1.
Alick Downer
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Sir Alexander Russell Downer, KBE, generally known as Sir Alick Downer, was an Australian politician and diplomat. Downer was a member of the Australian House of Representatives between 1949 and 1963 before serving as Australian High Commissioner to London between 1963 and 1972, Downer was born in Adelaide as a member of the influential Downer family. His father, Sir John Downer, was a Premier of South Australia and his mother was Una Russell, daughter of Henry Chamberlain Russell, who remarried when Alick was 8, to D’Arcy Wentworth Addison. Sir Alicks son, Alexander Downer, also a Liberal politician, was Leader of the Opposition 1994–95 and he was educated at Geelong Grammar School and at the University of Oxford, where he graduated in economics and political science. He was the godfather of Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer, brother of Diana, the Earls godmother was Queen Elizabeth II. After graduating from Oxford in 1932 he read law in London, returning to Adelaide, he joined the South Australian Bar in 1935. He practised as a barrister until joining the Australian Army in 1940 and he served in Malaya and was a prisoner-of-war for three years, where he set up a camp library and gave lessons to other prisoners. He was promoted to sergeant due to these efforts, but the promotion was not recognised upon his release, after the war, Downer joined the newly formed Liberal Party of Australia, and in 1949 he was elected to the House of Representatives for the rural-based Division of Angas. He served as Minister for Immigration from 1958 to 1963, during his term in office, migration laws were reformed, which led to the arrival of hundreds of thousands of migrants, mostly from Britain and Europe, where new recruitment posts had been created. As a result of his experience as a prisoner of war and he retired from Parliament upon his appointment as Australian High Commissioner in London, a position he held until 1972. The building of the High Commission, Australia House, has a Downer Room on the first floor and he was knighted in 1965 as Sir Alexander Downer. He was made a Freeman of the City of London in 1965, on 23 April 1947, he married Mary Gosse, daughter of Sir James Gosse, whom he had met at a cocktail party in Adelaide. Together they had four children, Stella Mary, Angela, Alexander John Gosse, the Alexander Downer Archival Collection at the University of South Australia Library
2.
Excellency
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Excellency is an honorific style given to certain members of an organisation or state. Generally people addressed as Excellency are heads of state, heads of government, governors, ambassadors, certain ecclesiastics, royalty, and others holding equivalent rank and the FIFA President. It is sometimes misinterpreted as a title of office in itself, in reference to such an official, it takes the form His or Her Excellency, in direct address, Your Excellency, or, less formally, simply Excellency. The abbreviation HE is often used instead of His/Her Excellency, alternatively it may stand for His/Her Eminence, in most republican nations, the head of state is formally addressed as His Excellency. If a republic has a head of government, that official is often addressed as Excellency as well. If the nation is a monarchy, however, the customs may vary, in the case of Australia, all ambassadors, high commissioners, governors and the governor-general and their spouses are entitled to the use of Excellency. Governors of colonies in the British Empire were entitled to be addressed as Excellency, in various international organizations, notably the UN and its agencies, Excellency is used as a generic form of address for all republican heads of state and heads of government. Judges of the International Court of Justice are also called Your Excellency, in some monarchies the husbands, wives, or children, of a royal prince or princess, who do not possess a princely title themselves, may be entitled to the style. For example, in Spain spouses or children of a born infante or infanta are addressed as Excellency, also, former members of a royal house or family, who did have a royal title but forfeited it, may be awarded the style afterwards. Examples are former husbands or wives of a prince or princess, including Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg. In some emirates, only the Emir, heir apparent and prime minister are called His Highness and their children are styled with the lower treatment of His/Her Excellency. In Spain members of the nobility, holding the dignity of grandee, are addressed as The Most Excellent Lord/Lady. Some of the high ranking counts, Excellency can also attach to a prestigious quality, notably in an order of knighthood. By a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Ceremonial of 31 December 1930 the Holy See granted bishops of the Roman Catholic Church the title of Most Reverend Excellency. In the years following the First World War, the title of Excellency. The adjective Most Reverend was intended to distinguish the title from that of Excellency given to civil officials. The instruction Ut sive sollicite of the Holy Sees Secretariat of State, dated 28 March 1969, cardinals, even those who were bishops, continued to use the title of Eminence. In some English-speaking countries, the honorific of Excellency does not apply to other than the nuncio
3.
Order of Australia
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Before the establishment of the order, Australian citizens received British honours. The Queen of Australia is Sovereign Head of the Order, while the Governor-General is Principal Companion/Dame/Knight, the Governor-Generals Official Secretary is Secretary of the Order. The order is divided into a general and a military division, honorary awards at all levels may be made to deserving non-citizens – these awards are made additional to the quotas. The badge of the Order of Australia is a convex disc representing the Golden Wattle flower, at the centre is a ring, representing the sea, with the word Australia below two branches of golden wattle. The whole disc is topped by the Crown of St Edward, the AC badge is decorated with citrines, blue enamelled ring and enamelled crown. The AO badge is similar, without the citrines, for the AM badge only the crown is enamelled, and the OAM badge is plain. The AK/AD badge is similar to that of the AC badge, the star for knights and dames is a convex golden disc decorated with citrines, with a blue royally crowned inner disc bearing an image of the coat of arms of Australia. The ribbon of the order is blue with a stripe of golden wattle flower designs. AKs, male ACs and AOs wear their badges on a necklet, women usually wear their badges on a bow on the left shoulder, although they may wear the same insignia as males, if so desired. The orders insignia were designed by Stuart Devlin, the Order currently consists of four levels and the medal, in both general and military divisions. Since 2015, the level has been discontinued. Awards of Knight and Dame of the Order have been made in the division only. Military Division – Not awarded in the military division. There was a quota of four per year, excluding honorary appointments, the Knight- and Damehoods were conferred between 1976 and 1983, and again from 2014 till 2015. Although this level is not awarded anymore, several knight and dames of the Order are still alive, Companion General Division – Eminent achievement and merit of the highest degree in service to Australia or to humanity at large. Military Division – Eminent service in duties of great responsibility. Excluding honorary appointments, until 2003, no more than 25 Companions were appointed in any calendar year, in 2003 this was increased to 30. This was increased in 2016 to 35, Officer General Division – Distinguished service of a high degree to Australia or to humanity at large. Military Division – Distinguished service in responsible positions. Prior to 2003, the quota was 100 Officers appointed in any calendar year, in 2003 this was increased to 125. This was increased in 2016 to 140, Member General Division – Service in a particular locality or field of activity or to a particular group. Military Division – Exceptional service or performance of duty
4.
Tony Abbott
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Anthony John Tony Abbott is an Australian politician who was the 28th Prime Minister of Australia, from 18 September 2013 to 15 September 2015. Abbott was leader of the Liberal Party of Australia from 2009 to 2015, Abbott was born in London, to an Australian mother and a British father, and emigrated to Sydney, Australia, with his parents in 1960. He later proceeded by seniority to Master of Arts, after graduating from Oxford, Abbott trained as a Roman Catholic seminarian, and later worked as a journalist, a manager, and a political adviser. In 1992, he was appointed Director of Australians for Constitutional Monarchy, Abbott was first appointed to Cabinet following the 1998 election, as part of the Second Howard Ministry, becoming Minister for Employment, Workplace Relations and Small Business. In 2003, Abbott became Minister for Health and Ageing, retaining this position until the defeat of the Howard Government at the 2007 election. Forcing a leadership ballot on the subject, Abbott defeated Turnbull by 42 votes to 41, Abbott led the Coalition at the 2010 election, which resulted in a hung parliament. Following negotiations, Labor formed a Government, with the support of one Greens MP, Abbott was re-elected as Liberal Leader unopposed. Abbott went on to lead the Coalition to victory in the 2013 election and was sworn in as the 28th Prime Minister of Australia on 18 September 2013. On 14 September 2015, Abbott was defeated in a vote for the Liberal leadership by Malcolm Turnbull, in 1940, during World War II, 16-year-old Dick came to Australia with his British parents. His maternal grandmother, Phyllis Lacey, was born in Wales, after the war, Dick Abbott returned to the UK where he met and married Peters, a dietitian. On 7 September 1960, the Abbott family left the UK for Australia on the Assisted Passage Migration Scheme ship SS Oronsay, the family first lived in Bronte and later moved to Chatswood, both suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales. Dick Abbott established what was to one of the largest orthodontics practices in Australia. Abbott attended primary school at St Aloysius College at Milsons Point, before completing his school education at St Ignatius College, Riverview. He graduated as a Bachelor of Economics and a Bachelor of Laws at the University of Sydney and he resided at St Johns College and was president of the Student Representative Council. During his university days, Abbott gained media attention for opposition to the then dominant left-wing student leadership. Once he was beaten at a university conference. According to the Sun-Herald newspaper, it was an ugly and often violent time, Abbott organised rallies in support of Governor-General John Kerr after he dismissed the Whitlam Government in November 1975, as well as a pro-Falklands War demonstration during his time at Oxford. At St. Ignatius College, Abbott had been taught and influenced by the Jesuits, at university, he encountered B. A
5.
Malcolm Turnbull
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Malcolm Bligh Turnbull is the 29th and current Prime Minister of Australia. The Turnbull Government was re-elected at the 2016 federal election though with a bare one-seat majority, Turnbull attended Sydney Grammar School before going to the University of Sydney, where he attained a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Laws. Turnbull then attended Brasenose College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, elevated to the Howard Cabinet in January 2007, he briefly served as Minister for the Environment and Water. Following the defeat of the Liberal Government at the 2007 federal election, Turnbull declared himself a candidate in the subsequent leadership election, following a period of poor opinion polling, Turnbull challenged and defeated Nelson by four votes and became Leader of the Opposition. This led to persistent tensions within the Liberal Party, with Turnbulls support for the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme proposed by the Rudd Government in late 2009 eventually causing a split. Tony Abbott, who was opposed to the Scheme, subsequently challenged Turnbull, Turnbull was subsequently sworn in as Prime Minister of Australia the following day and formed the Turnbull Government. However, at the closest federal majority result since the 1961 election, Malcolm Turnbull was born in Sydney on 24 October 1954 to Bruce Bligh Turnbull and Coral Magnolia Lansbury. Turnbulls maternal grandmother, May Lansbury, was born in England, Turnbulls father was a hotel broker. Turnbulls mother was an actor, a writer, an academic. Turnbull suffered asthma as a young child, Turnbulls parents separated when he was nine, with Turnbulls mother leaving first for New Zealand, and then the United States. Turnbull was then raised by his father, Turnbull is of direct paternal Scottish descent, his great-great-great grandfather John Turnbull arrived in 1802 in New South Wales and became a tailor. During his childhood, he practised Presbyterianism before becoming a Roman Catholic, Turnbull spent his first three years of school at Vaucluse Public School. He then attended the St Ives preparatory school at Sydney Grammar School as a boarder, in senior school he was a boarder at the former Randwick campus of the school while attending classes at the main College Street campus on a partial scholarship. He was senior school co-captain in 1972, as well as winning the Lawrence Campbell Oratory Competition, excelling particularly in the subjects such as English. However, contrary to certain sources, Turnbull was not the dux of his year at Sydney Grammar. In 1987, in memory of his father, he set up the Bruce Turnbull means-tested scholarship at Sydney Grammar. In 1973, Turnbull attended the University of Sydney and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1977, during his studies, he was active in student politics, serving as board director of the University of Sydney Union. He also worked as a political journalist for Nation Review, Radio 2SM, in 1978, Turnbull won a Rhodes Scholarship and attended Brasenose College, Oxford, where he studied for a Bachelor of Civil Law degree from 1978 to 1980, graduating with honours
6.
Mike Rann
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Michael David Mike Rann AC, CNZM was the 44th Premier of South Australia from 2002 to 2011. Among several other honours, Rann was awarded the Companion of the Order of Australia at Australia Day in 2016, Rann succeeded Lynn Arnold as leader of the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party and South Australian Leader of the Opposition in 1994. Rann led Labor to minority government at the 2002 election, before attaining a landslide win at the 2006 election, the Rann Government was elected to a third four-year term at the 2010 election, retaining majority government despite a swing − giving Labor a record 12 years in government. He resigned as Premier in October 2011 after a year of poor opinion polling saw him lose party support and was succeeded by Jay Weatherill. He was a South Australian MP in the House of Assembly from the 1985 election, following the 2014 election, Labor went from minority to majority government when Nat Cook won the 2014 Fisher by-election by five votes from a 7.3 percent two-party swing. His government also introduced Adelaides Thinker in Residence program, South Australia achieved a AAA credit rating under the Rann Labor government, prompting Business SA chief executive Peter Vaughan to praise Labors economic management. Rann was often the most popular Premier in the country, with his approach to government generally moderate, Rann was born in Sidcup, England. His father was an electrician who had served at El Alamein in World War II and his mother was employed in an armaments factory. Most of Ranns childhood was spent in the care of his father in South London, in 1962, when he was nine, his family emigrated from Blackfen to Mangakino, a small town north of Taupo on the Waikato River in New Zealand. His family then moved to Matamata, then to Birkenhead on Aucklands North Shore where he attended Northcote College and he completed a Bachelor and a Master of Arts in political science at the University of Auckland. He was Vice President of the New Zealand Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, as a member of Princes Street Labour, he also spent considerable time working on New Zealand Labour Party campaigns including that of Mike Moore. After university, Rann was a political journalist for the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation, haydon Manning has stated that it was reported that Rann struggled with being an objective reporter. Rann visited his brother Chris in Adelaide during 1977, shortly afterwards he moved to that city, to carry out a position with then Premier Don Dunstans Industrial Democracy Unit. He subsequently worked as Dunstans press secretary, speech writer and adviser, Manning has stated that one commentator reported that Rann was frankly inspired by Dunstans idealism as opposed to Bannons cool electoral pragmatism. Rann sometimes talked during this period of his ambitions to one day become Premier himself, meanwhile, Rann wrote speeches on, and assisted in policy development for, civil liberties, Aboriginal land rights, gay and womens rights, and opposition to uranium mining. Revealing a vein of idealism, his early predilection was left of centre, Rann was elected to Parliament as the Member for the safe Labor seat of Briggs in north Adelaide at the 1985 election. He introduced the legislation in 1991 to establish the new University of South Australia, as Minister of Tourism he legislated in 1993 to establish the South Australian Tourism Commission and had ministerial responsibility for the Australian Formula One Grand Prix. Labor lost government at the 1993 election in a due to the State Bank collapse
7.
George Brandis
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George Henry Brandis QC is the 36th Attorney-General for Australia and has been a Liberal member of the Australian Senate representing Queensland since May 2000. Brandis served as Attorney-General in the Abbott Government from 2013 to 2015 and he is also Leader of the Government in the Senate and has been the Vice-President of the Executive Council during that period. He also held the post of Minister for the Arts and Sport from 23 January 2007 until the Howard Government lost the 2007 election, Brandis was born in Sydney to and was brought up in the Inner-West suburb of Petersham. Following graduation, Brandis served as Associate to Justice Charles Sheahan of the Queensland Supreme Court and he was then elected a Commonwealth Scholar and obtained a Bachelor of Civil Law from Magdalen College, Oxford in 1983. After a brief period as a solicitor in Brisbane, Brandis was called to the Queensland Bar in 1985 where he practiced until entering politics in 2000, Brandis developed a commercial practice with a particular emphasis on trade practices law. He appeared as counsel in the High Court of Australia in the equity case Warman v Dwyer. He was also the junior barrister for the plaintiff in the long running Multigroup Distribution Services v TNT Australia litigation in the Federal Court of Australia, Brandis applied to be appointed Senior Counsel in the late 1990s, but was unsuccessful. This was controversial, since Brandis had not practiced at the bar since 2000, in June 2013, the original title of Queens Counsel was restored by the Queensland Government and Brandis was one of 70 Queensland SCs that chose to become QCs. While at the Bar, Brandis was a member of UNICEF Australia for 10 years. He has also been an Associate of the Australian Institute for Ethics and the Professions, Brandis was first chosen by the Parliament of Queensland to fill a casual vacancy following the resignation of Senator the Honourable Warwick Parer. He was elected to a further term at the 2004 election. In his period as a senator, he has served as Chairman of the Economics Committee, in the wake of this inquiry, Brandis gained widespread attention when it was reported that he called Prime Minister John Howard a lying rodent, a report he denied. Brandis has also made a number of speeches, perhaps the most controversial of which was in 2003 when he described the Australian Greens as eco-fascist. Prime Minister John Howard later distanced himself from Brandiss claim that the Greens use Nazi-style fanaticism in Australian politics, the book claims that Menzies was a tyrant and that Menzies most tyrannical act was when he wanted to ban the Communist Party of Australia. Brandis claimed over $1000 in taxpayer expenses to attend the inaugural Sir Garfield Barwick address in Sydney on 28 June 2010, the event was billed as a Liberal party fund-raiser. On 23 January 2007, Brandis was appointed Minister for the Arts and Sport and he lost his ministerial position on the defeat of the Howard government in the 2007 election. On 2 June 2008 Brandis, in his capacity as Shadow Attorney-General, the aim of the bill was to remove legislative provisions that discriminated against gay and lesbian citizens, in this case relating to superannuation. Brandis stated that the Opposition believed discrimination of this type should be removed and supported the Labor governments bill against the conservative elements of his own party
8.
Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)
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The Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs is the Hon. Julie Bishop MP, since 18 September 2013. The Minister for International Development and the Pacific is Senator the Hon. Concetta Fierravanti-Wells, in the Government of Australia, the minister is responsible for overseeing the international diplomacy section of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. In common with international practice, the office is informally referred to as Foreign Minister. In recent times, the minister also undertakes numerous international trips to meet with foreign representatives, the portfolio has existed continuously since 1901, except for the period 14 November 1916 to 21 December 1921. Prior to 6 November 1970, the office was known as the Minister for External Affairs, between 24 July 1987 and 24 March 1993 it was known as the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade. Starting with the Keating Government, the Trade portfolio has been administered separately by the Minister for Trade. The following individuals have been appointed as Minister for Foreign Affairs,2 Barton was knighted in 1902, while serving as Minister. AusAID was abolished by the prime minister, Tony Abbott, in September 2013
9.
John Howard
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John Winston Howard, OM, AC was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia, serving from 11 March 1996 to 3 December 2007. Only Sir Robert Menzies has served in the position longer, born in Sydney, Howard was a solicitor at Clayton Utz before entering politics, having studied law at the University of Sydney. A member of the Liberal Party and former president of the Young Liberals, he first stood for office at the 1968 New South Wales state election, but lost narrowly. At the 1974 federal election, Howard was elected to the Division of Bennelong and he was promoted to cabinet in 1977, and later in the year replaced Phillip Lynch as Treasurer of Australia, remaining in that position until the defeat of Malcolm Frasers government in 1983. In 1985, Howard was elected leader of the Liberal Party for the first time and he led the Liberal–National coalition to the 1987 federal election, but lost to Bob Hawkes Labor government, and was removed from the leadership in 1989. Remaining a key figure in the party, Howard was re-elected leader in 1995, after defeating Paul Keatings Labor government in 1996, the Howard Government was re-elected at the 1998,2001 and 2004 elections. Howards actions as prime minister included new gun laws, the introduction of a nationwide value-added tax, immigration reform, Australia also contributed troops to the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War under his government, and led the International Force for East Timor. The Howard government was defeated at the 2007 federal election, with the Labor Partys Kevin Rudd succeeding him as prime minister, Howard also lost his own seat at the election, becoming only the second prime minister to do so. John Howard is the son of Mona and Lyall Howard. His parents were married in 1925 and his eldest brother Stanley was born in 1926, followed by Walter in 1929, and Robert in 1936. Lyall Howard was an admirer of Winston Churchill, and sympathetic to the New Guard during its early years, Howards ancestors were English, Scottish and Irish. Howard was born and raised in the Sydney suburb of Earlwood and his mother had been an office worker until her marriage. His father and his grandfather, Walter Howard, were both veterans of the First AIF in World War I. They also ran two Dulwich Hill petrol stations where Howard worked as a boy, Lyall Howard died in 1955 when John was sixteen, leaving his mother to take care of John. Howard suffered an impairment in his youth, leaving him with a slight speech impediment. It also influenced him in ways, limiting his early academic performance, encouraging a reliance on an excellent memory. Howard attended the state schools Earlwood Primary School and Canterbury Boys High School, Howard won a citizenship prize in his final year at Earlwood, and subsequently represented his secondary school at debating as well as cricket and rugby. In his final year at school he took part in a show hosted by Jack Davey, Give It a Go broadcast on the commercial radio station, 2GB
10.
Gareth Evans (politician)
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Gareth John Evans AC, QC, is an Australian international policymaker and former politician. After leaving politics, he was President and Chief Executive Officer of the Brussels-based International Crisis Group from 2000 to 2009, on returning to Australia he was appointed in 2009 honorary professorial fellow at the University of Melbourne. Since 2010, Evans has been the Chancellor of the Australian National University and he was appointed an Honorary Professorial Fellow at the ANU in 2012. He currently is a member of the Board of Sponsors for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Evans was born in Melbourne, Victoria. His father was a driver, and his mother, who had been a wartime Woolworths store manager. In 2004, he was elected an Honorary Fellow of Magdalen College, from 1976 to his entry into the Parliament he practised full-time as a barrister, specialising in industrial law, and appellate argument, and became a Queens Counsel in 1983. Evans was active in civil liberties issues from his student days on, campaigning on issues such as censorship, capital punishment and he was a long-serving vice-president of the Victorian Council for Civil Liberties, and an active executive member of the Victorian Aboriginal Legal Service. He was an unsuccessful Labor candidate for the Senate in 1975, after the October 1980 election he was elected to the Opposition front bench in 1980, becoming Shadow Attorney-General. As Attorney-General, Evans undertook a large agenda for law reform on a range of issues and he immediately ran into controversy, arranging for the Royal Australian Air Force to take surveillance photos of the Franklin Dam project in Tasmania. The Hawke government was pledged to stop the project, over the objections of the Tasmanian Liberal government and this incident also led to Evans coining the expression streakers defence, which has entered the Australian vocabulary. In a demotion following this record, Hawke moved him to the less sensitive portfolio of Resources. In the two major industry portfolios he held over the five years, Evans was generally perceived as playing himself back into the government mainstream. Evans was appointed Foreign Minister in September 1988, after his predecessor Bill Hayden retired to become Governor-General and he held the position for seven years and six months, the longest-serving Labor minister in that portfolio. He became a well-known Foreign Minister and highly regarded internationally, Evans famously became the first person to drop the f-bomb in the Australian Parliament, interjecting for fucks sake during a speech by Senator Robert Hill. Despite his reputation as a negotiator he was reputed to be in possession of a short-temper with a particular intolerance for elected representatives of the Australian Greens. Evans ran into significant controversy on two issues, relations with Indonesia over East Timor and French Nuclear Tests in the Pacific. In 1993, as a member of the Keating government, Senator Evans became Leader of the Government in the Senate, replacing the retiring John Button, whose Deputy he had been since 1987. In this position he led the governments legislative agenda in the upper house, where the government did not have a majority
11.
Stephen Smith (Australian politician)
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Stephen Francis Smith is a former Australian member of parliament. He was the member for Perth in the Australian House of Representatives from March 1993 to August 2013 and his last ministerial appointment was Minister for Defence, and he had previously served as Minister for Foreign Affairs and Minister for Trade. Smith was born in Narrogin, Western Australia, and was educated at CBC Highgate, the University of Western Australia and the University of London and he was a solicitor, lecturer and tutor before entering politics. He was instrumental in securing support in order for Keating to defeat Bob Hawke for the Labor Party leadership in 1991. He has been a University of Western Australia professor of law since early 2014. Stephen Smith was a member of the Opposition Shadow Ministry from March 1996 until the November 2007 elections and he was Shadow Minister for Trade 1996–97, for Resources and Energy 1997–98, for Communications 1998–2001, Health and Ageing 2001–03 and Immigration 2003–04. During the leadership crisis in the Labor Party in 2003, Smith was a prominent supporter of his fellow Western Australian, as early as 2002 his name had been mentioned as a possible future leader. He again supported Beazley in the leadership contest which followed the resignation of Mark Latham in January 2005, after the 2010 Federal election Smith was appointed to the vacant Defence portfolio, while Rudd and Craig Emerson were appointed to the Foreign Affairs and Trade ministries, respectively. Following Kevin Rudds return to the leadership of the ALP and as prime minister, Smith was appointed Winthrop Professor of International Law at the University of Western Australia on 29 April 2014. Smith proposed to get into Western Australian Legislative Assembly by being preselected in the new seat of Baldivis at the election, Stephen Smith – former W. A. A. L. P. State secretary moves to Paul Keatings staff Australian Business,5 Dec.1990, p.30 Search or browse Hansard for Stephen Smith at OpenAustralia. org
12.
Paul Keating
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Paul John Keating is an Australian politician who was the 24th Prime Minister of Australia and the Leader of the Labor Party from 1991 to 1996. Keating was appointed Treasurer by newly elected Prime Minister Hawke in 1983, although lacking any formal education in economics, Keating went on to become arguably one of the most reforming Treasurers in Australian history. In 1990 he was elected Deputy Leader of the Labor Party, Keating later challenged Hawke for the leadership in June 1991, and resigned from the ministry following defeat. Six months later he challenged Hawke again, this time successfully, Policy package, despite consistently poor government opinion polls following the effects of the early 1990s recession. After being resoundingly defeated by John Howard at the 1996 election, Keating resigned as Prime Minister, Keating grew up in Bankstown, a working-class suburb of Sydney. He was one of four born to Matthew Keating, a boilermaker and trade union representative of Irish Catholic descent. His siblings include Anne Keating, a director and businesswoman. He then worked as assistant for a trade union, having joined the Labor Party as soon as he was eligible. In 1966, he became president of NSW Young Labor, in the 1960s, Keating also managed rock band The Ramrods. Through his contacts in the unions and the NSW Young Labor Council, Keating met future senior Labor figures such as Laurie Brereton, Graham Richardson and he also developed a friendship with former New South Wales Premier Jack Lang. In 1971, he succeeded in having Lang re-admitted to the Labor Party, after Labors defeat in the election one month later, Keating was promoted to become an opposition spokesman, as an opposition spokesman, his parliamentary style was that of an aggressive debater. In 1981, he was elected president of the New South Wales Labor Party, however, by 1982, his faction had swung behind Hawke, and Keating endorsed his challenge. The formal announcement of Keatings support for Hawke was written by a fellow Labor politician, although Hayden survived the challenge, pressure continued to mount on him, and he eventually resigned in February 1983 after a poor by-election result. Hawke was elected to him, and he subsequently led Labor to a landslide victory in the election just six weeks later. Following Labors victory in the 1983 election, Keating was appointed Treasurer of Australia by Prime Minister Bob Hawke – he would go on to hold that post until 1991. That the deficit had increased in the lead up to the election had not been disclosed in pre-election documents released by the Fraser government. According to Hawke, the historically large $9.6 billion budget deficit left by the Coalition became a stick with which we were able to beat the Liberal National Opposition for many years. Keating was one of the driving forces behind the various extensive macro-
13.
Peter Costello
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Peter Howard Costello, AC, is an Australian former politician and lawyer who served as the Treasurer in the Australian Howard Government from 1996 to 2007. He is the longest-serving Treasurer in Australias history, Costello was a Member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1990 to 2009, representing the Division of Higgins. He also served as the Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party from 1994 to 2007, on 18 September 2008, Costello was appointed as chairman of the World Banks new Independent Advisory Board to provide advice on anti-corruption measures. Costello was born on 14 August 1957 in Melbourne into a family of practising Christians. He was the second of three children, his brother, Tim Costello, is a prominent Baptist minister and former CEO of World Vision Australia. Costello was educated at Carey Baptist Grammar School and Monash University, Costello is a descendant of Leitrim, Ireland-born publican and disgraced politician Patrick Costello, who was expelled from the Parliament of Victoria. During the 1980s, Costello was a solicitor at the law firm Mallesons Stephen Jaques, then became a barrister, in 1983 and 1984, Costello represented the National Farmers Federation in a case against the Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union. The AMIEU was seeking a unit system to be set up in abattoirs in the Northern Territory. The dispute focussed on one abattoir, Mudginberri, which chose to fight the AMIEU claim, ultimately the AMIEU claim was unsuccessful. During his student years, Costello was active in student politics, for a time, he was an office-bearer of the Social Democratic Students Association of Victoria, an affiliate of the Balaclava Branch of Australian Young Labor. In 1977, Costello was assaulted by a student politician. After graduating, Costello became more conservative but retained liberal views on social issues. In 1984 he was a member of the H. R. Nicholls Society. In the late 1980s, he was identified as part of the New Right movement, in 1990, Costello defeated sitting member Roger Shipton in a preselection ballot for the comfortably safe Liberal electorate of Higgins, the seat once held by Harold Holt and John Gorton. He entered the House of Representatives at the age of 32 and he was immediately promoted to the Opposition front bench and proved an effective debater against the Labor government of Bob Hawke and Paul Keating. By 1992 he was shadow Attorney-General, and in 1993 he became shadow Finance Minister under Dr John Hewson, hewsons shock defeat at the 1993 election brought Costello into consideration as a leadership contender. Hewson was deposed as Liberal leader in May 1994, Costello supported Alexander Downer for the leadership, becoming his Deputy Leader, however, Downer resigned in January 1995. Costello did not seek the leadership, instead supporting John Howard, Howard denied that this was a formal arrangement
14.
John Hewson
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John Robert Hewson AM is an Australian economist, company director and a former politician. Policy package, he was leader of the Liberal Party of Australia. He led the Coalition to defeat at the 1993 federal election, Hewson was born in Sydney, New South Wales, the son of a working-class, politically conservative engineer. He was educated at Kogarah High School and then at the University of Sydney where he graduated in economics. He then gained a degree from the Regina, Canada, campus of the University of Saskatchewan and a second masters. In 1967 he married Margaret Deaves, returning to Australia, Hewson worked as an economist for the Reserve Bank of Australia. From 1976 to 1983 he was employed as an advisor to two successive Liberal treasurers, Phillip Lynch and John Howard. During this period he developed a keen interest in politics and was determined to enter politics himself, while a strong Liberal, he was internally critical of what he saw as unconvincing and inconsistent economic Liberal Party policies. He was a supporter of some of the policies of Margaret Thatcher. After the defeat of the Fraser government at the 1983 election, Hewson went into journalism and became a director of a private bank. This allowed the Labor Party to tag him as a wealthy banker when he entered politics, having divorced Margaret Deaves in 1985, in 1988 he remarried to Carolyn Somerville. Hewson was elected at the 1987 election to the House of Representatives for the affluent Sydney electorate of Wentworth, prior to his election he was told he would have to give up his Ferrari to get pre-selected. However, Hewson retained his car despite attracting controversy courtesy of it and he entered Parliament at a time when there was a leadership vacuum on the conservative side of politics. The Coalition, led by John Howard, lost the 1987 election, in September 1988, Howard appointed Hewson shadow finance minister. In May 1989, when Andrew Peacock replaced Howard as Leader, prior to Howards dumping, when Peacock was the shadow treasurer, Hewson had been seen as the real shadow treasurer. In the lead up to the 1990 election, Hewson, the trained economist, Hewson claimed in December 1989 that Keating was reluctant to debate with him on the economy. When Peacock was defeated at the 1990 elections, Hewson was elected to the Liberal leadership and he had been one of the top players in the 1990 election campaign. Hewson defeated Peter Reith 62 votes to 13, Reith was then elected deputy leader, and Hewson made him Shadow Treasurer
15.
Liberal Party of Australia
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The Liberal Party of Australia is a major political party in Australia. Founded in 1945 to replace the United Australia Party, the Liberal Party is one of the two parties in Australian politics, along with the Australian Labor Party. Except for a few periods, the Liberal Party and its predecessors have operated in similar coalitions since the 1920s. Internationally, the Liberal Party is affiliated to the International Democrat Union, the partys leader is Malcolm Turnbull and its deputy leader is Julie Bishop. Now the Turnbull Government, the party had been elected at the 2013 federal election as the Abbott Government which took office on 18 September 2013. At state and territory level, the Liberal Party is in office in two states, Will Hodgman Premier of Tasmania since 2014 and Gladys Berejiklian Premier of New South Wales since 2017. The party is in opposition in the states of Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, the partys ideology has been referred to as liberal, conservative, liberal-conservative, and classically liberal. The Liberal Party tends to promote economic liberalism and cultural liberalism, two past leaders of the party, Sir Robert Menzies and John Howard, are Australias two longest-serving Prime Ministers. The Liberal Party has spent more time in government than any other federal Australian political party, the contemporary Liberal Party generally advocates economic liberalism. Historically, the party has supported a higher degree of protectionism and interventionism than it has in recent decades. However, from its foundation the party has identified itself as an anti-socialist grouping of liberals, strong opposition to socialism and communism in Australia and abroad was one of its founding principles. The partys founder and longest-serving leader Robert Menzies envisaged that Australias middle class would form its main constituency, in the 1970s a left-wing middle class emerged that no longer voted Liberal. In country areas they either compete with or have a truce with the Nationals, Menzies was an ardent constitutional monarchist, who supported the Monarchy in Australia and links to the Commonwealth of Nations. Today the party is divided on the question of republicanism, with some being republicans, the Menzies Government formalised Australias alliance with America in 1951, and the party has remained a strong supporter of the mutual defence treaty. Liberal leaders from Menzies to Malcolm Fraser generally maintained Australias high tariff levels, at that time the Liberals coalition partner, the Country Party, the older of the two in the coalition, had considerable influence over the governments economic policies. Socially, while liberty and freedom of form the basis of its beliefs. A West Australian Liberal, Ken Wyatt, became the first Indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives in 2010, the party has two factions, the conservative right and the moderate left. Both factions support the market and differ mainly over their level of social conservatism
16.
Parliament of Australia
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It consists of three elements, the Queen of Australia, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Queen is represented by the Governor-General, through both Houses, however, there is a fused executive, drawn from the Westminster System. The upper house, the Senate, consists of 76 members, twelve for each state, Senators are elected using the single transferable vote proportional representation system and as a result, the chamber features a multitude of parties vying for power. The governing party or coalition rarely has a majority in the Senate and usually needs to negotiate with other parties and this tends to lead to the chamber being dominated by two major parties, the Liberal/National Coalition and the Labor Party. The government of the day must achieve the confidence of this House in order to gain and remain in power, although elections can be called early, each 3 years the full House of Representatives and half of the Senate is dissolved and goes up for reelection. The two Houses meet in separate chambers of Parliament House on Capital Hill in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, the Commonwealth of Australia came into being on 1 January 1901 with the federation of the six Australian colonies. The inaugural election took place on 29 and 30 March and the first Australian Parliament was opened on 9 May 1901 in Melbourne by Prince George, Duke of Cornwall and York, later King George V. The only building in Melbourne that was enough to accommodate the 14,000 guests was the western annexe of the Royal Exhibition Building. After the official opening, from 1901 to 1927, the Parliament met in Parliament House, Melbourne and it had always been intended that the national Parliament would sit in a new national capital. This was a compromise at Federation due to the rivalry between the two largest Australian cities, Sydney and Melbourne, which wished to become the new capital. The site of Canberra was selected for the location of the capital city in 1908. A competition was announced on 30 June 1914 to design Parliament House, however, due to the start of World War I the next month, the competition was cancelled. It was re-announced in August 1916, but again postponed indefinitely on 24 November 1916, in the meantime, John Smith Murdoch, the Commonwealths Chief Architect, worked on the design as part of his official duties. He had little enthusiasm for the project, as he felt it was a waste of money. Nevertheless, he designed the building by default, the construction of Old Parliament House, as it is called today, was commenced on 28 August 1923 and completed in early 1927. It was built by the Commonwealth Department of Works, using tradesmen, the final cost was about £600,000, which was more than three times the original estimate. It was designed to house the parliament for a maximum of 50 years until a permanent facility could be built, the building was opened on 9 May 1927 by the Duke and Duchess of York. The opening ceremonies were both splendid and incongruous, given the sparsely built nature of Canberra of the time and its small population, the building was extensively decorated with British Empire and Australian flags and bunting
17.
Division of Mayo
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The Division of Mayo is an Australian electoral division located to the east, south, south-east and south-west of Adelaide, South Australia. Established in the South Australian redistribution of 3 September 1984, the division is named after Helen Mayo, a social activist, the 9,315 km² seat covers an area from Springton in the North to Goolwa in the South. At its creation, Mayo was a rural based electorate that stretched from the town of Victor Harbor to the Adelaide Hills. Mayo was created as a Liberal seat on a notionally safe 12.3 per cent two-party margin, at the 1998 election however, high-profile Democrats candidate John Schumann polled a primary vote of 22.4 per cent. He ended up with a vote of 48.3 per cent, just 1.7 per cent short of taking the seat. However, on traditional two-party terms, it only edged from fairly safe to safe Liberal, another redistribution following the 1998 election made Mayo a notionally safe two-party Liberal seat with an extra 1 per cent added to the two-party margin. Downer would be returned in Mayo until his political retirement. At the 2001 election, Labor returned to place after preferences. At the 2004 election, independent candidate Brian Deegan polled a 15 per cent primary vote, overtook Labor after preferences, and polled a 38.2 per cent two-candidate vote. Downer recorded his and Mayos lowest winning two-party result at the 2007 election with a much reduced 7.1 per cent two-party margin after a 6.5 per cent two-party swing, downer retired from politics triggering a 2008 Mayo by-election. Labor opted not to run a candidate, jamie Briggs retained the seat for the Liberals on a 3 per cent two-candidate margin against the Greens, once again transforming Mayo in to a marginal seat. At the 2010 election, the seat was won by the Liberals on a fairly safe two-party margin for only the second time, before once again becoming a safe Liberal seat at the 2013 election. ABC psephologist Antony Greens 2016 federal election guide for South Australia stated NXT had a chance of winning lower house seats. NXTs candidate was former Briggs staffer Rebekha Sharkie, who is associated with a range of organisations in the Adelaide Hills. Multiple seat-level opinion polls in Mayo found NXT surprisingly leading the Liberals on the vote during the 2016 election campaign. Seat-level opinion polls in the two rural Liberal South Australian seats, both Grey and Barker, also found NXT leading the Liberals. This marked the first time this seat has been out of Liberal hands since its creation, additionally, Mayo became a marginal two-party seat for the first time with the Liberal two-party-preferred vote reduced to 55.4 percent, a reduction of 7.2 percent
18.
Jamie Briggs
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Briggs was promoted from a shadow parliamentary secretary role to the outer ministry upon the 2013 election of the Abbott Government. Briggs lost his seat in the 2016 federal election to Nick Xenophon Team candidate Rebekha Sharkie, Briggs grew up in the River Murray town of Mildura, where his father was a local bank teller and his mother volunteered in the canteen at the Sacred Heart Catholic primary school. He attended St Josephs College where he excelled in cricket before moving to Adelaide to pursue his dreams of playing for Australia, Briggs became a member of the Liberal Party in 1999 and was on the Liberal Party State Council from 2000 to 2002. He was an employment relations adviser for Business SA from 2000 to 2002, in 2002, he started working for the then South Australian Treasurer, Rob Lucas, before moving to Canberra in 2003 to work for Kevin Andrews in the Howard Government. From 2004 to 2007 he was an advisor for WorkChoices to the Prime Minister. Briggs was pre-selected as the Liberal Party of Australia candidate for the 2008 Mayo by-election to replace former Liberal leader and minister Alexander Downer, the Liberal two-party vote was increased to 57.4 percent at the 2010 election and to 62.5 percent at the 2013 election. After the 2010 election Briggs was given the position of chair of the Coalitions Scrutiny of Government Waste Committee as part of the led by Tony Abbott. In September 2012, Briggs was appointed to the Opposition frontbench as the Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Supporting Families and it was published on 13 May 2013. Briggs has also pursued the Gillard Government over a Freedom of Information decision to refuse access to Greens policy costings, Briggs repeatedly insisted for the next two months that he damaged his ACL while jogging the following morning and was not involved in shattering an expensive Italian marble table. The damage to the table was expected to be at the taxpayers expense, Briggs portfolio in the outer ministry was changed to Minister for Cities and the Built Environment on 20 September 2015 in the incoming Turnbull Government. Turnbull initially dumped Briggs from the ministry, but when Bruce Billson declined to remain, Briggs claimed his behaviour had not met the particularly high standards required of ministers, after the public servant raised concerns about his behaviour towards her at the venue. Briggs stated that nothing illegal had occurred, as the trio was leaving, Mr Briggs gave the female public servant a kiss on the cheek, while other reports suggested the kiss was on the neck. Briggs announced that he intended to re-contest the Liberal seat of Mayo at the 2016 federal election, following the announcement of his resignation, and despite claiming that he would not identify her, Briggs distributed a photograph of the complainant to some colleagues. The photograph later appeared in the newspaper, along with sufficient detail to identify her. Briggs backed calls from two state Liberal parliamentarians in April 2016 in support of seal culling in South Australia after witnessing a massacre of dozens of fairy penguins on Kangaroo Island. Briggs was beaten at the 2016 federal election by his former staffer Rebekha Sharkie, Briggs is married to former Liberal staffer Estée Fiebiger and has three children. He lives in Aldgate, South Australia, jamieBriggs. com. au Summary of parliamentary voting for Jamie Briggs MP on TheyVoteForYou. org. au
19.
Adelaide
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Adelaide is the capital city of the state of South Australia, and the fifth-most populous city of Australia. In June 2016, Adelaide had a resident population of 1,326,354 million. South Australia, with a total of 1, the demonym Adelaidean is used in reference to the city and its residents. Adelaide is north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the Adelaide Plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges which surround the city. Adelaide stretches 20 km from the coast to the foothills, and 94 to 104 km from Gawler at its northern extent to Sellicks Beach in the south. Named in honour of Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen consort to King William IV, Colonel William Light, one of Adelaides founding fathers, designed the city and chose its location close to the River Torrens, in the area originally inhabited by the Kaurna people. Lights design set out Adelaide in a layout, interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares. Early Adelaide was shaped by prosperity and wealth—until the Second World War, it was Australias third-largest city and it has been noted for early examples of religious freedom, a commitment to political progressivism and civil liberties. It has been known as the City of Churches since the mid-19th century, as South Australias seat of government and commercial centre, Adelaide is the site of many governmental and financial institutions. Most of these are concentrated in the city centre along the boulevard of North Terrace, King William Street. Today, Adelaide is noted for its festivals and sporting events, its food and wine, its long beachfronts. It ranks highly in terms of liveability, being listed in the Top 10 of The Economist Intelligence Units Worlds Most Liveable Cities index in 2010,2011,2012 and 2015. It was also ranked the most liveable city in Australia by the Property Council of Australia in 2011,2012 and 2013, prior to its proclamation as a British settlement in 1836, the area around Adelaide was inhabited by the indigenous Kaurna Aboriginal nation. Kaurna culture and language was almost completely destroyed within a few decades of the European settlement of South Australia in 1836, however, extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both language and culture. South Australia was officially proclaimed as a new British colony on 28 December 1836, the event is commemorated in South Australia as Proclamation Day. The site of the capital was surveyed and laid out by Colonel William Light. Adelaide was established as a colony of free immigrants, promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution. Wakefields idea was for the Government to survey and sell the land at a rate that would maintain land values high enough to be unaffordable for labourers and journeymen
20.
South Australia
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South Australia is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country, with a total land area of 983,482 square kilometres, it is the fourth-largest of Australias states and territories. Other population centres in the state are relatively small, the state comprises less than 8 percent of the Australian population and ranks fifth in population among the six states and two territories. The majority of its people reside in Adelaide, most of the remainder are settled in fertile areas along the south-eastern coast and River Murray. The states colonial origins are unique in Australia as a settled, planned British province. Official settlement began on 28 December 1836, when the colony was proclaimed at the Old Gum Tree by Governor John Hindmarsh, as with the rest of the continent, the region had been long occupied by Aboriginal peoples, who were organised into numerous tribes and languages. The first British settlement to be established was Kingscote, Kangaroo Island, on 26 July 1836, the guiding principle behind settlement was that of systematic colonisation, a theory espoused by Edward Gibbon Wakefield that was later employed by the New Zealand Company. The goal was to establish the province as a centre of civilisation for free immigrants, promising civil liberties, although its history is marked by economic hardship, South Australia has remained politically innovative and culturally vibrant. Today, it is known for its wine and numerous cultural festivals. The states economy is dominated by the agricultural, manufacturing and mining industries, the state has an increasingly significant finance sector as well. Evidence of human activity in South Australia dates back as far as 20,000 years, with flint mining activity, in addition wooden spears and tools were made in an area now covered in peat bog in the South East. Kangaroo Island was inhabited long before the island was cut off by rising sea levels, thijssen named his discovery Pieter Nuyts Land, after the highest ranking individual on board. The complete coastline of South Australia was first mapped by Matthew Flinders, the land which now forms the state of South Australia was claimed for Britain in 1788 as part of the colony of New South Wales. Although the new colony included almost two-thirds of the continent, early settlements were all on the eastern coast and it took more than forty years before any serious proposal to establish settlements in the south-western portion of New South Wales were put forward. In 1834, the British Parliament passed the South Australia Act 1834, the act stated that 802,511 square kilometres would be allotted to the colony and it would be convict-free. In contrast to the rest of Australia, terra nullius did not apply to the new province, although the patent guaranteed land rights under force of law for the indigenous inhabitants it was ignored by the South Australian Company authorities and squatters. Settlement of seven vessels and 636 people was made at Kingscote on Kangaroo Island. The first immigrants arrived at Holdfast Bay in November 1836, the Colonisation Commissioners intended to establish a police service as soon as misconduct within the increasing population warranted it
21.
Geelong Grammar School
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Geelong Grammar School is an independent Anglican co-educational boarding and day school. The schools main campus is located in Corio on the outskirts of Geelong, Victoria, Australia, overlooking Corio Bay. The schools fees are the most expensive in Australia based on a comparison of Year 12 student fees, in 2010 The Age reported that Geelong Grammar School ranked second among Australian schools based on the number of alumni who had received a top Order of Australia honour. The school is also a member of the G20 Schools Group, the school has offered the International Baccalaureate since February 1997. The school was founded in 1855 as a diocesan school with the blessing of Bishop Perry by the Venerable Theodore Stretch, Archdeacon of Geelong. The school closed due to difficulties in 1860, only to reopen in 1863 with John Bracebridge Wilson. For many years Bracebridge Wilson ran the school at his own expense, in 1875, James Lister Cuthbertson joined the staff as Classics master. He had an influence upon the boys of the school and was much admired and loved by them in spite of his alcoholism. Upon the death of Bracebridge Wilson in 1895, Cuthbertson became acting head master until the appointment of Leonard Harford Lindon early in the next year. Lindon ran the school for 15 years, but was never accepted by the old boys because he lacked the personal warmth with the boys that had been seen with Bracebridge Wilson and Cuthbertson. By the turn of the century the school was outgrowing its buildings in the centre of Geelong, the school council chose to open the head mastership to new applicants. Lindon reapplied but was rejected and the Revd Francis Ernest Brown was chosen as the new head master, in 1909, the school purchased a substantial amount of land in the then rural Geelong suburb of Belmont, bounded by Thomson, Regent and Scott Streets, and Roslyn Road. On 21 October 1910, chairman of the school, W. T, manifold turned the first sod at the site of what was expected to be a new era for the school. These plans had faded by August 1911, when adjoining rural land was offered for sale as the Belmont Hill Estate, the school council judged that the adjacent suburban subdivision would work against their plans for a boarding school, not one catering for day boys. The decision was made to buy land on the opposite side of Geelong at Corio. At the end of 1913 the school left its old buildings near the centre of Geelong, Brown put a greater emphasis on religion than his predecessors, and the new isolated location with its own chapel was ideal for this. Darlings boldest initiative was the starting of the Timbertop annexe, in the foothills of the Victorian Alps near Mansfield, in 1953. He attracted many acclaimed in their fields to work as masters at the school, including the historian Manning Clark, the musician Sir William McKie, thomas Ronald Garnett succeeded Darling in 1961
22.
Radley College
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Radley College /ˈrædli/ is a boys independent boarding school near Radley, Oxfordshire, England, founded in 1847. The school covers 800 acres including playing fields, a course, lake. It is one of four boys-only, boarding-only independent senior schools in the United Kingdom, for the academic year 2015/16, Radley charged boarders up to £11,475 per term, making it the 19th most expensive HMC boarding school. Radley was founded in 1847 by William Sewell and Robert Corbet Singleton, the first pupil was Samuel Reynolds who in 1897 wrote his reminiscences of the school. The school was housed in Radley Hall, now known as the Mansion. Later in the 18th century the estate passed to the Bowyer family, building work has continued throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, with two new Socials, a weights-room/gym, a theatre, and a Real Tennis court being completed since 2006. The grounds include a lake, golf course and woodland, the school was inspected by the independent schools Inspectorate in February 2008. The inspection report rated the schools standard of education as outstanding, there was a subsequent inspection by ISI in 2013. The school fields 21 rugby teams on most Saturdays of the Michaelmas term, Radley is widely recognised for its rowing reputation, having won events at Henley Royal Regatta on 6 occasions. Only Eton, Shrewsbury and St Edwards have won events at the Regatta. Some recent Old Radleians have progressed to play cricket for England or captain county level cricket teams, the cricket grounds have been described as arguably one of the best in the country while the sporting facilities have been described as world class. Sports such as fives, rackets, sailing, badminton and polo are all represented. A real tennis court opened in July 2008, which made Radley College the only school in the world to have fives, squash, badminton, tennis, racquets and real tennis courts all on campus. Foundation documents include the diary of Robert Corbet Singleton, co-founder and it is available on the web. It is a resource for the history of educational reform in the mid-19th century. There have been three official histories of the College, commissioned to celebrate the anniversary of the foundation, the centenary. ‘Sicut Columbae, fifty years of St Peters College, Radley. ’’ By T. D. Raikes, the sections on school sports are particularly valuable. A second edition was produced by Ernest Bryans in 1925 under an amended title Sicut Columbae, Basil Blackwell, for the Radleian Society, Oxford
23.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
24.
Newcastle University
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Newcastle University is a public research university located in Newcastle upon Tyne in the North-East of England. The university can trace its origins to a School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834 and these two colleges came to form one division of the federal University of Durham, with the Durham Colleges forming the other. The Newcastle colleges merged to form Kings College in 1937, in 1963, following an Act of Parliament, Kings College became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle University is a red brick university and is a member of the Russell Group, the university has one of the largest EU research portfolios in the UK. Newcastle attracts over 20,000 students from more than 120 different countries, in June 1851, following a dispute among the teaching staff, the School split into two rival institutions. The majority formed the Newcastle College of Medicine, and the others established themselves as the Newcastle upon Tyne College of Medicine, by 1852, the majority college was formally linked to the University of Durham. It awarded its first Licence in Medicine in 1856, and its teaching certificates were recognised by the University of London for graduation in medicine, the two colleges amalgamated in 1857 and renamed the University of Durham College of Medicine in 1870. Attempts to realise a place for the teaching of sciences in the city were met with the foundation of the College of Physical Science in 1871. By 1908, the Newcastle Division was teaching a range of subjects in the Faculties of Medicine, Arts, and Science. As the successor of Kings College, Durham, the university at its founding in 1963, in the Letters Patent authorising the transfer, the arms are blazoned Azure, a Cross of St Cuthbert Argent and in chief of the last a lion passant guardant Gules. While a Latin motto, mens agitat molem appears in the Students Union building, the university occupies a campus site close to Haymarket in central Newcastle upon Tyne. It is located to the northwest of the city centre between the spaces of Leazes Park and the Town Moor. The Armstrong building is the oldest building on the campus and is the site of the original Armstrong College. The building was constructed in three stages, the north east wing was completed first at a cost of £18,000, the south-east wing, which includes the Jubilee Tower, and south-west wings were opened in 1894. The Jubilee Tower was built with funds raised from an Exhibition to mark Queen Victorias Jubilee in 1887. The north-west front, forming the entrance, was completed in 1906. Much of the construction work was financed by Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell. In 1906 it was opened by King Edward VII, the building contains the Kings Hall, which serves as the universitys chief hall for ceremonial purposes where Congregation ceremonies are held
25.
Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
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The Australian Chamber also speaks on behalf of Australian business in international forums. The President is Terry Wetherall, a consultant, and the Chief Executive Officer is James Pearson. The Chamber Movement commenced in Australia when the Sydney Chamber of Commerce was established in 1826, across the 19th century Chambers of Commerce were formed in Adelaide, Melbourne, Hobart and Launceston, Brisbane and Perth. Chambers of Manufacturers were also formed in this era, including in Victoria, South Australia, NSW, Western Australia, Australia’s first industry association was Master Builders Australia. Employer unions and federations also emerged, including the Victorian Employers Union, the NSW Employers Union, South Australian Employers Federation, businesspeople were central to Australias development from the beginning, with a growing population driving the establishment of enterprises. In 1977 the ACMA and the ACEF merged to form the Confederation of Australian Industry, in 1992 the CAI merged with the ACC to form the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. The ACCI worked with Labor and Liberal-National governments in a way during a period of significant economic reform. In 2015 the organisation launched a new identity, featuring the Federation Star to demonstrate the way it brings together businesses from all parts of the country. The organisation became known as the Australian Chamber, helping to build recognition for the Chamber Movement in towns, the introduction of the Business Leaders Council in 2015 allowed individual businesses to get directly involved in Australian Chamber activities for the first time. The Business Leaders Summit joined the Business Leaders Dinner as landmark annual events to bring members of the Chamber Movement. The Australian Chamber is an organisation whose members are state and territory chambers of commerce. The Australian Chamber is governed by a constitution and is led by a Board, Board members are elected from the membership at the Annual General Meeting held each November. The General Council, comprising the Board and other representatives, oversees the Australian Chambers policy development. The General Council meets three times a year and is advised by policy committees and working parties that meet between General Council meetings. It argues to lower and simplify taxes, streamline the federation, reduce the size of government, cut red tape, improve efficiency. It argues for a focus on employment of young or disadvantaged job seekers, including mature-age workers, people with a disability. Small Business, The Australian Chamber says Australia’s two million small businesses that employ seven million people are the backbone of the economy. It argues for a focus on cutting red tape, simplifying the tax system, improving access to finance, making it easier to employ people and building better infrastructure
26.
Economist
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An economist is a practitioner in the social science discipline of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. A generally accepted interpretation in academia is that an economist is one who has attained a Ph. D. in economics, teaches economic science, the professionalization of economics, reflected in academia, has been described as the main change in economics since around 1900. Economists debate the path they believe their profession should take, surveys among economists indicate a preference for a shift toward the latter. Most major universities have a faculty, school or department. However, many prominent economists come from a background in mathematics, business, political science, law, sociology, getting a PhD in economics takes six years, on average, with a median of 5.3 years. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, established by Sveriges Riksbank in 1968, is a prize awarded to each year for outstanding intellectual contributions in the field of economics. The prize winners are announced in October every year and they receive their awards on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobels death. In contrast to regulated professions such as engineering, law or medicine, in academia, to be called an economist requires a Ph. D. degree in Economics. A professional working inside of one of many fields of economics or having a degree in this subject is often considered to be an economist. In addition to government and academia, economists are employed in banking, finance, accountancy, commerce, marketing, business administration, lobbying. Politicians often consult economists before enacting economic policy, many statesmen have academic degrees in economics. Economics graduates are employable in varying degrees depending on the regional economic scenario, small numbers go on to undertake postgraduate studies, either in economics, research, teacher training or further qualifications in specialist areas. Nearly 135 colleges and universities grant around 900 new Ph. D. s every year, incomes are highest for those in the private sector, followed by the federal government, with academia paying the lowest incomes. As of January 2013, PayScale. com showed Ph. D. economists salary ranges as follows, all Ph. D. economists, $61,000 to $160,000, Ph. D. The largest single grouping of economists in the UK are the more than 1000 members of the Government Economic Service. This figure compares very favourably with the picture, with 64 percent of economics graduates in employment. Some current well-known economists include, Ben Bernanke, Chairman of the Federal Reserve from 2006 to 2014, milton Friedman, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureate in Economics
27.
Westpac
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Westpac Banking Corporation, more commonly known as Westpac, is an Australian bank and financial-services provider headquartered in Westpac Place, Sydney. It is one of Australias big four banks and its name is a portmanteau of Western-Pacific. As of November 2015, Westpac has 13.1 million customers, and is Australias largest branch network, with 1429 branches, the bank is Australias second-largest bank by assets. It is also the second-largest bank in New Zealand, established in Sydney in 1817, the Bank of New South Wales was the first bank in Australia. Edward Smith Hall was its first cashier and secretary,1927, BNSW acquired the Western Australian Bank. 1931, BNSW acquired the Australian Bank of Commerce, which had branches in both New South Wales and Queensland,1942, BNSW suspended operations in Papua New Guinea as the Japanese Army captured many of the towns in which it had branches and agencies, and bombed Port Moresby. 1968, BNSW joins Databank Systems Limited consortium to provide joint data processing services,1970, BNSW established a branch on Tarawa in Kiribati, which also took over the government savings bank. Also, the company first became listed on 18 July 1970,1971, It established a branch in the New Hebrides. The next year HSBC and Commercial Bank of Australia also established branches,1973, BNSW became the corporate sponsor of the Rescue Helicopter service started by Surf Life Saving Australia. 1975, BNSW incorporated its local business in Papua New Guinea as Bank of New South Wales,1982, BNSW merged with the Commercial Bank of Australia and changed their name to Westpac Banking Corporation. WBC was framed with the mission to become a significant Western-Pacific bank from which the Westpac portmanteau is derived, the brandname incorporated the W which had been the logo of the Bank of New South Wales. 1984, The original agreement between BNSW and the government in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands expired and WBC and the government of Kiribati formed Bank of Kiribati as a 51–49% joint venture, Bank of Kiribati also fulfilled the functions of a reserve or central bank. 1985, WBC replaced Barclays Bank in the National Bank of Tuvalu in Tuvalu,1988, WBC acquired the European Pacific Banking Corporation in the Cook Islands and a HSBC subsidiary, the Solomon Islands Banking Corporation, which HSBC had established as a branch in 1973. WBC also acquired HSBCs operations in Fiji and the New Hebrides,1990, Bank of New Zealand sold half its shares in Bank of Tonga to WBC and half to Bank of Hawaii, giving each of them 30%. WBC bought Banque Indosuezs operations in New Caledonia and Tahiti,1992, WBC recorded a 1.6 billion dollar loss, which at the time, was the largest loss for an Australian corporation. In this environment, the Bank dismissed staff and raided the superannuation to sustain its viability, in the process WBC came close to insolvency, and slipped from being Australias largest to third largest bank. 1995, WBC sold its shares in National Bank of Tuvalu to that countrys government,1995, WBC acquired Challenge Bank in Western Australia. 1996, WBC Holdings NZ bought Trust Bank, a chain of banks owned by Community Trusts, for NZD1.2 billion to form NZ largest bank
28.
Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
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The High Commission of Australia in London is Australias oldest diplomatic posting, having been established in 1910. Australia House became the site of the mission upon its opening in 1918, prior to this, and prior to federation, Australia was represented through the Agents-General of the colonies, the oldest being New South Wales in 1864. The colonies became states upon federation in 1901 and many continue to be represented by Agents-General in London, four of Australias Prime Ministers have later been appointed High Commissioner, Reid, Fisher, Cook and Bruce. Until 1973, every High Commissioner was a member of the Australian Parliament. Since then, a number of career diplomats have held the post. List of High Commissioners from the United Kingdom to Australia Australia-United Kingdom relations Australian High Commission, United Kingdom
29.
John Downer
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Sir John William Downer, KCMG, KC was the Premier of South Australia twice, from 16 June 1885 until 11 June 1887 and again from 1892 to 1893. He was the first of four Australian politicians from the Downer family dynasty, born in Adelaide, John Downer was educated on a scholarship at St Peters College, Adelaide, where he was a brilliant student. Later, he was admitted to the bar, and soon won a reputation as being among Adelaides most talented, Downer became a Queens Counsel in 1878, the same year in which he was elected to the House of Assembly for Barossa. He represented this constituency until 1901, leaving it only to federal politics. In the House of Assembly he soon made his mark and became Attorney-General in John Cox Brays cabinet on 24 June 1881. The government was defeated in June 1884, but a later, on 16 June 1885, Downer himself became Premier for the first time. While Premier, Downer oversaw the construction of the first train line from Adelaide to Melbourne and he also made significant contributions to establishing irrigation settlements along the Murray River. Although this ministry lasted two years and passed a fair amount of legislation, it was often in difficulties, at the Colonial Conference held in London during 1887, Downer represented South Australia, but during his return journey to Australia his government was defeated. This ministry was responsible for a tariff imposing increased protective duties, Downer was not in office again for several years, but in October 1892 again became Premier, taking also the portfolio of Chief Secretary. Downer remarked of this party, They are very clever fellows, I have great respect for the way they use either side for their purposes with absolute impartiality. For most of the period until 1899 Downer led the Opposition, Downer was a strong federalist and had represented South Australia at the 1883 and 1891 conventions. At the latter meeting, he took an important part in protecting the interests of the smaller states and he was elected one of the 10 representatives of South Australia at the 1897 convention, and was again on the constitutional committee. He entered the South Australian Legislative Council as a National Defence League representative of the district in 1905. Alfred Deakin assessed Downer in the terms, bull-headed, and rather thick-necked, … with the dogged set of the mouth of a prize fighter. Downer was regarded a first-rate barrister, and some of his speeches to juries were singled out by contemporaries as examples of forensic art. He was equally successful in parliamentary debate, one of his colleagues called him the best debater in a house that contained Charles Kingston, Frederick Holder, John Cockburn, in politics Downer tended to be conservative without being obstinate. He described himself as a Tory, and partly on account of this he found himself in a minority during his later years in parliament. Nevertheless, he advocated the rights of married women to their own property, female suffrage, protection of local industries
30.
Bank of New South Wales
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The Bank of New South Wales, also known commonly as The Wales, was the first bank in Australia, being established in Sydney in 1817 and situated on Broadway. During the 19th and early 20th century, the Bank opened branches first throughout Australia and Oceania and it merged with many other financial institutions, finally merging with the Commercial Bank of Australia in 1982 to form the Westpac Banking Corporation. Established in Sydney in 1817, the Bank of New South Wales was the first bank in Australia, at the time, the colony of Sydney had not been supplied with currency, instead barter and promissory notes was the payment method of choice. Governor Macquarie himself used cattle and rum as payment for the construction of Sydney Hospital, the suggestion of establishing a bank was raised in March 1810, but it wasnt until November 1816 that a meeting was held to discuss the real possibility of such a proposal. In February 1817 seven directors of the bank were elected, DArcy Wentworth, John Harris, Robert Jenkins, Thomas Wylde, Alexander Riley, William Redfern, Campbell was elected the banks first president and Edward Smith Hall as its first cashier and secretary. During the 19th and early 20th century, the Bank opened branches first throughout Australia and Oceania and this included at Moreton Bay in 1850, then in Victoria, New Zealand, South Australia, Western Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Tasmania. 1927, BNSW acquired the Western Australian Bank, which had established in 1841 or 1842. 1931, BNSW acquired the Australian Bank of Commerce, which had branches in both New South Wales and Queensland,1942, BNSW suspended operations in Papua New Guinea as the Japanese Army captured many of the towns in which it had branches and agencies, and bombed Port Moresby. 1968, BNSW joins Databank Systems Limited consortium in New Zealand to provide joint data processing services, around this time the bank started going on line with the use of their computer nicknamed Fabicus the letters standing for First Australian Banking Institution Computer Used in Sydney. Fabicus had been in use since 1958 in the processing of some records, with advanced programming, The use of this computer changed the whole concept of banking as it had been done in years previously with its combination of hand-written and machined records. Branches slowly became attached to the processing centre and other banks slowly joined the ranks of computer generated reports, records. 1970, BNSW established a branch on Tarawa in Kiribati, which took over the government savings bank. Also, the company first became listed on 18 July 1970,1971, It established a branch in the New Hebrides. 1973, BNSW became the sponsor of the Rescue Helicopter service started by Surf Life Saving Australia. The service is known today as the Westpac Life Saver Rescue Helicopter Service 1974,1975, BNSW incorporated its local business in Papua New Guinea as Bank of New South Wales. 1982, BNSW merged with the Commercial Bank of Australia to form Westpac Banking Corporation ending the use of the Bank of New South Wales name, the new Westpac brand-name incorporated the W which had been the logo of the Bank of New South Wales. In 1931 the bank was granted a coat of arms from the College of Arms, the arms featured an Emu and a Black swan rampant supporting a shield surmounted by a kangaroo and the emblem of the rising sun. The motto included was Sic fortis Etruria crevit, variously translated as Thus strong Etruria prospered, a line taken from Virgils Second Georgic, the shield in these arms was retained in the 1931 arms
31.
Malcolm Fraser
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John Malcolm Fraser AC, CH, GCL was an Australian politician who was the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia and the Leader of the Liberal Party from 1975 to 1983. Elected to the Australian Parliament seat of Wannon in 1955 at the age of 25, Fraser was appointed to the Cabinet in 1966. After rising to become Minister for Defence in 1969, he was regarded as a contender for the leadership of the Liberal Party following their defeat in 1972, Fraser challenged Snedden in 1975 and was elected Leader of the Liberal Party, becoming the Leader of the Opposition. He went on to win the largest parliamentary majority as a proportion of seats in Australian political history at the subsequent election, after two further election victories in 1977 and 1980, he was defeated by the Bob Hawke-led Australian Labor Party in 1983 and left parliament shortly after. Fraser was the last Liberal Party Prime Minister to practise Keynesian economics, in retirement, Fraser became involved in international relief and humanitarian aid issues and, domestically, as a forthright liberal voice for human rights. Shortly after Tony Abbott won the 2009 Liberal Party leadership spill, Fraser ended his Liberal Party membership, stating the party was no longer a liberal party, on 20 March 2015, Fraser died at the age of 84 after a brief illness. John Malcolm Fraser was born on 21 May 1930 in Toorak, Victoria, to a family with a history of involvement in politics, Frasers mother, Una Woolf, was of Jewish descent on her own fathers side, which Fraser did not discover until he was an adult. While at Oxford, Fraser was a classmate and friend of future Canadian Prime Minister John Turner, upon returning to Australia from Oxford, Fraser contested the seat of Wannon in 1954 for the Liberal Party, losing to Labor incumbent Don McLeod by just 17 votes. However, a redistribution made Wannon a notionally Liberal seat, Fraser subsequently won the seat with a majority of more than 5,000 on a swing of 8.5 per cent. Aged just 25, he was the youngest Member of Parliament, after more than a decade on the backbench, Fraser was appointed to the Cabinet by the prime minister, Harold Holt, in 1966. As Minister for the Army he presided over the controversial Vietnam War conscription program, in March 1971, Fraser abruptly resigned from the Cabinet in protest at what he called Gortons interference in ministerial responsibilities. This precipitated a series of events eventually led to the downfall of Gorton. Gorton never forgave Fraser for the role he played in his downfall, McMahon immediately reappointed Fraser to the Cabinet, returning him to his old position of Minister for Education and Science. When the Liberals were defeated at the 1972 election by the Labor Party under Gough Whitlam, McMahon resigned, after Snedden was defeated in 1974, Fraser unsuccessfully challenged him for the leadership of the Liberal Party in November. Despite surviving the challenge, Sneddens position in opinion polls continued to decline, Fraser again challenged Snedden on 21 March 1975, this time succeeding and becoming Leader of the Liberal Party and Leader of the Opposition. Fraser was immediately sworn in as prime minister on the condition that he end the political deadlock. On 19 November 1975, shortly after the election had been called, a bomb was sent to Fraser. Similar devices were sent to the governor-general and the Premier of Queensland, at the 1975 election, Fraser led the Liberal-Country Party Coalition to a landslide victory
32.
Andrew Peacock
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Andrew Sharp Peacock AC GCL is a former Australian Liberal politician. Peacock was born in Melbourne, Victoria, the son of a company director. He was educated at Scotch College and at the University of Melbourne and he practised law in Melbourne while making a rapid advance in the Liberal Party. He was president of the Young Liberals in 1962, and in 1963 he married Susan Rossiter and they had three daughters, one of them being the horse trainer Jane Chapple-Hyam. By 1965 he was President of the Victorian Liberal Party, in February 1966, former Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies resigned, triggering a by-election in Kooyong, the eastern Melbourne electorate that he had held for 32 years. Peacock gained Liberal preselection, making him the favourite in this comfortably safe Liberal seat, the Liberals had held the seat since Federation, usually without serious difficulty. As expected, he won the 2 April by-election, albeit with a reduced majority. He easily retained his seat in the election held seven months later. In 1969 he was appointed Minister for the Army, and in this role played a part in the drama which brought down Prime Minister John Gorton in 1971. In 1972 William McMahon made him Minister for Territories, in charge of Australias colonial possession, Papua New Guinea, when the Liberals went into opposition in December 1972, Peacock became a senior member of the Liberal frontbench. As a party moderate, he was a supporter of the new leader, when Snedden lost the 1974 election, Peacock began to be seen as a leadership candidate, but it was Malcolm Fraser who took the initiative and deposed Snedden in 1975. Fraser made Peacock foreign affairs spokesperson, and when Fraser led the Liberals back to power in December 1975 Peacock became Minister for Foreign Affairs and he had a number of acrimonious disputes with Fraser, particularly over the recognition of the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia. After the 1980 election he asked for a change of portfolio, in April 1981 he suddenly resigned, accusing Fraser of constant interference in his portfolio. Fraser called a party meeting, at which Peacock tried to depose him as party leader, Fraser managed to fend off this challenge. In November 1982, when Phillip Lynch resigned from politics, John Howard succeeded him as Deputy Leader, frasers government was defeated in the March 1983 election by the Labor Party under Bob Hawke. Fraser immediately retired from politics, and Peacock contested the party leadership, defeating Howard, as Opposition Leader, Peacock faced an uphill battle against the hugely popular Hawke. At the 1984 election he was little chance of winning. In 1985, as Labors position in opinion polls improved, Peacocks popularity sank and Howards profile rose, Peacock said he would no longer accept Howard as deputy unless he offered assurances that he would not challenge for the leadership
33.
Australian federal election, 1984
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Federal elections were held in Australia on 1 December 1984. All 148 seats in the House of Representatives, and 46 of 76 seats in the Senate, were up for election, the election was held in conjunction with two referendum questions, neither of which was carried. Members in italics did not contest their seat at this election, the election had a long campaign and a high rate of informal voting for the House of Representatives, but decreased rate in the Senate. The election was held 18 months ahead of time, partly to bring the elections for the House of Representatives, the legislated increase in the size of the House of Representatives by 24 seats and the Senate by 12 seats came into effect at the 1984 election. Prior to 1984 the electoral commission did not undertake a full distribution of preferences for statistical purposes, labor instead suffered a 2-point swing against it and had its majority cut from 25 to 16. Andrew Peacock did well from a performance in the one leaders debate. This was the first televised debate in Australia. com election details
34.
Coalition (Australia)
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The Coalition, also known as the Liberal–National Coalition, is a political alliance of centre-right liberal conservative parties, which has existed in Australian politics in various forms since 1923. The extent to which the parties are in alliance varies at state, a Liberal–National merger at a national level has been proposed on several occasions, without much progress. The most notable exception to rule was in Queensland, where the National Party was generally the stronger coalition partner. At all levels of government, the Coalitions strongest opponent is most often the Australian Labor Party, based on the traditional definition of what a Coalition is, it currently only exists in federal, New South Wales and Victorian politics. The main members of the Coalition at the level are the Liberal Party of Australia. The Nationalists only realistic coalition partner was the two-year-old Country Party, hughes resigned, and Page then entered negotiations with the new Nationalist leader, Stanley Bruce. Nonetheless, Bruce agreed rather than force a new election, the Nationalist–Country Coalition was reelected twice, and continued in office until its defeat in 1929. The parties once again joined in a full Coalition government following the 1934 federal election, the Coalition again split following the 1943 election, but the Country Party and the UAPs successor, the present-day Liberal Party, renewed their agreement for the 1946 federal election. They won the 1949 election as a Coalition, and stayed in office for a record 23 years, the Coalition remained together upon entering opposition in 1983 election. The Coalition suffered another break, related to the Joh for Canberra campaign, from April to August 1987, the solidity of the Coalition is so strong that when the Liberals won outright parliamentary majorities in their own right in 1975,1977 and 1996, the Coalition was retained. The status of the Coalition varies across the Commonwealth and states, below is the Coalitions status on a state-by-state basis, New South Wales, A Coalition between the Liberal and National parties exists in New South Wales. The Liberal Party is led by Gladys Berejiklian and the National Party by John Barilaro, led by Barry OFarrell, it won the 2011 state election in a massive swing and the 2015 election with a reduced majority, led by Baird. The Coalition has existed in one form or another without interruption since 1927, New South Wales is the only state where the non-Labor Coalition has never broken, and yet has also never merged. This remained the case even in 2011, when the Liberals won a majority in their own right, the Nationals were the senior partner in the non-Labor Coalition from 1925 until the Coalition was broken in 1983. The Nationals then governed in their own right until 1989, the Coalition was renewed in 1991, and won power under Rob Borbidge from 1996 to 1998. In 2008, the agreed to merge, forming the Liberal National Party. Although it is dominated by former Nationals, it has full voting rights within the Liberal Party, Springborg stood down in 2009, and was succeeded by former Liberal John-Paul Langbroek. The LNP won a majority government in the 2012 state election under the leadership of former Liberal Campbell Newman
35.
Australian federal election, 1993
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Federal elections were held in Australia on 13 March 1993. All 147 seats in the House of Representatives, and 40 seats in the 76-member Senate, were up for election. Independents, Ted Mack, Phil Cleary Members in italics did not contest their seat at this election This was the first election after the full totality of the late 80s/early 90s recession. The opposition Liberal Party was led by John Hewson, a Professor of Economics who succeeded Liberal leader Andrew Peacock in 1990, in November 1991 the opposition launched the 650-page Fightback. The 15 percent GST was the centerpiece of the policy document, hewsons difficulty in explaining this to the electorate was exemplified in the infamous birthday cake interview, considered by some as a turning point in the election campaign. Keating won a fifth consecutive Labor term and a record 13 years in government at the 1993 election. The election-eve Newspoll reported the Liberal/National Coalition on a 50.5 percent two-party-preferred vote, for the first time since the 1966 election, an incumbent government had increased their two-party preferred vote. There was a circumstance in the seat of Dickson. One of the candidates, an independent, died shortly before the election. He won the seat, and was appointed to the ministry on 27 April. com election details
36.
Leader of the Opposition (Australia)
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This is a list of Australian Leaders of the Opposition. The Leader of the Opposition in Australian Federal Politics is a Member of Parliament in the House of Representatives, the position is held by the leader of the party not in government that has the most seats in the House. When in parliament, the Leader of the Opposition sits on the side of the centre table, in front of the Opposition. The Opposition Leader is elected by his or her party according to its rules, a new Opposition Leader may be elected when the incumbent dies, resigns, or is challenged for the leadership. The Commonwealth of Australia is a monarchy with a parliamentary system and is based on the Westminster model. The term Opposition has a meaning in the parliamentary sense. It is an important component of the Westminster system, with the Opposition directing criticism at the Government and attempts to defeat, the Opposition is therefore known as the Government in waiting and it is a formal part of the parliamentary system. It is in opposition to the Government, but not to the Crown, to date there have been 33 Opposition Leaders,18 of whom have served terms as Prime Minister. The current Leader of the Opposition is Bill Shorten of the Australian Labor Party, following an election of the new Parliamentary Labor Leader by caucus and ALP members on 13 October 2013. The current Deputy Leader of the Opposition is Tanya Plibersek of the Australian Labor Party, Tanya Plibersek is the fourth woman to hold the position of Deputy Opposition Leader. List of Prime Ministers of Australia Politics of Australia
37.
Howard Government
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The Howard Government refers to the federal Executive Government of Australia led by Prime Minister John Howard between 11 March 1996 and 3 December 2007. It was made up of members of the Liberal–National Coalition, which won a majority of seats in the Australian House of Representatives at four successive elections, the Howard Government commenced following victory over the Keating Government at the 1996 federal election. It concluded with its defeat at the 2007 federal election by the Australian Labor Party and it was the second-longest government under a single Prime Minister, with the longest having been the second Menzies Government. Two senior ministers served in roles for the duration of the Government. The leader of the National Party served as Deputy Prime Minister, three men served in this capacity during the Howard government, Tim Fischer until July 1999, followed by John Anderson until July 2005 and then Mark Vaile. Decisions of the Executive were made either by the Cabinet or by the appropriate Minister, for the first three terms of government, and part of the fourth term, the Howard Government did not have control of the Senate. Legislation needed the support of the Opposition or minor parties for that legislation to be passed and become law. In the 2004 election, the Coalition won control of the Senate for all but the first nine months of its fourth term, John Howard became Leader of the Opposition on 30 January 1995, replacing Alexander Downer, who resigned in his favour. Downer took the position of Shadow Minister for Foreign Affairs, and Peter Costello retained his position as Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party, Howard had had a long Parliamentary career, having entered Parliament in 1974 and served as Treasurer in the Fraser Government from 1977 to 1983. He replaced Andrew Peacock as leader of the Opposition and in 1985 and challenged the Hawke Government at the 1987 Election, Peacock successfully challenged and replaced Howard prior to the 1990 Election, which again returned Labor. The Liberals turned to two leaders before restoring Howard to the office to lead the Coalition against the Keating Labor Government. Long-serving Labor Treasurer Paul Keating had successfully challenged Bob Hawke for the leadership of the Labor Party, which proposed a Goods and Services Tax as its centrepiece. As opposition leader, Howard delivered a series of headland speeches, in contrast to Keating, he used these addresses to speak in favour of traditional Australian institutions and symbols like the Australian flag and ANZAC legacy. The Keating Government was projecting a budget surplus. Following the election, an $8 billion deficit was confirmed and he called for industrial relations reform to increase flexibility and improve productivity and offered tax relief for families. He proposed increased spending on environmental challenges, to be in part funded by the sale of telstra. He also promised to restore the prime ministers attendance at question time in parliament, the 1996 Election brought to an end 13 years of the Hawke-Keating Labor Government. The Liberal-National Coalition won the election on 2 March 1996 against the incumbent Keating Labor government
38.
Australian federal election, 2007
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The Federal election for the 42nd Parliament of Australia was held on Saturday 24 November 2007 after a 39-day campaign, in which 13.6 million Australians were enrolled to vote. All 150 seats in the House of Representatives and 40 of the seats in the 76-member Senate were contested in the election, the Coalition had been in power since the 1996 election. Independents, Tony Windsor, Bob Katter At 8.00 pm, at 10.29 pm AEST, approximately two hours after the last polls in Western Australia closed, Liberal deputy leader Peter Costello conceded that the Coalition had lost government. At 10.36 pm, John Howard delivered a speech at the Sofitel Wentworth Hotel in Sydney to concede defeat, at 11.05 pm, Kevin Rudd delivered his victory speech. Labor won 83 of the 150 seats in the incoming House of Representatives and this represented a 23-seat swing to Labor. The Liberals won 55 while the Nationals won 10, with two seats retained by Independents, Labor finished with a 52.70 per cent two-party-preferred vote, a 5. 44-point swing from 2004. On preferences,79.7 per cent of Green votes flowed to Labor,60.3 per cent of Family First votes flowed to the Coalition, with 62.5 per cent of Democrat votes flowing to Labor. Western Australia went against the trend, with the Liberals suffering only a 2. 14-point swing against them – lower than all except Tasmania. Independents, Nick Xenophon Labor and the Coalition won 18 seats each in the half-Senate election, the Greens won three seats, with Independent Nick Xenophon being elected on primary votes alone. This took the 76-member Senate total to 37 Coalition,32 Labor,5 Green,1 Family First, and 1 Independent. With a majority being 39 senators, when the new Senate met after 1 July 2008, Xenophon, although reported as left-of-centre, indicated plans to work closely with the renegade National, Senator Barnaby Joyce. If sufficient Coalition senators voted for government legislation, support from the crossbench was not required, xenophons election was at the expense of a Liberal candidate, without his presence the Coalition would have held enough Senate seats to block legislation. Compared to the previous Senate, the Greens gained one, a new Independent was elected, the Coalition lost two, and the Democrats lost all four of their seats. The informal rate of 2.55 per cent ties with the 1993 election as the lowest informal rate in the Senate since federation, the introduction of the group voting ticket at the 1984 election saw the number of informal votes drop dramatically. Prime Minister Stanley Bruce and National Party leader Charles Blunt lost their seats in 1929 and 1990 respectively, Howard had held the seat since 1974, and it had been in Liberal hands ever since its creation in 1949. However, successive redistributions, along with change, had made the once safe Liberal seat much friendlier to Labor. Howards two-party majority was four percent, putting it right on the edge of seats that Labor would likely take in the event it won. Late on election night, when conceding Labor had won government, Howard also acknowledged the likelihood he had lost Bennelong to McKew, though he and he had been ahead by thin margins for most of the night, never leading by more than 0.2 percentage points
39.
Cyprus
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Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean. It is located south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel and Palestine, north of Egypt, the earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC, Cyprus was placed under British administration based on Cyprus Convention in 1878 and formally annexed by Britain in 1914. While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population, the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders, following nationalist violence in the 1950s, Cyprus was granted independence in 1960. On 15 July 1974, a coup détat was staged by Greek Cypriot nationalists and elements of the Greek military junta in an attempt at enosis and these events and the resulting political situation are matters of a continuing dispute. The Cyprus Republic has de jure sovereignty over the island of Cyprus, as well as its territorial sea and exclusive economic area, another nearly 4% of the islands area is covered by the UN buffer zone. The international community considers the part of the island as territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces. The occupation is viewed as illegal under law, amounting to illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus became a member of the European Union. Cyprus is a major tourist destination in the Mediterranean, on 1 January 2008, the Republic of Cyprus joined the eurozone. The earliest attested reference to Cyprus is the 15th century BC Mycenaean Greek
40.
Abbott Government
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The Abbott Government was the federal executive government of Australia led by Prime Minister Tony Abbott. The Government was made up of members of the Liberal–National Coalition, the Leader of the Nationals, Warren Truss, served as Deputy Prime Minister. Following the 2013 Australian federal election on 7 September, the Coalition defeated the second Rudd Government, the Abbott Government was sworn into office on 18 September 2013. Less than two years later on 14 September 2015, Malcolm Turnbull defeated Abbott in a ballot,54 votes to 44. In economic policy, the Abbott Government aimed to rein in a deficit that reached A$48.5 billion by June 2014. It concluded free trade agreements with China, Japan and South Korea and it removed the Rudd-Gillard era Resource Super Profits Tax and carbon pricing. Treasurer Joe Hockey delivered two Budgets, the first focused on expenditure reduction measures, but faced a hostile reception in the Senate, partial deregulation of universities, and a $7 contribution to doctor visits were proposed, but blocked by the Senate. The second Budget emphasised stimulus for the business sector. Abbott campaigned in Opposition and in Office to halt the smuggling trade. In foreign policy, Australia continued its military engagement in the Mid-East, in 2015, The Abbott Government agreed to resettle an additional 12,000 refugees from the region. Abbott and Foreign Minister Julie Bishop challenged Russia at the United Nations over the shooting down of Malaysian Flight MH17 in Ukraine, the Government launched the New Colombo Plan to encourage educational exchange with the Indo-Pacific region. Domestically, Abbott campaigned for recognition of Indigenous Australians in the Australian Constitution, flagging a referendum for 2017, air and road infrastructure was prioritised. Abbott had to negotiate a hostile Senate, the Palmer United Party had emerged at the 2013 Election, but fractured soon after. The Liberal Party faced Cabinet leaks and early leadership instability, after a poorly received first Budget, Abbott became the shortest-serving Australian Prime Minister since William McMahon, when his government was succeeded by the Turnbull Government. The Liberal–National coalition, led by Abbott, won the 2013 Australian federal election, Rudd did not complete his first term in office, having been replaced by Julia Gillard following an internal Labor party leadership vote in June 2010. Leadership instability in the ALP continued, and Gillard was replaced by Rudd following a Labor ballot conducted shortly before the 2013 election. He offered support to the Gillard governments National Disability Insurance Scheme and he took a proposal for an expanded paid parental leave scheme, part funded by a levy on big business, to the 2010 and 2013 elections. In his 2013 election campaign, Abbott told the media that the Coalition wanted to build a stronger economy so that everyone can get ahead, well scrap the carbon tax, end the waste, stop the boats and build the infrastructure and the roads of the 21st century
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