Alexander Farnese was an Italian noble and military leader, who was Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Castro from 1586 to 1592, as well as Governor of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592. Nephew to Ki
Portrait of the Prince when he was 15 by Sofonisba Anguissola, 1560
The Siege of Maastricht in 1579
Parma's bridge-of-boats over the Scheldt in 1585.
Alexander Farnese was made responsible for the failure of the Armada which marked the beginning of the end of his brilliant career.
Army of Flanders
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The Army of Flanders was a field army of the Spanish Army based in the Spanish Netherlands between the 16th and 18th centuries. It was one of the longest-serving field armies of the early modern era,
The Army of Flanders' deployment for the Battle of Nieuwpoort (1600).
The Army of Flanders taking Maastricht in 1579
Mutinous troops of the Army of Flanders ransack the Grote Markt during the Sack of Antwerp, in a Dutch engraving of 1576 by Franc Hogenburg.
The Battle of White Mountain, 1620, a triumph for the Army of Flanders and the Army of the Catholic League.