1.
Istanbul
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Istanbul, historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium, is the most populous city in Turkey and the countrys economic, cultural, and historic center. Istanbul is a city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosphorus strait between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side, the city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, both hosting a population of around 14.7 million residents. Istanbul is one of the worlds most populous cities and ranks as the worlds 7th-largest city proper, founded under the name of Byzantion on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE, the city developed to become one of the most significant in history. After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE, it served as a capital for almost 16 centuries, during the Roman and Byzantine, the Latin. Overlooked for the new capital Ankara during the period, the city has since regained much of its prominence. The population of the city has increased tenfold since the 1950s, as migrants from across Anatolia have moved in, arts, music, film, and cultural festivals were established at the end of the 20th century and continue to be hosted by the city today. Infrastructure improvements have produced a complex transportation network, considered a global city, Istanbul has one of the fastest-growing metropolitan economies in the world. It hosts the headquarters of many Turkish companies and media outlets and accounts for more than a quarter of the gross domestic product. Hoping to capitalize on its revitalization and rapid expansion, Istanbul has bid for the Summer Olympics five times in twenty years, the first known name of the city is Byzantium, the name given to it at its foundation by Megarean colonists around 660 BCE. The name is thought to be derived from a personal name, ancient Greek tradition refers to a legendary king of that name as the leader of the Greek colonists. Modern scholars have hypothesized that the name of Byzas was of local Thracian or Illyrian origin. He also attempted to promote the name Nova Roma and its Greek version Νέα Ῥώμη Nea Romē, the use of Constantinople to refer to the city during the Ottoman period is now considered politically incorrect, even if not historically inaccurate, by Turks. By the 19th century, the city had acquired other names used by foreigners or Turks. Europeans used Constantinople to refer to the whole of the city, pera was used to describe the area between the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, but Turks also used the name Beyoğlu. The name İstanbul is commonly held to derive from the Medieval Greek phrase εἰς τὴν Πόλιν and this reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity. The importance of Constantinople in the Ottoman world was reflected by its Ottoman name Der Saadet meaning the gate to Prosperity in Ottoman. An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from the name Constantinople, with the first, a Turkish folk etymology traces the name to Islam bol plenty of Islam because the city was called Islambol or Islambul as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire
2.
Novara
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Novara listen is the capital city of the province of Novara in the Piedmont region in northwest Italy, to the west of Milan. With about 105,000 inhabitants, it is the second most populous city in Piedmont after Turin and it is an important crossroads for commercial traffic along the routes from Milan to Turin and from Genoa to Switzerland. Novara lies between the rivers Agogna and Terdoppio in northeastern Piedmont,50 kilometres from Milan and 95 kilometres from Turin, Novara was founded in ancient times by the Romans. Its name is formed from Nov, meaning new, and Aria, ancient Novaria, which dates to the time of the Ligures and the Celts, was a municipium and was situated on the road from Vercellae to Milan. Its position on perpendicular roads dates to the time of the Romans, after the city was destroyed in 386 by Magnus Maximus for having supported his rival Valentinian II, it was rebuilt by Theodosius I. Subsequently, it was sacked by Radagaisus and Attila, under the Lombards, Novara became a duchy, under Charles the Fat, a countship. Novara came to enjoy the rights of an imperial city. In 1110, it was conquered by Henry V and destroyed, at the end of the 12th century, it accepted the protection of Milan and became practically a dominion of the Visconti and later of the Sforza. In the Battle of Novara in 1513, Swiss mercenaries defending Novara for the Sforzas of Milan routed the French troops besieging the city and this defeat ended the French invasion of Italy in the War of the League of Cambrai. In 1706, Novara, which had long ago been promised by Filippo Maria Visconti to Amadeus VIII of Savoy, was occupied by Savoyard troops, with the Peace of Utrecht, the city, together with Milan, became part of the Habsburg Empire. After its occupation in 1734, Novara passed, in the following year, after Napoleons campaign in Italy, Novara became the capital of the Department of the Agogna, but was then reassigned to the House of Savoy in 1814. In 1821, it was the site of a battle in which regular Sardinian troops defeated the Piedmontese constitutional liberals, in the even larger Battle of Novara in 1849, the Sardinian army was defeated by the Austrian army of Field Marshal Joseph Radetzky von Radetz. This defeat led to the abdication of Charles Albert of Sardinia, the defeat of the Sardinians can be seen as the beginning of the Italian unification movement. A decree in 1859 created the province of Novara, which included the present-day provinces of Vercelli, Biella. The city of Novara had a population of 25,144 in 1861, industrialisation during the 20th century brought an increase in the citys population to 102,088 in 1981. The citys population has changed little in subsequent years, oscar Luigi Scalfaro, former president of Italy and Italian senator for life, was born in Novara in 1918. Novaras sights can be divided into two groupings, the citys most important sights lie within its historic centre, the area once enclosed by the city walls. However, several important sights also lie outside the line of the city walls
3.
Piedmont
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Piedmont is one of the 20 regions of Italy. It has an area of 25,402 square kilometres and a population of about 4.6 million, the capital of Piedmont is Turin. The name Piedmont comes from medieval Latin Pedemontium or Pedemontis, i. e. ad pedem montium, meaning “at the foot of the mountains”. Other towns of Piedmont with more than 20,000 inhabitants sorted by population and it borders with France, Switzerland and the Italian regions of Lombardy, Liguria, Aosta Valley and for a very small fragment with Emilia Romagna. The geography of Piedmont is 43. 3% mountainous, along with areas of hills. Piedmont is the second largest of Italys 20 regions, after Sicily and it is broadly coincident with the upper part of the drainage basin of the river Po, which rises from the slopes of Monviso in the west of the region and is Italy’s largest river. The Po collects all the waters provided within the semicircle of mountains which surround the region on three sides, from the highest peaks the land slopes down to hilly areas, and then to the upper, and then to the lower great Padan Plain. 7. 6% of the territory is considered protected area. There are 56 different national or regional parks, one of the most famous is the Gran Paradiso National Park located between Piedmont and the Aosta Valley, Piedmont was inhabited in early historic times by Celtic-Ligurian tribes such as the Taurini and the Salassi. They were later subdued by the Romans, who founded several colonies there including Augusta Taurinorum, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was repeatedly invaded by the Burgundians, the Goths, Byzantines, Lombards, Franks. In the 9th–10th centuries there were incursions by the Magyars. At the time Piedmont, as part of the Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire, was subdivided into several marks, in 1046, Oddo of Savoy added Piedmont to their main territory of Savoy, with a capital at Chambéry. Other areas remained independent, such as the powerful comuni of Asti and Alessandria, the County of Savoy was elevated to a duchy in 1416, and Duke Emanuele Filiberto moved the seat to Turin in 1563. In 1720, the Duke of Savoy became King of Sardinia, founding what evolved into the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Republic of Alba was created in 1796 as a French client republic in Piedmont. A new client republic, the Piedmontese Republic, existed between 1798 and 1799 before it was reoccupied by Austrian and Russian troops, in June 1800 a third client republic, the Subalpine Republic, was established in Piedmont. It fell under full French control in 1801 and it was annexed by France in September 1802, in the congress of Vienna, the Kingdom of Sardinia was restored, and furthermore received the Republic of Genoa to strengthen it as a barrier against France. Piedmont was a springboard for Italys unification in 1859–1861, following earlier unsuccessful wars against the Austrian Empire in 1820–1821 and this process is sometimes referred to as Piedmontisation. However, the efforts were countered by the efforts of rural farmers
4.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
7.
1960 Formula One season
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The 1960 Formula One season was the 14th season of the FIAs Formula One motor racing. It featured the eleventh FIA World Championship of Drivers, the third International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, the World Championship commenced on 7 February 1960 and ended on 20 November after ten races. Jack Brabham won his second title with his Cooper team defending its constructors title. The last year of the 2.5 litre formula produced repeat victories for Jack Brabham and Cooper, and saw Lotus, Porsche, lance Reventlows Scarabs, like the Aston Martins, were front-engined and outclassed. Stirling Moss Rob Walker Lotus gave Colin Chapman his first Grand Prix win at Monaco, all other Grands Prix went to Cooper, except for the Italian which was boycotted by the British constructors since the Italians were using Monzas banked circuit. The points-scoring system was changed with the point for fastest lap being dropped, the best six scores counted towards the championship, increased from five from the previous season. It was the last World Drivers Championship to include the Indianapolis 500, three drivers died in this season of Grand Prix racing. American Harry Schell in a race at Silverstone, and Britons Chris Bristow & Alan Stacey. Stirling Moss was severely injured in an accident at this event. The Moroccan Grand Prix, originally scheduled for 1 October, was cancelled for another year for monetary reasons, the following teams and drivers competed in the 1960 FIA World Championship. Points were awarded on an 8–6–4–3–2–1 basis at each round, with only the best six round results retained, only the best placed car from each manufacturer at each round was eligible to score points. Bold results counted to championship totals, other Formula One races also held in 1960, which did not count towards the World Championship. 1960 World Championship race results and images at f1-facts. com
8.
1960 Italian Grand Prix
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The 1960 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monza on 4 September 1960. The race was won by American driver Phil Hill driving a Ferrari 246 F1, the 1960 season had been a frustrating one for Ferraris Formula 1 program as they campaigned their obsolete Dino 246, a front engined car as the rear engined design established supremacy. The championship had already decided for Jack Brabham and Ferrari had gone without a victory. The race was an affair, with Ginther leading at the start. The pair with teammate Willy Mairesse raced on to a rare 1–2–3 team result for Scuderia Ferrari. It was the first victory by an American driver in a Grand Prix since Jimmy Murphy in 1921, and it would also be the last Formula One victory by a front-engined car. Notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, Only the best 6 results counted towards each Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points scored
9.
Auto racing
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Auto racing is a sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Almost as soon as automobiles had been invented, races of various sorts were organised, by the 1930s specialist racing cars had developed. There are now numerous different categories, each with different rules and it was won by the carriage of Isaac Watt Boulton. Internal combustion auto racing events began soon after the construction of the first successful gasoline-fueled automobiles, the first organized contest was on April 28,1887, by the chief editor of Paris publication Le Vélocipède, Monsieur Fossier. It ran 2 kilometres from Neuilly Bridge to the Bois de Boulogne, on July 22,1894, the Parisian magazine Le Petit Journal organized what is considered to be the worlds first motoring competition, from Paris to Rouen. One hundred and two competitors paid a 10-franc entrance fee, the first American automobile race is generally held to be the Thanksgiving Day Chicago Times-Herald race of November 28,1895. Press coverage of the event first aroused significant American interest in the automobile, brooklands, in Surrey, was the first purpose-built motor racing venue, opening in June 1907. It featured a 4.43 km concrete track with high-speed banked corners, One of the oldest existing purpose-built automobile racing circuits in the United States, still in use, is the 2. 5-mile -long Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. It is the largest capacity venue of any variety worldwide, with a top capacity of some 257. NASCAR was founded by Bill France, Sr. on February 21,1948, the first NASCAR Strictly Stock race ever was held on June 19,1949, at Daytona Beach, Florida. From 1962, sports cars temporarily took a seat to GT cars. From 1972 through 2003, NASCARs premier series was called the Winston Cup Series, the changes that resulted from RJRs involvement, as well as the reduction of the schedule from 48 to 31 races a year, established 1972 as the beginning of NASCARs modern era. The IMSA GT Series evolved into the American Le Mans Series, the European races eventually became the closely related Le Mans Series, both of which mix prototypes and GTs. The best-known variety of racing, Formula One, which hosts the famous Monaco Grand Prix. In single-seater, the wheels are not covered, and the cars often have aerofoil wings front, in Europe and Asia, open-wheeled racing is commonly referred to as Formula, with appropriate hierarchical suffixes. In North America, the Formula terminology is not followed, the sport is usually arranged to follow an international format, a regional format, and/or a domestic, or country-specific, format. In North America, the used in the National Championship have traditionally been similar though less sophisticated than F1 cars. The series most famous race is the Indianapolis 500, the other major international single-seater racing series is GP2
10.
Sports car racing
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Sports car racing is a form of circuit auto racing with sports cars that have two seats and enclosed wheels. They may be purpose-built or related to road-going models, a type of hybrid between the purism of open-wheelers and the familiarity of touring car racing, this style is often associated with the annual Le Mans 24 Hours endurance race. First run in 1923, Le Mans is one of the oldest motor races still in existence, other classic but now defunct sports car races include the Italian classics, the Targa Florio and Mille Miglia, and the Mexican Carrera Panamericana. Most top class sports car races emphasize endurance, reliability, and strategy, longer races usually involve complex pit strategy and regular driver changes. These makers top road cars have often very similar both in engineering and styling to those raced. This close association with the nature of the cars serves as a useful distinction between sports car racing and touring cars. The 12 Hours of Sebring,24 Hours of Daytona, and 24 Hours of Le Mans were once considered the trifecta of sports car racing. In the 1920s, the used in endurance racing and Grand Prix were still basically identical, with fenders. Cars such as the Bugatti Type 35 were almost equally at home in Grands Prix and endurance events, but specialisation gradually started to differentiate the sports-racer from the Grand Prix car. As mainly Italian cars and races defined the genre, the category was called Gran Turismo, as long distances had to be travelled, reliability and some basic comfort were necessary in order to endure the task. After the Second World War, sports car racing emerged as a form of racing with its own classic races. Top Grand Prix drivers also competed regularly in sports car racing, from 1962 sports cars temporarily took a back seat to GT cars with the FIA replacing the World Championship for Sports Cars with the International Championship for GT Manufacturers. The US scene tended to feature small MG and Porsche cars in the smaller classes, the combination of mostly British chassis and American V8 engines gave rise to the popular and spectacular Can-Am series in the 1960s and 1970s. Clubmans provided much entertainment at club-racing level from the 1960s into the 1990s, after a relative period of decline in the 1980s a British GT Championship emerged in the mid-90s. Road races such as the Mille Miglia included everything from stock touring cars to World Championship contenders, the Mille Miglia was the largest sporting event in Italy until a fatal accident caused its demise in 1957. The Targa Florio, another road race, remained part of the world championship until the 1970s. Between the late 1960s and late 1970s, Matra and Renault made significant, the competition at Le Mans even made it to the movie screens, with Steve McQueens film Le Mans. This era was seen by many as the highpoint of sports car racing, with the technology, a peculiarly American form of sports car racing was the Can-Am series, in which virtually unlimited sports prototypes competed in relatively short races
11.
Cooper Car Company
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The Cooper Car Company was founded in December 1947 by Charles Cooper and his son John Cooper. Together with Johns boyhood friend, Eric Brandon, they began by building racing cars in Charless small garage in Surbiton, Surrey, England, in 1946. The first cars built by the Coopers were single-seat 500-cc Formula Three racing cars driven by John Cooper and Eric Brandon, since materials were in short supply immediately after World War II, the prototypes were constructed by joining two old Fiat Topolino front-ends together. According to John Cooper, the stroke of genius that would make the Coopers an automotive legend—the location of the engine behind the driver—was merely a matter at the time. Because the car was powered by an engine, they believed it was more convenient to have the engine in the back. In fact there was nothing new about mid engined racing cars, Cooper built up to 300 single-and twin-cylinder cars during the 1940s and 1950s, and dominated the F3 category, winning 64 of 78 major races between 1951 and 1954. Though Schell retired in the first lap, this marked the first appearance of a racer at a Grand Prix event since the end of WWII. The front-engined Formula Two Cooper Bristol model was introduced in 1952, until the company began building rear-engined sports cars in 1955, they really had not become aware of the benefits of having the engine behind the driver. Based on the 500-cc cars and powered by a modified Coventry Climax fire-pump engine, jack Brabham raised some eyebrows when he took sixth place at the 1957 Monaco Grand Prix in a rear-engined Formula 1 Cooper. The next year,1959, Brabham and the Cooper works team became the first to win the Formula One World Championship in a rear-engined car, both team and driver repeated the feat in 1960, and every World Champion since has been sitting in front of his engine. The little-known designer behind the car was Owen Maddock, who was employed by Cooper Car Company, Maddock was known as The Beard by his workmates, and Whiskers to Charles Cooper. Describing how the revolutionary rear-engined Cooper chassis came to be, Maddock explained and he kept saying Nah, Whiskers, thats not it, try again. Finally, I got so fed up I sketched a frame in which every tube was bent, meant just as a joke, I showed it to Charlie and to my astonishment he grabbed it and said, Thats it. Maddock later pioneered one of the first designs for a monocoque stressed skin composite chassis. Arriving at the Speedway 5 May 1961, the little car from Europe was mocked by the other teams. It took a few years, but the Indianapolis establishment gradually realized the writing was on the wall, beginning with Jim Clark, who drove a rear-engined Lotus in 1965, every winner of the Indianapolis 500 has had the engine in the back. The revolution begun by the little chain-driven Cooper 500 was complete, the Cooper teams decline was accelerated when John Cooper was seriously injured in a road accident in 1963 driving a twin-engined Mini, and Charles Cooper died in 1964. After the death of his father, John Cooper sold the Cooper Formula One team to the Chipstead Motor Group in April 1965
12.
Cooper T51
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The Cooper T51 was a Formula One and Formula Two racing car designed by Owen Maddock and built by the Cooper Car Company for the 1959 Formula One season. The T51 earned a significant place in racing history when Jack Brabham drove the car to become the first driver to win the championship with a rear-engined car. The T51 was raced in several configurations by various entrants until 1963, aesthetically and aerodynamically the T51 was a natural development of the T43 and T45 cars that had given Cooper their first two wins. One notable throwback, however, was the leaf spring rear suspension, although it used a more modern coil spring. The standard F1 T51 was the first Cooper powered by the 2. 5-litre 4-cylinder engine which Cooper, the pioneering nature of this configuration created problems of its own, since there were so few rear-engined production cars from which a gearbox could be sourced. This shortage eventually created a niche in the market which paved the way for Hewlands prominence, the works Coopers were fitted with modified Citroen gearboxes, while Rob Walkers team ran bespoke units from Italian specialist Valerio Colotti, although these proved much more fragile. Only the five 2. 5-litre cars qualified, with Stirling Moss in pole position, Brabham cruised to his first World Championship win with Trintignant third and McLaren fifth. From Monaco on Coopers season went from strength to strength, with Brabham leading the championship from start to finish, Brabham took his second win in the British Grand Prix, before Moss took a brace in Portugal and Italy and dominated the non-championship Gold Cup. By the final race at Sebring Cooper already had the Constructors Championship in the bag, Moss needed to beat Brabham and finish second or better to take the title, while Ferraris Tony Brooks had a mathematical chance but needed both the win and fastest lap. Moss sprinted into the lead from pole position with Brabham in pursuit, after five laps Moss was a commanding ten seconds ahead, before his gearbox gave way again. Brabham led right up to the lap, when a poor decision on Brabhams part meant he ran out of fuel. He managed to push his car across the line in fourth, Cooper travelled down to the 1960 Argentine Grand Prix seemingly at the peak of their powers, and Trintignant won the Buenos Aires F1 event that preceded the main championship race. However this turned out to be the last major win for a T51, as the speed of the new Lotus 18 raised eyebrows around the paddock. On the journey back, John Cooper made his mind up that to stay at the front he needed to build a new car, and at the next championship race at Monaco the lowline T53 made its debut. In the meantime Moss took the Walker T51 to second in the Glover Trophy, Cooper entered the T51 just three more times, with Scarab refugee Chuck Daigh and journeyman Ron Flockhart retiring each time. As well as being a racing team Cooper was very much a business, indeed, the T51 continued to appear on minor, non-championship F1 race entry lists as late as the 1967 Rhodesian Grand Prix. Guglielmo Dei set up Scuderia Centro Sud to publicise his business as distributor of Maserati cars to central and southern Italy, in this configuration Centro Sud entered the T51 in 14 World Championship races, more than any other entrant. After converting to the 1. 5-litre formula post-1960, Centro Suds Cooper Maseratis still made the appearance in minor Italian F1 races as late as 1963
13.
Maserati in motorsport
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One of the first Maseratis the Tipo 26 driven by Alfieri Maserati with Guerino Bertocchi acting as riding mechanic won the Targa Florio 1,500 cc class in 1926, finishing in ninth place in overall. Maserati was very successful in pre-war Grand Prix racing using a variety of cars with 4,6,8 and 16 cylinders, other notable pre-war successes include winning the Indianapolis 500 twice, both times with Wilbur Shaw at the wheel of a 8CTF. Maserati won the Targa Florio in 1937,1938,1939 and 1940, the first two wins were achieved by Giovanni Rocco with a Maserati 6CM and the last two by Luigi Villoresi with a 6CM in 1939 and a 4CL in 1940. Maseratis post-war factory effort in car racing in 1954 for the second season of the World Sportscar Championship. The factory raced as Officine Alfieri Maserati, in the 1954 World Sportscar Championship season Maserati entered the Maserati A6GCS finishing 5th in the Manufacturers Championship. In the 1955 World Sportscar Championship season Maserati finished 4th in the Manufacturers Championship, in the 1956 World Sportscar Championship season Maserati finished 2nd in the Manufacturers Championship including a win at the 1000 km Buenos Aires and the 1000 km at the Nürburgring. The win at 19561000 km Buenos Aires was a Maserati 300S sports car driven by Stirling Moss, in the 1957 World Sportscar Championship season Maserati again finished 2nd in the Manufacturers Championship. This time with wins at Sebring and Rabelöfsbanan In the 1959 World Sportscar Championship season Maserati finished 4th in the Manufacturers Championship, in the 1960 World Sportscar Championship season Maserati finished 3rd in the Manufacturers Championship. With a win at the ADAC1000 km Nürburgring for a Maserati Tipo 61 driven by Stirling Moss, in the 1961 World Sportscar Championship season Maserati finished 2nd in the Manufacturers Championship. With a repeat win at the ADAC1000 km Nürburgring for a Maserati Tipo 61 this time driven by Lloyd Casner, list of Maserati sports and GT racing cars Maserati A6GCS Sports Car Maserati 350S Sports Car. The cars for the 1987 World Touring Car Championship season were entered by Pro Team Italia/Imberti, the car was in Group A Division 3 competing against the Ford Sierra RS Cosworth and later in the season Ford Sierra RS500. The car was driven by Bruno Giacomelli, Armin Hahne, Marcello Gunella, Mario Hytten, Nicola Tesini, for the British Touring Car Championship the cars were entered by Trident Motorsport. This was for the 1988 and 1989 seasons, the car was driven by Nick May, John Lepp and Vic Lee. A former 1987 WTCC car was bought by Adriano Dece who converted it for used on road rallies, Maserati participated in Formula One motor racing during the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. Its works Formula One programme was successful, providing a total of 9 Grand Prix wins for the factory team. Maserati designed three Formula One cars, the Maserati 4CLT, the Maserati A6GCM and the Maserati 250F, however, due to financial difficulties in the late 1950s the team had to withdraw from Formula One in 1958 despite the 250F still being successful. Privateers continued to use the 250F until 1960, the last year F1 allowed front-engine race cars, in the 1960s, Maserati supplied engines to British Formula One team Cooper. The most successful car of that collaboration was the Cooper-Maserati T81 and it won the 1966 Mexican Grand Prix and the 1967 South African Grand Prix, driven by John Surtees and Pedro Rodríguez respectively
14.
Inline-four engine
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The inline-four engine or straight-four engine is a type of inline internal combustion four-cylinder engine with all four cylinders mounted in a straight line, or plane along the crankcase. The single bank of cylinders may be oriented in either a vertical or a plane with all the pistons driving a common crankshaft. Where it is inclined, it is called a slant-four. In a specification chart or when an abbreviation is used, an engine is listed either as I4 or L4. The inline-four layout is in primary balance and confers a degree of mechanical simplicity which makes it popular for economy cars. However, despite its simplicity, it suffers from an imbalance which causes minor vibrations in smaller engines. These vibrations become more powerful as engine size and power increase, the inline-four is the most common engine configuration in modern cars, while the V6 engine is the second most popular. This inline engine configuration is the most common in cars with a displacement up to 3.0 L, in practice, the displacement of inline-four petrol engines in cars rarely exceeds this figure. For example, the largest engine of this form on the U. S. market in model year 2015 is the Toyota 2TR-FE, however, there are some notable exceptions. Early vehicles also tended to have engines with larger displacements to develop horsepower, the Model A Ford was built with a 3.3 L inline-four engine. Inline-four diesel engines, which are lower revving than gasoline engines, Mitsubishi still employs a 3.0 L inline-four diesel. Generally, European and Asian manufacturers of trucks with a vehicle weight rating between 7.5 and 18 tonnes use inline four-cylinder diesel engines with displacements around 5 L. The MAN D0834 engine is a 4.6 L inline-4 with 220 hp and 627 lb·ft, the Isuzu Forward is a medium-duty truck which is available with a 5.2 L inline-four engine that delivers 210 hp and 470 lb·ft. The Hino Ranger is a medium-duty truck which is available with a 5.1 L inline-four engine that delivers 175 hp and 465 lb·ft, the earlier Hino Ranger even had a 5.3 L inline-four engine. The Kubota M135X is a tractor with a 6.1 L inline-four and this turbo-diesel engine has a bore of 118 mm and a relatively long stroke of 140 mm. One of the strongest Powerboat-4-cylinders is the Volvo Penta D4-300 turbodiesel and this is a 3.7 L-inline-4 with 300 hp and 516 lb·ft. Brunswick Marine built a 127 kW3.7 L 4-cylinder gasoline engine for their Mercruiser Inboard/outboard line, the block was formed from one half of a Ford 460 cubic inch V8 engine. This engine was produced in the 1970s and 1980s, One of the largest inline-four engines is the MAN B&W 4K90 marine engine
15.
1960 Argentine Grand Prix
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The 1960 Argentine Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Buenos Aires on 7 February 1960. This was the last Argentine Grand Prix until 1972, and the last to be held on the No.4 configuration of the circuit. The race was won by Bruce McLaren, his consecutive victory. Venezuelan driver Ettore Chimeri participated in his grand prix. He was killed two weeks later driving a Ferrari 250TR in Havana and he was the first driver from his country in Formula One, and the last until Johnny Cecotto in 1983. It was the grand prix appearances for Antonio Creus, Alberto Rodriguez Larreta. Three other local drivers took part in the sessions for the race. The Scuderia Centro Sud Maserati was driven in the first practice session by Pedro Llano, as well as by eventual race driver Nasif Estéfano, in the second practice session, Julio Pola shared Chimeris №44 Maserati. Also, Oscar Cabalén shared Estéfanos car in the session as a reserve driver. * Trintignant and Moss received no points for the shared drive Notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
16.
1960 Indianapolis 500
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The 44th International 500-Mile Sweepstakes was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana on Monday, May 30,1960. The event was part of the 1960 USAC National Championship Trail and it would be the final time World Championship points would be awarded at the Indy 500. Often regarded as the greatest two-man duel in Indianapolis 500 history, Jim Rathmann and Rodger Ward battled out nearly the entire second half. Rathmann took the lead for good on lap 197 after Ward was forced to slow down with a worn out tire, Rathmanns margin of victory of 12.75 seconds was the second-closest finish in Indy history at the time. The inaugural 500 Festival Open Invitation was held at the Speedway Golf Course in the four leading up to the race. Time trials was scheduled for four days, but the day was rained out. Saturday May 14 – Pole Day time trials Eddie Sachs set a record of 146.592 mph to win the pole position. Sunday May 15 – Second day time trials Saturday May 21 – Third day time trials The third day of trials was rained out. Sunday May 22 – Fourth day time trials Jim Hurtubise nearly broke the elusive, hurtubises four-lap qualifying average of 149.056 mph featured a new one-lap record of 149.601 mph, to establish himself as the fastest qualifier in the field. After Carburetion tests, Dempsey Wilson replaced Jimmy Daywalt as the driver for the #23 entry, the race started out with four contenders in the first half. Rodger Ward took the lead on lap 1 from the outside of the front row, two laps later, Ward was back in the lead, and the record-setting number of lead changes was already under way. Troy Ruttman and Jim Rathmann also took turns at the front, the first caution came out on lap 47, after Duane Carter spun in turn 3. He did not hit the wall, came to a rest in the infield grass, later, Jim McWithey came into the pits without any brakes. He brushed the inside pit wall trying to slow the car down, later in the race, Eddie Russo and Wayne Weiler also suffer single-car crashes. Rodger Ward stalled his engine twice during his first pit stop, after getting back on the track, he started charging to catch up to the front of the field. Shortly after the point, Eddie Sachs and Troy Ruttman would both drop out of the race, ultimately leaving Rathmann and Ward to battle it out in front. On about lap 124, Tony Bettenhausen came in for a pit stop. He complained of an engine, but returned to the track
17.
1960 Dutch Grand Prix
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The 1960 Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Zandvoort on 6 June 1960. It was the race of the 1960 Formula One season. Due to a crash by Dan Gurney, a spectator, who was in an area, was killed during this event. Pole position, Stirling Moss -1,33.2 Fastest Lap, First race for two time World Champion Jim Clark. Notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
18.
1960 Belgian Grand Prix
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The 1960 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Spa-Francorchamps on 19 June 1960. It was the race of the 1960 Formula One season. It is remembered as one of Formula Ones darkest days due to the deaths of Chris Bristow and Alan Stacey, five laps later, Alan Stacey was hit in the face by a bird at Masta and crashed fatally. It would be the darkest weekend for the sport until the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, the race distance had been lengthened to 36 laps from 24 laps. The results highlight an unusual quirk in the rules regarding classification of non-finishers, under modern rules, Graham Hill would have been classified third, since he completed lap 35 before the lapped Olivier Gendebien. Hill then retired, in the pits, but was not classified since he did not push his car over the line after the winner took the finish. In fact the rule about crossing the line was inconsistently applied – at the 1959 German Grand Prix. Notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
19.
1960 British Grand Prix
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The 1960 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Silverstone Circuit, Northamptonshire, England, on 16 July 1960. The race was the round of the 1960 Formula One season. The race was won by reigning World Champion Jack Brabham and Innes Ireland finished in third place, between the two, multiple motorcycle Grand Prix World Champion John Surtees took second place. * Lance Reventlow and Chuck Daigh were entered with the vehicle following extensive damage to their Scarab cars at the preceding French Grand Prix. Daigh proved the faster during practice and so Reventlow was withdrawn, pole position, Jack Brabham -1,34.6 Fastest Lap, Graham Hill -1,34. Motorcycle champion Surtees takes second place, archived from the original on 14 August 2007. GRAND PRIX RESULTS, BRITISH GP,1960, archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007
20.
1960 Portuguese Grand Prix
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The 1960 Portuguese Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Circuito da Boavista, Oporto on 14 August 1960. It was the race of the 1960 Formula One season. Scottish racing legend Jim Clark scored his first ever Formula One podium at this race, because many British teams pulled out of the Italian Grand Prix, Brabham won the World Championship here. This was to be the last Portuguese Grand Prix until 1984, stirling Moss was disqualified by the officials because he drove against the direction of the race while trying to get going after a spin. Notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, Only the best 6 results counted towards each Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points scored
21.
1960 United States Grand Prix
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The 1960 United States Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on November 20,1960, at Riverside International Raceway in Riverside, California. Set in the desert near the Box Spring Mountain complex east of Los Angeles, Riverside resident and local hero Dan Gurney headed the field as the natural favorite of the crowd, which numbered only about 25,000. Jack Brabham, who had clinched his second consecutive World Championship a few weeks prior in Portugal, was back with teammate Bruce McLaren in the factory Cooper-Climaxes. Team Lotus had cars for Jim Clark, Innes Ireland and John Surtees, BRM had three mid-engined P48s for Jo Bonnier, Graham Hill and Gurney. With the Championship chase over, Enzo Ferrari decided to keep his cars at home, the old mans drivers, Phil Hill and Wolfgang von Trips, however, were allowed to enter the race with other teams. Hill particularly wanted to protect his position in the Championship behind Cooper teammates Brabham. Moss won the battle, well ahead of Brabham and Gurney. On his way to the track in nearly perfect weather on Sunday morning, race promoter Ulmann realized that, indeed, he had bitten the hand that might have fed him. Ulmanns words angered Times publisher Otis Chandler, and only Ulmann was surprised when the biggest daily paper in Los Angeles, the small crowd of Riverside veterans who were on hand for the race, however, were stunned by the spectacle of the F1 cars. As Brabham took the lead into Turn One, ahead of Gurney and Moss. The Coopers of Phil Hill and Olivier Gendebien stalled on the grid, on lap 4, Surtees spun his Lotus in front of teammate Jim Clark, putting himself out, and causing the nosecone from his car to be used to replace the now-shattered one on Clarks. Still leading, Brabham paid the price for over-reacting to last years sputtering last lap at Sebring, not wanting to run out of fuel again, he had overfilled his tanks, and excess fuel was spilling and being ignited by the heat of his exhaust. Two stops failed to find the source of the problem, or to assuage Brabhams concern over the noises and flames erupting from the back of the car. Just before halfway through the 75-lap race, Graham Hill retired with a broken gearbox, Brabham had been charging up through the field since his pit stops, however, and eventually finished a battling fourth, behind teammate McLaren. Phil Hill ran fifth in the unfamiliar Cooper until a spin dropped him behind Bonnier, Moss won the last race of the two-and-a-half liter era going away, and grabbed third in the Championship for the second year in a row. It was his victory under the outgoing regulations, one less than five-time World Champion Juan Manuel Fangio. Having failed to realize his dream for Formula One in the US a second time, Ulmann nobly used his own money to pay prize and appearance fees. Winner Moss got a check for $7,500, an amount for the time
22.
1961 Formula One season
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The 1961 Formula One season was the 15th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1961 World Championship of Drivers and the 1961 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, the season also included numerous non-championship races for Formula One cars. Phil Hill of Ferrari won his only Drivers Championship after his teammate and rival Wolfgang von Trips was killed at the Italian Grand Prix, Ferrari won its first F1 manufacturers title. The first year of the 1. 5-litre formula was dominated by a well-prepared Ferrari team, only Stirling Moss, in an outdated Lotus, was able to beat the Ferraris on two tracks where his skills offset the Ferrari power advantage. Baghetti had also won his two previous Formula One races, the non-championship events at Syracuse and Naples, but the French race was his only win in the World Championship. Hill went on to win the championship, the first American to do so, with the change of formula and the introduction of the United States Grand Prix, the Indianapolis 500 was dropped from the championship. The number of points awarded to a winner was increased to nine for the World Championship of Drivers. The following eight races counted towards the World Championship of Drivers, the Moroccan Grand Prix, originally supposed to be run on 29 October as the last race of the year, was cancelled for the third year in a row for monetary reasons. The following teams and drivers competed in the 1961 FIA World Championship, Points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the first six finishers at each race. However, only the best five results from the eight races were retained, * Hills 3rd-place finish at Nürburgring was excluded from the final standings because only the best 5 results counted towards the Championship this year. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points actually scored, italics indicate fastest lap Bold indicates pole position Points were awarded on an 8–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the first six finishers at each race. However, a manufacturer only received points for its highest placed car, only the best 5 results counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points scored, Bold results counted to Championship totals. Other Formula One races also held in 1961, which did not count towards the World Championship,1961 images at the Cahier Archive
23.
Owen Maddock
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Owen Richard Maddock was a British engineer and racing car designer, who was chief designer for the Cooper Car Company between 1950 and 1963. During this time Maddock designed a string of racing cars, including the Formula One World Championship-winning Cooper T51. The T51 was the first mid-engined car to win either the World Drivers or Constructors Championships, a year earlier Stirling Moss had taken the first ever Formula One victory for a mid-engined car in another Maddock-designed vehicle, a Cooper T43. In addition to his Formula One work, Maddock also produced race-winning Formula Two, Formula Three, after leaving Cooper in 1963 Maddock went on to a successful career as an engineering consultant, including a spell as a hovercraft designer working for Saunders-Roe on the Isle of Wight. In his spare time he enjoyed racing hovercraft, and was a co-founder of the Hovercraft Club of Great Britain. Away from engineering Maddock was a jazz musician. Among others, he was a part of Mick Mulligans Magnolia Jazz Band, playing sousaphone, when the band decided to turn fully professional Maddock preferred to remain an amateur and left the group. He also counted saxophone, bass clarinet and piano among his repertoire, Owen Maddock was the son of architect Richard Maddock, who spent most of his life working for Sir Herbert Baker. Owen Maddock grew up in Sutton, Surrey, and went on to study engineering at Kingston Technical College, during this time, in the latter years of World War II, Maddock also served in the local Home Guard regiment. In addition to his studies, Maddock was a proficient musician. He was able to play a number of instruments, eventually including trombone, saxophone, bass clarinet, piano, and sousaphone. He excelled as a player and was part of many jazz bands of the late 1940s and early 1950s, including The Mike Daniels Band. As a part of the Magnolia Jazz Band, Maddock played alongside vocalist George Melly, in his own memoirs Melly remembered Maddock as a tall man with a beard and the abrupt manner of a Hebrew prophet who has just handed on the Lords warning to a sinful generation. And his hands, coat, clothes and face were always streaked with oil, on this antique machine he played Bechet records even while copulating. After demobilisation Maddock went home to Surrey, and returned to Kingston Tech in April 1948 to complete a course to maintain his AMIMechE status. As a part of course he was required to spend eighteen months in a commercial workshop. Following unsuccessful approaches to HRD and Trojan, Maddock was taken on by the Cooper Car Company, run by father and son team Charles and John Cooper. Charles Cooper had been involved in motorsport since the 1920s, having acted as racing mechanic to Kaye Don for many years, working at the family garage in Surbiton, the pair constructed their first motorcycle-engined 500 cc racing car in 1946
24.
Coventry Climax
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Coventry Climax was a British forklift truck, fire pump, racing, and other speciality engine manufacturer. An early user was GWK, who produced over 1,000 light cars with Coventry-Simplex two-cylinder engines between 1911 and 1915, just before World War I a Coventry-Simplex engine was used by Lionel Martin to power the first Aston Martin car. Ernest Shackleton selected Coventry-Simplex to power the tractors that were to be used in his Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914, hundreds of Coventry-Simplex engines were manufactured during World War I to be used in generating sets for searchlights. In 1917 the company was renamed Coventry Climax and moved to East Street, in the 1920s the company moved to Friars Road, Coventry and in the late 1930s they also acquired the former Riley premises on Widdrington Road, Coventry. In the early 1930s the company supplied engines for buses. With the closure of Swift in 1931, the company was left with a stock of engines that were converted to electric generators. Going into the war, Coventry Climax used their marine diesel experience to further develop and this has been fitted as an auxiliary engine in the British Chieftain and Challenger battle tanks and Rapier anti-aircraft missile systems. In the late 1940s, the company shifted away from engines and into other markets, including marine diesels, fire pumps. In 1946, the ET199 was announced, which the company claimed was the first British-produced forklift truck, the ET199 was designed to carry a 4,000 lb load with a 24-inch load centre, and with a 9 ft lift height. This was designated the FW, for Feather Weight, the engine was displayed at the Motor Show in London and attracted attention from the motor racing fraternity for its very high horsepower per pound of weight. The FWA became popular in racing and was followed by the Mark II. The new Formula Two regulations suited the 1. 5-litre engine, the following year, the first Climax engines began to appear in Formula One in the back of Cooper chassis. Initially, these were FWBs but the FPF engine followed, Stirling Moss scored the companys first Formula One victory, in Argentina in 1958, using a 2-litre version of the engine. At the same time, the company produced the FWE engine for Lotus Elite, there were a total of 22 Grand Prix victories before 1966 with crossplane, flatplane, two- and four-valve versions of the FWMV. This combination was considered radical at the time, especially the syncromesh on all forward gears. The adoption to mass-production was successful, and the project out to the market as the 875cc Hillman Imp totaling over 400,000 units made by 1976 including the later 998cc version. Nonetheless, Coventry Climax remained in Formula One until they were unable to come up with a new engine for the three-litre formula, the company was purchased by Jaguar Cars in 1963, which itself merged with the British Motor Corporation in 1966 to form British Motor Holdings. The citation reads, Awarded to Coventry Climax Engines Ltd. for the design, development, the history of this trophy dates back to 1906
25.
1961 Monaco Grand Prix
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The 1961 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 14 May 1961 on the Circuit de Monaco in Monte Carlo, Monaco. It was the first round of the 1961 World Championship of Drivers, the erratic yearly variations in Monacos qualifying regulations saw grid places guaranteed for works teams and past winners in 1961. Therefore, the five teams were awarded two places each on the grid, while Stirling Moss and Maurice Trintignant earned spots. This left nine drivers to fight over four remaining slots, a fifth opened up when Innes Ireland crashed during the final practice session, breaking his leg. Moss took pole position from Richie Ginther and Jim Clark, with Graham Hill, Ginther led Clark and Moss into the first corner but Clark quickly ran into trouble with a faulty fuel pump. Ginther dropped to third on lap 14, when Moss and Bonnier passed him in quick succession, at quarter distance, Moss had an impressive 10 second lead but the Ferraris of Hill and then Ginther found their way around Bonnier and began to close the gap. At half distance, Moss lead was 8 seconds, and down to 3 seconds on lap 60, Ginther moved into second on lap 75 and tried to close the gap, but Moss proved able to match his lap times, despite the 156s horsepower advantage. Lap Leaders, Richie Ginther 13 laps, Stirling Moss 87 laps, Stirling Moss had removed the side panels of his near obsolete Lotus 18 to keep him cool Notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
26.
1961 Dutch Grand Prix
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The 1961 Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 22 May 1961 at Zandvoort. Taking place one week after the Monaco GP, there was not time for Innes Ireland to heal from his injury in the previous race, the front row was taken up by three Ferraris. Von Trips took the lead from the start and led every lap, phil Hill was a solid second but was soon pressured by Jim Clark, who made a great start from the fourth row. The two would trade second place often with the Ferrari quicker on the straight and the Lotus faster in the corners and this continued until about 20 laps from the end when Clarks handling allowed the Ferrari to pull away. Fourth place was also a hard fought battle, Moss and Ginther, who made a terrible start, battled nose-to-tail until the very end with Moss passing Ginther on the final lap. The race was historic as the first of seven races in which every car was classified as a finisher. In fact, in this race no driver even made a pit stop, lap Leaders, Wolfgang von Trips 75 laps. First win for a German driver For decades, this was the only F1 Grand Prix to finish without any retirements, a unique race, no pit stops and no retirements. Notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
27.
1961 Belgian Grand Prix
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The 1961 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 18 June 1961 at Spa-Francorchamps. The organizers of the race invited 25 entries, but were going to pay starting money to 19. Three of the cars without starting money decided not to race after practicing, a fourth entry was a single car for Cliff Allison and Henry Taylor. The team decided to let the fastest driver in practice compete, the Emeryson cars of Bianchi and Mairesse were also damaged beyond repair in practice, but they competed by using the older Lotus 18s of Marsh and Seidel, who had decided not to race. The race was dominated by the Ferrari team, with the four works drivers finishing 1-2-3-4. While Graham Hill made a start to the lead from the third row, he could not hold off the Italian cars. There was some excitement for fifth place, with Graham Hill, lap Leaders, Phil Hill 20 laps, Olivier Gendebien 3 laps, Wolfgang von Trips 7 laps. Final race entry by Cliff Allison after crash during practice in which he broke both knees and fractured his pelvis, of the 4 works Ferraris,3 were painted red and one was painted yellow Notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
28.
1961 French Grand Prix
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The 1961 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 2 July 1961 at Reims. This was Baghettis only World Championship race win and he would never finish in the top 3 again. Lap Leaders, Phil Hill 32 laps, Wolfgang von Trips 5 laps, Richie Ginther 3 laps, Giancarlo Baghetti 7 laps, Jo Bonnier 1 lap and this was a very hot race, with air temperatures at 102 °F and track temperatures at 120 °F. First F1 Grand Prix start for Bernard Collomb, notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
29.
1961 British Grand Prix
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The 1961 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race, held on 15 July 1961 at the Aintree Circuit, near Liverpool. It was the race of eight in the 1961 World Championship season. The race was won by German Wolfgang von Trips, who had led for much of the race starting from fourth place on the grid. This was von Tripss second but also his final Grand Prix victory as two later he was killed in an accident during the 1961 Italian Grand Prix. The 1961 British Grand Prix is also notable as being the first occasion on which a four-wheel drive car, and these two accomplishments were achieved by the same vehicle, the experimental Ferguson P99-Climax run by the Rob Walker Racing Team. Lap Leaders, Phil Hill 6 laps, Wolfgang von Trips 69 laps, ferrari won the Constructors Championship with 3 races left. World Championship Formula One debut for Gerry Ashmore The #26 car, the circuit diagram names Sefton Straight wrongly. It is actually located between points 2 &3, not 6 &7 as shown Notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
30.
1961 German Grand Prix
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The 1961 German Grand Prix was the 23rd time the German Grand Prix motor race was held. The race also held the designation of the 21st European Grand Prix. It was run to Formula One regulations as the round of the 1961 World Drivers Championship on 6 August 1961. It was held over 15 laps of the giant 14.2 mile Nürburgring Nordschleife circuit for a distance of almost 213 miles. The race also celebrated the 100th race since the establishment of the World Championship in 1950, the race was won by British driver Stirling Moss, driving a Lotus 18/21 for privateer outfit the Rob Walker Racing Team. Moss started from the row of the grid and lead every lap of the race. It was the first German Grand Prix victory for a car since Bernd Rosemeyers Auto Union Type C took victory in 1936. Moss finished just over 20 seconds ahead of Ferrari 156 drivers Wolfgang von Trips and Phil Hill, jack Brabhams Cooper took full advantage of the new Coventry-Climax V-8 in qualifying. Brabham qualified second, and shot to the lead by the first corner, however, Brabham crashed before the end of the first lap due to a sticking throttle. It was the last home country appearance for points leader von Trips before his death at the Italian Grand Prix five weeks later and his second-place finish saw Ferrari secure the constructors championship. The remaining championship points scorers were all from British racing teams, of the races 26 starters,17 finished the race with 16 of them classified finishers. Bernard Collomb did not complete the 75% race distance in order to be classified as a finisher, lap Leaders, Stirling Moss 15 laps. Last win, podium, points & race finish, Stirling Moss Notes, Only the best 5 results counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points scored
31.
1961 Italian Grand Prix
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The 1961 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 10 September 1961 at Monza. The race was not stopped, allegedly to assist the work for the injured. This was also the last Formula One race ever to be held on the full 10 km Monza circuit, with the 2 bankings and the straight between the bankings included. The race was won by von Trips American team mate Phil Hill, Phil Hill 36 laps, Richie Ginther 7 laps. Notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, Only the best 5 results counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points scored
32.
1961 United States Grand Prix
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The 1961 United States Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on October 8,1961, at the Watkins Glen Grand Prix Race Course in Watkins Glen, New York. In its third year of searching the United States Grand Prix finally found a home, thanks to Cameron Argetsinger, Ireland started eighth, took the lead when the engine in Stirling Moss Lotus failed, and finished 4.3 seconds ahead of American Dan Gurney. By the time of the Watkins Glen event, the 1961 season had already marked an important US milestone in Formula One with Californian Phil Hill being crowned the first American World Champion. The US race should have been his triumphant homecoming, and Hill did circle the track at The Glen. Unfortunately for the fans, it was not in the cockpit of his shark-nosed Ferrari 156, as at the 1960 United States Grand Prix at Riverside, the Ferrari team had remained home. This time, however, the title was theirs, and they had nothing left to prove after dominating the first season of the 1. 5-liter formula. The team had indeed been dealt the cruelest imaginable mixture of triumph and tragedy in the previous race, Ferrari driver and team leader Wolfgang von Trips was killed during the race while leading the Drivers Championship, handing victory and the Championship to teammate Hill. Since Ferrari had clinched the Constructors Championship as well as the Drivers, there had been considerable doubt about whether the US race would even take place, since the FIA did not grant the Watkins Glen Grand Prix Corporation final approval for the event until August 28. Come October, however, the field was missing only the Ferrari team, with the Championships already decided, the entrants seemed ready for a weekend of good-natured competition and, for some, a share of the considerable prize money. Regarding the Italian teams absence, one British participant even said, howard Hughes visited the pits to meet with John Cooper about expanding his car manufacturing business. A photograph taken of Hughes in the pits and published in the May 10,1976, Moss set the pace on Saturday with a lap time of 1,18.2 in his 4-cylinder car, then posted a 1,17.2 with the V8. Brabham, the just-deposed two-time World Champion, responded by taking the pole with a 1,17.0. When Moss decided to use the older 4-cylinder in the race, saying that the car handled better with it, he dropped back to the row of the grid, next to Brabhams teammate. Graham Hills BRM, a quicker than the other 4-cylinder cars, was alongside Brabham on the front row. Jim Clark, in one works Lotus, took fifth spot, while Ireland, his teammate, on Friday, Ireland spun to the edge of the woods in the 180-degree South Loop when his steering failed. The following day, before he could put in a serious time, the crew dutifully replaced it, though by now they never thought the car would last until the end of the race on Sunday. The back of the grid, to the delight of the fans, was filled largely with independent North American drivers in uncompetitive cars who were out only to have some fun. Canadian Peter Ryan, in his grand prix, led a group containing Walt Hansgen, Roger Penske, Hap Sharp, Jim Hall
American/Italian
