1.
Fismes
–
Fismes is a French commune in the Marne department in the Grand Est region of north-eastern France. Fismes is located some 25 km west by northwest of Reims, access is by National Highway N31 from Reims through the heart of the commune and the town and continuing west to Soissons. There is also the D967 road from Longueval-Barbonval in the north to the town, there is also the D386 going south from the village to Saint-Gilles. Apart from Fismes there are three hamlets, Fismette and Baslieux are continuations of the area of Fismes while Villette is in the east of the commune. There is also a station in the village on the line from Reims to Soissons. The Veste river flows through the commune from east to west with the Ruisseau du Moulin, the Ardre river flows from the south to join the Veste west of the town. As Charles Rostaing indicates, the Latin word fines is a translation from the Gallic toponym equoranda which essentially means boundary or limit, the barbaric period did not spare Fismes. During the first half of the Middle Ages, the Normands and these ravages pushed the agglomeration of the city towards the heights of the Vesle’s right bank. In 1226 Thibault IV, the Chansonnier, helped Fismes become a free city, by a charter and a seal that bears the emblem of the commune and under the aegis of a mayor and two deputies, Fismes became autonomous. Thus, the village was able to develop its artisanship, businesses, festivals, the Hundred Years War between the English, the Germans, the Italians, the Dutch and many more, brought, once again, the city of Fismes to ruins. Later the religious wars and the Fronde completely destroyed the walls of the city, from Louis XIII to Charles X almost all the future Kings of France passed through Fismes which was their last stop on the way to their coronation at the Cathedral of Reims. In 1646, Louis II de Bourbon acquired the rights to Fismes. In 1647, the land was passed on to the eldest son of Cesar, François-Cesar, during the Fronde, the ramparts of the city and the chateau were completely destroyed. After the revolution, a time of much conflict among the people of Fismes. Following Napoleon and the French Revolution,30,000 Prussians arrived in Fismes and, once again, in the 19th century, France experienced the rapidly expanding industrial revolution. Sugar beet, porcelain of Fismes, the foundry, the railway, hat making, tanneries and mills mark the advancements of the region, the 20th century began in worse conditions than the preceding finished. Fismes was greatly affected by the First World War, the Germans invaded the city, then remained on the Chemin des Dames before they completely demolished the city in 1918. Fismes attempted to reconstruct itself slowly, unfortunately, due to its position as a railway town through which passed trains filled with deportees being sent to Germany, the city suffered during the course of the Second World War
2.
Marne
–
Marne is a department in north-eastern France named after the river Marne which flows through the department. The prefecture of Marne is Châlons-en-Champagne, the subprefectures are Épernay, Reims, Sainte-Menehould, and Vitry-le-François. The Champagne vineyards producing the world-famous sparkling wine are located within Marne, Marne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4,1790. It was created from the province of Champagne, Marne has a long association with the French Army. The smaller Camp de Moronvilliers lies to the east of Reims and these are all on the chalk of the Champagne plateau, a feature comparable in geology but not size, with the British military training ground on Salisbury Plain. Marne is part of the region of Grand Est and is surrounded by the departments of Ardennes, Meuse, Haute-Marne, Aube, Seine-et-Marne, and Aisne. Geologically, it divides into two parts, the Upper Cretaceous chalk plain in the east and the more wooded. Rivers draining the department include the Marne, Vesle, Ardre, numerous other rivers, such as the Grande and the Petite Morin rise in the department but flow mainly in others. Conversely, the Aube joins the Seine in the department of Marne, the inhabitants of the department are called Marnais. Reims, with its famous cathedral in which the kings of France were traditionally crowned, is a major attraction, other branches of tourism are provided by the bird reserve on the Lake Der-Chantecoq and the fishing lakes nearby. The Parc Naturel Régional de la Montagne de Reims is an area of country recreation. In the west of the département there are scenic routes to be explored as also are the several wine cellars of Épernay
3.
French Third Republic
–
It came to an end on 10 July 1940. Harsh reparations exacted by the Prussians after the war resulted in the loss of the French regions of Alsace and Lorraine, social upheaval, and the establishment of the Paris Commune. The early governments of the Third Republic considered re-establishing the monarchy, but confusion as to the nature of that monarchy, thus, the Third Republic, which was originally intended as a provisional government, instead became the permanent government of France. The French Constitutional Laws of 1875 defined the composition of the Third Republic and it consisted of a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate to form the legislative branch of government and a president to serve as head of state. The period from the start of World War I to the late 1930s featured sharply polarized politics, Adolphe Thiers called republicanism in the 1870s the form of government that divides France least, however, politics under the Third Republic were sharply polarized. On the left stood Reformist France, heir to the French Revolution, on the right stood conservative France, rooted in the peasantry, the Roman Catholic Church and the army. The Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 resulted in the defeat of France, after Napoleons capture by the Prussians at the Battle of Sedan, Parisian deputies led by Léon Gambetta established the Government of National Defence as a provisional government on 4 September 1870. The deputies then selected General Louis-Jules Trochu to serve as its president and this first government of the Third Republic ruled during the Siege of Paris. After the French surrender in January 1871, the provisional Government of National Defence disbanded, French territories occupied by Prussia at this time did not participate. The resulting conservative National Assembly elected Adolphe Thiers as head of a provisional government, due to the revolutionary and left-wing political climate that prevailed in the Parisian population, the right-wing government chose the royal palace of Versailles as its headquarters. The new government negotiated a settlement with the newly proclaimed German Empire. To prompt the Prussians to leave France, the government passed a variety of laws, such as the controversial Law of Maturities. The following repression of the communards would have consequences for the labor movement. The Orléanists supported a descendant of King Louis Philippe I, the cousin of Charles X who replaced him as the French monarch in 1830, his grandson Louis-Philippe, Comte de Paris. The Bonapartists were marginalized due to the defeat of Napoléon III and were unable to advance the candidacy of any member of his family, the Bonaparte family. Legitimists and Orléanists came to a compromise, eventually, whereby the childless Comte de Chambord would be recognised as king, consequently, in 1871 the throne was offered to the Comte de Chambord. Chambord believed the monarchy had to eliminate all traces of the Revolution in order to restore the unity between the monarchy and the nation, which the revolution had sundered apart. Compromise on this was if the nation were to be made whole again
4.
Asterix
–
Asterix or The Adventures of Asterix is a series of French comics. The series first appeared in the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Pilote on 29 October 1959 and it was written by René Goscinny and illustrated by Albert Uderzo until the death of Goscinny in 1977. Uderzo then took over the writing until 2009, when he sold the rights to publishing company Hachette, as of 2015,36 volumes have been released. The series follows the exploits of a village of indomitable Gauls as they resist Roman occupation and they do so by means of a magic potion brewed by their druid, named Getafix in the English translations, which temporarily gives the recipient superhuman strength. The protagonists, the titular character Asterix, along with his friend Obelix have various adventures, the ix ending of both names alludes to the rix suffix present in the names of many real Gaulish chieftains such as Vercingetorix, Orgetorix, and Dumnorix. Many of the stories have them travel to countries, though others are set in. For much of the history of the series, settings in Gaul and abroad alternated, with even-numbered volumes set abroad and odd-numbered volumes set in Gaul, mostly in the village. The Asterix series is one of the most popular Franco-Belgian comics in the world, with the series being translated into over 100 languages, the success of the series has led to the adaptation of several books into 13 films, nine animated, and four live action. There have also been a number of based on the characters. As of October 2009,325 million copies of 34 Asterix books had sold worldwide, making co-creators René Goscinny. Prior to creating the Asterix series, Goscinny and Uderzo had previously had success with their series Oumpah-pah, Astérix was originally serialised in Pilote magazine, in the very first issue published on 29 October 1959. In 1961 the first book was put together, titled Asterix the Gaul, from then on, books were released generally on a yearly basis. Their success was exponential, the first book sold 6,000 copies in its year of publication, a year later, in 1963, the third sold 40,000, the fourth, released in 1964, sold 150,000. A year later, the fifth sold 300,000, 1966s Asterix, the ninth Asterix volume, when first released in 1967, sold 1.2 million copies in two days. Uderzos first sketches portrayed Asterix as a huge and strong traditional Gaulish warrior, but Goscinny had a different picture in his mind. He visualized Asterix as a small sized warrior who would prefer intelligence over strength. However, Uderzo felt that the small sized hero needed a strong, despite the growing popularity of Asterix with the readers, the financial backing for Pilote ceased. Pilote was taken over by Georges Dargaud, when Goscinny died in 1977, Uderzo continued the series alone on the demand of the readers who implored him to continue
5.
Tanguy et Laverdure
–
Initially titled Michel Tanguy, it made its debut in the first issue of the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Pilote on October 29,1959. The series provided Pilote with a competitor to the similar series Buck Danny serialised in Spirou magazine, and Dan Cooper, started in October 1959, the series was continuously published by Pilote until June 1971. Then its publication went on in Tintin, Super As, the Catholic magazine Le Pélerin, in 2002, the series resumed by two new authors, after a long break caused by Charliers death. Tanguy et Laverdure has been translated into languages such as German, Dutch, Danish, Indonesian, English, Spanish, Portuguese and Serbocroatian. It was adapted into a series, Les Chevaliers du Ciel, initially broadcast 1967-69. The comic has been published in English in the British comic magazine Lion between April and September 1966 under the title The Flying Furies, the main characters were renamed with English names, Tanguy became Jim Jet Power and Laverdure Terry Madden. Flying Furies was the translation of the first Tanguy- Laverdure adventure LEcole des Aigles, there was an annual published in 1973 with the title The Aeronauts, the same title as the TV series received in Britain. This annual was an edited compilation of two original albums,11. Menace sur Mururoa, and used the characters French names, Tanguy and Laverdure are two friends from the flying school with opposite personalities. While Tanguy is serious, honest and obedient, Laverdure is eccentric, blundering, however, Laverdure is a strong team mate for Tanguy in difficult situations. Dangerous missions and spying are everyday tasks for the two pilots, who are flying aces and efficient defenders of their homeland, leaving the Salon-de-Provence Air School, they are sent to the Meknès Air School to improve their knowledge. Just arrived, they search through the snowy Anti-Atlas to retrieve a lost warhead with confidential information, later, Michel Tanguy and Ernest Laverdure join the Cigognes squadron, where they pilot the Mirage III plane. Their adventures lead them to Dijon air base, Tel Aviv, by Jean-Michel Charlier and Albert Uderzo 1. LÉcole des Aigles - Aircraft, T-332, pour lHonneur des Cocardes - Aircraft, T-333. Danger dans le Ciel – Aircraft, Super Mystere B-24, canon Bleu ne répond plus – Aircraft, Mirage IIIE7. Pirates du Ciel – Aircraft, Mirage IIIC / Spitfire By Jean-Michel Charlier, Les Anges Noirs – Aircraft, Saab 35 Draken 10. Les Vampires attaquent la Nuit 16, la Terreur vient du Ciel Special, LAvion qui tuait ses Pilotes – illustrated novelisation, not a comic 17. Station Brouillard By Jean-Michel Charlier and Patrice Serres 20, plan de Vol pour lEnfer 24
6.
Oumpah-pah
–
Oumpah-pah le Peau-Rouge is a comics series created by comics artist Albert Uderzo and comics author René Goscinny, best known as the creators of Asterix the Gaul. The series first appeared in the weekly Tintin magazine in 1958 though it remained serialised for a short time. The stories were published in form by Lombard and Dargaud starting in 1961. In 1995, the series was reissued by Albert Uderzos own publishing house, the series is set in the eighteenth century during the age of French colonization in America. Ompa-pa is strong and quick, and loves to eat pemmican and he is an honest and trustworthy brave whose simple heroism is comparable to that of the more famous Asterix, whom Uderzo and Goscinny later created. When Brussels Sprout introduces Ompa-pa as his brother, his commanding officer remarks, the character Ompa-pa makes a cameo appearance in the Asterix film The Twelve Tasks of Asterix, though this story is set in pre-Columbian America. Ompa-pa was the very first character created by Uderzo and Goscinny, while he was staying in the United States for professional reasons, Goscinny unsuccessfully tried to have the first version of the comic published in English. The idea remained shelved for years until the concept was adapted for publication in the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Tintin. The finished series made its debut on April 2,1958, Goscinny and Uderzo ultimately decided to end the series early, in order to focus their energies on the more popular Asterix character. The series was published in English under the title Ompa-Pa in the UK in 1977–78, Oumpah-pah le Peau-Rouge,1958 Oumpah–pah sur le sentier de la guerre,1958 Oumpah–pah et les pirates,1959 Mission secrète,1960 Oumpah–pah contre Foie–Malade,19621. Oumpah-pah le Peau-Rouge, including Oumpah-pah sur le sentier de la guerre 2, Oumpah-pah et les pirates, including Mission secrète 3. Oumpah-pah contre Foie-Malade Reissues by Les Éditions Albert René1, Oumpah-Pah le Peau-Rouge, including an introduction and a reprint of the 1951 U. S. pilot 2. Vol.2, including Oumpah-Pah sur le sentier de la guerre, vol.3, including Mission secrète and Oumpah-pah contre Foie-Malade English translation by Nicholas Fry 1. Ompa-Pa and Brother Two Scalp 2, Ompa-Pa and the Secret Mission 5. Ompa-Pa and the Prussians Footnotes Umpah-Pah on Yps Fanpage
7.
Italians
–
Italians are a nation and ethnic group native to Italy who share a common culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a native tongue. The majority of Italian nationals are speakers of Standard Italian. Italians have greatly influenced and contributed to the arts and music, science, technology, cuisine, sports, fashion, jurisprudence, banking, Italian people are generally known for their localism and their attention to clothing and family values. The term Italian is at least 3,000 years old and has a history that goes back to pre-Roman Italy. According to one of the common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The Etruscan civilization reached its peak about the 7th century BC, but by 509 BC, when the Romans overthrew their Etruscan monarchs, its control in Italy was on the wane. By 350 BC, after a series of wars between Greeks and Etruscans, the Latins, with Rome as their capital, gained the ascendancy by 272 BC, and they managed to unite the entire Italian peninsula. This period of unification was followed by one of conquest in the Mediterranean, in the course of the century-long struggle against Carthage, the Romans conquered Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Finally, in 146 BC, at the conclusion of the Third Punic War, with Carthage completely destroyed and its inhabitants enslaved, octavian, the final victor, was accorded the title of Augustus by the Senate and thereby became the first Roman emperor. After two centuries of rule, in the 3rd century AD, Rome was threatened by internal discord and menaced by Germanic and Asian invaders. Emperor Diocletians administrative division of the empire into two parts in 285 provided only temporary relief, it became permanent in 395, in 313, Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity, and churches thereafter rose throughout the empire. However, he moved his capital from Rome to Constantinople. The last Western emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed in 476 by a Germanic foederati general in Italy and his defeat marked the end of the western part of the Roman Empire. During most of the period from the fall of Rome until the Kingdom of Italy was established in 1861, Odoacer ruled well for 13 years after gaining control of Italy in 476. Then he was attacked and defeated by Theodoric, the king of another Germanic tribe, Theodoric and Odoacer ruled jointly until 493, when Theodoric murdered Odoacer. Theodoric continued to rule Italy with an army of Ostrogoths and a government that was mostly Italian, after the death of Theodoric in 526, the kingdom began to grow weak
