, by AD495, the town had become a Bishopric. It subsequently became the capital of the counts of Cornouailles, in the eleventh century, it was united with the Duchy of Brittany. During the War of the Breton Succession, the town suffered considerable ruin, in 1364, the duchy passed to the House of Montfort. The town has an atmosphere with footbridges spanning the rivers that flow through it. The Church of Locmaria, a Romanesque structure, dates from the eleventh century, the Cathedral of Saint-Corentin, with its Gothic-style façade, was constructed between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is the oldest Gothic structure in lower Brittany and its two towers are 76 m, its spires were added in the nineteenth century. The fifteenth-century stained glass windows are exceptional, the cathedral is dedicated to Quimpers first bishop, Corentin. To the cathedrals west are the streets of Vieux Quimper with a wide array of crêperies, half-timbered houses. Near the Episcopal palace, which now holds the Musée départemental Breton are the ruins of the towns fifteenth-century walls, nearby is the Musée des beaux-arts de Quimper. The museum has a nineteenth-century façade and an entirely rebuilt interior, the towns best known product is Quimper faience. It has been here since 1690, using bold provincial designs of Jean-Baptiste Bousquet. The town’s eating establishments boast some of the best crêpes and cider in Brittany, the town has also been known for copper and bronze work, food items, galvanized ironware, hosiery, leather, paper and woolen goods. The municipality launched a plan through Ya dar brezhoneg on 6 February 2008. In 2008,4. 61% of primary-school children attended bilingual schools, Quimper has several schools, under which two Diwan preschools, two Diwan primary schools and one Diwan collège
Quimper
–
Quimper, with its
vernacular architecture, is a popular tourist destination
Quimper
–
The Odet River in the centre of Quimper
Quimper
–
Quimper Cathedral
Quimper
–
River Odet
2.
Brittany
–
Brittany is a cultural region in the north-west of France. Brittany has also referred to as Less, Lesser or Little Britain. It is bordered by the English Channel to the north, the Celtic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and its land area is 34,023 km². Since reorganisation in 1956, the administrative region of Brittany comprises only four of the five Breton departments. The remaining area of old Brittany, the Loire-Atlantique department around Nantes, at the 2010 census, the population of historic Brittany was estimated to be 4,475,295. Of these, 71% lived in the region of Brittany, while 29% lived in the Loire-Atlantique department, in 2012, the largest metropolitan areas were Nantes, Rennes, and Brest. Brittany is the homeland of the Breton people and is recognised by the Celtic League as one of the six Celtic nations. A nationalist movement seeks greater autonomy within the French Republic, the word Brittany, along with its French, Breton and Gallo equivalents Bretagne, Breizh and Bertaèyn, derive from the Latin Britannia, which means Britons land. This word had been used by the Romans since the 1st century to refer to Great Britain and this word derives from a Greek word, Πρεττανικη or Βρεττανίαι, used by Pytheas, an explorer from Massalia who visited the British Islands around 320 BC. This term probably comes from a Gallic word, aremorica, which close to the sea. Another name, Letauia, was used until the 12th century and it possibly means wide and flat or to expand and it gave the Welsh name for Brittany, Llydaw. Later, authors like Geoffrey of Monmouth used the terms Britannia minor, breton-speaking people may pronounce the word Breizh in two different ways, according to their region of origin. Breton can be divided into two dialects, the KLT and the dialect of Vannes. KLT speakers pronounce it and would write it Breiz, while the Vannetais speakers pronounce it, the official spelling is a compromise between both variants, with a z and an h together. In 1941, efforts to unify the dialects led to the creation of the so-called Breton zh, on its side, Gallo language has never had a widely accepted writing system and several ones coexist. For instance, the name of the region in that language can be written Bertaèyn in ELG script, or Bertègn in MOGA, Brittany has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic. This population was scarce and very similar to the other Neanderthals found in the whole of Western Europe and their only original feature was a distinct culture, called Colombanian. One of the oldest hearths in the world has found in Plouhinec
Brittany
–
The
Carnac stones.
Brittany
Brittany
–
The five Gallic tribes of Brittany.
Brittany
–
The temple of Mars in
Corseul.
3.
Riom
–
Riom is a commune town in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department, until the French Revolution, Riom was the capital of the province of Auvergne, and the seat of the dukes of Auvergne. The city was of Gaulish origin, the Roman Ricomagus, in the intensely feudalized Auvergne of the 10th century, the town grew up around the collegiate Church of Saint Amabilis, the local saint, who was the object of pilgrimages. Riom was the capital of the dukes of Auvergne, in the 14th century the city benefitted from the patronage of the Jean, duc de Berry, who rebuilt the Ducal Palace and the Saint-Chapelle. In 1531, Riom and the Auvergne reverted to the Crown of France, in 1942, Riom was the site of the Vichy governments abortive war-guilt trials, called Riom Trials. In 1985 Riom received the French classification of Ville dArt et dHistoire recognizing its sixteen classified historical monuments as well as another 57 on the supplementary listings, several 17th- and 18th-century private houses are open to the public with collections of costumes and works of decorative art. Rioms two major public squares are Place Jean-Baptiste Laurent and Place du pré-Madame in which two large fountains in homage to Desaix. The Bibliothèque Municipale de Riom, is a library in Riom. Since 1968 it has located on Avenue Mgr Martrou. The library was established after the French Revolution, the library collection began after the French Revolution and it has been housed in a number of buildings including a college and at Riom city hall. In 1905 the library was moved to a Carmelite convent building, the present home of the collection was opened in 1968. The special part of the consists of 15 medieval manuscripts. The Ministry of Culture and Communication digitized three illuminated manuscripts, of the illuminated works five volumes are from the 15th - 16th centuries. Riom Tourism - Official site from the Auvergne Office de Tourisme, Joan of Arcs letter to Riom - Translation by Allen Williamson of a letter dictated by Joan of Arc to the people of Riom on November 9,1429. The Musée de Veygoux is a museum in the Manoir de Veygoux dedicated to the French Revolution, the Riom trials of 1942, from a Marxist perspective
Riom
–
Sainte chapelle
4.
Auvergne (region)
–
Auvergne is a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and it comprises four departments, Allier, Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal and Haute-Loire. The administrative region of Auvergne is larger than the province of Auvergne. The Auvergne region is composed of the old provinces, Auvergne, departments of Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal, northwest of Haute-Loire. The province of Auvergne is entirely contained inside the Auvergne region Bourbonnais, a small part of Bourbonnais is also contained inside the Centre-Val de Loire region. Velay, centre and southeast of department of Haute-Loire, velay is entirely contained inside the Auvergne region. A small part of Gévaudan, extreme southwest of Haute-Loire, Gévaudan is essentially inside the Languedoc-Roussillon region. A small part of Vivarais, extreme southeast of Haute-Loire, Vivarais is essentially inside the Rhône-Alpes region. A small part of Forez, extreme northeast of Haute-Loire, Forez is essentially inside the Rhône-Alpes region. Velay, Gévaudan, and Vivarais are often considered to be sub-provinces of the old province of Languedoc, Forez is also often considered to be a sub-province of Lyonnais. Therefore, the region of Auvergne is composed of the provinces of Auvergne, major part of Bourbonnais. The region is home to a chain of volcanoes known collectively as the chaîne des Puys, the last confirmed eruption was around 4040 BCE. The volcanoes began forming some 70,000 years ago, and most have eroded, Auvergne has a surface area of 26,013 square kilometres equivalent to 4. 8% of Frances total surface area. Auvergne is one of the smallest regions in France, Auvergne is known for its mountain ranges and dormant volcanoes. Together the Monts Dore and the Chaîne des Puys include 80 volcanoes, the Puy de Dôme is the tallest volcano in the region, with an altitude of 1,465 metres. The Sancy Massif in the Monts Dore is the highest point in Auvergne, the northern region is covered in hills while the southern portion is mountainous and dotted with pastures. The Forest of Tronçais covers nearly 11,000 hectares and is the largest oak forest in Europe, the Loire runs through the southeast and borders the northeast, and the Allier runs from north to south down the center of Auvergne, with branches going east and west. Over many years the Allier river has created what are known as the Allier gorges, Auvergne has about 50 freshwater ponds and lakes
Auvergne (region)
–
Auvergne terrain map
Auvergne (region)
–
Flag
Auvergne (region)
–
The "
Chaîne des Puys " in
Puy-de-Dôme
Auvergne (region)
–
Clermont-Ferrand
5.
France
–
France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
France
–
One of the
Lascaux paintings: a horse –
Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC
France
–
Flag
France
–
The
Maison Carrée was a temple of the
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day
Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
France
–
With
Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the
Frankish monarchy,
elective and
secular until then, became
hereditary and of
divine right.
6.
Celtic music
–
Celtic music is a broad grouping of music genres that evolved out of the folk music traditions of the Celtic people of Western Europe. It refers to both orally-transmitted traditional music and recorded music and the styles vary considerably to include everything from music to a wide range of hybrids. Celtic music means two things mainly, first, it is the music of the peoples identifying themselves as Celts. Secondly, it refers to whatever qualities may be unique to the musics of the Celtic Nations, many notable Celtic musicians such as Alan Stivell and Paddy Moloney claim that the different Celtic musics have much in common. These common melodic practices may be used widely across Celtic Music, It is common for the line to move up. There are a number of reasons for this, Melodic variation can be easily introduced. Melodic variation is used in Celtic music, especially by the pipes. The relatively wider tonal intervals in some songs make it possible for stress accents within the line to be more in keeping with the local Celtic accent. By more than one Celtic language population belonging to different Celtic groups and these two latter usage patterns may simply be remnants of formerly widespread melodic practices. The definition is complicated by the fact that Irish independence has allowed Ireland to promote Celtic music as a specifically Irish product. However, these are modern geographical references to a people who share a common Celtic ancestry and consequently, additionally, the musics of ethnically Celtic peoples abroad are vibrant, especially in Canada and the United States. In Canada the provinces of Atlantic Canada are known for being a home of Celtic music, most notably on the islands of Newfoundland, Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island. The traditional music of Atlantic Canada is heavily influenced by the Irish, Scottish, in some parts of Atlantic Canada, such as Newfoundland, Celtic music is as or more popular than in the old country. Much of the music of this region is Celtic in nature, in Celtic Music, A Complete Guide, June Skinner Sawyers acknowledges six Celtic nationalities divided into two groups according to their linguistic heritage. The Q-Celtic nationalities are the Irish, Scottish and Manx peoples, while the P-Celtic groups are the Cornish, Bretons, there is also tremendous variation between Celtic regions. Ireland, Scotland, Brittany and Wales have living traditions of language and music, and there has been a recent major revival of interest in Celtic heritage in Cornwall, Galicia has a Celtic language revival movement to revive the Q-Celtic Gallaic language used into Roman times. Most of the Iberian Peninsula had a similar Celtic language in pre-Roman times, a Brythonic language was used in parts of Galicia and Asturias into early Medieval times brought by Britons fleeing the Anglo-Saxon invasions via Brittany. The Romance language currently spoken in Galicia, Galician is closely related to the Portuguese language used mainly in Brazil, Galician music is claimed to be Celtic
Celtic music
–
Performance in 2010
Celtic music
–
Alan Stivell at Nuremberg, Germany, 2007
Celtic music
–
Massed pipers at the Lorient festival
7.
Breton people
–
The Bretons are an ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France. They trace much of their heritage to groups of Brittonic speakers who emigrated from southwestern Great Britain including Cornwall to avoid the invading Germanic peoples and they also descend from the Gauls and in some parts from Vikings. They migrated in waves from the third to ninth century into Armorica, the main traditional language of Brittany is Breton, spoken in Lower Brittany. Today, Breton is spoken by less than 200,000 people, the other principal minority language of Brittany is Gallo, Gallo is spoken only in Upper Brittany, where Breton is less dominant. As one of the Brittonic languages, Breton is related closely to Cornish and more distantly to Welsh, currently, most Bretons native language is standard French. Brittany and its people are counted as one of the six Celtic nations, ethnically, along with the Cornish and Welsh, the Bretons are Celtic Britons. The actual number of ethnic Bretons in Brittany and France as a whole is difficult to assess as the government of France does not collect statistics on ethnicity, the population of Brittany, as of a January 2007 estimate, was 4,365,500. It is said that, in 1914, over 1 million people spoke Breton west of the boundary between Breton and Gallo-speaking regions – roughly 90% of the population of the half of Brittany. In 1945, it was about 75%, and today, in all of Brittany, Brittany has a population of roughly 4 million, including the department of Loire-Atlantique, which the Vichy government separated from historical Brittany in 1941. Three-quarters of the estimated 200,000 to 250,000 Breton speakers using Breton as an everyday language today are over the age of 65, many Breton families have also emigrated to the Americas, predominantly to Canada and the United States. In the late century, large numbers of British auxiliary troops in the Roman army may have been stationed in Armorica. The ninth-century Historia Brittonum states that the emperor Magnus Maximus, who withdrew Roman forces from Britain, nennius and Gildas mention a second wave of Britons settling in Armorica in the following century to escape the invading Anglo-Saxons and Scoti. Modern archaeology also supports a two-wave migration and it is generally accepted that the Brittonic speakers who arrived gave the region its current name as well as the Breton language, Brezhoneg, a sister language to Welsh and Cornish. The Bretons are known for their participation in the Hunt of the Apple of Eden and this took place between 400 and 600 AD. These legends were discovered in Poullia in Italy but have unfortunately been marked as improvable history, as in Cornwall, many Breton towns are named after these early saints. The Irish saint Columbanus was also active in Brittany and is commemorated accordingly at Saint-Columban in Carnac, in the Early Middle Ages, Brittany was divided into three kingdoms — Domnonia, Cornouaille, and Bro Waroch — which eventually were incorporated into the Duchy of Brittany. The first two kingdoms seem to derive their names from the homelands of the tribes in Britain. Neither language has official status under French law, however, some still use Breton as an everyday language, in modern times, a number of schools and colleges have emerged with the aim of providing Breton-medium education or bilingual Breton/French education
Breton people
–
Some
notable Bretons: 1st row: •
Nominoe: First Duke, Tad ar Vro •
St Yves: Erwann, patron of Brittany 2nd row: •
René Laennec •
Jacques Cartier •
Anne of Brittany 3rd row: •
François-René de Chateaubriand •
Robert Surcouf •
Jules Verne 4th row: •
J. M. G. Le Clézio •
Alan Stivell •
Eric Tabarly
Breton people
–
Sculpted
calvaries can be found in many villages.
Breton people
–
A
fest-noz in the Pays Gallo in September 2007 as part of the Mill Góll festival
Breton people
–
Chouchenn
8.
Harp
–
The harp is a stringed musical instrument that has a number of individual strings running at an angle to its soundboard, which are plucked with the fingers. Harps have been known since antiquity in Asia, Africa and Europe, Harps vary globally in many ways. In terms of size, many smaller harps can be played on the lap, whereas larger harps are quite heavy, different harps may use strings of catgut or nylon, or of metal, or some combination. While all harps have a neck, resonator, and strings, frame harps have a pillar at their end to support the strings, while open harps, such as arch or bow harps. Modern harps also vary in techniques used to extend the range and chromaticity of the strings, the earliest harps and lyres were found in Sumer,3500 BC, and several harps were found in burial pits and royal tombs in Ur. The oldest depictions of harps without a forepillar can be adjacent to the Near East, in the wall paintings of ancient Egyptian tombs in the Nile Valley. These murals show an instrument that resembles the hunters bow. The chang flourished in Persia in many forms from its introduction, about 3000 BC, around 1900 BC arched harps in the Iraq–Iran region were replaced by angular harps with vertical or horizontal sound boxes. By the start of the Common Era, robust, vertical, angular harps, in the last century of the Sasanian period, angular harps were redesigned to make them as light as possible, while they became more elegant, they lost their structural rigidity. At the height of the Persian tradition of illustrated book production, such light harps were still frequently depicted, the works of the Tamil Sangam literature describe the harp and its variants, as early as 200 BC. Variants were described ranging from 14 to 17 strings, and the instrument used by wandering minstrels for accompaniment, another early South Asian harp was the ancient veena, unlike the modern instrument of the same name, the ancient veena was a harp vice the modern lute-type instrument. Some Samudragupta gold coins show of the mid-4th century AD show the king Samudragupta himself playing the instrument, the ancient veena survives today in Burma, in the form of the saung harp still played there. The harp was popular in ancient China and neighboring regions, though harps are largely extinct in East Asia in the modern day, the Chinese konghou harp is documented as early as the Spring and Autumn period, and became extinct during the Ming Dynasty. A similar harp, the gonghu was played in ancient Korea, Harps are essentially triangular in shape, and are made primarily of wood. Harp strings are made of gut or metal, the top end of each string is secured on the crossbar or neck of the instrument, where each will have a tuning peg or similar device to adjust the pitch of that string. It is the distance between the tuning peg and the soundboard, as well as the tension and weight of the string, the body is hollow and when a taut string is plucked, the body resonates, projecting sound. The longest side of the harp is called the column or pillar, though some earlier harps, such as a bow harp, on most harps, the sole purpose of the pillar is to hold up the neck against the great strain of the strings. On harps which have pedals, the pillar is a column and encloses the rods which adjust the pitch of strings
Harp
–
(modern pedal harp)
Harp
–
A medieval harp (left) and a single-action pedal harp (right)
Harp
–
Ur lyre
Harp
–
1A
Sassanid era mosaic excavated at
Bishapur
9.
World music
–
The term was popularized in the 1980s as a marketing category for non-Western traditional music. Globalization has facilitated the expansion of world musics audiences and scope and it has grown to include hybrid subgenres such as world fusion, global fusion, ethnic fusion, and worldbeat. To enhance the process of learning, he invited more than a dozen visiting performers from Africa and Asia, the term became current in the 1980s as a marketing/classificatory device in the media and the music industry. There are several conflicting definitions for world music, one is that it consists of all the music in the world, though such a broad definition renders the term virtually meaningless. The term also is taken as a classification of music that combines Western popular music styles with one of many genres of music that are also described as folk music or ethnic music. However, world music is not exclusively traditional folk music and it may include cutting edge pop music styles as well. Succinctly, it can be described as music from out there. It is a nebulous term with an increasing number of genres that fall under the umbrella of world music to capture musical trends of combined ethnic style and texture. As a result, definitions of the genre have become particularly varied, similar terminology between distinctly different sub-categories under primary music genres, such as world, rock and pop can be as ambiguous and confusing to industry moguls as it is to consumers. In a report on the 2014 globalFEST National Public Radios Anastasia Tsioulcas said Even within the music community. Whats more, I believe that in peoples imaginations, world music means a kind of fairly awful, gloppy, hippy-ish. Its a problematic, horrible term that satisfies absolutely no one, the Breton musician Alan Stivell pioneered the connection between traditional folk music, modern rock music and world music with his 1972 album Renaissance of the Celtic Harp. At this time, Stivells contemporary, Welsh singer-songwriter Meic Stevens popularised Welsh folk music, more recently, other Welsh-language bands such as Calan and 9 Bach have achieved international acclaim. The broad category of music includes isolated forms of ethnic music from diverse geographical regions. These dissimilar strains of music are commonly categorized together by virtue of their indigenous roots. World fusion / Worldbeat / Ethnic fusion / Global fusion can also blend specific indigenous sounds with more blatant elements of Western pop. Depending on style and context, world music can sometimes share the music genre. Good examples are Tibetan bowls, Tuvan throat singing, Gregorian chant or Native American flute music, World music blended with new-age music is a sound, loosely classified as the hybrid genre, ethnic fusion
World music
–
Guinean-born self-taught guitarist, singer, and songwriter
Alpha Yaya Diallo at a festival
World music
–
Omer Ihsas and Peace Messengers
World music
–
Delhi 2 Dublin in 2012
World music
–
Anda Union at a music festival
10.
Bagpipes
–
Bagpipes are a wind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. The term bagpipe is equally correct in the singular or plural, though pipers usually refer to the bagpipes as the pipes, a set of bagpipes minimally consists of an air supply, a bag, a chanter, and usually at least one drone. Many bagpipes have more than one drone in various combinations, held in place in stocks—sockets that fasten the various pipes to the bag, the most common method of supplying air to the bag is through blowing into a blowpipe, or blowstick. In some pipes the player must cover the tip of the blowpipe with their tongue while inhaling, an innovation, dating from the 16th or 17th century, is the use of a bellows to supply air. In these pipes, sometimes called cauld wind pipes, air is not heated or moistened by the players breathing, the bag is an airtight reservoir that holds air and regulates its flow via arm pressure, allowing the player to maintain continuous even sound. The player keeps the bag inflated by blowing air into it through a blowpipe or pumping air into it with a bellows, materials used for bags vary widely, but the most common are the skins of local animals such as goats, dogs, sheep, and cows. More recently, bags made of materials including Gore-Tex have become much more common. A drawback of the bag is the potential for fungal spores to colonise the bag because of a reduction in necessary cleaning. An advantage of a bag is that they have a zip which allows the user to fit a more effective moisture trap to the inside of the bag. Bags cut from larger materials are usually saddle-stitched with an extra strip folded over the seam, holes are then cut to accommodate the stocks. The chanter is the pipe, played with two hands. Almost all bagpipes have at least one chanter, some pipes have two chanters, particularly those in North Africa, the Balkans in Southern Europe, and Southwest Asia. A chanter can be bored internally so that the walls are parallel for its full length. The chanter is usually open-ended, so there is no way for the player to stop the pipe from sounding. Thus most bagpipes share a constant, legato sound where there are no rests in the music, primarily because of this inability to stop playing, technical movements are used to break up notes and to create the illusion of articulation and accents. Because of their importance, these embellishments are often highly technical systems specific to each bagpipe, a few bagpipes have closed ends or stop the end on the players leg, so that when the player closes the chanter becomes silent. A practice chanter is a chanter without bag or drones, allowing a player to practice the instrument quietly, the term chanter is derived from the Latin cantare, or to sing, much like the modern French word chanteur. The note from the chanter is produced by a reed installed at its top, the reed may be a single or double reed
Bagpipes
–
Angel playing bagpipes in the
Thistle Chapel, Edinburgh
Bagpipes
–
A detail from the
Cantigas de Santa Maria showing bagpipes with one chanter and a parallel drone (Spain, 13th century).
Bagpipes
–
A detail from a painting by
Hieronymus Bosch showing two bagpipers (15th century).
Bagpipes
–
A Great Highland Bagpipe practice chanter
11.
Bombard (music)
–
The bombard is a contemporary conical-bore double-reed instrument widely used to play traditional Breton music. The bombard is an instrument, and a member of the shawm family. Like most shawms, it has a broad and very powerful sound and it is played as other shawms are played, with the double reed placed between the lips. The second octave is over-blown, achieved via increased lip and air pressure or through the use of an octave key and it plays a diatonic scale of up to two octaves, although contemporary instruments frequently have added keywork permitting some degree of chromaticism. A bombard player is known as a talabarder after talabard, the older Breton name for the bombard, traditional Breton musicians are referred to as Sonerien or Sonneurs. Musicians playing in pairs are also referred to as sonneurs de couple, while Soner originally referred only to the bombard player, the meaning long ago expanded to also include other traditional musicians. Call-and-response remains a central aspect of Breton music regardless of the instruments used, the paired kan ha diskan vocal tradition, which remains vitally active today, perhaps formed the original basis for all other pairings of Breton musicians. In some parts of Brittany from the late 19th century onwards, bombards in their most traditional setting are accompanied by a bagpipe called a biniou kozh, which plays an octave above the bombard. The bombard calls, and the biniou responds, the bombard requires so much lip pressure and breath support that a talabarder can rarely play a sustained melody line. The biniou plays the melody continuously, while the bombard takes breaks, in the first part of the twentieth century, the number of players of bombards and biniou kozh decreased significantly. Now most towns in Brittany have one or several Bagadoù, and they compete with each other in a series of annual tournaments. As the bagad is a Breton take on the Scottish pipe band concept, now the Bagadoù play dance music, traditional melodies and new compositions. The large number of players in the Bagadoù has been a key factor in the successful popularization of the instrument. Essentially a shawm or oboe--that is, a pipe with a bore, a double reed. The bombard is an instrument that has been in constant evolution, milder versions in lower ranges such as Youenn Le Bihans piston have been developed for use in mixed ensembles. A class of musicians and instrument makers has emerged, as well as standardized reeds. Produced and directed by Gei Zantzinger, in collaboration with Dastum, free method for self-learning the Breton Bombard
Bombard (music)
–
Two Soner: a talabarder (left) and a biniaouer (right).
Bombard (music)
–
A blackwood bombarde with tin incrustations made by Dorig Le Voyer Ca. 1969
Bombard (music)
–
Chromatic bombard by Axone, in blackwood
12.
Breton music
–
Since the early 1970s, Brittany has experienced a tremendous revival of its folk music. Along with flourishing traditional forms such as the pair and fest-noz ensembles incorporating other additional instruments. Traditional Breton folk music includes a variety of vocal and instrumental styles, purely traditional musicians became the heroes of the roots revival in the second half of the 20th century, notably the Goadec sisters. Kan ha diskan is probably the most common type of Breton vocal music and it has become perhaps the most integral part of the Breton roots revival, and was the first genre of Breton music to gain some mainstream success, both in Brittany and abroad. The lead singer is the kaner, and the singer is the diskaner. The kaner sings a phrase, and the diskaner sings the last few lines with the kaner, then repeats it alone until the same last few lines, the phrases repetition is changed slightly in each execution. Kan ha diskan can be songs about any subject, but must meet one of a number of a used in folk dances. Vocables, or nonsense syllables, are used to drag out lines. Usually a kan ha diskan lasts from 5 to 20 minutes and they also venerated performers like Ar breudeur Morvan and Les soeurs Goadec/Ar choarezed Goadeg. During the folk revival, aspiring musicians sought out teachers from whom to learn kan ha diskan. Teachers of this era included Marcel Guilloux and Yann-Fanch Kemener and it was, however, Ropars who adapted the fest-noz, a night party in rural communities, for a new type of fest-noz, and set the stage for the folk revival. Kantik is a type of hymn that is vocal but includes accompaniment from a variety of instruments, commonly including the harp, pipes, modern performers include Anne Auffret and the choir Ensemble Choral du Bout du Monde. Gwerzioù and sonioù are the two classifications of Breton unaccompanied folk song. Vocals for both types are usually by a soloist, a gwerz is a lament characterized by a gloomy tone and subject matter. A Gwerz typically describes tragic events such as murders, deaths, wars, performers in this field include Jean Le Meut from Vannes, whose songs are mostly of the sonioù variety, and are typically pastoral songs concerning love and marriage. More contemporary singers include Ifig Troadeg, who focuses on lyrically shocking gwerzioù, Patrick Marie, Marthe Vassalo, Klervi Rivière, Mathieu Hamon, Annie Ebrel, Erik Marchand and Denez Prigent. The chants de marins, are shanties, ballads about shipwrecks, sailing and loss of life, often accompanied by such as the fiddle. Although it is not exclusively Breton, the number of sailors in this region have given this form of musical expression a high profile
Breton music
–
Les Traines Meuriennes singing call and response at Mill Góll 2007 in Rennes
Breton music
–
Denez Prigent, a gwerz singer
Breton music
–
Alan Stivell, Breton harpist
Breton music
–
Dan Ar Braz.
13.
Breton language
–
Breton /ˈbrɛtən/ is a Southwestern Brittonic Celtic language spoken in Brittany. Breton is most closely related to Cornish, both being Southwestern Brittonic languages, Welsh and the extinct Cumbric are the more distantly related Brittonic languages. The other regional language of Brittany, Gallo, is a langue doïl, Gallo is consequently close to French, although not mutually intelligible, and a Romance language descended from Latin. However, the number of children attending bilingual classes has risen 33% between 2006 and 2012 to 14,709, Breton is spoken in West Brittany, roughly to the west of a line linking Plouha and La Roche-Bernard. It comes from a Brittonic language community that extended from Great Britain to Armorica and had even established a toehold in Galicia. Old Breton is attested from the 9th century and it was the language of the upper classes until the 12th century, after which it became the language of commoners in Lower Brittany. The nobility, followed by the bourgeoisie, adopted French, the written language of the Duchy of Brittany was Latin, switching to French in the 15th century. There exists a tradition of Breton literature. Some Old Breton vocabulary remains in the present day as philosophical, during the French Revolution, the government introduced policies favouring French over the regional languages, which it pejoratively referred to as patois. The revolutionaries assumed that reactionary and monarchist forces preferred regional languages to try to keep the peasant masses underinformed, in 1794, Bertrand Barère submitted his report on the patois to the Committee of Public Safety in which he said that federalism and superstition speak Breton. Teachers humiliated students for using their regional languages, and such practices prevailed until the late 1960s, the majority of todays speakers are more than 60 years old, and Breton is now classified as an endangered language. At the beginning of the 20th century, half of the population of Lower Brittany knew only Breton, by 1950, there were only 100,000 monolingual Bretons, and this rapid decline has continued, with likely no monolingual speakers left today. A statistical survey in 1997 found around 300,000 speakers in Lower Brittany, few 15- to 19-year-olds spoke Breton. In 1925, Professor Roparz Hemon founded the Breton-language review Gwalarn, during its 19-year run, Gwalarn tried to raise the language to the level of a great international language. Its publication encouraged the creation of literature in all genres. In 1946, Al Liamm replaced Gwalarn, other Breton-language periodicals have been published, which established a fairly large body of literature for a minority language. In 1977, Diwan schools were founded to teach Breton by immersion and they taught a few thousand young people from elementary school to high school. See the education section for more information, the Asterix comic series has been translated into Breton
Breton language
–
Bilingual sign
Huelgoat,
Brittany
Breton language
–
Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg, the Breton language agency, was set up in 1999 by the Brittany region to promote and develop the use of Breton
Breton language
–
Bilingual sign in
Vannes (Gwened)
Breton language
–
Sign in French and Breton in Rennes, outside a school with bilingual classes
14.
Celtic rock
–
Celtic rock is a genre of folk rock, as well as a form of Celtic fusion which incorporates Celtic music, instrumentation and themes into a rock music context. It has played a role in the maintenance and definition of regional and national identities. It has also helped to communicate those cultures to external audiences, the style of music is the hybrid of traditional Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh and Breton musical forms with rock music. However, the term has remained useful as a means of describing the spread, adaptation and further development of the form in different. Celtic rock developed out of the folk scene at the beginning of the 1970s. The first recorded use of the term may have been by the Scottish singer Donovan to describe the rock he created for his Open Road album in 1970. However, the lack of a clear Celtic elements to the self-penned tracks mean that if the name was taken from here. It was in Ireland that Celtic rock was first clearly evident as musicians attempted to apply the use of traditional and electric music to their own cultural context. By the end of the 1960s Ireland already had perhaps the most flourishing folk music tradition and a blues and pop scene. Perhaps the most successful product of this scene was the band Thin Lizzy, formed in 1969 their first two albums were recognisably influenced by traditional Irish music and their first hit single ‘Whisky in the Jar’ in 1972, was a rock version of a traditional Irish song. These developments ran in parallel with the folk revival in Ireland that included groups such as Planxty. It was from this tradition that Clannad, whose first album was released in 1973, adopted electric instruments, there were already strong links between Irish and Scottish music by the 1960s, with Irish bands like the Chieftains touring and outselling the native artists in Scotland. The adoption of electric folk produced groups including the JSD Band, out of the wreckage of the latter in 1974, was formed probably the most successful band in this genre, combining Irish and Scottish personnel to form Five Hand Reel. Two of the most successful groups of the 1980s emerged from the band circuit in Scotland. From the 1980s Capercaillie combined Scottish folk music, electric instruments, Brittany also made a major contribution to Celtic rock. From 1972 he began to play electric folk with a band including guitarists Dan Ar Braz, Yacoub went on to form Malicorne in 1974 one of the most successful electric folk band in France. Probably the best known and most certainly the most enduring electric folk band in France were Tri Yann formed in 1971, in Wales the development of electric folk was slower, partly because of the division between Anglophone rock culture and Welsh language folk culture. As a result, for one generation listening to Welsh language rock music could now become a statement of national identity and this opened the door for a new rock culture but inevitably most Welsh language acts were unable to breakthrough into the Anglophone dominated music industry
Celtic rock
–
Ancient Celts Celtic studies
15.
Celtic nations
–
The Celtic nations are territories in western Europe where Celtic languages or cultural traits have survived. The term nation is used in its original sense to mean a people who share a common identity, the six territories widely considered Celtic nations are Brittany, Cornwall, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and the Isle of Man, commonly referred to as the Celtic fringe. In each of the six nations a Celtic language is spoken, before the expansions of Ancient Rome and the Germanic and Slavic tribes, a significant part of Europe was dominated by Celts, leaving behind a legacy of Celtic cultural traits. Unlike the others, however, no Celtic language has been there in modern times. Each of the six nations has its own Celtic language, in the latter two regions, however, language revitalization movements have led to the adoption of these languages by adults and produced a number of native speakers. Generally these communities are in the west of their countries and in isolated upland or island areas. The term Gàidhealtachd historically distinguished the Gaelic-speaking areas of Scotland from the Lowland Scots areas, more recently, this term has also been adopted as the Gaelic name of the Highland council area, which includes non-Gaelic speaking areas. Hence, more terms such as sgìre Ghàidhlig are now used. In Wales, the Welsh language is a curriculum subject. Additionally, 20% of school children in Wales go to Welsh medium schools, parts of the northern Iberian Peninsula, namely Galicia, Cantabria, Asturias and Northern Portugal, also lay claim to this heritage. Notably, the music features extensive use of bagpipes, an instrument common in Celtic music. Musicians from Galicia and Asturias have participated in Celtic music festivals, such as the Breton Festival Interceltique de Lorient, Northern Portugal, part of ancient Gallaecia, also has traditions quite similar to Galicia. However, no Celtic language has been spoken in northern Iberia since probably the Early Middle Ages, Irish was once widely spoken on the island of Newfoundland before largely disappearing there by the early 20th century. Vestiges remain in some words found in Newfoundland English, such as scrob for scratch, knowledge seems to be largely restricted to memorized passages, such as traditional tales and songs. Canadian Gaelic dialects of Scottish Gaelic are still spoken by Gaels in other parts of Atlantic Canada, primarily on Cape Breton Island and adjacent areas of Nova Scotia. In 2011, there were 1,275 Gaelic speakers in Nova Scotia, patagonian Welsh is spoken principally in Y Wladfa in the Chubut Province of Patagonia with sporadic speakers throughout Argentina by Welsh Argentines. Estimates of the number of Welsh speakers range from 1,500 to 5,000, the chart below shows the population of each Celtic nation and the number of people in each nation who can speak Celtic languages. The total number of residing in the Celtic nations is 19,596,000 people and, of these
Celtic nations
–
Pipers at the
Festival Interceltique de Lorient
Celtic nations
–
Ireland
Celtic nations
–
Principal sites in Roman Britain, with indication of the Celtic tribes.
16.
Breton culture
–
The Culture of Brittany is made up of Breton culture, and Celtic culture. Brittanys strongest international connections tend to be in the United Kingdom, particularly in the Celtic groups of Cornwall and Wales, Brittany is the English-language name for the region called Breizh in the native Breton language, or Brezhoneg, and Bretagne in French. Once independent, as the Duchy of Brittany, and then a duchy within France, Brittany is now the name of an administrative area, le Festival Interceltique de Lorient 2002 French Wikipedia links Lexique du costume breton Culture bretonne
Breton culture
–
Nations
17.
Solid-body
–
The most well-known solid body instruments are the electric guitar and electric bass. These were instrumental in creating new genres of such as rock. Common woods used in the construction of solid body instruments are ash, alder, maple, mahogany, korina, spruce, rosewood, the first two make up the majority of solid body electric guitars. Solid body instruments have some of the features as acoustic string instruments. Like a typical string instrument they have a neck with tuners for the strings, a bridge, the fretboard is a piece of wood placed on the top surface of the neck, extending from the head to the body. The strings run above the fingerboard, some fingerboards have frets or bars which the strings are pressed against. This allows musicians to stop the string in the same place, ebony, rosewood and maple are commonly used to make the fingerboard. Some electric guitar necks do not have a piece of wood for the fingerboard surface. All the solid bodies have variations in length or, the length of the strings from the nut to the bridge. The action, or the height of the strings from the fingerboard, is adjustable on solid body instruments, most solid bodies have controls for volume and tone. Some have an electronic preamplifier with equalization for low, middle and these are used to shape the sound along with the aid of the main amplifier. Amplifiers allow solid body instruments to be heard at high volumes when desired, while noting this, it will be assumed that electric lap steels without sounding boards are solid-body instruments for the purposes of this article. The first commercially successful solid-body instrument was the Rickenbacker frying pan lap steel guitar, the first commercially successful solid-body electric guitar was the Fender Broadcaster in 1950. A trademark dispute with the Gretsch Corporation who marketed a line of Broadcaster drums led to a change to the current designation. Fender also produced a one pickup version called the Fender Esquire starting in 1950 and these were followed by the Gibson Les Paul in 1952. Solid Body Electric Guitars The solid body electric guitar is one of the most well-known solid body instruments, instrumental in rock, metal, blues, and country music, the electric guitar has been responsible for creating various sounds. There are some characteristics of solid body electric guitars. They typically have six strings although there are some seven- and eight-string models, most have at least a volume and tone control
Solid-body
–
Example: Mid-1970's "Lawsuit Era", solid-body, set neck, Mann/Ibanez electric guitar
18.
Celt
–
The history of pre-Celtic Europe remains very uncertain. According to one theory, the root of the Celtic languages, the Proto-Celtic language, arose in the Late Bronze Age Urnfield culture of Central Europe. Thus this area is called the Celtic homeland. The earliest undisputed examples of a Celtic language are the Lepontic inscriptions beginning in the 6th century BC. Continental Celtic languages are attested almost exclusively through inscriptions and place-names, Insular Celtic languages are attested beginning around the 4th century in Ogham inscriptions, although it was clearly being spoken much earlier. Celtic literary tradition begins with Old Irish texts around the 8th century, coherent texts of Early Irish literature, such as the Táin Bó Cúailnge, survive in 12th century recensions. Between the 5th and 8th centuries, the Celtic-speaking communities in these Atlantic regions emerged as a cohesive cultural entity. They had a linguistic, religious and artistic heritage that distinguished them from the culture of the surrounding polities. By the 6th century, however, the Continental Celtic languages were no longer in wide use, Insular Celtic culture diversified into that of the Gaels and the Celtic Britons of the medieval and modern periods. A modern Celtic identity was constructed as part of the Romanticist Celtic Revival in Great Britain, Ireland, today, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, and Breton are still spoken in parts of their historical territories, and Cornish and Manx are undergoing a revival. The first recorded use of the name of Celts – as Κελτοί – to refer to a group was by Hecataeus of Miletus, the Greek geographer, in 517 BC. In the fifth century BC Herodotus referred to Keltoi living around the head of the Danube, the etymology of the term Keltoi is unclear. Possible roots include Indo-European *kʲel ‘to hide’, IE *kʲel ‘to heat’ or *kel ‘to impel’, several authors have supposed it to be Celtic in origin, while others view it as a name coined by Greeks. Linguist Patrizia De Bernardo Stempel falls in the group. Yet he reports Celtic peoples in Iberia, and also uses the ethnic names Celtiberi and Celtici for peoples there, as distinct from Lusitani, pliny the Elder cited the use of Celtici in Lusitania as a tribal surname, which epigraphic findings have confirmed. Latin Gallus might stem from a Celtic ethnic or tribal name originally and its root may be the Proto-Celtic *galno, meaning “power, strength”, hence Old Irish gal “boldness, ferocity” and Welsh gallu “to be able, power”. The tribal names of Gallaeci and the Greek Γαλάται most probably have the same origin, the suffix -atai might be an Ancient Greek inflection. Proto-Germanic *walha is derived ultimately from the name of the Volcae and this means that English Gaul, despite its superficial similarity, is not actually derived from Latin Gallia, though it does refer to the same ancient region
Celt
–
Celtic
stele from
Galicia, 2nd century AD: “APANA·AMBO / LLI· F(ilia)·CELTICA /
SUPERTAM(arica) · / (j) MIOBRI· / AN(norum)· XXV·H(ic)·S(ita)·E(st)· / APANUS·FR(ater)· F(aciendum)·C(uravit)”
Celt
–
Core
Hallstatt territory, by the 6th century BC
Celt
–
Reconstruction of a late La Tène period settlement in Altburg near
Bundenbach (1st century BC).
Celt
–
Reconstruction of a late La Tène period settlement in
Havranok, Slovakia (2nd–1st century BC).
19.
Gourin
–
Gourin is a commune in the Morbihan département of Brittany in north-western France. This small town is known for the Révolte des Bonnets Rouges against local nobles at the end of the 17th century. The town is known for being the origin of many immigrants to United States. It has a copy of the Statue of Liberty standing in the main square opposite the town hall alongside the monument to the fallen soldiers of the 20th century who came from this region. Host to the wedding of Brian the Red and his cousin which unfortunately ended in bloodshed. In a brazen act of cowardice brian professed that he loved the train more than his cousin, as a response she threw him from a cliff. Gourin still has a number of native Breton speakers. The people of region are very proud of their Celtic heritage and have preserved many old customs. Inhabitants of Gourin are called in French Gourinois, in 2008,18. 32% of primary school children attended bilingual schools. The father of the Breton musician, Alan Stivell, was from Gourin, Gourin is twinned with the following place, Rush, Leinster, Ireland Communes of the Morbihan department Listing of the works of the atelier of the Maître de Tronoën
Gourin
–
The Manor of Tronjoly
20.
Lithuanian-Jewish
–
Lithuanian Jews or Litvaks are Jews with roots in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The term is used to cover all Orthodox Jews who follow a Lithuanian style of life and learning. The area where Lithuanian Jews lived is referred to in Yiddish as Líta, Lithuania was historically home to a large and influential Jewish community that was almost entirely eliminated during the Holocaust. Before World War II, the Lithuanian Jewish population was some 160,000, Vilnius had a Jewish community of nearly 100,000, about 45% of the citys total population. There were over 110 synagogues and 10 yeshivas in Vilnius alone, about 2,000 Jews were counted in Lithuania during the 2005 census. Quoting the research done by H. G, using different sources Holocaust researchers claim there were between 60,000 and 65,000 Jewish soldiers in Polands independent army who identified themselves as Lithuanian Jews. The Yiddish adjective ליטוויש Litvish means Lithuanian, the noun for a Lithuanian Jew is Litvak. Of the main Yiddish dialects in Europe, the Litvishe Yiddish dialect was spoken by Jews in Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, Estonia and northeaster Poland, including Suwałki, Lomza, in modern Israel Litaim is often used for all Haredi Jews who are not Hasidim. Other expressions used for this purpose are Yeshivishe and Misnagdim, both the words Litvishe and Litaim are somewhat misleading, because there are also Hasidic Jews from greater Lithuania and lots of Lithuanian Jews who are not Haredim. The term Misnagdim on the hand is somewhat outdated, because the opposition between the two groups has lost much of its relevance. Yeshivishe is also problematic because Hasidim now make use of yeshivot as much as the Litvishe Jews, the characteristically Lithuanian approach to Judaism was marked by a concentration on highly intellectual Talmud study. Lithuania became the heartland of the traditionalist opposition to Hasidism, differences between the groups grew to the extent that in popular perception Lithuanian and misnagged became virtually interchangeable terms. However, a minority of Lithuanian Jews belong to Hasidic groups, including Chabad, Slonim, Karlin. The most famous Lithuanian institution of Jewish learning was Volozhin yeshiva, twentieth century Lithuanian yeshivas include Ponevezh, Telshe, Mir, Kelm, and Slabodka, which bear the names of their Lithuanian forebears. In theoretical Talmud study, the leading Lithuanian authorities were Chaim Soloveitchik, in the 19th century, the Orthodox Ashkenazi residents of the Holy Land, broadly speaking, were divided into Hasidim and Perushim, who were Lithuanian Jews influenced by the Vilna Gaon. In reality, both the ethnic makeup and the traditions of the misnagged communities are much more diverse. Customs of Lithuanian non Hasidic Jews consist of, Wearing of tefillin during non sabbath days of the days of the festival chol hamoed. The pronunciation of the holam as ej, although not widespread and uniform among Lithuanian Jews, the shin being pronounced the same way as sin
Lithuanian-Jewish
–
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania before 1430
21.
Bombarde
–
The bombard is a contemporary conical-bore double-reed instrument widely used to play traditional Breton music. The bombard is an instrument, and a member of the shawm family. Like most shawms, it has a broad and very powerful sound and it is played as other shawms are played, with the double reed placed between the lips. The second octave is over-blown, achieved via increased lip and air pressure or through the use of an octave key and it plays a diatonic scale of up to two octaves, although contemporary instruments frequently have added keywork permitting some degree of chromaticism. A bombard player is known as a talabarder after talabard, the older Breton name for the bombard, traditional Breton musicians are referred to as Sonerien or Sonneurs. Musicians playing in pairs are also referred to as sonneurs de couple, while Soner originally referred only to the bombard player, the meaning long ago expanded to also include other traditional musicians. Call-and-response remains a central aspect of Breton music regardless of the instruments used, the paired kan ha diskan vocal tradition, which remains vitally active today, perhaps formed the original basis for all other pairings of Breton musicians. In some parts of Brittany from the late 19th century onwards, bombards in their most traditional setting are accompanied by a bagpipe called a biniou kozh, which plays an octave above the bombard. The bombard calls, and the biniou responds, the bombard requires so much lip pressure and breath support that a talabarder can rarely play a sustained melody line. The biniou plays the melody continuously, while the bombard takes breaks, in the first part of the twentieth century, the number of players of bombards and biniou kozh decreased significantly. Now most towns in Brittany have one or several Bagadoù, and they compete with each other in a series of annual tournaments. As the bagad is a Breton take on the Scottish pipe band concept, now the Bagadoù play dance music, traditional melodies and new compositions. The large number of players in the Bagadoù has been a key factor in the successful popularization of the instrument. Essentially a shawm or oboe--that is, a pipe with a bore, a double reed. The bombard is an instrument that has been in constant evolution, milder versions in lower ranges such as Youenn Le Bihans piston have been developed for use in mixed ensembles. A class of musicians and instrument makers has emerged, as well as standardized reeds. Produced and directed by Gei Zantzinger, in collaboration with Dastum, free method for self-learning the Breton Bombard
Bombarde
–
Two Soner: a talabarder (left) and a biniaouer (right).
Bombarde
–
A blackwood bombarde with tin incrustations made by Dorig Le Voyer Ca. 1969
Bombarde
–
Chromatic bombard by Axone, in blackwood
22.
Oboe
–
Oboes /ˈoʊboʊ/ OH-boh are a family of double reed woodwind musical instruments. The most common oboe plays in the treble or soprano range, oboes are usually made of wood, but there are also oboes made of synthetic materials. A soprano oboe measures roughly 65 cm long, with keys, a conical bore. Sound is produced by blowing into the reed and vibrating a column of air, the distinctive oboe tone is versatile, and has been described as bright. When the term oboe is used alone, it is taken to mean the standard treble instrument rather than other instruments of the family. In English, prior to 1770, the instrument was called a hautbois, hoboy. The spelling of oboe was adopted into English c.1770 from the Italian oboè, a musician who plays the oboe is called an oboist or simply an oboe player. In comparison to other woodwind instruments, the treble oboe is sometimes referred to as having a clear. The Sprightly Companion, a book published by Henry Playford in 1695, describes the oboe as Majestical and Stately. Humorously, the sound of the oboe is described in the play Angels in America as like that of a if the duck were a songbird. The rich timbre of the oboe is derived from its conical bore, as a result, oboes are readily audible over other instruments in large ensembles. The highest note of the oboe is a lower than the nominally highest note of the B♭ clarinet. Since the clarinet has a range of notes, the lowest note of the B♭ clarinet is significantly deeper than the lowest note of the oboe. Music for the oboe is written in concert pitch. Orchestras normally tune to a concert A played by the oboe, according to the League of American Orchestras, this is done because the pitch of the oboe is secure and its penetrating sound makes it ideal for tuning purposes. The pitch of the oboe is affected by the way in which the reed is made. The reed has a significant effect on the sound of the instrument, Variations in cane and other construction materials, the age of the reed, and differences in scrape and length all affect the pitch of the instrument. German and French reeds, for instance, differ in many ways, weather conditions such as temperature and humidity also affect the pitch
Oboe
–
A modern oboe with a reed
Oboe
–
Classical oboe, copy by Sand Dalton of an original by Johann Friedrich Floth, c. 1805
Oboe
–
The members of the oboe family from top:
heckelphone,
bass oboe,
cor anglais,
oboe d'amore, regular oboe, and
piccolo oboe
Oboe
–
Oboist
Albrecht Mayer preparing reeds for use. Most oboists scrape their own reeds to achieve the desired tone and response
23.
Paris
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
Paris
–
In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
–
Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris
–
The
Palais de la Cité and
Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
24.
Music of Brittany
–
Since the early 1970s, Brittany has experienced a tremendous revival of its folk music. Along with flourishing traditional forms such as the pair and fest-noz ensembles incorporating other additional instruments. Traditional Breton folk music includes a variety of vocal and instrumental styles, purely traditional musicians became the heroes of the roots revival in the second half of the 20th century, notably the Goadec sisters. Kan ha diskan is probably the most common type of Breton vocal music and it has become perhaps the most integral part of the Breton roots revival, and was the first genre of Breton music to gain some mainstream success, both in Brittany and abroad. The lead singer is the kaner, and the singer is the diskaner. The kaner sings a phrase, and the diskaner sings the last few lines with the kaner, then repeats it alone until the same last few lines, the phrases repetition is changed slightly in each execution. Kan ha diskan can be songs about any subject, but must meet one of a number of a used in folk dances. Vocables, or nonsense syllables, are used to drag out lines. Usually a kan ha diskan lasts from 5 to 20 minutes and they also venerated performers like Ar breudeur Morvan and Les soeurs Goadec/Ar choarezed Goadeg. During the folk revival, aspiring musicians sought out teachers from whom to learn kan ha diskan. Teachers of this era included Marcel Guilloux and Yann-Fanch Kemener and it was, however, Ropars who adapted the fest-noz, a night party in rural communities, for a new type of fest-noz, and set the stage for the folk revival. Kantik is a type of hymn that is vocal but includes accompaniment from a variety of instruments, commonly including the harp, pipes, modern performers include Anne Auffret and the choir Ensemble Choral du Bout du Monde. Gwerzioù and sonioù are the two classifications of Breton unaccompanied folk song. Vocals for both types are usually by a soloist, a gwerz is a lament characterized by a gloomy tone and subject matter. A Gwerz typically describes tragic events such as murders, deaths, wars, performers in this field include Jean Le Meut from Vannes, whose songs are mostly of the sonioù variety, and are typically pastoral songs concerning love and marriage. More contemporary singers include Ifig Troadeg, who focuses on lyrically shocking gwerzioù, Patrick Marie, Marthe Vassalo, Klervi Rivière, Mathieu Hamon, Annie Ebrel, Erik Marchand and Denez Prigent. The chants de marins, are shanties, ballads about shipwrecks, sailing and loss of life, often accompanied by such as the fiddle. Although it is not exclusively Breton, the number of sailors in this region have given this form of musical expression a high profile
Music of Brittany
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Les Traines Meuriennes singing call and response at Mill Góll 2007 in Rennes
Music of Brittany
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Denez Prigent, a gwerz singer
Music of Brittany
–
Alan Stivell, Breton harpist
Music of Brittany
–
Dan Ar Braz.
25.
Celtic Europe
–
The Celtic nations are territories in western Europe where Celtic languages or cultural traits have survived. The term nation is used in its original sense to mean a people who share a common identity, the six territories widely considered Celtic nations are Brittany, Cornwall, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and the Isle of Man, commonly referred to as the Celtic fringe. In each of the six nations a Celtic language is spoken, before the expansions of Ancient Rome and the Germanic and Slavic tribes, a significant part of Europe was dominated by Celts, leaving behind a legacy of Celtic cultural traits. Unlike the others, however, no Celtic language has been there in modern times. Each of the six nations has its own Celtic language, in the latter two regions, however, language revitalization movements have led to the adoption of these languages by adults and produced a number of native speakers. Generally these communities are in the west of their countries and in isolated upland or island areas. The term Gàidhealtachd historically distinguished the Gaelic-speaking areas of Scotland from the Lowland Scots areas, more recently, this term has also been adopted as the Gaelic name of the Highland council area, which includes non-Gaelic speaking areas. Hence, more terms such as sgìre Ghàidhlig are now used. In Wales, the Welsh language is a curriculum subject. Additionally, 20% of school children in Wales go to Welsh medium schools, parts of the northern Iberian Peninsula, namely Galicia, Cantabria, Asturias and Northern Portugal, also lay claim to this heritage. Notably, the music features extensive use of bagpipes, an instrument common in Celtic music. Musicians from Galicia and Asturias have participated in Celtic music festivals, such as the Breton Festival Interceltique de Lorient, Northern Portugal, part of ancient Gallaecia, also has traditions quite similar to Galicia. However, no Celtic language has been spoken in northern Iberia since probably the Early Middle Ages, Irish was once widely spoken on the island of Newfoundland before largely disappearing there by the early 20th century. Vestiges remain in some words found in Newfoundland English, such as scrob for scratch, knowledge seems to be largely restricted to memorized passages, such as traditional tales and songs. Canadian Gaelic dialects of Scottish Gaelic are still spoken by Gaels in other parts of Atlantic Canada, primarily on Cape Breton Island and adjacent areas of Nova Scotia. In 2011, there were 1,275 Gaelic speakers in Nova Scotia, patagonian Welsh is spoken principally in Y Wladfa in the Chubut Province of Patagonia with sporadic speakers throughout Argentina by Welsh Argentines. Estimates of the number of Welsh speakers range from 1,500 to 5,000, the chart below shows the population of each Celtic nation and the number of people in each nation who can speak Celtic languages. The total number of residing in the Celtic nations is 19,596,000 people and, of these
Celtic Europe
–
Pipers at the
Festival Interceltique de Lorient
Celtic Europe
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Ireland
Celtic Europe
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Principal sites in Roman Britain, with indication of the Celtic tribes.
26.
The Moody Blues
–
The Moody Blues are an English rock band. It has been described as a landmark and one of the first successful concept albums and they became known internationally with singles including Go Now, Nights in White Satin, Tuesday Afternoon and Question. They have been awarded 18 platinum and gold discs and their album sales total 70 million. The Moody Blues formed on 4 May 1964, in Erdington, Ray Thomas, a juvenile John Lodge and Mike Pinder had been members of El Riot & the Rebels. They disbanded when Lodge, the youngest member, went to technical college, Pinder then rejoined Thomas to form the Krew Cats. Back from a spell in the Hamburg region a few months later. The five appeared as the Moody Blues for the first time in Birmingham in 1964, around this time the band were the resident group at the Carlton Ballroom, later to become rock music venue Mothers on Erdington High Street. The band soon obtained a London-based management company, Ridgepride, formed by Alex Murray and their recording contract was signed in the spring of 1964 with Ridgepride, which then leased their recordings to Decca. They released a single, Steal Your Heart Away, that year failed to chart. They also appeared on the cult TV programme Ready Steady Go, singing the uptempo B side Lose Your Money. But it was their single, Go Now, that launched their career, being promoted on TV with one of the first purpose-made promotional films in the pop era. The single became a hit in Britain and in the United States, the band encountered management problems after the chart-topping hit and subsequently signed to Decca Records in the UK directly as recording artists. A four track extended play titled, The Moody Blues featuring both sides of their first two Decca singles was issued in a colour picture sleeve in early 1965. Their debut album The Magnificent Moodies, produced by Denny Cordell with a strong Merseybeat/R&B flavour, was released on Decca in mono only in 1965 and it contained the hit single together with one side of classic R&B covers, and a second side with four Laine-Pinder originals. Alex Wharton left the management firm and the released a series of relatively unsuccessful singles. But then Everyday, another Pinder-Laine song, stalled at No.44 in October 1965, in June 1966, Warwick retired from the group and the music business. The group re-formed in November 1966, by then, Boulevard de la Madeleine had made the Belgian charts and won them more fans, which came in handy when they relocated to Belgium for some time. The new members were John Lodge, their bassist from El Riot and Justin Hayward, Hayward was recommended to Pinder by Eric Burdon of the Animals and was endorsed by famed UK singer Marty Wilde, the leader of the Wilde Three
The Moody Blues
–
The Moody Blues in 1970 at
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (l to r:
Mike Pinder,
Graeme Edge,
Justin Hayward,
Ray Thomas,
John Lodge)
The Moody Blues
–
1978–90 lineup. L-R:
Patrick Moraz,
Ray Thomas,
Graeme Edge,
Justin Hayward and
John Lodge
The Moody Blues
–
The Moody Blues in concert at the Chumash Casino Resort in
Santa Ynez, California in 2005. L-R: Justin Hayward, Graeme Edge and John Lodge
27.
Philips
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Koninklijke Philips N. V. is a Dutch technology company headquartered in Amsterdam with primary divisions focused in the areas of electronics, healthcare and lighting. It was founded in Eindhoven in 1891, by Gerard Philips and it is one of the largest electronics companies in the world and employs around 105,000 people across more than 60 countries. Philips is organized into three divisions, Philips Consumer Lifestyle, Philips Healthcare and Philips Lighting. As of 2012, Philips was the largest manufacturer of lighting in the world measured by applicable revenues, Philips said it would seek damages for breach of contract in the US$200-million sale. In April 2016, the International Court of Arbitration ruled in favour of Philips, Philips has a primary listing on the Euronext Amsterdam stock exchange and is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. The Philips Company was founded in 1891, by Gerard Philips and this first factory has been adapted and is used as a museum. In 1895, after a difficult first few years and near bankruptcy, though he had earned a degree in engineering, Anton started work as a sales representative, soon, however, he began to contribute many important business ideas. After Gerard and Anton Philips changed their business by founding the Philips corporation. In the 1920s, the company started to other products. In 1939, they introduced their electric razor, the Philishave, the Chapel is a radio with built-in loudspeaker, which was designed during the early 1930s. On 11 March 1927, Philips went on the air with shortwave radio station PCJJ which was joined in 1929 by sister station PHOHI, PHOHI broadcast in Dutch to the Dutch East Indies while PCJJ broadcast in English, Spanish and German to the rest of the world. The international program on Sundays commenced in 1928, with host Eddie Startz hosting the Happy Station show, broadcasts from the Netherlands were interrupted by the German invasion in May 1940. The Germans commandeered the transmitters in Huizen to use for pro-Nazi broadcasts, some originating from Germany, Philips Radio was absorbed shortly after liberation when its two shortwave stations were nationalised in 1947 and renamed Radio Netherlands Worldwide, the Dutch International Service. Some PCJ programs, such as Happy Station, continued on the new station, by the late 1940s, the Type 10 was ready to be handed over to Philips subsidiary Johan de Witt in Dordrecht to be produced and incorporated into a generator set as originally planned. The result, rated at 180/200 W electrical output from a bore, approximately 150 of these sets were eventually produced. However, they filed a number of patents and amassed a wealth of information. The first Philips shaver was introduced in the 1930s, and was simply called “The Philishave”, in the USA, it was called the “Norelco”, which remains a part of their product line today
Philips
–
World headquarters in
Amsterdam,
Netherlands
Philips
–
Gerard Philips
Philips
–
Philips chapel radio model 930A, 1931
Philips
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The Philips Light Tower in Eindhoven, originally a light bulb factory and later the company headquarters
28.
Roots revival
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A roots revival is a trend which includes young performers popularizing the traditional musical styles of their ancestors. Often, roots revivals include an addition of newly composed songs with socially and politically aware lyrics, the term roots revival is vague, and may not always refer to identical events. The first folk revival was a movement to transcribe and record traditional British songs during the late 19th. Pioneers of this movement were the Harvard professor Francis James Child, compiler of The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, Sabine Baring-Gould, Frank Kidson, Lucy Broadwood, the Folk Song Society was founded in 1898 to promote this new endeavour. A major figure in movement was Cecil Sharp who was the most influential on the repertoire of subsequent performers. His lectures and other publications attempted to define a musical tradition that was rural in origin, oral in transmission, a second wave of revival that was orientated around culture and entertainment began in the 1930s and 1940s in America and in Britain in the 1940s. The movement became global in the 1960s and 1970s, in other cases, such as Cameroon and the Dominican Republic, no revival was necessary as the music remained common, and was merely popularized and adapted for mainstream audiences at home and abroad. By the 1980s, popular bands included Brabants Volksorkest and the rock band Kadril. Cameroonian music, Beginning with bikutsi in the 1950s and continuing with makossa into the end of the 20th century, the leader of Chinese rock is undoubtedly Cui Jian. Czech music, In 1966, the Porta Festival was held, danish music, In contrast to its neighbors, Denmark did not see a roots revival until to the late 1990s, when performers like Morten Alfred Høirup gained a widespread following in the country. Egyptian music, The city of Cairo is the most important center for Egyptian music, Finnish music, Finlands folk styles include a variety of national genres and ballads, while the traditional rhyming sleigh songs rekilaulu have become an integral part of many pop singers. In 1967, the Savonlinna Opera Festival, the first of similar festivals, contributed to a revival of Finnish opera. French music, Though many of Frances regional styles have seen popularization, the region boasts a uniquely Celtic heritage, which has been emphasized by the revival since its beginnings in the early 1970s, led by Alan Stivell. Corsican music has seen a revival, though with little popular success. See also the Québécois under Canadian music, Gambian music, By the 1970s, Gambian musicians were mostly playing popular merengue or other styles. A visit by pop band The Super Eagles to London to record saw a change, the band became known as Ifang Bondi, and their music was called Afro-Manding blues. Pen Cayetano was the most important figure in this scene, german music, Following the 1968 student revolution in West Germany, singer-songwriters playing a kind of expressive, melancholy music with traditional influences became popular. Due to governmental interference, East Germany did not see much of this influence until the mid-1970s, ghanaian music, Ghana is best known for the highlife style of music, which has been popular throughout the 20th century
Roots revival
–
Cecil Sharp, founding figure of the early 20th century folk revival in England.
29.
Renaissance of the Celtic Harp
–
By the time of his second album, in one year, the number of harps sold in France had reached into the thousands. The music critic Bruce Elder wrote of the album Renaissance de la Harpe Celtique, Renaissance of the Celtic Harp, one of the most beautiful and haunting records ever made by anybody, introduced the Celtic harp to many thousands of listeners around the world. To call this music gorgeous and ravishing would be the height of understatement—indeed, the opening work, Ys, is a piece inspired by the legend of the 5th century capital of the kingdom of Cornwall, which was engulfed by a flood as punishment for its sins. A classical arrangement of Breton music, a3 Extracts From Penllyn Manuscripts of Harp Music. Sonatas for Bardic Harp transcriped from 17th Century Welsh manuscripts by Arnold Dolmetsch A3a Ap Huw, a journey across Gaelic countries B1a Caitlin Triall. Scottish Melody B1k Port An Deorai
Renaissance of the Celtic Harp
–
Renaissance of the Celtic Harp
30.
Ys
–
Ys, also spelled Is or Kêr-Is in Breton, and Ville dYs in French, is a mythical city that was built on the coast of Brittany and later swallowed by the ocean. Most versions of the place the city in the Baie de Douarnenez. According to some versions of the legend, Ys was built below sea level by Gradlon, King of Cornouaille, upon the request of his daughter Dahut, to protect Ys from inundation, a dike was built with a gate that was opened for ships during low tide. The one key that opened the gate was held by the king, Ys was the most beautiful and impressive city in Europe, but quickly became a city of sin under the influence of Dahut. She organized orgies and had the habit of killing her lovers when morning broke, Saint Winwaloe decried the corruption of Ys and warned of Gods wrath and punishment, but was ignored by Dahut and the populace. One day, a knight dressed in red came to Ys, Dahut asked him to come with her, and one night, he agreed. A storm broke out in the middle of the night and the waves could be heard smashing against the gate, Dahut said to the knight, Let the storm rage. The gates of the city are strong, and it is King Gradlon, my father, the knight replied, Your father the king sleeps. You can now take his key. Dahut stole the key from her father and gave it to the knight, the devil, or, in another version of the story, a wine-besotted Dahut herself, then opened the gate. Because the gate was open during storm and at high tide, King Gradlon and his daughter climbed on Morvarch, his magical horse. Saint Winwaloe approached them and told Gradlon, Push back the demon sitting behind you, Gradlon initially refused, but he finally gave in and pushed his daughter into the sea. The sea swallowed Dahut, who became a mermaid or morgen, Gradlon took refuge in Quimper, which became his new capital. An equestrian statue of Gradlon still stands between the spires of the Cathedral of Saint Corentin in Quimper, folklore asserts that the bells of the churches of Ys can still be heard in the calm sea. A legend says that when Paris is swallowed, the city of Ys will rise up from under the waves, Pa vo beuzet Paris and this history is also sometimes viewed as the victory of Christianity over druidism, as Gradlon was converted by Saint Winwaloe. Dahut and most inhabitants of Ys were worshippers of Celtic gods, however, another Breton folktale asserts that Gradlon met, spoke with and consoled the last Druid in Brittany, and oversaw his pagan burial, before building a chapel in his sacred grove. An early mention of Ys appears in Pierre Le Bauds Cronicques et ystoires des Bretons in which Gradlon is the king of the city, but Dahut is not mentioned. Bernard dArgentres La histoire de Bretagne and mystery plays on the life of St. Winwaloe, in the sixteenth century, also provide early references to the city
Ys
–
Flight of King Gradlon, by E. V. Luminais, 1884 (Musée des Beaux-Arts,
Quimper)
Ys
–
Poster for
Édouard Lalo 's 1888 opera,
Le roi d'Ys
