1.
Albany, New York
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Albany is the capital of the U. S. state of New York and the seat of Albany County. Roughly 150 miles north of New York City, Albany developed on the west bank of the Hudson River, the population of the City of Albany was 97,856 according to the 2010 census. With a Census-estimated population of 98,4242013, the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state and 38th in the United States. Fortune 500 companies that have offices in Albany include American Express, J. P. Morgan and Chase, Merrill Lynch, General Electric, Verizon, Goldman Sachs, International Paper, and Key Bank. In the 21st century, the Capital District has emerged as an anchor of Tech Valley. This was the first European settlement in the state, settled by Dutch colonists who built Fort Nassau for fur trading in 1614 and they formed successful relations with both the Mahican and the Mohawk peoples, two major Native American nations in the region. The fur trade attracted settlers who founded a village called Beverwijck near Fort Orange, in 1664 the English took over the Dutch settlements, renaming the city as Albany, in honor of the then Duke of Albany, the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland. The city was chartered in 1686 under English rule. It became the capital of New York State in 1797, following the United States gaining independence in the American Revolutionary War, Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies, and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. Its charter is possibly the longest-running instrument of government in the Western Hemisphere. During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th, Albany was a center of trade, Albanys main exports at the time were beer, lumber, published works, and ironworks. Beginning in 1810, Albany was one of the ten most populous cities in the United States, in the 20th century, the city opened one of the first commercial airports in the world, the precursor of todays Albany International Airport. During the 1920s a powerful political machine controlled by the Democratic Party arose in the state capital and it marshalled the power of immigrants and their descendants in both cities. In the early 21st century, Albany has experienced growth in the high-technology industry, Albany has been a center of higher education for over a century, with much of the remainder of its economy dependent on state government and health care services. The city has rebounded from the decline of the 1970s and 1980s. Albany is known for its history, commerce, culture, architecture. Albany won the All-America City Award in both 1991 and 2009, Albany is one of the oldest surviving European settlements from the original thirteen colonies and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. The Hudson River area was inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Mohican, who called it Pempotowwuthut-Muhhcanneuw
2.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
3.
New York State Capitol
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The New York State Capitol, the seat of New York State government, is located in Albany, the capital city of the U. S. state of New York. The capitol building is part of the Empire State Plaza complex on State Street in Capitol Park, housing the New York State Legislature, the building was completed in 1899 at a cost of US$25 million, making it the most expensive government building of its time. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, the New York State Capitol was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1979. Legislative sessions had been held at different buildings in different places before Albany was declared the State capital in 1797, from that time until 1811, the State Legislature met at the Old Albany City Hall. The first State Capitol was inaugurated in 1812 and remained in use until 1879 when the current building was inaugurated, the present Capitol was built between 1867 and 1899. Three teams of architects worked on the design of the Capitol during the 32 years of its construction and they were managed by, 1867-75, Thomas Fuller, 1875–83, Leopold Eidlitz and Henry Hobson Richardson, 1883-99, Isaac G. Perry. Fuller, the architect, was an Englishman who also designed the Canadian Parliament buildings of Parliament Hill. The ground floor of the capitol was built in the Classical/Romanesque style. The increasing construction costs became a source of conflict in the legislature. Eidlitz and Richardson, were dismissed by Grover Cleveland upon his election to governorship and he hired Perry to complete the project. The legislative chambers, the floor and roof work were all finished in Victorian-modified Romanesque that was distinctively Richardsons design. It was Richardson who dominated the final outcome of the grand building and it is claimed that Richardson was imitating the Hôtel de Ville in Paris, France. The Chazy limestone for its construction was quarried at the Clark Quarry in Essex County, the central open court is dominated by a shaft intended to support a massive dome. The dome and tower were never completed, as it was found that the weight of the building was already causing stress fractures, to stop this movement, a very large, 166-foot long exterior Eastern Staircase was added to support the front facade. The Capitol exterior is made of granite from Hallowell, Maine. The granite structure is 220 feet tall at its highest point, underground tunnels connect it to the Empire State Plaza and Alfred E. Smith Building. The buildings exterior underwent restoration from 2000 until fall 2014, the Assembly Chamber was built with the largest open arched span in the world. However, this produced very inconvenient acoustic results, a more serious problem was that the shifting foundations of the whole structure made the vaults unstable
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
James II of England
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James II and VII was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland, the second surviving son of Charles I, he ascended the throne upon the death of his brother, Charles II. Members of Britains Protestant political elite increasingly suspected him of being pro-French and pro-Catholic and he was replaced by his eldest, Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange. James made one attempt to recover his crowns from William. After the defeat of the Jacobite forces by the Williamites at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690 and he lived out the rest of his life as a pretender at a court sponsored by his cousin and ally, King Louis XIV. James, the surviving son of King Charles I and his wife. Later that same year, he was baptised by William Laud and he was educated by private tutors, along with his brother, the future King Charles II, and the two sons of the Duke of Buckingham, George and Francis Villiers. At the age of three, James was appointed Lord High Admiral, the position was honorary, but would become a substantive office after the Restoration. He was designated Duke of York at birth, invested with the Order of the Garter in 1642, as the Kings disputes with the English Parliament grew into the English Civil War, James stayed in Oxford, a Royalist stronghold. When the city surrendered after the siege of Oxford in 1646, in 1648, he escaped from the Palace, aided by Joseph Bampfield, and from there he went to The Hague in disguise. When Charles I was executed by the rebels in 1649, monarchists proclaimed Jamess older brother as Charles II of England, Charles II was recognised as king by the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of Ireland, and was crowned King of Scotland at Scone in 1651. Although he was proclaimed King in Jersey, Charles was unable to secure the crown of England and consequently fled to France, like his brother, James sought refuge in France, serving in the French army under Turenne against the Fronde, and later against their Spanish allies. In the French army James had his first true experience of battle where, according to one observer, he ventures himself, in the meantime, Charles was attempting to reclaim his throne, but France, although hosting the exiles, had allied itself with Oliver Cromwell. In 1656, Charles turned instead to Spain – an enemy of France – for support, in consequence, James was expelled from France and forced to leave Turennes army. James quarrelled with his brother over the choice of Spain over France. In 1659, the French and Spanish made peace, James, doubtful of his brothers chances of regaining the throne, considered taking a Spanish offer to be an admiral in their navy. Ultimately, he declined the position, by the year the situation in England had changed. After Richard Cromwells resignation as Lord Protector in 1659 and the subsequent collapse of the Commonwealth in 1660, although James was the heir presumptive, it seemed unlikely that he would inherit the Crown, as Charles was still a young man capable of fathering children
6.
Duke of York
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The Duke of York is a title of nobility in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Since the 15th century, it has, when granted, usually given to the second son of English monarchs. The equivalent title in the Scottish peerage was Duke of Albany, initially granted in the 14th century in the Peerage of England, the title Duke of York has been created eight times. Additionally, the title Duke of York and Albany has been created three times and these occurred during the 18th century, following the 1707 unification of the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland into a single, united realm. The double naming was done so that a territorial designation from each of the separate realms could be included. The current Duke of York is Prince Andrew, the son of Queen Elizabeth II. Prince Andrew currently has no heirs and has been unmarried since his 1996 divorce. In medieval times, York was the city of the North of England. Yorkshire was Englands largest shire in area, York under its Viking name Jorvik was a petty kingdom in the Early Medieval period. In the interval between the fall of independent Jorvik under Eirik Bloodaxe, last King of Jorvik, and the first creation of the Dukedom of York, there were a few Earls of York. The title Duke of York was first created in the Peerage of England in 1385 for Edmund of Langley, the surviving son of Edward III. His son Edward, who inherited the title, was killed at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, the title passed to Edwards nephew Richard, the son of Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge. The younger Richard managed to obtain a restoration of the title, but when his eldest son, who inherited the title, became king in 1461 as Edward IV, the title was next created for Richard of Shrewsbury, second son of King Edward IV. Richard was one of the Princes in the Tower, and, as he died without heirs, the third creation was for Henry Tudor, second son of King Henry VII. When his elder brother Arthur, Prince of Wales, died in 1502, when Henry ultimately became King Henry VIII, his titles merged into the crown. The title was created for the time for Charles Stuart. When his elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, died in 1612 and he was created Prince of Wales in 1616 and eventually became Charles I in 1625 when the title again merged into the Crown. The fifth creation was in favour of James Stuart, the son of Charles I
7.
Duke of Albany
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Duke of Albany was a peerage title that has occasionally been bestowed on the younger sons in the Scottish and later the British royal family, particularly in the Houses of Stuart and Windsor. The Dukedom of Albany was first granted in 1398 by King Robert III of Scotland on his brother, Robert Stewart, Albany was a broad territorial term representing the parts of Scotland north of the River Forth, roughly the former Kingdom of the Picts. The title was the first Dukedom created in Scotland and it passed to Roberts son Murdoch Stewart, and was forfeited in 1425 due to the attainder of Murdoch. The title was created in 1458 for Alexander Stewart but was forfeit in 1483. His son John Stewart, was restored to the creation in 1515. In 1541 Robert, second son of James V of Scotland, was styled Duke of Albany and that creation merged with the Scottish crown upon Jamess ascension. The title, along with the title of Duke of York, with which it has since been traditionally coupled, was created for a time in 1604 for Charles, son of James VI. Upon Charless ascent to the throne in 1625, the title of Duke of Albany merged once again in the crowns, the title was next granted in 1660 to Charles Is son, James, by Charles II. When James succeeded his brother to the throne in 1685. The cities of New York and Albany, New York were thus named after James, as he was the Duke of York and of Albany. The pretender, Charles Edward Stuart, gave the title Duchess of Albany to his illegitimate daughter Charlotte, the title Duke of York and Albany was granted three times by the Hanoverian kings. The title of Albany alone was granted for the time, this time in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, in 1881 to Prince Leopold. Prince Leopolds son, Prince Charles Edward, was deprived of the peerage in 1919 for bearing arms against the United Kingdom in World War I. Under the Titles Deprivation Act 1917, the lineal male heir of the 1st Duke of Albany was allowed to petition the British Crown for the restoration of the peerages. Because subsequent descendants have married in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act 1772, the last person eligible to do so was Friedrich Josias, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who died in 1998. So prior to 2013, the marriages of the descendants of the 2nd Duke were invalid in the UK. However the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 specified otherwise in section 3 and she was also created a Lady of the Order of the Thistle by her father on 30 November 1784. Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackvilles Gorboduc includes Fergus, the Duke of Albany, william Shakespeares King Lear includes as a major character the Duke of Albany, who is husband to Lears daughter, Goneril
8.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
9.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
10.
New York's 20th congressional district
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The 20th Congressional District of New York is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New Yorks Capital District. It includes all of Albany and Schenectady counties, and portions of Montgomery, Rensselaer, from 2003 to 2013, the 20th district surrounded the Capital District, which had been part of the 21st district. This district included all or parts of Columbia, Dutchess, Delaware, Essex, Greene, Otsego, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Warren and it included the cities of Glens Falls and Saratoga Springs. This largely rural district stretched to include parts of the Adirondacks, Catskills, on Nov 2,2010, Republican Chris Gibson defeated first term incumbent Democrat Scott Murphy, and took office on January 3,2011. In 2013, Gibson was redistricted to the 19th, paul Tonko now represents the district after redistricting. From the creation of the district in 1813 to 1833, two seats were apportioned, elected at-large on a general ticket, note that in New York State electoral politics there are numerous minor parties at various points on the political spectrum. Certain parties will endorse either the Republican or Democratic candidate for every office, hence the state electoral results contain both the party votes, and the final candidate votes. List of United States congressional districts New Yorks congressional districts United States congressional delegations from New York Martis, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
11.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
12.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
13.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
14.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
15.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
16.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
17.
Mohawk River
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The Mohawk River is a 149-mile-long river in the U. S. state of New York. It is the largest tributary of the Hudson River, the Mohawk flows into the Hudson in the Capital District, a few miles north of the city of Albany. The river is named for the Mohawk Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy and it is a major waterway in north-central New York. The river and its canal, the Erie Canal, connect the Hudson River and port of New York with the Great Lakes at Buffalo. The lower part of the Mohawk River has five permanent dams, nine movable dams, Schoharie Creek and West Canada Creek are the principal tributaries of the Mohawk River. Both of these tributaries have several significant dams including the Hinckley Dam on the West Canada, the Gilboa Dam, which was completed in 1926 as part of the New York City water supply system, is the subject of an active and aggressive rehabilitation project. The Mohawk Valley allowed easier passage than going over the mountains to the north or south of the valley, as a result, it was strategically important during the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War, and a number of important battles were fought here. The fertile Mohawk Valley also attracted early settlers, in the early nineteenth century water transport was a vital means of transporting both people and goods. A corporation was formed to build the Erie Canal off the Mohawk River to Lake Erie, the canal cut shipping costs to Lake Erie by 95%. It also simplified and reduced the difficulties of westward settler migration, the Mohawk Valley still plays an important role in transportation. Railroads followed the Water Level Route, as did major east-west roads such as Route 5, the Mohawk River Heritage Corridor Commission was created to preserve and promote the natural and historic assets of the Mohawk River. This commission was created by the NY State Legislature in 1997 to improve historic preservation along the river, the Mohawk watershed drains a large section of the Catskill Mountains, the Mohawk Valley proper, and a section of the southern Adirondack Mountains. All three regions have distinct geology, and the underlying rocks become progressively younger to the south. Overall, this part of New York is represented by lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks that overlie the Grenville-aged metamorphic rocks of the Adirondacks. In the watershed, these rocks are only significant in the headwaters of the West Canada Creek, much of the main trunk of the Mohawk River sits in Cambro-Ordovician carbonates and Middle Ordovician sandstones and shales. The southern tributaries are underlain by a sequence of Devonian limestones that are overlain by a thick sequence of sandstones and shale of the Catskill Delta. During the Pleistocene, the watershed was extensively modified by continental glaciation, as a result of glacial scour and deposition, the surficial deposits in much of the watershed are poorly sorted boulder- and clay-rich glacial till. During deglaciation, several glacial lakes left varved clay deposits, in the final stages of deglaciation, approximately 13,350 years ago, the catastrophic draining of Glacial Lake Iroquois, a pro-glacial lake, was through what would become the modern Mohawk Valley
18.
Hudson River
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The Hudson River is a 315-mile river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States. The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York, flows through the Hudson Valley, the river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary occupying the Hudson Fjord, tidal waters influence the Hudsons flow from as far north as Troy. The river is named after Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company, who explored it in 1609, and after whom Canadas Hudson Bay is also named. The Dutch called the river the North River – with the Delaware River called the South River –, during the eighteenth century, the river valley and its inhabitants were the subject and inspiration of Washington Irving, the first internationally acclaimed American author. In the nineteenth century, the area inspired the Hudson River School of landscape painting, the Hudson was also the eastern outlet for the Erie Canal, which, when completed in 1825, became an important transportation artery for the early-19th-century United States. The source of the Hudson River is Lake Tear of the Clouds in the Adirondack Park at an altitude of 4,322 feet, the river is not cartographically called the Hudson River until miles downstream. From that point on, the stream is known as the Hudson River. Popular culture and convention, however, more often cite the photogenic Lake Tear of the Clouds as the source, South of the confluence of Indian Pass Brook and Calamity Brook, the Hudson River flows south into Sanford Lake. South of the outlet of the lake, the Opalescent River flows into the Hudson, the Hudson then flows south, taking in Beaver Brook and the outlet of Lake Harris. After its confluence with the Indian River, the Hudson forms the boundary between Essex and Hamilton counties, in the hamlet of North River, the Hudson flows entirely in Warren County and takes in the Schroon River. Further south, the forms the boundary between Warren and Saratoga Counties. The river then takes in the Sacandaga River from the Great Sacandaga Lake, shortly thereafter, the river leaves the Adirondack Park, flows under Interstate 87, and through Glens Falls, just south of Lake George although receiving no streamflow from the lake. It next goes through Hudson Falls, at this point the river forms the boundary between Washington and Saratoga Counties. At this point the river has an altitude of 200 feet, further south the Hudson takes in water from the Batten Kill River and Fish Creek near Schuylerville. The river then forms the boundary between Saratoga and Rensselaer counties, the river then enters the heart of the Capital District. It takes in water from the Hoosic River, which extends into Massachusetts, shortly thereafter the river has its confluence with the Mohawk River, the largest tributary of the Hudson River, in Waterford. Shortly thereafter, the river reaches the Federal Dam in Troy, at an elevation of 2 feet, the bottom of the dam marks the beginning of the tidal influence in the Hudson as well as the beginning of the lower Hudson River
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2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
20.
Capital District, New York
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The Capital District, also known as the Capital Region, refers to the metropolitan area surrounding Albany, the capital of the U. S. state of New York. With a population of 1,170,483, the Capital District is the fourth largest metropolitan region in the state, companies that have headquarters in Albany include CommerceHub and the Environment One Corporation. In the 21st century, the Capital District has emerged as an anchor of Tech Valley. The Capital District was first settled by the Dutch in the early 17th century, Albany has been the permanent capital of the state of New York since 1797. The Capital District is notable for historical events that predate the independence of the United States, including the Albany Plan of Union. The term Capital District is commonly used to refer to the due to its location surrounding the state capital. This is similar to other districts throughout the world, all of which are associated with a respective capital city. Later, Schenectady was added to this district as well, the Capital District Recreation League, formed in 1816, proposed a Capital District Park to be roughly 8 miles from Albany, Cohoes, Rensselaer, Schenectady, Troy, and Watervliet. The location proposed was the area of the Shaker settlement, the park was never created, though in 1928 the location was used for Albany International Airport for the same reason of its central location to those suburbs. Capitaland, Metroland, and Tech Valley are nicknames sometimes used to refer to the Capital District, permanent European claims and settlement began in 1609 when Henry Hudson sailed north up the Hudson River in the name of the Dutch. During the same year, Samuel Champlain explored south down Lake Champlain, conflict soon ensued between the French and Dutch for control of the fur trade and both made alliances with different Native American tribes. In 1630, Kiliaen van Rensselaer founded the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, a Dutch patroonship in the area, in 1664 the English successfully conquered the Dutch while rivalry with the French continued. Through the Dongan Charter, Governor Thomas Dongan granted Albany the right to purchase 500 acres in Schaahtecogue and 1,000 acres at Tionnondoroge, arent van Curler founded Schenectady in 1662, Fort Saratoga was built at present-day Schuylerville in 1691, and Greenbush was settled in the 1620s. South of Albany, settlement occurred quickly at first, but slowed as growth on the frontier pushed people north and west of Albany and it was chartered as a city in 1785, becoming only the third city in the state. The French and Indian War saw several battles in the Capital District. In the end, the French were defeated, freeing the land for settlement to the west. During the American Revolution the area saw fighting and Fort Ticonderoga experienced notable action. The Battle of Saratoga, which place in the present-day town of Stillwater, is considered the turning point of the war
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Schenectady, New York
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Schenectady /skᵻˈnɛktədi/ is a city in Schenectady County, New York, United States, of which it is the county seat. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 66,135, the name Schenectady is derived from a Mohawk word skahnéhtati meaning beyond the pines. The city was founded on the side of the Mohawk River by Dutch colonists in the 17th century. They were prohibited from the fur trade by the Albany monopoly, residents of the new village developed farms on strip plots along the river. Connected to the west via the Mohawk River and Erie Canal, by 1824 more people worked in manufacturing than agriculture or trade, and the city had a cotton mill, processing cotton from the Deep South. Numerous mills in New York had such ties with the South, the city was part of emerging technologies, with GE collaborating in the production of nuclear-powered submarines and, in the 21st century, working on other forms of renewable energy. The city is in eastern New York, near the confluence of the Mohawk and it is in the same metropolitan area as the state capital, Albany, which is about 19 miles southeast. In December 2014, the announced that the city was one of three sites selected for development of off-reservation casino gambling, under terms of a 2013 state constitutional amendment. The project would redevelop an ALCO brownfield site in the city along the waterfront, with hotels, housing, when first encountered by Europeans, the Mohawk Valley was the territory of the Mohawk nation, one of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, or Haudenosaunee. They had occupied territory in the region since at least 1100 AD, in the 1640s, the Mohawk had three major villages, all on the south side of the Mohawk River. The easternmost one was Ossernenon, located about 9 miles west of present-day Auriesville, about 3200 acres of this unique ecosystem are now protected as the Albany Pine Bush. Eventually, this word entered the lexicon of the Dutch settlers, the settlers in Fort Orange used skahnéhtati to refer to the new village at the Mohawk flats, which became known as Schenectady. In 1661 Arent van Curler, a Dutch immigrant bought a big piece of land on the side of the Mohawk River. Other colonists were given grants of land by the government in this portion of the flat fertile river valley. The settlers recognized that these bottomlands had been cultivated for maize by the Mohawk for centuries, Van Curler took the largest piece of land, the remainder was divided into 50-acre plots for the other first fourteen proprietors. As most early colonists were from the Fort Orange area, they may have anticipated working as fur traders, the settlers here turned to farming. Their 50-acre lots were unique for the colony, laid out in strips along the Mohawk River, with the narrow edges fronting the river and they relied on rearing livestock and wheat. From the early days of interaction, early Dutch traders in the valley had unions with Mohawk women and their children were raised within the Mohawk community, which had a matrilineal kinship system, considering children born into the mothers clan
22.
Troy, New York
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Troy is a city in the U. S. State of New York and the seat of Rensselaer County. The city is located on the edge of Rensselaer County. Troy has close ties to the cities of Albany and Schenectady. The city is one of the three centers for the Albany Metropolitan Statistical Area, which has a population of 1,170,483. At the 2010 census, the population of Troy was 50,129, troja est, which means Ilium was, Troy is. Before European arrival, the area was settled by the Mahican Indian tribe, the Dutch began settling in the mid 17th century, the patroon Kiliaen van Rensselaer called the area Pafraets Dael, after his mother. Control of New York passed to the English in 1664 and in 1707 Derick Van der Heyden purchased a farm near todays downtown area, in 1771, Abraham Lansing had his farm in todays Lansingburgh laid out into lots. Responding to Lansings success to the north, in 1787, Van der Heydens grandson Jacob had his extensive holdings surveyed and laid out into lots as well, in 1789, Troy got its current name after a vote of the people. In 1791, Troy was incorporated as a town and extended east across the county to the Vermont line, in 1796, Troy became a village and in 1816 it became a city. Lansingburgh, to the north, became part of Troy in 1900, prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Mohican Indians had a number of settlements along the Hudson River near the confluence with the Mohawk River. The land comprising the Poesten Kill and Wynants Kill areas were owned by two Mohican groups, the land around the Poesten Kill was owned by Skiwias and was called Panhooseck. The area around the Wynants Kill, was known as Paanpack, was owned by Peyhaunet, the land between the creeks, which makes up most of downtown and South Troy, was owned by Annape. South of the Wynants Kill and into present-day North Greenbush, the land was owned by Pachquolapiet and these parcels of land were sold to the Dutch between 1630 and 1657 and each purchase was overseen and signed by Skiwias, the sachem at the time. In total, more than 75 individual Mohicans were involved in deed signings in the 17th century, the site of the city was a part of Rensselaerswyck, a patroonship created by Kiliaen van Rensselaer. Dirck Van der Heyden was one of the first settlers, in 1707, he purchased a farm of 65 acres which in 1787 was laid out as a village. One skeleton was female and Caucasian with an iron ring, the other was Native-American and male. The name Troy was adopted in 1789 before which it had known as Ashleys Ferry. The township included Brunswick and Grafton, Troy became a village in 1801 and was chartered as a city in 1816
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England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
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Colony
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In politics and history, a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a state, distinct from the home territory of the sovereign. For colonies in antiquity, city-states would often found their own colonies, some colonies were historically countries, while others were territories without definite statehood from their inception. The metropolitan state is the state that rules the colony, in Ancient Greece, the city that founded a colony was known as the metropolis. Mother country is a reference to the state from the point of view of citizens who live in its colony. There is a United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, unlike a puppet state or satellite state, a colony has no independent international representation, and its top-level administration is under direct control of the metropolitan state. The term informal colony is used by historians to refer to a country under the de facto control of another state. The word colony comes from the Latin word colōnia and this in turn derives from the word colōnus, which means colonist but also implies a farmer. Cologne is an example of a settlement preserving this etymology, other, less obvious settlements that began as Roman colonia include cities from Belgrade to York. A tell-tale sign of a settlement once being a Roman Colony is a city centre with a grid pattern. The terminology is taken from architectural analogy, where a column pillar is beneath the head capital, so colonies are not independently self-controlled, but rather are controlled from a separate entity that serves the capital function. Roman colonies first appeared when the Romans conquered neighbouring Italic peoples and these were small farming settlements that appeared when the Romans had subdued an enemy in war. A colony could take many forms, as a trade outpost or a base in enemy territory. Its original definition as a settlement created by migrating from a central region to an outlying one became the modern definition. Kandahar formed as a Greek colony during the Hellenistic era by Alexander the great in 330 BC, alaska, a colony of Russia from the middle 18th century until sold to the United States in 1867. It became the 49th American state in 1959, angola, a colony of Portugal since the 16th century. Australia was formed as an independent country in 1901 from a federation of six distinct British colonies which were founded between 1788 and 1829, barbados, was a colony of Great Britain important in the Atlantic slave trade. It gained its independence in 1966, brazil, a colony of Portugal since the 16th century. Canada, colonized first by France as New France, then under British rule, congo, Democratic Republic of the, a colony of Belgium from 1908 to 1960
25.
New Netherland
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New Netherland was a 17th-century colonial province of the Seven United Netherlands that was located on the East Coast of North America. The colony was conceived as a business venture to exploit the North American fur trade. The settlement of New Sweden encroached on its flank, while its northern border was re-drawn to accommodate an expanding New England. During the 1650s, the colony experienced dramatic growth and became a port for trade in the North Atlantic. The surrender of Fort Amsterdam to England in 1664 was formalized in 1667, in 1673, the Dutch re-took the area but relinquished it under the Second Treaty of Westminster ending the Third Anglo-Dutch War the next year. The inhabitants of New Netherland were Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans, descendants of the original settlers played a prominent role in colonial America. For two centuries, New Netherland Dutch culture characterized the region, during the 17th century, Europe was undergoing expansive social, cultural, and economic growth, known as the Dutch Golden Age in the Netherlands. Nations vied for domination of trade routes around the globe. Simultaneously, philosophical and theological conflicts were manifested in military battles across the continent, the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands had become a home to many intellectuals, international businessmen, and religious refugees. He was turned back by the ice of the Arctic in his second attempt and he ended up exploring the waters off the east coast of North America aboard the vlieboot Halve Maen. His first landfall was at Newfoundland and the second at Cape Cod, Hudson believed that the passage to the Pacific ocean was between the St. Lawrence River and Chesapeake Bay, so he sailed south to the Bay then turned northward, traveling close along the shore. He first discovered Delaware Bay and began to sail upriver looking for the passage and this effort was foiled by sandy shoals, and the Halve Maen continued north. After passing Sandy Hook, Hudson and his crew entered the narrows into the Upper New York Bay, Hudson believed that he had found the continental water route, so he sailed up the major river which later bore his name, the Hudson. He found the water too shallow to proceed several days later, at the site of present-day Troy and his report was first published in 1611 by Emanuel Van Meteren, an Antwerp émigré and the Dutch Consul at London. This stimulated interest in exploiting this new resource, and it was the catalyst for Dutch merchant-traders to fund more expeditions. Flemish Lutheran émigré merchants such as Arnout Vogels sent the first follow-up voyages to exploit this discovery as early as July 1610. In 1611–1612, the Admiralty of Amsterdam sent two expeditions to find a passage to China with the yachts Craen and Vos, captained by Jan Cornelisz Mey and Symon Willemsz Cat. The results of explorations, surveys, and charts made from 1609 through 1614 were consolidated in Block’s map
26.
Dutch colonization of the Americas
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Dutch trading posts and plantations in the Americas precede the much wider known colonization activities of the Dutch in Asia. While the first Dutch fort in Asia was built in 1600, actual colonization, with Dutch settling in the new lands, was not as common as with other European nations. Hudson entered the Upper New York Bay by sailboat, heading up the Hudson River, Block Island and Block Island Sound are befittingly named in his honor. Block quickly ascended and became Manhattans first monopolist, after some early trading expeditions, the first Dutch settlement in the Americas was founded in 1615, Fort Nassau, on Castle Island along the Hudson, near present-day Albany. The settlement served mostly as an outpost for trading in fur with the native Lenape tribespeople, both forts were named in honor of the House of Orange-Nassau. By 1621, the United Provinces had charted a new company, a monopoly in the Americas and West Africa. The WIC sought recognition as founders of the New World – which they ultimately did as founders of a new Province in 1623 and that year, another Fort Nassau was built on the Delaware River near Gloucester City, New Jersey. The colony expanded to outlying areas at Pavonia, Brooklyn, Bronx, on the Connecticut River, Fort Huys de Goede Hoop was completed in 1633 at present day Hartford. By 1636, the English from Newtown settled on the side of the Little River. In the Treaty of Hartford, the border of New Netherland was retracted to western Connecticut and by 1653, settlements at Fort Nassau and the short-lived Fort Beversreede were abandoned and consolidated at Fort Casimir. By 1655 Fort Christina, sitting in what is today Wilmington, had already been renamed Fort Altena, not all inhabitants of New Netherlands, Manahattas first European colonizers, were ethnically Dutch, but in reality came from many European countries. In 1664, an English naval expedition ordered by Prince James, Duke of York and of Albany sailed in the harbor at New Amsterdam, being greatly outnumbered, Director-General Peter Stuyvesant surrendered after negotiating favorable articles of capitulation. The Province then took a new name, New York, Fort Orange was renamed Fort Albany. The region between the lower Hudson and the Delaware was deeded to proprietors and called New Jersey, the loss of New Netherland led to the Second Anglo–Dutch War during 1665–1667. This conflict ended with the Treaty of Breda, which stipulated that the Dutch give up their claim to New Netherlands in exchange for Suriname. From 1673 to 1674, the territories were once again captured by the Dutch in the Third Anglo–Dutch War. In 1674, Dutch navy captain Jurriaen Aernoutsz also briefly captured two forts in the French colony of Acadia, which he claimed as Dutch territory the new colony of New Holland. Dutch colonization in the Caribbean started in the 1634 on St. Croix and Tobago, followed in 1631 with settlements on Tortuga, when the Dutch lost Sint Maarten to the Spanish, they settled Curaçao and Sint Eustatius
27.
Governor of New York
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The Governor of the State of New York is the chief executive of the U. S. state of New York. The governor is the head of the branch of New Yorks state government. The current governor is Andrew Cuomo, a Democrat, Cuomo won the November 2010 gubernatorial election and was sworn in as the 56th governor of the state of New York on January 1,2011. Cuomo was re-elected on November 5,2014, defeating his Republican challenger Robert Astorino, unlike the other government departments that compose the executive branch of government, the governor is themselves head of the state Executive Department. The officeholder is afforded the courtesy style of His/Her Excellency while in office, the governor of New York is often considered a potential candidate for President. Ten governors have been major-party candidates for president, and four, Martin Van Buren, Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, six New York governors have gone on to serve as vice president. Additionally two Governors of New York, John Jay and Charles Evans Hughes, have served as Chief Justice of the United States, the office of Governor was established by the first New York State Constitution in 1777 to coincide with the calendar year. An 1874 amendment extended the term of office back to three years, but the 1894 constitution again reduced it to two years, the most recent constitution of 1938 extended the term to the current four years. The state constitution has provided since 1777 for the election of a lieutenant governor, originally, in the event of the death, resignation or impeachment of the governor, or absence from the state, the lieutenant governor would take on the governors duties and powers. Since the 1938 constitution, the lieutenant governor becomes governor upon such vacancy in the office. Although no provision exists in the constitution for it, precedent set in 2009 allows the governor to appoint a lieutenant governor should a vacancy occur, should the president pro tempore be unable to fulfill the duties, the speaker of the assembly is next in the line of succession. The lieutenant governor is elected on the ticket as the governor
28.
Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick
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Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick, was a member of the Irish Parliament, Royalist military officer during the English Civil War, and Governor of the Province of New York. He is noted for having called the first representative legislature in New York, as Stuart supporters, after the overthrow of King Charles I, the family went to King Louis XIVs France, although they managed to hold on to at least part of their Irish estates. His family gave their name to Dongan Dragoons, a military regiment. While in France, he served in an Irish regiment with Turenne and he stayed in France after the Restoration and achieved the rank of colonel in 1674. After the Treaty of Nijmegen ended the French-Dutch War in 1678, fellow officer James, Duke of York, arranged to have him granted a high-ranking commission in the army designated for service in Flanders and a pension. That same year, he was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Tangiers, which had part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza. In September 1682, James, Lord Proprietor of the Province of New York, appointed Dongan as provincial governor to replace Edmund Andros, the estate eventually became the town of Castleton, later, another section of the island was named Dongan Hills in honour of Dongan. At the time of his appointment, the province was bankrupt, Dongan was able to restore order and stability. On 14 October 1683, he convened the first-ever representative assembly in New York history at Fort James and this assembly, under the wise supervision of Dongan, passed an act entitled A Charter of Liberties. g. Taxes could be levied only by the people met in assembly, right of suffrage. On 22 July 1686 Governor Dongan granted Albany a municipal charter, the charter incorporated the city of Albany, establishing a separate municipal entity in the midst of the Van Rensselaer Manor. Regarding Canada, it was necessary to secure the friendship of the Iroquois, Dongan journeyed to the Iroquois nation, and convened assembly with them, garnering support, and approval. He was called corlur by the Iroquois Chief, a term from the Irish language Coṁairleoir, used in Parliamentary deference to the Speaker, Dongan transferred his governorship back to Andros on 11 August 1688. Dongan was to land grants establishing several towns throughout New York State including the eastern Long Island communities of East Hampton and Southampton. These grants, called the Dongan Patents, set up Town Trustees as the bodies with a mission of managing common land for common good. In 1698, his brother William, Earl of Limerick, died without issue, in 1709, Lord Limerick sold his 2, 300-acre property at Celbridge to William Conolly. He lived in London for the last years of his life and he was buried in Old St. Pancras churchyard, London. Ref. John Dongan of Dublin, An Elizabethan Gentleman And His Family, pages 141 -151 reference Gov. Thomas Dongan
29.
Manor of Rensselaerswyck
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The estate was originally deeded by the Dutch West India Company in 1630 to Kiliaen van Rensselaer, a Dutch merchant and one of the companys original directors. Rensselaerswyck extended for miles on side of the Hudson River near present-day Albany. It included most of what are now the present New York counties of Albany and Rensselaer, as well as parts of Columbia, under the terms of the patroonship, the patroon had nearly total jurisdictional authority, establishing civil and criminal law, villages, a church. Tenant farmers were allowed to work on the land, but had to pay rent to the owners, in addition, the Rensselaers harvested timber from the property. The patroonship was maintained intact by Rensselaer descendants for more than two centuries and it was split up after the death of its last patroon, Stephen van Rensselaer III in 1839. At his death, van Rensselaers land holdings made him the tenth-richest American in history to date, the manor was split between Stephen IIIs sons, Stephen IV and William. Tenant farmers began protesting the feudal system and their anti-rent movement was eventually successful, Stephen IV and William sold off most of their land, ending the patroonship in the 1840s. For length of operations, it was the most successful patroonship established under the West India Company system and this established a Dutch presence in the area, formally called New Netherland. In June 1620, the Dutch West India Company was established by the States-General, in 1630, the managers of the West India Company, in order to attract capitalists to the colony, offered certain exclusive privileges to the members of the company. The only restriction was that the colony had to be outside the island of Manhattan, to meet such cases, the West India Company adopted the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions for the agricultural colonization of its American province. The chief features of this charter stated that lands for each colony could extend 16 miles in length if confined to one side of a river or 8 miles if both sides were occupied. Additionally, the lands could extend into the countryside and even be enlarged if more immigrants were to settle there, each patroon would have the chief command within their respective patroonship, having the sole rights to fish and hunt. If a city were to be founded within its boundaries, the patroon would have the power and authority to establish officers, each patroonship was free of taxes and tariffs for ten years following its founding. Colonists of a patroonship were limited by the West India Company in some instances, for example, fur trading was illegal for colonists, it was reserved as a Company monopoly. But, patroonships had the right to trade anywhere from Newfoundland to Florida, each patroon was required to satisfy the Indians of that place for the land, implying that the land must be bought from the local Indians, and not just taken. Additionally, the Company agreed to all colonists, whether free or in service, from all aggressors. For longer time than it shall see fit, Kiliaen van Rensselaer, a pearl and diamond merchant of Amsterdam, was one of the original directors of the West India Company and one of the first to take advantage of the new settlement charter. This took place even before the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions was ratified, on April 8,1630, a representative for van Rensselaer purchased a large tract of land from its American Indian owners adjacent to Fort Orange, on the west side of the Hudson River
30.
Saugerties (village), New York
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Saugerties is a village in Ulster County, New York, United States. The Village of Saugerties is located on the west bank of the Hudson River and it is in the eastern part of the Town of Saugerties. U. S. Route 9W and New York State Route 32 pass through the village, converging at its center and these routes parallel the New York State Thruway, which passes through the town a mile west of the village. In the 1650s Barent Cornelis Volge operated a sawmill on the Sawyers Kill and he had secured a title from the Esopus Sachem to this lands sometime before 1663. The name Saugerties means Little Sawyer in Dutch, around 1685 George Meals and Richard Hayes purchased land on both sides of the Esopus Creek where it enters the Hudson River. John Persen was a mill owner. He had both a sawmill and a gristmill, he operated a ferry crossing the river to the east shore. He built the Mynderse House around 1685, some of Benjamin Snyders sloops were burned in Saugerties harbor as well. The village was incorporated in 1831 as Ulster, but it changed its name to Saugerties in 1855, the Dubois-Kierstede Stone House is one of several stone buildings in Saugerties. Built in 1727, it houses the Kiersted House Museum, main–Partition Streets Historic District Saugerties is located at 42°4′34″N 73°57′0″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 2.3 square miles. The village is on the west bank of the Hudson River, the population was 3,971 at the 2010 census. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,663 households, the population density was 2,699.7 people per square mile. There were 1,887 housing units at a density of 1,028.1 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 85% of the population,34. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the family size was 3.01. In the village, the population was out with 19. 9% under the age of 18,11. 1% from 18 to 24,37. 7% from 25 to 44,19. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 140.2 males
31.
Tryon County, New York
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Tryon County was a county in the colonial Province of New York in the British American colonies. It was created from Albany County on March 24,1772, and was named for William Tryon, the countys boundaries extended much further than any current county. Its eastern boundary ran from the Mohawk River to the Canada line, at a point near the old village of St. Regis and it extended north to the St. Tryon Countys seat was Johnstown, which is today the county seat of Fulton County. The Tryon County Courthouse, built in 1772–1773, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, the Tryon County Jail, also built in 1772–1773, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. The county was divided into five districts, Mohawk, Palatine, Canajohorie, German Flatts, the county court house and jail were erected in Johnstown in 1772 establishing Johnstown as the county seat. The remainder of the seven judges were Peter Conyne, Jelles Fonda. Guy Johnson, John Johnson, Daniel Claus and John Butler sided with Britain during the American Revolution while Fonda, Wells and its members in the Province of New York assembly were Sir John Johnson and Hendrick Frey. Guy Johnson and a party of supporters left in May,1775. Sir John Johnson and a party of his supporters left in May,1776. By 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County had fled, in December 1780, the results of a census stated that the number of uncultivated farms was 1200 and that 354 families had abandoned and had fled the county. In some places such as Cherry Valley, Springfield, and Harpersfield there was no one to conduct a census and this was out of a pre-war population of around 10,000. Schenectady came near to being the limit of civilization, on April 2,1784 the new states legislature voted to change the name to Montgomery County, in honor of General Richard Montgomery, a Continental Army General slain during the Battle of Quebec. The Legislature stated, “From and after the passing of this act, the county of Tryon shall be called and known by the name of Montgomery, landmarks of Rensselaer County New York. Syracuse, New York, D. Mason and Company, New York with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of its Prominent Men and Pioneers. History of Tryon County, NY History of Tryon County, NY
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Charlotte County, Province of New York
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Charlotte County was a county in the colonial Province of New York in the British American colonies. It was created from Albany County on March 24,1772, the county was named for Charlotte, Princess Royal, oldest daughter and fourth child of George III of the United Kingdom. Its boundaries extended far further than any current county and its western boundary ran from the Mohawk River to the Canada line, at a point near the old village of St. Regis and passing south to the Mohawk between Schenectady and Albany. Its southern boundary was near present-day Saratoga Springs, much of western Vermont, then claimed by New York, was also part of the county. Its northern border was also the Canada–US border and its county seat was Fort Edward. ”In 1799 Clinton County was created from part of Washington County. Clinton County itself was partitioned to form other upstate counties, the Town of Cambridge was transferred in 1791 from Albany County to Washington County. List of former United States counties List of New York counties Anderson, landmarks of Rensselaer County New York. Syracuse, New York, D. Mason and Company, New York with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of its Prominent Men and Pioneers
33.
Beverwyck
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During the 1640s, the name Beverwijck began to be used informally by the Dutch for their settlement of fur traders north of the fort. In 1652, Petrus Stuyvesant, director general of New Netherland, in the late 1650s, colonists built a palisade around Beverwijck, and it had become economically and politically successful, with large families residing in the community. Despite its isolation on the frontier, a sign of Beverwijcks success was that it was never attacked by Native Americans, the Dutch built a collaborative relationship with both the Algonquian-speaking Mahican of the Hudson Valley and the Iroquoian-speaking Mohawk people to the west through the Mohawk Valley. By 1660, the Dutch relations with two different Native nations had taken on differing characteristics, reflecting their different patterns of settlement. A large percentage of the Beverwijck population consisted of Europeans born outside of the Dutch Republic, despite the ethnically mixed population which included Dutch, Scandinavian, German, and English individuals, institutions transplanted from the Republic gave the town a decisively Dutch character. The settlers in Schenectady were forbidden to trade and this prohibition was affirmed by orders of Governor Nicholls through 1670 and later after the English took over the colony of New Netherland. Although Beverwijck literally means district, its name might be of different origin than related to the fur trade. It could have named for the Dutch town of Beverwijk. History of Albany, New York Venema, Janny, Beverwijck, A Dutch Village on the American Frontier, 1652-1664. James W. Bradley, Before Albany, An Archaeology of Native-Dutch Relations in the Capital Region, 1600–1664, Albany, University of the State of New York,2007, full text online
34.
Director of New Netherland
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This is a list of Directors, appointed by the Dutch West India Company, of the 17th century Dutch province of New Netherland in North America. Only the last, Peter Stuyvesant, held the title of Director General, as the colony grew, citizens advisory boards - known as the Twelve Men, Eight Men, and Nine Men - exerted more influence on the director and thus affairs of province. In 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch were able to recapture New Amsterdam under Admiral Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest, Evertsen renamed the city New Orange. Evertsen returned to the Netherlands in July 1674, and was accused of disobeying his orders, Evertsen had been instructed not to retake New Amsterdam but instead to conquer the British colonies of Saint Helena and Cayenne. In 1674, the Dutch were compelled to relinquish New Amsterdam to the British under the terms of the Second Treaty of Westminster
35.
Peter Stuyvesant
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Peter Stuyvesant served as the last Dutch director-general of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664, after which it was renamed New York. He was a figure in the early history of New York City. Stuyvesants accomplishments as director-general included an expansion for the settlement of New Amsterdam beyond the southern tip of Manhattan. Among the projects built by Stuyvesants administration were the protective wall on Wall Street, the canal that became Broad Street, Stuyvesant was born in 1610 in Peperga, Friesland, in the Netherlands, to minister Balthasar Stuyvesant and Margaretha Hardenstein. He grew up in Peperga, Scherpenzeel, and Berlicum and he studied languages and philosophy in Franeker, and joined the West India Company about 1635, and was director of the Dutch West India Companys colony of Curaçao from 1642 to 1644. In April 1644, he attacked the Spanish-held island of Saint Martin and he returned to the Netherlands for convalescence, where his right leg was replaced with a wooden peg. Stuyvesant was given the nicknames Peg Leg Pete and Old Silver Nails because he used a wooden stick studded with silver nails as a prosthesis. A year later, in May 1645, Stuyvesant was selected by the Dutch West India Company to replace Willem Kieft as Director-General of the New Netherland colony and he arrived in New Amsterdam on May 11,1647. In September 1647, he appointed a council of nine men as representatives of the colonists on New Netherland. He married Judith Bayard of the Bayard family in 1645 and her brother Samuel was the husband of Stuyvesants sister Anna. Petrus and Judiths first son, Balthasar Lazarus, settled in the West Indies and their second son, Nicolaes Willem Stuyvesant, first married Maria Beeckman, daughter of Willem Beeckman, and subsequently Elisabeth Slechtenhorst. In 1648, a conflict started between him and Brant Aertzsz van Slechtenhorst, the commissary of the patroonship Rensselaerwijck, which surrounded Fort Orange, Stuyvesant claimed he had power over Rensselaerwijck despite special privileges granted to Kiliaen van Rensselaer in the patroonship regulations of 1629. When Van Slechtenhorst refused, Stuyvesant sent a group of soldiers to enforce his orders, the controversy that followed resulted in the founding of the new settlement, Beverwijck. Stuyvesant became involved in a dispute with Theophilus Eaton, the governor of English New Haven Colony, the border was arranged to the dissatisfaction of the Nine Men, who declared that the governor had ceded away enough territory to found fifty colonies each fifty miles square. Stuyvesant then threatened to dissolve the council, a new plan of municipal government was arranged in the Netherlands, and the name New Amsterdam was officially declared on 2 February 1653. Stuyvesant made a speech for the occasion, saying that his authority would remain undiminished, petrus was then ordered to the Netherlands, but the order was soon revoked under pressure from the States of Holland and the city of Amsterdam. Stuyvesant prepared against an attack by ordering the citizens to dig a ditch from the North River to the East River and to erect a fortification. In the summer of 1655, he sailed down the Delaware River with a fleet of seven vessels and about 700 men and took possession of the colony of New Sweden, which was renamed New Amstel
36.
Dongan Charter
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The Dongan Charter is the 1686 document incorporating Albany, New York as a city. Albanys charter was issued by Governor Thomas Dongan of the Province of New York, a few months after Governor Dongan issued a similarly worded, the city of Albany was created three years after Albany County. In 1936 the United States Congress commemorated the charters 250th anniversary by minting a half dollar coin, the Patroon, after being encouraged by the governor, finally released all claims to Albany and forfeited a strip of land 1 mile wide and 16 miles long to Albany. Albany at the time consisted of about 500 residents living in around 140 houses, due to England, and by extension Albany, using the Julian calendar at the time, the corrected date for the signing of the document under the Gregorian calendar is August 1,1686. During Leislers Rebellion Jacob Leisler demanded the charters of Albany and the city of New York be forfeited, Schuyler went on to become one of the major leaders in suppressing the rebellion. The next major threat to the government came during the American Revolution when the Common Council stopped meeting in 1775. The local Committee of Safety took over daily functions until 1778 when the Common Council began meeting again. A Dongan Charter Parade was held in 1936 for the 250th anniversary celebrations, other events during the tricentennial were fireworks, music, the unveiling of a tricentennial clock, a hot-air balloon lift-off from Lincoln Park, and a cake large enough to feed thousands. Mayors from other Albanys around the world were among the dignitaries who were invited to the ceremonies. The charter also established Albanys boundaries and a government, as well as specifically naming the first officers. Certain special rights were put into the charter as well, such as the right to negotiate with the Native Americans. It also established Albany as the market town in the upper Hudson region, with the right to purchase land at Tionnderoge. The mayor of Albany was the officer and selected by the Lieutenant Governor. He was also designated as the clerk of the marketplace and the coroner for both the city and Albany County, two alderman and two assistant aldermen were chosen from each ward and sat on the Common Council along with the mayor and recorder. The mayor, recorder, and aldermen were also justices, the assistants however did not have any judicial powers, the sole right to issue trading privileges anywhere in Albany County rested with the mayor and Common Council. Albany County encompassed all of Upstate New York north and west of Ulster County at that time, the Dongan Charter was first amended on March 21,1787 to remove the mayors powers to act as the city and countys sole coroner, and to regulate trade with Indians. It continued to be used with minor changes until March 16,1870. In the 1870 revision the name of the city was changed from The Mayor, Aldermen, in 1998 the people of Albany adopted a revised charter as an amendment to the Dongan Charter
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Pittstown, New York
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Pittstown is a town in Rensselaer County, New York, United States. The population was 5,735 at the 2010 census and it is in the northern part of the county. A small part of the town line is Rensselaer Countys border with Washington County. Moving west, the Hoosic River defines the northwestern line to the crux of its border with the town of Schaghticoke. The towns of Brunswick and Grafton border to the southwest and southeast, respectively, the town is one of the original towns in the county and was created in 1788 from a patent dated 1761. The Coletti–Rowland–Agan Farmstead, Howard–Odmin–Sherman Farmstead, and Tomhannock Methodist Episcopal Church are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, New York State Route 67 runs along the Hoosic River, which defines the northeast town line. In western Pittstown, a body of water, the Tomhannock Reservoir. The Pittstown State Forest is in the southeast corner of the town, where New York State Route 7 runs along the northern edge of the Rensselaer Plateau. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 64.8 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,644 people,1,993 households, the population density was 91.4 people per square mile. There were 2,142 housing units at a density of 34.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 84% White,0. 48% African American,0. 44% Native American,0. 30% Asian,0. 16% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 66% of the population. 17. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.20. In the town, the population was out with 28. 8% under the age of 18,7. 3% from 18 to 24,30. 5% from 25 to 44,23. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 100.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.4 males, the median income for a household in the town was $49,968, and the median income for a family was $52,194. Males had an income of $35,173 versus $28,720 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,578, about 4. 3% of families and 6. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7. 7% of those under age 18 and 9. 2% of those age 65 or over
38.
Duanesburg, New York
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Duanesburg is a town in Schenectady County, New York, USA. The population was 6,122 at the 2010 census, Duanesburg is named for James Duane, who held most of it as an original land grant. The town is in the part of the county. Originally known as Duaness Bush, Duanesburg was established as a township by patent on March 13,1765, according to Documentary History of New York Vol. lV, pg. The township was combined with Schoharie, New York, as the United Districts of Schoharie and Duanesburgh on March 24,1772, Duanesburg became its own town once again in 1789. James Duane, for whom the town was named, envisioned Duanesburg as the capital of New York, the village of Delanson within in the town of Duanesburg was an important stop for the Delaware and Hudson Railroad. Major freight traffic carried Pennsylvania coal northeast through Duanesburg and on to Albany, Boston, in the flat-bottomed valley east of the village of Delanson were huge coal storage piles over 100 feet high. The village of Delanson had a reputation at the time. Many densely packed wooden shops lined the street on the north and south sides of the tracks. Most of the rest of the town of Duanesburg was dairy farms, pine Grove Farms was the most notable dairy farm. In the late 20th century farming fell into decline, and the became a home for commuters working in Albany. Many of the farm families of Duanesburg saw their farms shut down. Most of the farms were subdivided into parcels in the 1970-2000 period. The disappearance of land was most apparent from 1975 to 1989. Commuters built homes with average lot sizes of 2+ acres and this zone beyond suburbia is termed exurbia. Most commuters in Duanesburg travel from 16 to 33 miles each way, Interstate 88 has made the commute east significantly easier since its completion in the early 1980s. General Electric provided a stable and lucrative income for many residents who built homes in the town during this time. Since 2000 a number of factors has contributed to a slowdown in the town
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Schaghticoke (town), New York
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Schaghticoke /ˈskætᵻkoʊk/ SKAT-ə-kohk is a town in Rensselaer County, New York, United States. The population was 7,679 at the 2010 census and it was named for the Schaghticoke, a Native American tribe formed in the seventeenth century from an amalgamation of remnant peoples of eastern New York and New England. The tribe has one of the oldest reservations in the United States, located in what is now Litchfield County and it has been recognized by the state of Connecticut but has not yet achieved federal recognition. The town is on the border of the county, north of Troy. The town contains a village, also called Schaghticoke, and part of the village of Valley Falls and this tree symbolized the friendship between the English and the Dutch, and the Schaghticoke Indians. The Indians were Mohican refugees from New England welcomed to Schaghticoke because they agreed to protect the English from the French. Until the Revolutionary War, Schaghticoke was part of the colony of New York with most of its citizens governed by the city of Albany, originally, Schaghticoke was a dangerous place to live because they were frequently raided by the Indians and Tories. This led to the settlement of the Schaghticoke land. Once the land was fully settled it was a part of Albany County, after the revolution many immigrants came from England and Ireland to settle in Schaghticoke. The town flourished near the water powered mills created in the town on the Hoosic River, there were many farmers residing in Schaghticoke who made crops for local industries. The Knickerbocker Mansion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, today Schaghticoke still has a strong agriculture presence. However, it is becoming more residential, political and becoming plagued by economic issues. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 51.9 square miles. The north town line is the border of Washington County, the Hoosic River flows through the town to the Hudson River at the west town line. As of the census of 2000, there were 7,456 people,2,714 households, the population density was 149.4 people per square mile. There were 2,823 housing units at a density of 56.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 57% White,1. 26% Black or African American,0. 17% Native American,0. 36% Asian,0. 13% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 66% of the population. 17. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.12
40.
Hoosick, New York
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Hoosick is a town in Rensselaer County, New York, United States. The population was 6,924 at the 2010 census and it was named from the Hoosic River. The Town of Hoosick is in the northeast corner of Rensselaer county, the town of Hoosick was organized in 1788, in Albany County, three years before the creation of Rensselaer County in 1791. The region was formerly the District of Hoosick and previous to that the Hoosick Patent, the Battle of Bennington of the American Revolution was fought northeast of Hoosick, on a farm owned by John Green, in the community of Walloomsac. Among the notable natives of Hoosick are, Chester Arthur, US President lived in Hoosick for a period of time, bob Eberly and Ray Eberle Romulus Whitaker, Indian herpetologist. Simon Fraser - Born in Mapletown, town of Hoosick and he was an explorer who charted much of what is now British Columbia. A river, mountain, and Simon Fraser University there are named after him, joshua Furnas, Athlete, Entrepreneur, Advocate Eugene Goossen, art critic and historian, and his wife Patricia Johanson, noted environmental sculptor, in Buskirk hamlet. Harriet Hoctor - Dancer Jenny Holzer, famous post-modern installation artist, phipps W. Lake, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, was born in Hoosick. Grandma Moses - Famous painter whose work was first discovered in a Hoosick Falls drugstore in 1938, is buried in Hoosick, John Palmer, who served two non-consecutive terms in the United States Congress. William David Thomas, member of the U. S. House of Representatives, pharmacist and owner of the Thomas Pharmacy in Hoosick Falls where Grandma Moses paintings were discovered. Buried at Maplegrove Cemetery in the village, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 63.2 square miles, of which,63.0 square miles of it is land and 0.1 square miles of it is water. The north town line is the boundary of Washington County, New York, the Hoosic River is an important waterway in the town. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,759 people,2,620 households, the population density was 107.3 people per square mile. There were 2,892 housing units at a density of 45.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 96% White,0. 49% African American,0. 30% Native American,0. 38% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 34% from other races, and 0. 50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 84% of the population,25. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the family size was 3.06. In the town, the population was out with 25. 9% under the age of 18,7. 5% from 18 to 24,28. 0% from 25 to 44,22. 3% from 45 to 64
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Coxsackie, New York
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Coxsackie is a town in Greene County, New York, United States. The population was 8,918 at the 2010 census, the name of the town is said to be derived from a Native American term, but it has various translations. Within the area governed as a town, there is also a village called Coxsackie, the town is in the northeast part of the county. The town of Coxsackie is notable for being the namesake of the Coxsackievirus, the settlement of Coxsackie began in the seventeenth century, approximately 1652, as part of the development of New Netherland. The government of the area established as a district in 1772. Part of Coxsackie was lost when the town of Durham was formed in 1790, further land was lost in the formation of the newer towns of Cairo and Greenville, New Baltimore, and Athens. One of the first settlers in Coxsackie was Pieter Bronck, of the family for which the Bronx is named. In 1663, he built the Pieter Bronck House in West Coxsackie, the nearby family burial ground includes a separate plot with marked graves for slaves of the family. In 1900, the population of the town and village was 2,994. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 38.4 square miles. The eastern town line is defined by the Hudson River and is the border of Columbia County, the New York State Thruway and U. S. Route 9W pass through the town. As of the census of 2000, there were 8,918 people,2,422 households, the population density was 240.8 people per square mile. There were 2,789 housing units at a density of 75.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 92. 24% White,5. 33% Black or African American,0. 30% Native American,0. 61% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 85% from other races, and 0. 64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 15% of the population,28. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the family size was 3.01. In the town, the population was out with 18. 7% under the age of 18,24. 3% from 18 to 24,29. 9% from 25 to 44,18. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 30 years, for every 100 females there were 185.9 males
42.
Cambridge, New York
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Cambridge is a town in Washington County, New York, United States. It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area, the town population was 2,152 at the 2000 census. The town of Cambridge contains part of a village, also called Cambridge, the town of Cambridge, formerly in Albany County, New York, was transferred to Washington County in 1791. Cambridge was home to the Cambridge Hotel, the originator of Pie a la Mode. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 36.5 square miles. Part of the town line is the border of Rensselaer County. NY Route 372 passes along the northeast town line, vly Creek – A small stream at the west town line. Vly Swamp – A swamp north of Fly Summit, Hoosic River – A river marking the south town line. The Cobble – An elevation near North Cambridge, wampecack Creek – A tributary of the Hoosic River, which flows past West Cambridge and South Cambridge. Cambridge – The village of Cambridge located at the town line. Center Cambridge – A hamlet south of North Cambridge on County Road 74, coila – A hamlet on NY-372 northwest of Cambridge village. Vly Summit – A location at the west town line, west of North Cambridge on County Road 74, buskirk Bridge – A covered bridge crossing the Hoosic River. Lee – A location south of South Cambridge on County Road 74, North Cambridge – A hamlet west of Cambridge village, located on County Road 60. Oak Hill – A hamlet in the southeast corner of the town, South Cambridge – A hamlet in the south part of the town on County Road 74. West Cambridge – A hamlet near the east town line on County Road 74, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,152 people,795 households, and 581 families residing in the town. The population density was 59.2 people per square mile, there were 868 housing units at an average density of 23.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 44% White,0. 84% Black or African American,0. 37% Native American,0. 28% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,0. 42% from other races, and 0. 60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 07% of the population,22. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
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Saratoga, New York
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Saratoga is a town in Saratoga County, New York, United States. The population was 5,141 at the 2000 census and it is also the commonly used, but not official, name for the neighboring and much more populous city, Saratoga Springs. The major village in the town of Saratoga is Schuylerville which is often, Saratoga contains a second village named Victory. Saratoga is a corruption of a Native American word from the Mohawk language and it was the name of Indian hunting grounds located along both sides of the Hudson River. Saratoga is located on the border of the county and is located east of Saratoga Springs, and is bordered by Saratoga Lake. The town sends students to Saratoga Springs City School District, Schuylerville Central School District, the name may derive from the Iroquoian Se-rach-ta-gue or Sa-ra-ta-ke, which the early Dutch settlers rendered as Sarachtoge. A second early version of the name is, Saraghtogo but the origin remains unproven, the location was first settled at the end of the 17th Century as Fort Saratoga. Saratoga soon became contested land between British and French colonial forces, and the village of Saratoga was destroyed by the French in 1745 during King Georges War. Saratoga was originally a district of Albany County stretching from north of the Mohawk River to Northumberland, in 1775, there were three district – Ballstown, Halfmoon and Saratoga. Much of the fighting took place in the town of Stillwater to the south, however the final seven days of the Battles and the actual sword surrender took place in Saratoga. In 1788, an act was passed organizing towns in place of districts and Stillwater was created from the Saratoga District and these four mother towns were subdivided into the present nineteen towns. The original town of Saratoga included the modern day towns of Easton, Northumberland, Moreau, Wilton, portions of Greenfield and Corinth, the first loss of territory was in 1789 to the town of Easton. In 1798, the towns of Corinth, Greenfield, Northumberland, Moreau, in 1805 a narrow strip in the southwestern part of Saratoga was annexed to the town of Malta. In 1819, the town of Saratoga Springs was formed from the rest of the part of the town of Saratoga. Later this would become the city of Saratoga Springs, the Saratoga Race Course in the adjoining city of Saratoga Springs is the oldest operating sports venue in the country. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 42.9 square miles. The town line is formed by the Hudson River and is the border of Washington County, fish Creek, a tributary of the Hudson River, is the outflow of Saratoga Lake. U. S. Route 4 follows the Hudson River along the part of the town
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Halfmoon, New York
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Halfmoon is a town in Saratoga County, New York, United States. The population was 21,535 at the 2010 census, the town is named for the Dutch ship of the same name which sailed the Hudson River and Mohawk River. Halfmoon is in the southeast part of the county and is north of Albany, the earliest settlements occurred around 1680 by the Mohawk River. The town was formed while still part of Albany County in 1788, the name was briefly changed to “Orange” when the town of Waterford was created in 1816 from part of Halfmoon, but the current name was restored in 1820. In 1828, the portion of the town was used to create the town of Clifton Park. The Erie Canal was built along the part of Half Moon. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 33.7 square miles. The south town line, delineated by the Mohawk River, is the border of Albany County, the east town line, at the Hudson River, is the border of Rensselaer County. The north town line is marked by Anthony Kill, a tributary of the Hudson River, interstate 87, the Adirondack Northway, is a six-lane north-south freeway along the western edge of Halfmoon. U. S. Route 9 parallels the interstate farther to the east, New York State Route 146, an east-west highway, intersects US-9 at the hamlet of Clifton Park. U. S. Route 4 is a highway in the eastern part of the town. New York State Route 236 is a state highway linking NY-146 to US-9. As of the census of 2000, there were 18,474 people,7,778 households, the population density was 565.9 people per square mile. There were 8,172 housing units at a density of 250.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 94. 94% White,1. 27% African American,0. 17% Native American,1. 89% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 41% from other races, and 1. 30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 65% of the population,29. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the family size was 2.93. In the town, the population was out with 23. 7% under the age of 18,6. 9% from 18 to 24,36. 3% from 25 to 44,22. 5% from 45 to 64
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Kinderhook (town), New York
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Kinderhook is a town in the northern part of Columbia County, New York, United States. The population was 8,498 at the 2010 census, the most populous municipality in Columbia County, the name of the town means Childrens Corner in the language of the original Dutch settlers. The town of Kinderhook contains two villages, one of which is also named Kinderhook, where the eighth President of the United States, Martin Van Buren, was born, in addition, the town contains the hamlet of Niverville, next to Kinderhook Lake. In 1609 Henry Hudson sailed as far north as Kinderhook on his exploration of the Hudson River, Hudson had mixed dealing with the local Mohican natives, ranging from peaceful trade to minor skirmishes. As the Dutch attempted to colonize the area, further warfare broke out with the natives, Kinderhook was settled before 1651 and established as a town in 1788 from a previously created district, but lost substantial territory to form part of the town of Chatham in 1775. Kinderhook was one of the towns of Columbia County. More of Kinderhook was lost to form the town of Ghent in 1818, the north town line is the border of Rensselaer County. Kinderhook Creek is an important stream in the town, flowing southwest toward tidal Stockport Creek, U. S. Route 9 and New York State Route 9H pass through the town. President Martin Van Burens retirement home, Lindenwald, is in the town of Kinderhook, the 19th-century rural Ichabod Crane Schoolhouse is adjacent to the Van Alen House. The Old Columbia Academy was an early Dutch school established on March 13,1787, the school was renamed Kinderhook Academy on April 3,1824. An international gallery of important contemporary art, Jack Shainman Gallery | The School is housed in the former Martin Van Buren Public School located on Broad Street. As of the census of 2000, there were 8,296 people,3,165 households, the population density was 260.6 people per square mile. There were 3,434 housing units at a density of 107.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 31% White,0. 68% Black or African American,0. 23% Native American,0. 86% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 33% from other races, and 0. 57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 41% of the population,24. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the family size was 3.01. In the town, the population was out with 24. 5% under the age of 18,5. 8% from 18 to 24,27. 2% from 25 to 44,27. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 93.5 males
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Canaan, New York
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Canaan is a town in Columbia County, New York, United States. The population was 1,710 at the 2010 census, the town is in the northeast part of the county. The first settlers arrived around 1759, the town was founded in 1772 as Kings District. The name was changed to Canaan in 1788, one of the oldest sections of Canaan is Frisbie Street, settled in 1770 by Gideon Frisbie, who emigrated from Canaan, Connecticut. Frisbie Street fronts what was once the Albany-Boston stagecoach route, the Lace House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 36.9 square miles, of which 36.7 square miles is land and 0.27 square miles. The majority of the town drains westward or northward via tributaries of Kinderhook Creek to the Hudson River, notably Queechy Lake Brook and Buttercup Creek, both of which flow into the Stony Kill. The southeast corner of the town drains via Flat Brook into the Williams River in Massachusetts and thence to the Housatonic River, the east town line is the border of Massachusetts. Interstate 90 passes through the town, connecting the Massachusetts Turnpike to the east with the New York State Thruway to the west, i-90 has one interchange in the town, with New York State Route 22. The Taconic Mountains rise in the northeast corner of the town, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,820 people,643 households, and 414 families residing in the town. The population density was 49.6 people per square mile, there were 970 housing units at an average density of 26.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 87. 80% White,8. 63% African American,0. 33% Native American,0. 66% Asian,1. 21% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 25% of the population. 28. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.88. In the town, the population was out with 34. 2% under the age of 18,4. 3% from 18 to 24,20. 9% from 25 to 44,26. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 137.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.2 males, the median income for a household in the town was $51,607, and the median income for a family was $62,656. Males had an income of $44,063 versus $37,083 for females. The per capita income for the town was $28,209, about 2. 7% of families and 5. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 1% of those under age 18 and 5. 4% of those age 65 or over
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Claverack, New York
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Claverack is a town in Columbia County, New York, United States. The population was 6,021 at the 2010 census, the town name is a corruption for the Dutch word for Clover Fields or Clover Reach. In 1705, the first discovery of a mastodon tooth occurred here, the town is centrally located in Columbia County, east of the city of Hudson. Claverack was originally approximately 60,000 acres in area and was known as the Lower Manor of Rensselaer, the town was formed in 1778 from the older District of Claverack. In 1782, the town lost some of its land to the new town of Hillsdale, the town was reduced again in 1785 to form the city of Hudson. In 1779 Washington Seminary was founded in the town by the local Dutch Reformed pastor, prominent former students at the school include U. S. President Martin Van Buren. In the nineteenth century the school was renamed Claverack College, the many 18th century homes in the area include the 1786 William Henry Ludlow House. Daniela Bertol, Italian-born architect, designer and artist Aaron Burr, mihail Chemiakin, a Russian artist Elizabeth Mumbet Freeman was born here. Ismail Merchant and James Ivory owned property in Claverack and were supportive of local interests. Margaret Sanger attended the former Claverack College for two years, john J. Tallmadge was born here. Martin Van Buren was admitted to the bar here, the first known mastodon tooth found in the new world was discovered here in 1705. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 48.0 square miles, of which 47.6 square miles is land and 0.39 square miles. Claverack Creek enters the town at the hamlet of Mellenville and runs southwest before turning north, taghkanic Creek is a major tributary from the south and forms the western boundary of the town before entering Claverack Creek. The Taconic State Parkway passes north-south through the side of the town. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,401 people,2,485 households, the population density was 134.3 people per square mile. There were 2,839 housing units at a density of 59.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 93. 95% White,3. 31% African American,0. 20% Native American,0. 36% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,0. 78% from other races, and 1. 33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 47% of the population,26. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
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Catskill (town), New York
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Catskill is a town in the southeast part of Greene County, New York, United States. The population was 11,775 at the 2010 census, the western part of the town is in the Catskill Park. The town contains a village, also called Catskill, the village of Catskill has a well-defined Main Street that has adjusted to the recent construction of a WalMart, Lowes and Home Depot. There is a boat launch on the Hudson River called Dutchmans Landing. The area of the town was purchased from the natives for some trinkets in 1678, the town was established in 1788 while still part of Albany County. The town was increased by an addition from the town of Woodstock in 1800, but was later decreased upon the formation of the towns of Cairo and Athens. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 64.2 square miles. The east town line is defined by the Hudson River, forming the border of Columbia County, the south town line is the border of Ulster County. The New York State Thruway and U. S. Route 9W pass through the town, on July 23,2003, an F2 tornado ripped across the town. The worst of the damage occurred at the Kiskatom flats, the tornado crossed over New York Route 32 and went past the Friar Tuck Inn, causing two mobile homes to flip over. As of the census of 2000, there were 11,849 people,4,780 households, the population density was 195.8 people per square mile. There were 5,700 housing units at a density of 94.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 89. 84% White,6. 03% Black or African American,0. 32% Native American,0. 61% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 86% from other races, and 2. 32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 03% of the population,29. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the family size was 2.94. In the town, the population was out with 23. 5% under the age of 18,7. 1% from 18 to 24,27. 3% from 25 to 44,24. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males, the median income for a household in the town was $33,531, and the median income for a family was $42,807
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Livingston Manor
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This article contains information related to Livingston Manor, the 18th century New York estate. Livingston Manor, New York is a town in Sullivan County, the Livingston Manor Historic District is located in Highland Park, New Jersey. Livingston Manor was a 160,000 acre tract of land granted, in present day New York and New Jersey, the original patent was obtained in July 1686. This tract embraced a portion of what is now Columbia County. The lords of the manor were, Robert Livingston the Elder, although an English-deeded tract, some sources list Livingston Manor with the patroonships of New Netherland. A portion of the estate is held by the family. The town of Livingston, New York occupies part of the original tract, the original Livingston Manor encompasses the present day towns of Livingston, Germantown, Clermont, Taghkanic, Gallatin, Copake, and Ancram, located in Columbia County New York. In 1750, Robert Livingston, the lord, bought 95,000 acres in the area shortly after becoming the third Lord of the Manor of Livingston Manor. Most of the land would be sold or leased by 1780, roberts third son John Robert Livingston deeded 8,441 acres to his nephew Dr. Edward R. Livingston in 1822 around area then called Purvis, New York. In 1882, Purvis was renamed Livingston Manor, a Greek Revival mansion built by descendents Robert and Louisa Livingston around 1843 stands on the property and is now known as Livingston Homestead. At the turn of the 20th century, the property was developed as a streetcar suburb, the house and the district are listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places. Notes Sources Raken. com, Manor Lords CooperativeIndividualism. org, Dutch Patroons
50.
King William's War
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King Williams War was the North American theater of the Nine Years War. For King Williams War, neither England nor France thought of weakening their position in Europe to support the war effort in North America. New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy were able to thwart New England expansion into Acadia, according to the terms of the Treaty of Ryswick, the boundaries and outposts of New France, New England, and New York remained substantially unchanged. The English settlers were more than 154,000 at the beginning of the war, in addition, the English lacked military leadership and had a difficult relationship with their Iroquois allies. The French population amounted to 14,000 in 1689, although the French were vastly outnumbered, they were more politically unified and contained a disproportionate number of adult males with military backgrounds. Realizing their numerical inferiority, they developed good relationships with the Indigenous people in order to multiply their forces, englands Catholic King James II was deposed at the end of 1688 in the Glorious Revolution, after which Protestants William and Mary took the throne. William joined the League of Augsburg in its war against France, in North America, there was significant tension between New France and the northern English colonies, which had in 1686 been united in the Dominion of New England. New England and the Iroquois Confederacy fought New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy, the Iroquois dominated the economically important Great Lakes fur trade and had been in conflict with New France since 1680. At the urging of New England, the Iroquois interrupted the trade between New France and the western tribes, in retaliation, New France raided Seneca lands of western New York. In turn, New England supported the Iroquois in attacking New France, there were similar tensions on the border between New England and Acadia, which New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine. English settlers from Massachusetts had expanded their settlements into Acadia, the New England, Acadia and Newfoundland Theatre of the war is also known as Castins War and Father Jean Baudoins War. In April 1688, Governor Andros plundered Castines home and village on Penobscot Bay, later in August, the English raided the French village of Chedabouctou. In response, Castin and the Wabanaki Confederacy engaged in the Northeast Coast Campaign of 1688 along the New England/Acadia border and they began August 13,1688 at New Dartmouth, killing a few settlers. A few days later killed two people at Yarmouth in the first battle. At Kennebunk, in the fall of 1688, members of the Confederacy killed two families, in June, they killed four men at Saco. In response to raids, a company of 24 men were raised to search for the bodies. They were forced to return after they lost a quarter of their men in conflicts with the natives, in August 1689, Jean-Vincent dAbbadie de Saint-Castin and Father Louis-Pierre Thury led an Abenaki war party that captured and destroyed the fort at Pemaquid. The fall of Pemaquid was a significant set back to the English and it pushed the frontier back to Casco, Maine
Albany County, New York
