Alexander Downer

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This article is about the current Australian diplomat. For his father, Alexander Downer Sr., see Alick Downer.

The Honourable

Alexander Downer

AC
Alexander Downer (1).jpg
Leader of the Opposition
In office
23 May 1994 – 30 January 1995
Prime MinisterPaul Keating
DeputyPeter Costello
Preceded byJohn Hewson
Succeeded byJohn Howard
Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia
In office
23 May 1994 – 30 January 1995
DeputyPeter Costello
Preceded byJohn Hewson
Succeeded byJohn Howard
Minister for Foreign Affairs
In office
11 March 1996 – 3 December 2007
Prime MinisterJohn Howard
Preceded byGareth Evans
Succeeded byStephen Smith
Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
In office
27 June 2014 – 27 April 2018
Nominated byTony Abbott
Preceded byMike Rann
Succeeded byGeorge Brandis
Member of the Australian Parliament
for Mayo
In office
1 December 1984 – 14 July 2008
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byJamie Briggs
Personal details
Born
Alexander John Gosse Downer

(1951-09-09) 9 September 1951 (age 67)
Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Political partyLiberal
Spouse(s)
Nicola Robinson (m. 1978)
Children4
ParentsAlick Downer
Mary Gosse
EducationGeelong Grammar School
Radley College
Alma materNewcastle University
OccupationExecutive director
(Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry)
Bank economist
(Bank of New South Wales)
ProfessionDiplomat
Politician

Alexander John Gosse Downer AC (born 9 September 1951) is a former Australian politician and diplomat who was leader of the Liberal Party from 1994 to 1995, Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1996 to 2007, and High Commissioner to the United Kingdom from 2014 to 2018.

Downer was born in Adelaide, the son of Sir Alick Downer and the grandson of Sir John Downer. After periods working for the Bank of New South Wales and with the diplomatic service, he was appointed executive director of the Australian Chamber of Commerce in 1983, he also served as an advisor to Liberal leaders Malcolm Fraser and Andrew Peacock. Downer was elected to parliament at the 1984 federal election, winning the Division of Mayo in South Australia, he was added to the opposition frontbench in 1987.

After the Coalition lost the 1993 election, John Hewson's position as leader of the Liberal Party came into question. Downer successfully challenged for the leadership in May 1994, thus becoming Leader of the Opposition, he initially had high approval ratings, but after a series of gaffes resigned the leadership in January 1995 and was replaced by John Howard. He was the first Liberal leader to fail to lead the party to an election, and remains the shortest-serving leader in party history.

When the Howard Government came to power in 1996, Downer was made Minister for Foreign Affairs, he served until the government's defeat in 2007, making him the longest-serving foreign minister in Australian history. Downer left politics in 2008, and was subsequently named Special Adviser to the UN Secretary-General on Cyprus, he held that post until 2014, when he was appointed High Commissioner to the United Kingdom by the Abbott Government.

Early life and career[edit]

Downer was born on 9 September 1951 in Adelaide, South Australia, he is the third of four children born to Sir Alexander "Alick" Downer and Mary Downer (née Gosse); he has three sisters. The Downer family has a long history in South Australian politics. Downer's father was Minister for Immigration in the Menzies Government and later served as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, his paternal grandfather, Sir John Downer, served twice as Premier of South Australia in the late 19th century, and was later one of the inaugural members of the Australian Senate.[2] Downer's maternal grandfather was the businessman and philanthropist James Hay Gosse, whose father was the explorer William Gosse.[3]

Downer was educated at Geelong Grammar School in Australia, then in England (while his father was High Commissioner) at Radley College between 1964 and 1970,[4] he subsequently completed a Bachelor of Arts in politics and economics at Newcastle University in Newcastle upon Tyne. From 1975 to 1976, he worked as an economist for the Bank of New South Wales,[5] before entering the Australian Diplomatic Service, where he served until 1982;[5] some of Downer's time in the Diplomatic Service was spent at a posting in Brussels, where he undertook a French language training course. He then worked as an adviser to the then Liberal Prime Minister, Malcolm Fraser and subsequent Leader of the Federal Opposition Andrew Peacock.[5] From 1983 to 1984, he also served as the Executive Director of the Australian Chamber of Commerce.[5] In 1984, he was elected to the federal Parliament as Liberal member for Mayo, in the Adelaide Hills in South Australia, he held this seat until his resignation from Parliament in 2008.

Opposition Leader[edit]

Downer held a number of positions on the Opposition front bench from 1987 onwards; when the Liberals unexpectedly lost the 1993 election to Prime Minister Paul Keating, after the election Downer became Shadow Treasurer replacing Peter Reith who had resigned from the portfolio.[6] During this time, Downer began to be talked of as a possible leader, and in May 1994 he succeeded John Hewson as leader of the Liberal party after defeating him in a leadership ballot. (Hewson intended to resign if the Coalition lost the 1993 election, but continued on regardless.)

As Liberal leader, Downer initially attracted record levels of public support, even when incumbent Prime Minister Paul Keating launched a series of attacks on Downer's privileged background.[7] Then aged forty three, he was perceived as a fresh-faced alternative[citation needed] to a government in its 12th year of power.

Several months after becoming leader Downer's support base was quickly eroded, however, by a series of embarrassing public blunders. One was the emergence of a 1987 speech to the far-right Australian League of Rights.[8] Another was the sacking of John Hewson from the shadow ministry in August 1994.[9] During 1994, Downer expressed interest in repealing the Mabo Legislation if elected at the next federal election due to be arranged by 1996.[10] A damaging incident emerged from a formal dinner attended by Downer. While promoting the Liberal slogan "The Things That Matter", in a reference to abusing husbands, Downer quipped that the party's domestic violence policy would accordingly be named "The Things That Batter". Downer also found it difficult to handle the gulf between monarchists and republicans in his own party but resolved the dispute by promising to establish a constitutional convention to consider the issue. By the end of 1994, his approval ratings had dwindled to 34 percent after being as high as 53 percent.[citation needed]

On 9 January 1995, internal Liberal Party polling showed that with Downer as leader, the Coalition had a slim chance of holding its marginal seats in the next election, let alone of winning government. On 11 January, Downer launched a major policy statement with ten policy commitments and criticised Liberals he saw as undermining his leadership. Downer negotiated in mid-January with now back-bencher Hewson, but this resulted in Hewson publicly declaring he wanted the shadow Treasury portfolio, which was held by Downer's deputy, Peter Costello. On 26 January 1995, he resigned as Liberal Leader and John Howard was elected unopposed to replace him. Downer pledged his support to Howard and said he would "kneecap" anyone who undermined Howard's second attempt at winning the prime ministership.[11]

With a tenure of just over eight months, Downer is to date the shortest-serving leader of the federal Liberal Party, he is also, alongside Brendan Nelson, one of two federal Liberal leaders never to lead the party into an election. On opposition leadership, he said in 2008, "The moment when I wanted to [leave] was just about the first day I started in the job. There was many a time from the first day onwards when I thought to myself, How the hell can I get out of this?"[12]

Downer is also the only Liberal leader to become a minister after his tenure as leader had concluded and not before and duration of it.

Minister for Foreign Affairs[edit]

Downer's 2003 official portrait
Downer with former German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer at Parliament House, Canberra, February 2005
Downer with U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in 2007.

Given choice of cabinet position[7] in the incoming Howard government elected in March 1996, Downer became Minister for Foreign Affairs, a position he held until 3 December 2007, he became the longest-serving Foreign Minister of Australia on 20 December 2004.

One of Downer's earliest initiatives as Foreign Minister was to work with New Zealand to broker a peace agreement in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea, which ended a long running civil conflict.

In 1996, Downer took the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty to the United Nations General Assembly where it was embraced by most members of the world body. Pakistan, India and North Korea were among those who failed to ratify the treaty and went ahead in developing nuclear weapons capability. In 1999, the U.S. Senate rejected ratification of the treaty. Downer stated

It's pretty hard to say on the one hand that we feel very strongly about Pakistani and Indian nuclear testing and on the other hand the U.S. Senate won't ratify the ...treaty... The last thing the United States wants to see is a resumption of nuclear testing or the proliferation of nuclear weapons – and it is the last thing Australia wants to see. By refusing to ratify this treaty, the United States Senate has done a lot to undermine the arms control agenda that the international community, including Australia, has been working on.[13]

However, subsequent policies of the Howard government, including export of uranium to India, and general support for the unilateralist approach of the Bush Administration were seen as undermining the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.[14] In 1999, Downer played a key role in assisting the United Nations to hold a referendum in East Timor and in negotiating the entry of the INTERFET peace keeping force into East Timor;[15] this intervention attracted the interest of Osama Bin Laden who called for retaliation against Australia and its interests.[16][17][18][19]

In 2003, Downer signed a controversial agreement with the government of East Timor for mining of gas and oil reserves in the Timor Gap;[20] the agreement was criticised as unfair to East Timor and attracted a bipartisan letter of reproach from 50 members of the United States Congress.[21][22][23][24] The reserves were closer to East Timor than Australia but claimed by Australia on the basis of a treaty made with General Suharto in 1989.[25]

As Minister for Foreign Affairs, Downer played a role in the diplomatic dispute known as the Tampa affair in 2001 in which Australia denied permission for the MV Tampa to dock at Christmas Island, having picked up a number of asylum seekers trying to get to Australia by boat. Downer also played a role in the subsequent negotiation of the "Pacific Solution" in which Australia held asylum seekers off-shore in foreign jurisdictions.[citation needed]

In 2003, Downer was accused of not passing on intelligence reports he received before the 2002 Bali bombings, he countered that the warnings were not specific enough to warrant their further release to the Australian public.[26]

Downer supported Australia's participation in the Iraq War, he argued that Iraq, the Middle East and the world would be better off without the regime of Saddam Hussein and he defended the claim that weapons of mass destruction would be found in Iraq.[27][28][29]

In August 2004, he made the claim based on official assessment reports that North Korea's Taepo Dong ballistic missile had a range sufficient to reach Sydney, a view disputed by some.[30]

In 2005, Australian members of the spiritual group Falun Gong launched action against Downer in the ACT Supreme Court alleging that his department had unfairly limited their freedom of expression.[31][32]

The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade under Downer was accused by Chinese diplomat and defector Chen Yonglin of closely collaborating with the Chinese Embassy in Canberra, even to the extent of "giving suggestions to the Chinese Government on how to handle difficult political cases." Downer was accused of pursuing an unduly strong pro-China policy and failing to address human rights violations adequately.[33]

In March 2006, Downer said the Australian Government opposed selling uranium to India. Downer was quoted as saying "Australia had no plans to change a policy which rules out uranium sales to countries like India which have not signed the UN's nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)." Following the conclusion of the US-India nuclear agreement, the Australian Government said it would export uranium to civil nuclear facilities in India subject to several conditions, one of which was the conclusion of a bilateral safeguards agreement.[citation needed]

In April 2006, he appeared before the Cole Inquiry regarding the oil for food scandal and testified that he was ignorant of the huge kickbacks paid to the Iraq government, despite claims by the Opposition Labor Party that many warnings that had been received by his department from various sources; the Cole inquiry made it clear Downer had been unaware of the kickbacks.

In July 2006, it was claimed that six months before the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Downer had argued that participating in the invasion would be commercially beneficial for Australia. Downer expressed concern that the war might lead to America taking all of Australia's wheat market.[34]

In August 2006, it was claimed by a former weapons inspector Dr John Gee, that Downer had in 2004 suppressed accurate and provable information that the search for weapons of mass destruction in Iraq was fundamentally flawed;[35][36][37] this claim was false.

As Foreign Minister, Downer initially supported the United States Government's incarceration of two Australian citizens, David Hicks and Mamdouh Habib, in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.[38][39] Downer later told the US he wanted both released if they were not to be charged. On that basis, Habib was released and Hicks charged.

A major challenge for Downer was handling relations with Australia's most important neighbour, Indonesia. Downer negotiated the 2006 Lombok Treaty to put security relations between the two countries on a stable footing, built bilateral co-operation to fight terrorism, people smuggling and illegal fishing. One of the recent difficulties which erupted between Australia and Indonesia was when Australia accepted a boatload of asylum seekers from Indonesia's Papua province in March 2006.[40]

In September 2007, on the sidelines of the 2007 APEC Conference in Sydney, Downer indicated that Australia planned to launch bilateral ministerial-level security talks with the People's Republic of China. Downer also stated, "China is a good partner of Australia. Whatever the differences there are between us in terms of our political systems, human rights issues, China is a very important part of the strategic architecture, the security architecture of the Asia-Pacific region and it's important we have good forums to discuss any issues of that kind with them."[41]

Post-parliamentary career[edit]

Following the Howard Government's defeat at the 2007 federal election, Downer declined to make a comeback to the leadership and to serve on the Opposition frontbench, amid widespread speculation that he would resign his seat and seek new employment, he subsequently resigned from Parliament on 14 July 2008.[42] His resignation triggered a by-election in the seat of Mayo.

On 3 July 2008, the University of Adelaide announced Downer's appointment as Visiting Professor of Politics and International Trade in the School of History and Politics, including contributions to teaching and research, and work with the University's Institute for International Trade,[43] he was also the vice chairman at Carnegie Mellon University, South Australia.

At about the same time, he went into partnership with Ian Smith (a former Liberal Party advisor and husband of former Australian Democrats leader and Senator for South Australia Natasha Stott Despoja) and Nick Bolkus (a former Labor Senator for South Australia) in a boutique consultancy firm, Bespoke Approach.[44]

Also in 2008, Downer discussed the possibility of working as a United Nations envoy to Cyprus with the UN Secretary-General to help revive the peace process;[45] the appointment received the support of the Rudd government, via the Foreign Minister Stephen Smith,[46] and it took effect on 14 July 2008.[47] He resigned in February 2014 to take up the post of Australia's High Commissioner in London.

He has had a number of board appointments, including the Advisory Board of British strategic intelligence and advisory firm Hakluyt & Company,[48] Merchant Bankers Cappello Capital Corp.,[49] the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra,[50] Huawei in Australia,[51] and the board of Lakes Oil.[52] Downer has said that Huawei should not be considered a potential national security risk.[53] Downer's comments are at odds with an October 2012 US congressional panel's findings that have deemed Huawei a security threat to the US and other nations.[54]

A longtime supporter of Australians for Constitutional Monarchy, Downer has played a leading role opposing moves to replace the Queen with a president.[55]

In 2015, he was recommended by British and Australian officials as a possible compromise candidate for Commonwealth Secretary-General[56] but Baroness Patricia Scotland was ultimately elected to the post at the 2015 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting.[57]

On 10 May 2016, according to The New York Times, Downer met with George Papadopoulos in London and information from this meeting caused the FBI to open a counterintelligence investigation into Russia's attempts to disrupt the 2016 US Presidential election, and whether there was any involvement by Donald Trump's associates.[58] Downer told The Australian in a 28 April 2018 interview that, "nothing [Papadopoulos] said in their meeting indicated Trump himself had been conspiring with the Russians to collect information on Hillary Clinton."[59]

In 2017, it was announced that Downer would join UK think tank Policy Exchange as Chair of Trustees.[60] In June 2018, Downer became the Executive Chairman of the International School of Government at King's College, London, he is a non-executive director of CQS and of Yellow Cake plc

Honours[edit]

In January 2001, he was awarded the Centenary Medal.[61]

Downer was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia in the 2013 Australia Day Honours. In the same year, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the University of South Australia.[62]

Personal life[edit]

Alexander Downer is married to Nicky (née Nicola Rosemary Robinson), who is a prominent figure in the arts community and was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in 2005 for her service to the arts,[63] they have four children, Georgina, Olivia, Edward, and Henrietta.

Downer is an enthusiast of V8 car racing and holds a CAMS racing licence.[64][65]

In mid-2014, the Downers sold Brampton House in Mount George,[66] though they intended to return to South Australia in 2017.[67]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ Downer, Sir Alexander Russell (Alick) (1910–1981), Australian Dictionary of Biography.
  3. ^ "Gosse, Sir James Hay (1876–1952) Biographical Entry – Australian Dictionary of Biography Online". Australian National University. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  4. ^ Mitchell, Alex (3 June 1994). "Radley pins its hopes on Master Downer". Sun Herald. John Fairfax Group Ltd. p. 30.
  5. ^ a b c d Staff writer (29 August 2006). "Alexander Downer". The Advertiser. News Limited. p. 44.
  6. ^ "Biography for DOWNER, the Hon. Alexander John Gosse". Parlinfo.aph.gov.au. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  7. ^ a b TonyWright, (2 July 2008), Taking his leave: Alexander Downer, Australia's longest-serving foreign minister, is set to quit politics, Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 28 December 2016
  8. ^ An Open Letter to Alexander Downer Archived 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Australian League of Rights
  9. ^ Name: * (31 August 1994). "Loose cannons". Greenleft.org.au. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  10. ^ "Aboriginal leader discusses his reasons for describing the Government leadership as 'racist scum' over the native title 10-point plan". Parlinfo.aph.gov.au. 5 November 1997. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  11. ^ Ward, Ian (December 1995). "Australian Political Chronicle: January–June 1995". Australian Journal of Politics and History. 41 (3).
  12. ^ Fraser, David (3 July 2008). "A gladiator in the political arena: ABC 3/7/2008". Abc.net.au. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  13. ^ "Disarmament Diplomacy: – Aftermath Of US Senate CTBT Rejection". Acronym.org.uk. 1 August 2002. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  14. ^ "Archived item". Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  15. ^ "UN approves Timor force". BBC News, British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 September 1999. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  16. ^ Williams, Daryl (26 February 2003). "Address to 'International Studies' & 'Australian Foreign Policy' students". Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  17. ^ Parkinson, Tony (14 November 2002). "'Bin Laden' voices new threat to Australia". The Age. Melbourne: Fairfax Media. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  18. ^ "Program Transcript – Former CIA worker analyses bin Laden threat". Lateline. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 August 2005. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  19. ^ Johnston, Tim (11 May 2005). "East Timor Tightens Security After Terror Warning". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  20. ^ "The World Today Archive – Greens & Democrats: East Timor robbed over gas deal". Abc.net.au. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  21. ^ "Program Transcript – Greens & Democrats: East Timor robbed over gas deal". The World Today – ABC Local Radio. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 6 March 2003. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  22. ^ Oxfam Australia :: The future of East Timor Archived 11 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ "Save East Timor". Save East Timor. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  24. ^ The Guardian Archived 1 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ Steele, Jonathan (14 October 2003). "Anger in East Timor as Australia plays tough over gas reserves". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  26. ^ "Program Transcript – Govt under fire in Bali intelligence row". 7:30 Report. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 18 June 2003. Retrieved 30 August 2007.
  27. ^ "Program Transcript – War critics call for WMD evidence". Lateline. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 June 2003. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  28. ^ "Program Transcript – Secrets and Lies". Four Corners. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 February 2005. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  29. ^ "Wait and see on Iraqi weapons: Downer". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 January 2004. Archived from the original on 26 June 2004. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  30. ^ "Downer launches own missile on eve of visit to North Korea". Sydney Morning Herald. 14 August 2004. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  31. ^ "The World Today – Falun Gong launches legal action against Downer". Abc.net.au. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  32. ^ Mike Steketee: The price is rights | The Australian
  33. ^ "Chinese Defectors Reveal Chinese Strategy and Agents in Australia". Nationalobserver.net. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  34. ^ Baker, Richard (3 July 2006). "Australia's other war in Iraq". The Age. Melbourne: Fairfax Media. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  35. ^ Wilkinson, Marian (31 August 2006). "Weapons cover-up revealed". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  36. ^ Wilkinson, Marian (1 September 2006). "Weapons: Downer admits being told". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  37. ^ Staff writer (1 September 2006). "Rudd accuses Downer of WMD report cover-up". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 8 December 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  38. ^ "Program Transcript – Downer backs Guantanamo military commissions". The 7.30 Report. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 August 2005. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  39. ^ Melia, Michael (30 March 2007). "Australian Gitmo Detainee Gets 9 Months". Washington Post. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
  40. ^ "Papua refugees get Australia visa". BBC News. 23 March 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  41. ^ "Australia, China to launch security talks next year". Reuters. 5 September 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  42. ^ "Downer quits politics, eyes UN role: The Age 3/7/2008". Melbourne: Theage.com.au. 3 July 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  43. ^ "Former Foreign Affairs Minister takes uni role". Adelaide.edu.au. 3 July 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  44. ^ "> Alexander Downer". Bespoke Approach. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  45. ^ "Rudd supports possible Downer move to UN". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 May 2008. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
  46. ^ AAP (2008). Smith backs Downer as UN envoy to Cyprus. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
  47. ^ ABC News (2008). UN names Downer as Cyprus envoy. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
  48. ^ Baker, Richard; McKenzie, Nick (14 October 2008). "Downer joins Eddington at 'spy' company". Melbourne: Theage.com.au. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  49. ^ "Private Placements of Equity Capital Private Public Companies PIPE Financing | Cappello Capital Corp". Cappellocorp.com. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  50. ^ "Adelaide Symphony Orchestra". Aso.com.au. Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  51. ^ The Australian (2011). Huawei names John Brumby, Alexander Downer board members. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
  52. ^ The Sydney Morning Herald (2013). Downer joins Lakes Oil as Rinehart board appointee. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
  53. ^ Malcolm Maiden (24 October 2009). "Huawei a security risk by any gauge". Smh.com.au. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  54. ^ "Huawei and ZTE pose security threat, warns US panel". Bbc.co.uk. 8 October 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  55. ^ Farr, Malcolm (23 February 2008). "Pressure for 2010 vote on republic | The Age". Herald Sun.
  56. ^ "Alexander Downer touted as next secretary-general of the Commonwealth". The Guardian. 10 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  57. ^ "Commonwealth elects first woman secretary general". Times of Malta. 27 November 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  58. ^ LaFraniere, Sharon; Mazzetti, Mark; Apuzzo, Matt (30 December 2017). "How the Russia Inquiry Began: A Campaign Aide, Drinks and Talk of Political Dirt". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  59. ^ "Subscribe to The Australian | Newspaper home delivery, website, iPad, iPhone & Android apps". www.theaustralian.com.au. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  60. ^ "Policy Exchange is delighted to announce that our next Chairman of Trustees will be Alexander Downer, High Commissioner of Australia". 19 June 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  61. ^ "DOWNER, Alexander John – Centenary Medal". It's an Honour database. Australian Government. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
  62. ^ "Honorary Doctorates". University of South Australia. 2013. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  63. ^ "It's an Honour: AM". Itsanhonour.gov.au. 26 January 2005. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  64. ^ "Downer tops 250 kph in V8 joyride". The Age. 1 July 2005. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  65. ^ "Alexander Downer gets the ride of his life". Phillip Island Auto Racing Club Ltd. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  66. ^ Jonathan Chancelor, (20 January 2015), London-based Alexander Downer sells Adelaide Hills home, Property Observer Retrieved 13 Mar 2016
  67. ^ Carolyn Boyd, (11 November 2015), ‘Retirement is death': Downsizer Alexander Downer contemplates life after London, Domain, retrieved 13 March 2016

External links[edit]

Parliament of Australia
New division Member for Mayo
1984–2008 		Succeeded by
Jamie Briggs
Party political offices
Preceded by
John Hewson 		Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia
1994–1995 		Succeeded by
John Howard
Political offices
Preceded by
John Hewson 		Leader of the Opposition of Australia
1994–1995 		Succeeded by
John Howard
Preceded by
Gareth Evans 		Minister for Foreign Affairs
1996–2007 		Succeeded by
Stephen Smith
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Mike Rann 		Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
2014–2018 		Succeeded by
George Brandis

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