1.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
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The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
2.
Auto racing
–
Auto racing is a sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Almost as soon as automobiles had been invented, races of various sorts were organised, by the 1930s specialist racing cars had developed. There are now numerous different categories, each with different rules and it was won by the carriage of Isaac Watt Boulton. Internal combustion auto racing events began soon after the construction of the first successful gasoline-fueled automobiles, the first organized contest was on April 28,1887, by the chief editor of Paris publication Le Vélocipède, Monsieur Fossier. It ran 2 kilometres from Neuilly Bridge to the Bois de Boulogne, on July 22,1894, the Parisian magazine Le Petit Journal organized what is considered to be the worlds first motoring competition, from Paris to Rouen. One hundred and two competitors paid a 10-franc entrance fee, the first American automobile race is generally held to be the Thanksgiving Day Chicago Times-Herald race of November 28,1895. Press coverage of the event first aroused significant American interest in the automobile, brooklands, in Surrey, was the first purpose-built motor racing venue, opening in June 1907. It featured a 4.43 km concrete track with high-speed banked corners, One of the oldest existing purpose-built automobile racing circuits in the United States, still in use, is the 2. 5-mile -long Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. It is the largest capacity venue of any variety worldwide, with a top capacity of some 257. NASCAR was founded by Bill France, Sr. on February 21,1948, the first NASCAR Strictly Stock race ever was held on June 19,1949, at Daytona Beach, Florida. From 1962, sports cars temporarily took a seat to GT cars. From 1972 through 2003, NASCARs premier series was called the Winston Cup Series, the changes that resulted from RJRs involvement, as well as the reduction of the schedule from 48 to 31 races a year, established 1972 as the beginning of NASCARs modern era. The IMSA GT Series evolved into the American Le Mans Series, the European races eventually became the closely related Le Mans Series, both of which mix prototypes and GTs. The best-known variety of racing, Formula One, which hosts the famous Monaco Grand Prix. In single-seater, the wheels are not covered, and the cars often have aerofoil wings front, in Europe and Asia, open-wheeled racing is commonly referred to as Formula, with appropriate hierarchical suffixes. In North America, the Formula terminology is not followed, the sport is usually arranged to follow an international format, a regional format, and/or a domestic, or country-specific, format. In North America, the used in the National Championship have traditionally been similar though less sophisticated than F1 cars. The series most famous race is the Indianapolis 500, the other major international single-seater racing series is GP2
Auto racing
–
Jimmie Johnson leads the field racing three-wide multiple rows back at
Daytona International Speedway in the
2015 Daytona 500.
Auto racing
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Albert Lemaître classified first in his
Peugeot Type 5 3hp in the
Paris–Rouen.
Auto racing
–
Fernand Gabriel driving a
Mors in
Paris-Madrid 1903
Auto racing
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A remaining section of the
Brooklands track in 2007
3.
Santa Ana, California
–
Santa Ana /ˌsæntə ˈænə/ is the county seat and second most populous city in Orange County, California. The United States Census Bureau estimated its 2011 population at 329,427, Santa Ana is located in Southern California, adjacent to the Santa Ana River, about 10 miles away from the California coast. Founded in 1869, the city is part of the Greater Los Angeles Area, Santa Ana is a very densely populated city, ranking fourth nationally in that regard among cities of over 300,000 residents. In 2011 Forbes ranked Santa Ana the fourth-safest city of over 250,000 residents in the United States, Santa Ana lends its name to the Santa Ana Freeway, which runs through the city. It also shares its name with the nearby Santa Ana Mountains, and the Santa Ana winds, the current Office of Management and Budget metropolitan designation for the Orange County Area is Santa Ana–Anaheim–Irvine, California. Members of the Tongva and Juaneño/Luiseño are indigenous to the area, the Tongva called the Santa Ana area Hotuuk. After the 1769 expedition of Gaspar de Portolá out of Mexico City, then capitol of New Spain, on November 1,1776, Mission San Juan Capistrano was established within this valley. This Santa Ana Valley comprised most of what is now called Orange County, in 1810, year of the commencement of the war of Mexican Independence, Jose Antonio Yorba, a sergeant of the Spanish army, was granted land that he called Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana. Yorbas rancho included the lands where the cities of Olive, Orange, Irvine, Yorba Linda, Villa Park, Santa Ana, Tustin, Costa Mesa and unincorporated El Modena and this rancho was the only land grant in Orange County granted under Spanish Rule. Surrounding land grants in Orange County were granted after Mexican Independence by the new government, after the Mexican-American war ended in 1848, Alta California became part of the United States and American settlers arrived in this area. Claimed in 1869 by Kentuckian William H, by 1905 the Los Angeles Interurban Railway, a predecessor to the Pacific Electric Railway, extended from Los Angeles to Santa Ana, running along Fourth Street downtown. Firestone Boulevard, the first direct route between Los Angeles and Santa Ana, opened in 1935, it was enlarged into the Santa Ana Freeway in 1953. Santa Ana was the home of the original Glenn L. Martin aviation company, during World War II, the Santa Ana Army Air Base was built as a training center for the United States Army Air Forces. The base was responsible for continued growth in Santa Ana. In 1958, Fashion Square Mall was built, adjoining the existing Bullocks Department Store building that was built in 1954 and it opened north of downtown and became a major retail center for the area. In 1987, the mall was renovated and became MainPlace Mall. The current mayor of Santa Ana is Miguel A. Pulido, the first mayor of Latino descent in the citys history, since the 1980s, Santa Ana has been characterized by an effort to revitalize the downtown area which had declined in influence. The Santa Ana Artists Village was created around Cal State Fullertons Grand Central Art Center to attract artists and young professionals to live-work lofts, the process has continued into 2009 with the reopening of the historic Yost Theater
Santa Ana, California
–
Images, from top, left to right: The
Old Orange County Courthouse,
Bowers Museum, old city hall, Minter House, and Broadway street
Santa Ana, California
–
Santa Ana, 1887
Santa Ana, California
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Santa Fe Depot, 1911
Santa Ana, California
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Old Santa Ana City Hall, built 1935
4.
Dan Gurney
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Daniel Sexton Gurney is a retired American racing driver, race car constructor, and team owner who reached racings highest levels starting in 1958. The son of a Metropolitan Opera star, he was born in Port Jefferson, New York, Gurney won races in the Formula One, Indy Car, NASCAR, Can-Am, and Trans-Am Series. Gurney is the first of three drivers to have won races in Sports Cars, Formula One, NASCAR, and Indy Car, in 1967, after winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans together with A. J. Foyt, he spontaneously sprayed champagne while celebrating on the podium, apart from starting this tradition, he also was the first to put a simple right-angle extension on the upper trailing edge of the rear wing. This device, called a Gurney flap, increases downforce and, if well designed, at the 1968 German Grand Prix he became the first driver ever to use a full face helmet in Grand Prix racing. Dan Gurneys father, Jack Gurney, was a graduate of Harvard Business school with a masters degree, dans three uncles were each MIT engineers. His grandfather was F. W. Gurney who was responsible for the invention of the Gurney Ball Bearing, after moving to California, young Dan quickly became caught up in the California hot rod culture. At age 19, he built and raced a car that went 138 miles per hour at the Bonneville Salt Flats and he then became an amateur drag racer and sports car racer. He served in the United States Army as a mechanic during the Korean War. Gurneys first major break occurred in the fall of 1957, when he was invited to test Frank Arcieros Arciero Special and it was powered by a 4. 2-litre reworked Maserati engine with Ferrari running gear, and a Sports Car Engineering Mistral body. This ill-handling brute of a car was very fast, but even top drivers like Carroll Shelby and he finished second in the inaugural Riverside Grand Prix, beating established stars like Masten Gregory, Walt Hansgen and Phil Hill. This attracted the attention of famed Ferrari North American importer Luigi Chinetti, Gurney, teamed with fellow Californian Bruce Kessler, had worked the car up to fifth overall and handed over to Kessler, who was then caught up in an accident. This performance, and others, earned him a test run in a works Ferrari, in just four races that first year, he earned two podium finishes, but the teams strict management style did not suit him. In 1960 he had six non-finishes in seven races behind the wheel of a factory-prepared BRM, Gurney was known to give the brake pedal a reassuring tap just before hard application — a habit Gurney himself jokingly referred to as the chicken-shit school of braking. Gurney was particularly noted for an exceptionally fluid driving style, on rare occasions, as when his car fell behind with minor mechanical troubles and he felt he had nothing to lose, he would abandon his classic technique and adopt a more aggressive style. He produced an effort, made up the deficit and won the race with a dramatic last-lap pass of runner-up Bobby Unser. After rules changes came in effect in 1961, he teamed with Jo Bonnier for the first full season of the factory Porsche team, scoring three second places. He came very close to scoring a victory at Reims, France in 1961
Dan Gurney
–
Dan Gurney
Dan Gurney
–
Gurney at the 2008
Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona.
Dan Gurney
–
Gurney's car after his accident at the
1960 Dutch Grand Prix, Killing a young spectator.
Dan Gurney
–
Gurney after his accident at the
1960 Dutch Grand Prix, a defining moment in his life
5.
Carroll Shelby
–
Carroll Hall Shelby was an American automotive designer, racing driver, and entrepreneur. Shelby suffered heart valve leakage problems by age 7 and spent most of his childhood in bed, by age 14, Shelbys health improved and he was subsequently declared to have outgrown his health problems. Shelbys first wife was Jeanne Fields, they married on December 18,1943 and their daughter Sharon Anne Shelby was born a year later on September 27,1944. Shelby and Fields had two more children — sons named Michael Hall and Patrick Bert and they later separated and divorced in February 1960. In 1962, Shelby married actress Jan Harrison but the marriage was annulled the same year, Shelby dealt with health issues throughout his life. He took nitroglycerine pills when he was racing because of his heart and he had a heart transplant in 1990 and a kidney transplant in 1996. Shelby honed his skills with his Willys automobile while attending Woodrow Wilson High School in Dallas, Texas. He graduated from Wilson in 1940 and he was enrolled at The Georgia School of Technology in the Aeronautical Engineering program. However, because of the war Shelby did not go to school and enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps, serving in World War II as a flight instructor and he graduated with the rank of staff sergeant pilot. Subsequently, he had stints as an oil-well roughneck and as a poultry farmer prior to his racing career. Starting out as an amateur, Shelby initially raced a friends MG TC and he later recalled that the combination of the small English Allard and American V-8 power inspired his creation of the AC Cobra. His great success racing the Allards led to invitations to drive for the Aston Martin, driving for Donald Healey in a modified, streamlined, and supercharged Austin-Healey 100S, he set 16 U. S. and international speed records at the Bonneville salt flats. He drove in the Mount Washington Hillclimb Auto Race in a specially prepared Ferrari 375 GP roadster and he was Sports Illustrateds driver of the year in 1956 and 1957. He competed in Formula One from 1958 to 1959, participating in a total of eight World Championship races, the highlight of his race driving career came in 1959, when he co-drove an Aston Martin DBR1 to victory in the 195924 Hours of Le Mans. During this race he noted the performance of an English GT car built by AC Cars, three years later, the AC Ace would become the basis for the AC Cobra. * No points awarded for shared drive with Masten Gregory, after retiring from driving in October 1959 for health reasons, he opened a high-performance driving school and the Shelby-American company. Shelby remained influential with Ford manufactured cars, including the Daytona Coupe, GT40, after parting with Ford, Shelby moved on to help develop performance cars with divisions of the two other Big 3 American companies, Dodge, and Oldsmobile. In the intervening years, Shelby had a series of ventures start and stop relating to production of completion Cobras — cars that were built using left over parts
Carroll Shelby
–
Shelby in 2007
Carroll Shelby
–
Shelby beside his 1957
Maserati 450S at
Virginia International Raceway in 2007
Carroll Shelby
–
1965
AC Cobra 427 (North America)
Carroll Shelby
–
1967 custom Fastback Mustang Eleanor from the 2000 film
Gone in Sixty Seconds
6.
Sports car racing
–
Sports car racing is a form of circuit auto racing with sports cars that have two seats and enclosed wheels. They may be purpose-built or related to road-going models, a type of hybrid between the purism of open-wheelers and the familiarity of touring car racing, this style is often associated with the annual Le Mans 24 Hours endurance race. First run in 1923, Le Mans is one of the oldest motor races still in existence, other classic but now defunct sports car races include the Italian classics, the Targa Florio and Mille Miglia, and the Mexican Carrera Panamericana. Most top class sports car races emphasize endurance, reliability, and strategy, longer races usually involve complex pit strategy and regular driver changes. These makers top road cars have often very similar both in engineering and styling to those raced. This close association with the nature of the cars serves as a useful distinction between sports car racing and touring cars. The 12 Hours of Sebring,24 Hours of Daytona, and 24 Hours of Le Mans were once considered the trifecta of sports car racing. In the 1920s, the used in endurance racing and Grand Prix were still basically identical, with fenders. Cars such as the Bugatti Type 35 were almost equally at home in Grands Prix and endurance events, but specialisation gradually started to differentiate the sports-racer from the Grand Prix car. As mainly Italian cars and races defined the genre, the category was called Gran Turismo, as long distances had to be travelled, reliability and some basic comfort were necessary in order to endure the task. After the Second World War, sports car racing emerged as a form of racing with its own classic races. Top Grand Prix drivers also competed regularly in sports car racing, from 1962 sports cars temporarily took a back seat to GT cars with the FIA replacing the World Championship for Sports Cars with the International Championship for GT Manufacturers. The US scene tended to feature small MG and Porsche cars in the smaller classes, the combination of mostly British chassis and American V8 engines gave rise to the popular and spectacular Can-Am series in the 1960s and 1970s. Clubmans provided much entertainment at club-racing level from the 1960s into the 1990s, after a relative period of decline in the 1980s a British GT Championship emerged in the mid-90s. Road races such as the Mille Miglia included everything from stock touring cars to World Championship contenders, the Mille Miglia was the largest sporting event in Italy until a fatal accident caused its demise in 1957. The Targa Florio, another road race, remained part of the world championship until the 1970s. Between the late 1960s and late 1970s, Matra and Renault made significant, the competition at Le Mans even made it to the movie screens, with Steve McQueens film Le Mans. This era was seen by many as the highpoint of sports car racing, with the technology, a peculiarly American form of sports car racing was the Can-Am series, in which virtually unlimited sports prototypes competed in relatively short races
Sports car racing
–
One of the
Audi R18 's of
Joest Racing during the
2012 12 Hours of Sebring
Sports car racing
–
1900
NW Rennzweier (The Double Racer)
Sports car racing
–
The
1957 24 Hours of Le Mans was won in a
Jaguar XKD
Sports car racing
–
The McLaren M8E that was driven by
Vic Elford in the
1971 Can-Am season
7.
Champ Car
–
Such racing had been sanctioned by the AAA, USAC, SCCA, the CRL, CART, and IndyCar. In its most popular and recent contemporary usage, Champ Car was the given to a governing body formerly known as Championship Auto Racing Teams. The CART series was founded in 1979 by team owners who disagreed with the direction, at the height of the popularity of the series in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it was known as the CART/PPG Indy Car World Series. The term Champ Car temporarily disappeared from use, with the more marketable term Indy Car being utilized, in 1996, the open wheel split saw the CART series take a different direction from the newly created Indy Racing League IRL and the Indy 500. Thereafter, it re-branded itself as CART again, and re-booted the term Champ Car as the moniker for the machines used, the series was advertised as CART FedEx Championship Series from 1997 to 2002. CART went bankrupt at the end of the 2003 season, a trio of CART team owners acquired the assets of the sanctioning body and renamed it as the Champ Car World Series, again highlighting the historic Champ Car term. In 1905 the AAA established the national driving championship and became the first sanctioning body for auto racing in the United States, the AAA ceased sanctioning auto racing in the general outrage over motor racing safety that followed the 1955 Le Mans disaster. In response, Indianapolis Motor Speedway president Tony Hulman formed USAC to take over the sanctioning of what was called championship auto racing, USAC sanctioned the championship exclusively until 1978, when a split between USAC and some of the car owners prompted the formation of the rival CART series. The split from USAC was spurred by a group of activist car owners who had grown disenchanted with what they saw as a sanctioning body. Gurney took his inspiration from the improvements Bernie Ecclestone had forced on Formula One with his creation of the Formula One Constructors Association. The White Paper called for the owners to form CART as a group to promote USACs national championship. The group would work to negotiate television rights and race purses. USACs rejection of the led the owners to form a new series in late 1978 under the principles laid out in the Gurney White Paper. The first race was held in March 1979, the newness of the organization, however, prevented it from being recognized by ACCUS, the United States representative to the FIA. An arrangement was reached such that the SCCA would act as the body for the new series. This would allow the events to be listed on the International Motorsports Calendar, the new series quickly gained the support of the majority of team and track owners, with the only notable holdout being A. J. Foyt. This meant that the front and mid-pack teams would be racing in the new CART series, of the 20 races held in 1979,13 were part of the 1979 CART Championship. Of the 10 tracks to host races, five would host CART events exclusively and one, Ontario, by 1982, the CART series was almost universally recognized as the American national championship
Champ Car
–
A. J. Foyt car in 1984.
Champ Car
–
Champ Car
Champ Car
–
Nigel Mansell racing in CART in 1993
Champ Car
–
The Champ Car World Series logo from 2003–2006
8.
Formula One
–
Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
Formula One
–
Juan Manuel Fangio 's
1951 title-winning
Alfa Romeo 159
Formula One
–
Formula One
Formula One
–
Stirling Moss 's
Lotus 18 at the
Nürburgring during
1961
Formula One
–
Nigel Mansell 's
Williams FW10 from
1985
9.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
United Kingdom
–
Stonehenge, in
Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.
United Kingdom
–
Flag
United Kingdom
–
The
Bayeux Tapestry depicts the
Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.
United Kingdom
–
The
Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.
10.
Rye, East Sussex
–
In medieval times, however, as an important member of the Cinque Ports confederation, it was at the head of an embayment of the English Channel and almost entirely surrounded by the sea. Rye is officially a parish but with its historic roots has the status of a town. There is a fishing fleet, and Rye Harbour has facilities for yachts. The name of Rye is believed to come from rie meaning a bank, medieval maps show that Rye was originally located on a huge embayment of the English Channel called the Rye Camber, which provided a safe anchorage and harbour. Probably as early as Roman times, Rye was important as a place of shipment, the Mermaid Inn originally dates to 1156. Rye, as part of the Saxon Manor of Rameslie, was given to the Benedictine Abbey of Fécamp in Normandy by King Æthelred, it was to remain in Norman hands until 1247. As one of the two Antient Townes, Rye was to become a limb of the Cinque Ports Confederation by 1189, the protection of the town as one of the Cinque Ports was very important, due to the commerce that trading brought. One of the oldest buildings in Rye is Ypres Tower, which was built in 1249 as Baddings Tower, to defend the town from the French and it is now part of the Rye Museum. Rye received its charter from King Edward I in 1289, and acquired privileges, the Landgate dates from 1329 in the early years of the reign of King Edward III. It is still the only route into the medieval centre of Rye and is suitable only for light vehicles. In 2015, some 25 tonnes of pigeon excrement that had built up had to be removed from Landgate Arch for fear of damaging the ancient structure, the River Rother originally took an easterly course to flow into the sea near what is now New Romney. However, the violent storms in the 13th century cut the town off from the sea, destroyed Old Winchelsea, then the sea and the river combined in about 1375 to destroy the eastern part of the town and ships began use the current area to unload their cargoes. Two years later the town was sacked and burnt by the French, Rye was considered one of the finest of the Cinque Ports even though constant work had to be done to stop the gradual silting-up of the river and the harbour. Acts of Parliament had to be passed to enable the Rother to be kept navigable at all, with the coming of bigger ships and larger deepwater ports, Ryes economy began to decline, and fishing and particularly smuggling became more important. Imposition of taxes on goods had encouraged smuggling since 1301, but by the end of the 17th century it became widespread throughout Kent and Sussex, with wool being the largest commodity. When luxury goods were added, smuggling became a criminal pursuit. Since 1803 there have been stationed at Rye although the lifeboat station is now at Rye Harbour approx 2 miles down-river from the town. The worst disaster in its history occurred in 1928, when the Mary Stanford Lifeboat sank with all hands, the incident is recorded by a tablet at Winchelsea church, by the imposing memorial at Rye Harbour Church and by the folk-song The Mary Stanford of Rye
Rye, East Sussex
–
The Ypres tower, Rother,
Rye Harbour and marshes seen from the tower of St Mary's church, Rye.
Rye, East Sussex
–
The South Gate at Rye, 1785, by
Samuel Hieronymus Grimm
Rye, East Sussex
–
The windmill
Rye, East Sussex
–
Interior of St Mary's
11.
Elva (car manufacturer)
–
Elva was a sports and racing car manufacturing company based in Bexhill, then Hastings and Rye, East Sussex, United Kingdom. The company was founded in 1955 by Frank G. Nichols, the name comes from the French phrase elle va. Frank Nicholss intention was to build a low-cost sports/racing car, while awaiting delivery of the CSM, Nichols finished second in a handicap race at Goodwood on 27 March 1954, driving a Lotus. From racing a Ford-engined CSM sports car in 1954, just for fun but nevertheless with great success, the intermediate stage was concerned with the design of a special head, tried in the CSM and the introduction of the Elva car which was raced with success in 1955. The cylinder head for the 1,172 cc Ford engine, devised by Malcolm Witts and Harry Weslake, on 22 May 1955 Robbie Mackenzie-Low climbed Prescott in the sports Elva to set the class record at 51.14 sec. Mackenzie-Low also won the Bodiam Hill Climb outright at the end of the season, the 1956 Elva MK II works prototype, registered KDY68, was fitted with a Falcon all-enveloping fibreglass bodyshell. Nichols developed the Elva Mk II from lessons learnt in racing the prototype, That car was driven in 1956 races by Archie Scott Brown, Stuart Lewis-Evans, the car was offered as standard with 1,100 cc Coventry-Climax engine. This went through various changes up to the Mark IV of 1958, Carl Haas, from Chicago, was Elva agent in the midwest of the United States from the mid-1950s through the 1960s. In 1958 he was invited to England to drive an Elva in the Tourist Trophy at Goodwood, with the Mark IV, The major change is an all-new independent rear suspension utilizing low-pivot swing axles. The body is new with close attention to aerodynamics and a reduced frontal area. At the Sebring 12 Hours sports car race in 1959 the No.48 Elva Mark IV driven by Frank Baptista, Art Tweedale and Charley Wallace finished first in Class G, and 19th overall. On 21 June 1959, Arthur Tweedale and Bob Davis won the Marlboro Six Hour Endurance Race in Maryland driving the No.37 Elva Mk IV, Arthur Tweedale repeated the win in the Marlboro Six Hours in 1960. Teamed with Ed Costley he covered 337.75 miles in an Elva Mk V sports car and this was the final iteration of the Elva front-engined sports racing car. The last Mk V chassis won a number of important races in the midwest driven by Dick Buedingen, at this time Elva Cars Limited was operating from premises at Sedlescombe Road North, Hastings, Sussex, England. Elva produced a car for Formula Junior events, the FJ100. A series engine in a steel chassis. Elva Cars, Ltd. new Formula Junior powered by an untuned BMC A Series 948cc engine, the price of this 970 lb. car is $2,725 in England. Wheelbase,84, tread,48, brake lining area,163 sq, the 15 wheels are cast magnesium
Elva (car manufacturer)
–
Late Elva Mk IIa (#100/49, 1957), a transition model which shares much of the Mk III's design
Elva (car manufacturer)
–
Elva Engineering Co Ltd
Elva (car manufacturer)
–
Elva BMW Mk VIII.
Elva (car manufacturer)
–
Elva FJ 100
12.
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
–
The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company is an American multinational tire manufacturing company founded in 1898 by Frank Seiberling and based in Akron, Ohio. Goodyear manufactures tires for automobiles, commercial trucks, light trucks, motorcycles, SUVs, race cars, airplanes, farm equipment, the company was named after American Charles Goodyear, inventor of vulcanized rubber. The first Goodyear tires became popular because they were easily detachable, Goodyear is also known for the Goodyear Blimp. Though Goodyear had been manufacturing airships and balloons since the early 1900s, today it is one of the most recognizable advertising icons in America. The company is the most successful tire supplier in Formula One history, with starts, wins. They pulled out of the sport after the 1998 season and it is the sole tire supplier for NASCAR series. Goodyear is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The company opened a new headquarters building in Akron in 2013. The first Goodyear factory opened in Akron, Ohio, in 1898, the thirteen original employees manufactured bicycle and carriage tires, rubber horseshoe pads, and poker chips. The company grew with the advent of the automobile, in 1901 Frank Seiberling provided Henry Ford with racing tires. In 1903, Paul Weeks Litchfield was granted a patent for the first tubeless automobile tire, by 1908 Ford was outfitting his Model T with Goodyear tires. In 1909 Goodyear manufactured its first aircraft tire, in 1911 Goodyear started experimenting with airship design. It later manufactured airships and observation balloons for the United States Army Air Service during World War I, the transport and reconnaissance capabilities that Goodyear provided contributed significantly to the Allied victory. In 1916, Litchfield found land in the Phoenix area suitable for growing long-staple cotton, the 36,000 acres purchased were controlled by the Southwest Cotton Company, formed with Litchfield as president. In 1924, Litchfield, as Goodyear Vice President, forged a joint venture with the German Luftschiffbau Zeppelin Company to form the Goodyear-Zeppelin Corporation, by 1926 Goodyear was the largest rubber company in the world. Only four years earlier it was forced to halt production of racing tires due to heavy competition. Nevertheless, the popularity of the Goodyear tire on the circuit led to a popular demand for the return of the brand. On August 5,1927, Goodyear had its public offering and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
–
Goodyear factory buildings and former headquarters complex
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
–
Paul Litchfield, inventor of the tubeless car tire who promoted the Zeppelin partnership and later became Goodyear president and board chairman.
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
–
Goodyear Tires advertisement, Syracuse Post-Standard, February 26, 1916
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
–
KhADI-27, USSR
13.
Lotus 38
–
The Lotus 38 was the first mid-engined car to win the Indianapolis 500, in 1965, driven by Jim Clark. It was run by Lotus at Indianapolis from 1965 to 1967, a total of 8 were built, most for use by Lotus and it was designed by Colin Chapman and Len Terry as Lotus 1965 entry for the Indianapolis 500. In all of them, the engine was mid-mounted, improving the weight distribution, the 38 was significantly larger than Formula One cars of the time, but was dwarfed by the massive American roadsters. The 38 was specially designed with a suspension, with the car body situated asymmetrically between the wheels, offset to the left using suspension arms of unequal length. At the 1965 Indianapolis 500, Clark qualified second with a 4 lap average speed of 160.729 mph with a new one lap record of 160.973 mph. Foyt had both broken the 160 mph barrier in practice earlier in the month, Clark was the first to do so in official qualifying. Ironically, Foyt grabbed the pole with an average of 161.233 mph in a slightly modified Lotus 34 while also turning in a new one lap record of 161.958 mph, Foyt led until his stop on lap 74 and from then on Clark was never headed. The Scotsman led all but 10 laps and won only four other cars on the lead lap. Clark won the 1965 Indianapolis 500 with a race record average speed of 150.686 mph. The previous record had been set by Foyt in 1964 at an average of 147.350 mph, Foyts win in 1964 in a front engine Watson-Offy roadster was the last time a front engined car would win the Indy 500. Design elements in the 38 were eventually worked into the design of the legendary Lotus 49, and Foyts early Coyotes were Lotus 38 clones
Lotus 38
–
1965 Lotus 38 as seen at
The Henry Ford.
14.
1965 Indianapolis 500
–
The 49th International 500-Mile Sweepstakes was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana on Monday, May 31,1965. The five-year-old British Invasion finally broke through as Jim Clark and Colin Chapman triumphed in dominating fashion with the first rear-engined Indy-winning car, a Lotus 38 powered by Ford. With only six of the 33 cars in the field having front engines, Clark, of Scotland, started from the front row, and led 190 laps, the most since Bill Vukovich in 1953. He became the first non-American winner of the Indianapolis 500 since 1916, Clark would go on to win the 1965 World Championship. He is the driver in history to win the Indy 500. Clark actually chose to skip Monaco to compete at Indy, ABC Sports covered the race for the first time on Wide World of Sports. Charlie Brockman anchored the broadcast along with Rodger Ward, following the tragic 1964 race, this race was run relatively clean with no major incidents. Contrary to some belief, gasoline was not banned for the 1965 race. Instead, USAC officials cleverly crafted several rule changes that effectively encouraged teams to use methanol in order to be competitive, for 1965, all cars were required to make a minimum of two pit stops. A pit stop was generally defined as coming to a stop in the respective pit box. Tire changes were not specifically required, and some cars in fact changed zero tires all day. On-board fuel tank capacity was reduced to 75 gallons, which also included requirements that they contain rubber flanks inside, crossover tubes were no longer allowed ahead of the driver as well. Pressurized fueling rigs were also outlawed, all fueling rigs from 1965 onward had to be gravity feed, a rule that still is in effect as of 2017. Conventional pump gasoline registered better fuel mileage than methanol, and could go a distance before needing to refuel. The methanol-powered engines had worse fuel mileage, but were expected to produce more horsepower, since cars were required to make a minimum of two fuel stops, the advantage to using gasoline was diminished, or outright lost. While most teams switched to methanol, the Agajanian team decided to utilize a methanol/gasoline blend. Chief mechanic Johnny Pulson and driver Parnelli Jones determined that they were effectively down on power, finished second, in addition to the changes to fueling procedures, a new minimum weight of 1,250 pounds was also established. The 500 Festival Open Invitation was held May 24–27, after suffering a terrible crash in January at the Motor Trend 500 at Riverside, A. J. Foyt was back behind the wheel in time for the 500
1965 Indianapolis 500
–
49th Indianapolis 500
15.
Ford Motor Company
–
The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16,1903, the company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV, in the past, it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and it also has a number of joint-ventures, one in China, one in Taiwan, one in Thailand, one in Turkey, and one in Russia. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, Fords former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover, acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively, were sold to Tata Motors in March 2008. Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010, in 2011, Ford discontinued the Mercury brand, under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East since 1938. During the financial crisis at the beginning of the 21st century, it was close to bankruptcy, Ford is the second-largest U. S. -based automaker and the fifth-largest in the world based on 2015 vehicle production. At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe, Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list, based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion. In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants, the company went public in 1956 but the Ford family, through special Class B shares, still retain 40 percent voting rights. The Ford Motor Company was launched in a factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably John. During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue and later its factory on Piquette Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on car, assembling it from parts made mostly by supplier companies contracting for Ford. Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company and it has been in continuous family control for over 100 years and is one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world. The first gasoline powered automobile had been created in 1885 by the German inventor Carl Benz, between 1903 and 1908, Ford produced the Models A, B, C, F, K, N, R, and S. Hundreds or a few thousand of most of these were sold per year, in 1908, Ford introduced the mass-produced Model T, which totalled millions sold over nearly 20 years. In 1927, Ford replaced the T with the Model A, Ford launched the first low-priced car with a V8 engine in 1932. In an attempt to compete with General Motors mid-priced Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Henry Ford purchased the Lincoln Motor Company in 1922, in order to compete with such brands as Cadillac and Packard for the luxury segment of the automobile market. The creation of a laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan in 1951, doing unfettered basic research
Ford Motor Company
–
The
Ford World Headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan, also known as the Glass House
Ford Motor Company
–
Henry Ford (ca. 1919)
Ford Motor Company
–
A 1910
Model T, photographed in
Salt Lake City
Ford Motor Company
–
William Clay Ford, Jr., great-grandson of Henry Ford, serves as the
executive chairman at the board of Ford Motor Company.
16.
Toyota
–
Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. In March 2014, the corporation consisted of 338,875 employees worldwide and. Toyota is as of 2016 the second largest automotive manufacturer behind German Volkswagen Group, Toyota was the worlds first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year which it has done since 2012, when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle. As of July 2014, Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization, Toyota is the worlds market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles, and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe. Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 and its Prius family is the worlds top selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017. The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937, as a spinoff from his fathers company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries, it created its first product, the Type A engine, and, in 1936, its first passenger car, the Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands, including the Toyota brand, Hino, Lexus, Ranz, TMC is part of the Toyota Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world. Toyota is headquartered in Toyota City, Aichi, the main headquarters of Toyota is located in a 4-story building in Toyota. As of 2006, the office has the Toyopet Toyota logo. Vinod Jacob from The Hindu described the headquarters building as modest. In 2013, company head Akio Toyoda reported that it had difficulties retaining foreign employees at the due to the lack of amenities in the city. Its Tokyo office is located in Bunkyo, Tokyo and its Nagoya office is located in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya. In addition to manufacturing automobiles, Toyota provides financial services through its Toyota Financial Services division, since 1950, the two entities had existed as separate companies as a prerequisite for reconstruction in postwar Japan. Shoichiro Toyoda presided over Toyota Motor Sales in preparation for the consummation of the merger occurred in 1982. Shoichiro then succeeded his uncle Eiji as the President of the organization that then became known as Toyota Motor Corporation. Announced the appointment of board members, this was a first for the corporation. Additionally, Vice Chairman Takeshi Uchiyamada replaced Fujio Cho as chairman, Toyota is publicly traded on the Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka, and Sapporo exchanges under company code TYO,7203
Toyota
–
Toyota's new headquarters building in Toyota City, Japan
Toyota
–
Principal headquarters building of Toyota
Toyota
–
Akio Toyoda, CEO of Toyota, at the annual results press conference, May 11, 2011
Toyota
–
Mass production of Toyoda automated loom, displayed at the Toyota Museum in Nagakute-cho, Aichi-gun, Aichi Pref. Japan
17.
Toyota Celica
–
The Toyota Celica /ˈsɛlᵻkə/ or /sɛˈliːkə/ was a sports car produced by Toyota from 1970 to 2006. The Celica name was derived from the Latin word coelica meaning heavenly or celestial. In Japan, the Celica was exclusive to Toyota Japanese dealerships Toyota Corolla Store, throughout its life span the Celica has been powered by various four-cylinder engines. The most significant change occurred in August 1985, when the cars drive layout was changed from rear-wheel drive to front-wheel drive, during the first three generations, American market Celicas were powered by various versions of Toyotas R series engines. The four-wheel drive turbocharged model called GT-Four worldwide was produced from 1986 to 1999, variable Valve Timing came in certain Japanese models starting in December 1997, and became standard in all models from 2000-on. Through seven generations, the model has gone through many revisions and it has also spawned design forks that were spun off to become separate models, including the Toyota Celica Supra. The Celica was available as notchback and liftback coupes, as well as a convertible and this car was aimed at the North American market, and was Toyotas response to the 1964 Ford Mustang, which also was a standard sedan with stylized 2+2 bodywork. Over the generations, the Celica evolved into a sports car, in Japan, where different dealer chains handle different models, the Celica was exclusive to Toyota Store Japanese dealerships. In Japan the initial trim levels offered were ET, LT, ST, for export markets, the Celica was offered in three different levels of trim, LT, ST and GT. At its introduction the Celica was only available as a pillarless hardtop notchback coupe, the SV-1 liftback was shown as a concept car at the 1971 Tokyo Motor Show. With slight modifications, this was introduced in Japan in April 1973 as the 2-liter RA25 and 1.600 L TA27 liftbacks and it was then exported to Europe in RHD form as the 1. 6-liter liftback. After the October 1975 facelift, it was available in both RHD and LHD forms in other markets, the RV-1 wagon was also shown at the 1971 Tokyo Motor Show but it did not reach production. With the exception of the American market, the GT had a twincam engine, for the American market only, the GT had only a single cam engine with a choice of automatic or manual gearboxes. There was also the GTV version, which introduced in 1972 with slightly less luxurious interior than the GT, the GTV came with firmer suspension for better handling. The first-generation Celicas can be broken down into two distinctive models. The first of these was the original with slant nose and this is for coupe model only, TA22, RA20, and RA21. These models were produced from 1970 to 1975 and came equipped with the 2T, 2T-G1. 6-liter and they had a 95 inches wheelbase. The second series had a nose and slightly longer wheelbase
Toyota Celica
–
Toyota Celica GT-S with Action Package body kit (ZZT231, U.S.)
Toyota Celica
–
Toyota Celica Coupe 1600 GT (TA22, Japan)
18.
Sports prototype
–
A sports prototype, sometimes referred to as simply a prototype, is a type of race car that is used in the highest level categories of sports car racing. These purpose-built racing cars, unlike street-legal and production-based racing cars, are not intended for purchase or production beyond that required to compete. Prototype racing cars have competed in car racing since before World War II. In historic racing, they are called sports racing cars. Sometimes, they are referred to as Le Mans cars. Since the 1960s, various championships have allowed prototypes to compete, however, most championships have had their own set of rules for their prototype classes. Listed here are some of the commonly known types of prototypes. Group 7 Group 6 Group C Grand Touring Prototype Le Mans Prototype Le Mans Prototype Challenge Daytona Prototype Sports 2000
Sports prototype
–
The
Jaguar XJR-8, Group C, produced over 700 horsepower.
Sports prototype
–
The
Audi R10 is one of the most successful Le Mans Prototypes in recent years, winning 36 out of 48 races, and 4 Constructors' Championships.
19.
IMSA GT Championship
–
IMSA GT was a sports car racing series organized by International Motor Sports Association. Races took place primarily in the United States and occasionally in Canada, the series was founded in 1969 by John and Peggy Bishop and Bill France, Sr. and racing debuted in 1971. It was originally aimed at two of FIAs stock car categories running at two different classes, the GT and touring cars, the first race was held at Virginia International Raceway, it was an unexpected hit with both the drivers and a handful of spectators who attended. For the following year, IMSA founder John Bishop brought in sponsor R. J. Reynolds and in 1975, in 1977, the series would go through a series of major changes. IMSA permitted turbocharged cars for the first time as well as introducing a new category called GTX for cars based on the Group 5 rules, in 1981, after Bishop decided to not follow FIAs newly introduced Group C rules, so he introduced the GTP class for sports prototypes. In 1989, Bishop sold off his organization, after a period of decline in the early 1990s, the worlds sports car category was introduced in 1993 to replace the GTP category in 1994. After a period of multiple ownerships, the organization was eventually renamed Professional Sports Car Racing, in 1999, PSCR decided to drop their own championship in order to sanction a new American Le Mans Series. Despite various names, the GT series was known commonly as the IMSA series as it had been the organizations dominant series, the 1971 season was the first racing season, and featured six races. The early years of the series featured GT cars, similar to the European Group 2 and Group 4 classes, GTO cars were grand touring-type cars with engines of 2.5 L displacement or more, the letter O colloquially meaning over 2. 5L. The GTO group was dominated by Corvettes, then by Shelby Mustangs and then various factory teams consisting of Cougars, 280zxs, Celicas and finally, 300ZXs. GTU cars were by grand touring-type cars with engines of 2.5 L displacement or less, the GTU group was dominated by Porsche 914-6 GTs and SA22 Mazda RX-7s through the end of the 1980s. TO were touring-type cars such as the Camaro with engines of 2.5 L or more displacement, TU were touring-type cars with engines of 2.5 L or less displacement. In essence, these groups had been absorbed from the Trans Am Series, Trans Am would quickly become a support series for IMSA GT. The first champions were Peter H. Gregg and Hurley Haywood, common winners in these early years of IMSA were the Porsche 911 Carrera RSR and Chevrolet Corvette. Camel became the sponsor during the second season, and the series became known as Camel GT Challenge Series. As well as Joe Camel decal, starting fields of 30 or more competitors were not unusual during this era. One of the race events was the Paul Revere 250 which started at the stroke of midnight of the 4th of July. The race was conducted entirely during the night from start to finish, in 1974 a new category called All American Grand Touring was introduced to counteract the Porsche dominance in GTO
IMSA GT Championship
–
IMSA GT Championship
IMSA GT Championship
–
(front to rear)
Tommy Kendall and
Wayne Taylor (both driving an
Intrepid RM-1) leads eventual winner
Davy Jones (
Jaguar XJR-16) and
Chip Robinson, followed by
Geoff Brabham (both in
Nissan NPT-91),
Raul Boesel (XJR-16) and
James Weaver (
Porsche 962) in the
Nissan Grand Prix of Ohio, at
Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, 1991
IMSA GT Championship
–
Robin McCall in the Hoerr Racing GTO Oldsmobile (1987).
IMSA GT Championship
–
Toyota Eagle Mk.III GTP class car
20.
DeltaWing
–
The DeltaWing is a racing car designed by Ben Bowlby and debuted at the 201224 Hours of Le Mans. The entry was run under the Project 56 name, composed of Ben Bowlby, Dan Gurneys All American Racers, Duncan Daytons Highcroft Racing, nissans NISMO division provided the engine in return for naming rights for part of 2012. The DeltaWing is built and maintained at Panoz headquarters in Braselton, the project began in January 2009, when Bowlby created a potential new IndyCar Series design for the 2012 season. With financial backing from Chip Ganassi, owner of Chip Ganassi Racing, Ganassi and the team partners own the car and its patents. In July 2010, IndyCar chose a Dallara design instead, Bowlby then worked with Don Panoz to present the idea to representatives from the Automobile Club de lOuest, organizers of the 24 Hours of Le Mans. They applied for and received an invitation to race in the 2012 Le Mans race as a Garage 56 entrant, despite skepticism over the project, the DeltaWing made its on-track debut on 1 March 2012, completing a shakedown at Buttonwillow Raceway Park. The DeltaWing is planned to compete at the 2012 Petit Le Mans, on February 5,2013 Marshall Pruett of SpeedTV. com revealed that Don Panoz would enter the DeltaWing in the road course events on the American Le Mans Series for the 2013 season. Panoz will develop the car without the DeltaWings original partners Nissan, All American Racers, instead of the car being set to P2 regulations, Panoz will make the 2013 model to P1 specifications as well as enable the car to compete for points as a fully classified P1 entry. The Sebring version will continue to be an open top prototype, the power plant will be a 2. 0L Mazda MZR-based engine produced by Élan Motorsport Technologies which is currently producing 345 hp on the dyno and is lighter than the RML-built Nissan engine of 2012. Future iterations are rumored to include a carbon fiber engine block, lawsuit was settled out of court for confidential terms in March 2016. As the name suggests, it has a wing shape, with an unusually narrow 0.6 metres front track. The car lacks any front or rear wings - downforce comes from the underbody, in 2012, the engine was a four-cylinder turbocharged direct injection 300 bhp unit assembled by Ray Mallock Engineering with largely Chevrolet parts.35. The braking system weighs 13.2 kilograms, about half the weight for a race car. Also unique compared to other race cars is that 72.5 percent of the mass and 76 percent of the downforce is at the rear and it has a moveable Gurney flap, normally not allowed but can be used by experimental vehicles. In 2013, a variant of the DeltaWing was unveiled at the 12 Hours of Sebring race. The redesign was intended to bring the DeltaWing in line with Le Mans Prototype P1 regulations, there are also several other changes to the design, including the adoption of a purposebuilt monocoque, and addition of a roof mounted air intake. The car was first tested in September 2013, the new closed top chassis was given the designation DWC13 as opposed to the open top DWC12 used previously, although some unofficial sources still refer to the coupe as DWC12. In June 2011 it was announced that the car would fill the 56th garage at the 201224 Hours of Le Mans, as with all Le Mans cars, the DeltaWing was a two-seater
DeltaWing
–
DeltaWing
DeltaWing
–
The Nissan Deltawing racing at Le Mans in 2012
21.
Highcroft Racing
–
Highcroft Racing was an American auto racing team based out of Danbury, Connecticut and founded by driver Duncan Dayton in 1989. The team entered a partnership with Intersport Racing in 2003 and entered the American Le Mans Series, in 2006 Highcroft purchased an MG-Lola EX257 from Dyson Racing and started their own ALMS team. They entered four races including Petit Le Mans where the team scored a third-place finish, the team ended the season 4th in the LMP1 Team Championship. For 2007, the team was chosen by Honda Performance Development to run one of three Acura ARX-01s for Acuras debut in the ALMS, Drivers David Brabham and Stefan Johansson would compete for the full season. The teams best result came at Road America where they finished third in class, Highcroft Racing finished the season 3rd in the LMP2 Championship behind the two Porsche teams of Penske Racing and Dyson Racing but the most successful of the Acura teams. David Brabham and Stefan Johansson finished 5th in the Drivers Championship, for 2008, the team continued their campaign of the Acura ARX-01. The team also earned title sponsorship from Patrón Tequila for a three-year contract, Scott Sharp joined the team to replace Stefan Johansson as David Brabhams co-driver. Over the season, the team gained 3 class finishes as well as a finish at Lime Rock Park. The team finished the season 2nd in the LMP2 championship behind Penske Racing, but was, once again, Drivers Scott Sharp and David Brabham also finished 2nd in the Team Championship. Highcroft was one of two teams chosen to campaign Acuras new LMP1 car, Highcroft and De Ferran Motorsports would compete with the Acura ARX-02a during the 2009 American Le Mans Series season. Due to the absence of Audi Sport North America, the main competition was De Ferran Motorsports. The team claimed victories at St. Petersburg, Road America, although winning fewer races throughout the season, Highcroft Racing scored more season long points than De Ferran Motorsports and claimed the LMP1 Championship. Scott Sharp and David Brabham also claimed the LMP1 Drivers Championship, the 2010 season saw the LMP1 and LMP2 classes combine to form a new, performance balanced, LMP class. Scott Sharp left Highcroft Racing at the end of the 2009 season in order to start his own team with Patrón CEO, De Ferran Motorsports Simon Pagenaud was signed to be Brabhams co-driver. The team returned to the LMP2-spec Acura, now rebadged HPD after having season long troubles with the Acura ARX-02a, Highcroft earned four race victories and a podium finish at every other race of the season. The teams consistent performance won Highcroft its second consecutive Team and Drivers Championship, for 2011, Highcroft Racing intended to compete in the full American Le Mans Series season as well as the 24 Hours of Le Mans with the new HPD ARX-01e LMP1 car. The team started the year at the Mobil 112 Hours of Sebring where they took delivery of their new car only a week before the race, David Brabham, Simon Pagenaud and Marino Franchitti qualified 7th in class but were able to finish 2nd overall, completing 332 laps. On May 16, Highcroft Racing and HPD announced that its partnership would come to an end, in 2012, Highcroft Racing teamed with Ben Bowlby and All American Racers to build, develop and race the new DeltaWing, an experimental racing car
Highcroft Racing
–
Highcroft Racing at Long Beach.
Highcroft Racing
–
Highcroft Racing At Laguna Seca.
Highcroft Racing
–
The DeltaWing at the
2012 24 Hours of Le Mans.
22.
2012 24 Hours of Le Mans
–
The 201224 Hours of Le Mans was the 80th running of the 24 Hours of Le Mans motor race, and formed the third round of the 2012 FIA World Endurance Championship season. It was held on 16–17 June 2012 at the Circuit de la Sarthe, Le Mans, France, and was organised by the Automobile Club de lOuest. For the second year in a row the race was won by Marcel Fässler, Benoît Tréluyer, and André Lotterer and they were a lap ahead of their sister R18 e-tron quattro entry, and three laps ahead of a conventionally powered Audi R18 ultra. This victory made the Audi R18 e-tron quattro the first hybrid vehicle to win at Le Mans. A test session was held at the two weeks before the race, on 3 June, scheduled to avoid clashing with events within the 2012 Formula One season. The race itself was scheduled so as to avoid Formula One event clashes. For the second year, the ACO granted 56 invitations to the 24 Hours of Le Mans, some second-place finishers are also granted automatic entries in certain series and events. Entries are also granted for the winners of the Michelin Energy Endurance Challenge in both the American Le Mans Series and Le Mans Series. A final entry is granted to the champion in the Formula Le Mans category of the Le Mans Series, with the winner receiving their invitation in LMP2. As automatic entries are granted to teams, the teams are allowed to change their cars from the year to the next. However, automatic invitations in the two GTE categories are able to be swapped between the two based on the driver line-ups chosen by these teams. As the American Le Mans Series does not separate between the Pro and Am categories, only a single GTE invitation will be granted for their class champion. For the 56th and final entry for the 2012 running of Le Mans, the extremely lightweight car features a unique layout that is far removed from the style of Le Mans Prototypes. The project is backed by Highcroft Racing, All American Racers, in conjunction with the announcement of entries for the 2012 FIA World Endurance Championship, the ACO announced the full 56 car entry list for Le Mans, plus nine reserves. On 16 April, the ACO released an updated entry list which confirmed the withdrawal of both Dyson Racing cars, status Grand Prix and Murphy Prototypes were promoted from the reserve list in Dysons absence. Several teams also withdrew their entries from the reserve list, including Jetalliance, Hope Racing, Lotus Cars, the 9 initial reserve entries were divided between five LMP and four GTE entries. Rather than the first reserve replacing a car of any class, a withdrawing LMP can only be replaced by another LMP, the specific classes within LMP and GT are not considered in this process. At the time of the Test Day, there were 3 remaining reserve entries, a second Lotus entry in LMP, and the Pro IMSA Matmut Porsche, qualifying was held over three sessions, each two hours in length
2012 24 Hours of Le Mans
–
The overall winning #1
Audi R18 e-tron quattro, driven by
Fässler,
Tréluyer and
Lotterer.
2012 24 Hours of Le Mans
–
The No. 59 Ferrari 458 Italia GT2 of Luxury Racing led LMGTE Pro with a second session time of 3:55.393
2012 24 Hours of Le Mans
–
The Nissan Deltawing racing at Le Mans in 2012
23.
Eagle Mk1
–
The Eagle Mk1, commonly referred to as the Eagle T1G, was a Formula One racing car, designed by Len Terry for Dan Gurneys Anglo American Racers team. The Eagle, introduced for the start of the 1966 Formula One season, is regarded as being one of the most beautiful Grand Prix cars ever raced at the top levels of international motorsport. Initially appearing with a 2. 7L Coventry Climax inline 4-cylinder engine and that win in Belgium still stands as the only Formula One victory for a United States-built car. A highly successful racing driver in many disciplines, Dan Gurney had been driving in Formula One since the late 1950s. While driving for the Brabham works team, he joined with a group of prominent motor racing figures and financial backers in the United States, including Carroll Shelby, to found All American Racers. This effort was backed by the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company. Inspired by the performance of Jack Brabham and Bruce McLarens own teams, to achieve AARs dual aims of winning in both Formula One and Champ Car formulae, AAR hired ex-Lotus designer Len Terry to work for the American outfit. His brief was to create a chassis that could be used both for the road course circuits of the F1 series, as well as the broad ovals of the North American series. Terry was ideally placed to be able to fulfill such a brief, the design of the Mk1, and its Indy sister design the Mk2, closely followed the 38, with a riveted aluminium monocoque central section, carrying an unstressed engine mounted behind the driver. The lines of the chassis were remarkably clean and elegant, while driving for the British Racing Motors Formula One team in 1960, Gurney became acquainted with BRM engineer Aubrey Woods, who then moved to Weslake Engineering. Through Woods, Gurney became aware of a Weslake engine research project funded by Shell Oil, while five Mk2 chassis, complete with four-cam Ford V8s, qualified for the 1966 Indianapolis 500, the Weslake V12 was not available for the start of the Formula one season. The first Mk1s took to the track with old 2. 7-liter Coventry Climax FPF inline-4 engines in their place, once the Weslake was ready, however, the car proved to be highly competitive, if unreliable. The high-revving V12 had been constructed using surplus machine tools dating from World War I, so tolerances, nevertheless, when running the Weslake was an immediately arresting engine, with a distinctive V12-scream, and developed 360bhp even in its earliest development phase. By the end of the 1967 season this figure was over 400 bhp, easily competing with the Ferrari and Honda V12s, One mechanical flaw that limited the engines power output involved a design mistake in the oil scavenging system. This problem—discovered too late in the development process to correct—caused oil to pool in the engines sump, Gurney described the effect as taking the edge off the engine after three or four laps of a race. Three Mk1 chassis were produced with the aluminium construction, but the fourth incorporated advanced. This included extensive use of titanium for many of the componentry, owing to its novel construction materials this car, chassis number 104, was referred to as the Ti-Mag Car. Gurney was well aware of the involved in driving a car made from such flammable materials
Eagle Mk1
–
Eagle Mk1 (T1G)
Eagle Mk1
–
The early, Coventry-Climax-powered, version of the T1G used in 1966 and early 1967 prior to the introduction of the V12. The "beaked" radiator intake is clearly seen.
24.
Coventry Climax
–
Coventry Climax was a British forklift truck, fire pump, racing, and other speciality engine manufacturer. An early user was GWK, who produced over 1,000 light cars with Coventry-Simplex two-cylinder engines between 1911 and 1915, just before World War I a Coventry-Simplex engine was used by Lionel Martin to power the first Aston Martin car. Ernest Shackleton selected Coventry-Simplex to power the tractors that were to be used in his Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914, hundreds of Coventry-Simplex engines were manufactured during World War I to be used in generating sets for searchlights. In 1917 the company was renamed Coventry Climax and moved to East Street, in the 1920s the company moved to Friars Road, Coventry and in the late 1930s they also acquired the former Riley premises on Widdrington Road, Coventry. In the early 1930s the company supplied engines for buses. With the closure of Swift in 1931, the company was left with a stock of engines that were converted to electric generators. Going into the war, Coventry Climax used their marine diesel experience to further develop and this has been fitted as an auxiliary engine in the British Chieftain and Challenger battle tanks and Rapier anti-aircraft missile systems. In the late 1940s, the company shifted away from engines and into other markets, including marine diesels, fire pumps. In 1946, the ET199 was announced, which the company claimed was the first British-produced forklift truck, the ET199 was designed to carry a 4,000 lb load with a 24-inch load centre, and with a 9 ft lift height. This was designated the FW, for Feather Weight, the engine was displayed at the Motor Show in London and attracted attention from the motor racing fraternity for its very high horsepower per pound of weight. The FWA became popular in racing and was followed by the Mark II. The new Formula Two regulations suited the 1. 5-litre engine, the following year, the first Climax engines began to appear in Formula One in the back of Cooper chassis. Initially, these were FWBs but the FPF engine followed, Stirling Moss scored the companys first Formula One victory, in Argentina in 1958, using a 2-litre version of the engine. At the same time, the company produced the FWE engine for Lotus Elite, there were a total of 22 Grand Prix victories before 1966 with crossplane, flatplane, two- and four-valve versions of the FWMV. This combination was considered radical at the time, especially the syncromesh on all forward gears. The adoption to mass-production was successful, and the project out to the market as the 875cc Hillman Imp totaling over 400,000 units made by 1976 including the later 998cc version. Nonetheless, Coventry Climax remained in Formula One until they were unable to come up with a new engine for the three-litre formula, the company was purchased by Jaguar Cars in 1963, which itself merged with the British Motor Corporation in 1966 to form British Motor Holdings. The citation reads, Awarded to Coventry Climax Engines Ltd. for the design, development, the history of this trophy dates back to 1906
Coventry Climax
–
Coventry Climax Godiva fire pump in a
Green Goddess
Coventry Climax
–
Coventry Climax ET 199 (1949 model)
Coventry Climax
–
Kieft 1100 at
1954 24 Hours of Le Mans
Coventry Climax
–
Type OC engine in a
Crossley 10 hp
25.
1966 Belgian Grand Prix
–
The 1966 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Spa-Francorchamps on 12 June 1966. It was the round of the 1966 Formula One season. The race was the 26th Belgian Grand Prix which to this point had only held at the Spa-Francorchamps circuit. The race was held over 28 laps of the fourteen kilometre circuit for a distance of 395 kilometres. The race was won by British driver,1964 world champion John Surtees driving a Ferrari 312 in a race that saw the field decimated by weather in the early laps and it was Surteess fourth Grand Prix victory and his first since the 1964 Italian Grand Prix. Surtees took a 42-second victory over Austrian driver Jochen Rindt driving a Cooper T81, Surteess Italian team mate Lorenzo Bandini finished third in his Ferrari 246. With a pair of podiums, Bandini took the lead in the championship by a point over the two winners, Surtees and Jackie Stewart. The race distance was shortened from the year, from 32 to 28 laps. More than half the field crashed out on the first lap due to a heavy rainstorm, four drivers went off and crashed at the sweeping Burnenville corner, where the heavy wall of rain was. Graham Hill and Bob Bondurant, both of whom had gone off near Stewart, managed to rescue him with a spectators toolkit, jack Brabham slid his Brabham BT19 coming out of the Masta Kink at 135 mph, but regained control of the car and rejoined the race. There was so much water on the track that it got into and flooded Jim Clarks Climax engine in his Lotus 33, the entire first lap was run under green flags. And by the start of the lap,8 of the 15 drivers who started were out of the race. The race was filmed for the motion picture Grand Prix, the eight-minute segment of the 1966 film uses a combination of live footage and mocked up racing scenes. The live footage shows Surtees, Bonnier, Bandini, Ligier, Clark, Surtees doubles in the scene for the fictional Jean-Pierre Sarti while Bandini doubles for the fictional Nino Barlini. James Garners white Yamura number 24 did not appear in the actual race, because of McLarens withdrawal, Bob Bondurants car had to be painted white overnight in order to have an actual footage featuring the Yamura/McLaren car. In addition, Phil Hill was allowed to do one lap of the track with his car having a camera mounted on its nose and he managed to avoid the entire first-lap carnage and was able to get pictures of the scene. Notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
1966 Belgian Grand Prix
–
1966 Belgian Grand Prix
26.
1966 French Grand Prix
–
The 1966 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Reims on 3 July 1966. It was the 60th Anniversary race of Grand Prix racing, which had started with the GP of France in 1906 and it was the third round of the 1966 World Championship. It was also the 16th and last time the French Grand Prix had been held on variations of French highways near Reims after an absence from the region. The race was held over 48 laps of the eight kilometre circuit for a distance of 400 kilometres. The race was won by the 1959 and 1960 world champion and it was Brabhams eighth Grand Prix victory, his first since the 1960 Portuguese Grand Prix, six years earlier. It was his first win since establishing his own team, Brabham Racing Organisation and he became the first driver to win a World Championship grand prix in a car bearing his own name. Brabham took a victory over British driver Mike Parkes driving a Ferrari 312. New Zealand driver Denny Hulme backed up team leader Brabham with third place in his Brabham BT20, Brabham now led the championship on 12 points, two ahead of Ferrari driver Lorenzo Bandini and three ahead of BRMs Jackie Stewart and Ferraris John Surtees. The win was the first of four victories for Brabham as he began his march towards his third World Championship. Jim Clark was a non-starter, recovering from an accident after he was hit in the eye by a bird during practice. Qualifying was firmly in the hands of Ferrari and especially Lorenzo Bandini with a set at 2,07.8 in his 3-litre 312/66. After the start, Bandini duly led, with Jack Brabham in what would later be nicknamed his Old Nail BT19 – which had a bit less straightline speed – following in his slipstream for a while. Mike Parkes, who had taken over at Ferrari from John Surtees acquitted himself well, duelling with Graham Hill for third place and it was also the last race ever at Reims-Gueux, the original venue of the Formula One French Grand Prix. 1950 World Champion Nino Farina died in a car accident while on his way to spectate this race, notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
1966 French Grand Prix
–
Reims layout
27.
Richie Ginther
–
Paul Richard Richie Ginther was a racecar driver from the United States. During a varied career, the 1965 Mexican Grand Prix saw Ginther take Hondas first Grand Prix victory, Ginther competed in 54 World Championship Formula One Grand Prix races, and numerous other non-Championship F1 events. After finishing school, in 1948 Richie Ginther followed in his fathers footsteps and went to work for Douglas Aircraft, initially in the tool and die shop. In his spare time he helped Phill Hill to repair, maintain and race his collection of old cars and hot rods, Ginther made his own race debut at Pebble Beach in 1951, driving a Ford-engined MG T-type sports car. However, Ginthers own career was put on hold shortly after when he was drafted for two national service during the Korean War. During this time he received training and experience working in aircraft and engine mechanics, on emergence from the military Phil Hill requested that Ginther join him, principally as a riding mechanic, in driving a privately entered 4. 1-liter Ferrari in the 1953 Carrera Panamericana. The pair ran high in the rankings until Hill lost control, crashed, both Ginther and Hill were unharmed and returned in 1954 to take second place, beaten only by the works Ferrari of Umberto Maglioli. 1954 was also the year that Richie Ginther returned to race driving himself and his results were impressive enough that the following year VW and Porsche dealer John von Neumann hired him to drive a Porsche in domestic competitions. When von Neumann started dealing in Ferrari cars in 1956 Ginther also got the chance to drive these and this and his choice of Ferrari mounts brought him to the attention of the East Coast Ferrari franchise-holder, three-time 24 Hours of Le Mans-winner Luigi Chinetti. Aside from importing Ferrari road cars, Chinetti also operated a race team, soon to metamorphose into Ferraris official motorsport presence in North America. That June he won a 15 lap GT race at the new Lime Rock Park, by the end of the year Ginther had captured the Pacific Coast Sports Car Championship outright. Throughout this period he continued to mix his race driving with a job at von Neumanns dealership. Ginther made his F1 debut at the 1960 Monaco Grand Prix driving for Ferrari who he stayed with through 1961, in the September 1960 Italian Grand Prix in Monza he placed second to Phil Hill. Ginther led from the start until the 25th lap when Hill passed him, following the 1960 season the Ferrari team gave up 1000 cc in engine size. The 2500 cc engine, permitted the previous year, was replaced by a 1. 5-liter rear engine model, however, the newer engine was superior in both profiling and handling. The conservative Enzo Ferrari was the last major Formula 1 race car manufacturer to make the transition to cars with engines in the rear, in 1961 Ginther was in the #3 Ferrari driver, behind #1 Wolfgang Von Trips and #2 Hill. Giancarlo Baghetti occasionally piloted a fourth car, the team manager was Romulo Tavoni. On May 14,1961, Ginther finished 2nd to Stirling Moss at the 1961 Monaco Grand Prix, only 3.6 seconds behind and he was driving a new rear-engine Ferrari, a 120-degree V-6 which had a lower center of gravity
Richie Ginther
–
Richie Ginther
28.
1967 Belgian Grand Prix
–
The 1967 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Spa-Francorchamps on 18 June 1967. It was the round of the 1967 Formula One season. The 28-lap race was won by Eagle driver Dan Gurney after he started from second position, jackie Stewart finished second for the BRM team and Ferrari driver Chris Amon came in third. Stewart built up a lead, helped even further when Gurney had to come into the pits with fuel pressure problems. However, it was now Stewarts time for mechanical problems as his gearshift was faltering, Gurney set a new lap record to catch and pass him 8 laps from the end and gain a maiden victory for the beautiful magnesium and titanium Eagle car. The light weight and advanced aerodynamics of the car made it very fast, the Eagle was timed at 196 mph on the back straight, an extraordinary speed for a car with an engine producing something less than 400 h. p. Mike Parkes had a crash on the first lap at the exit of Blanchimont after losing control. He never raced in Formula One again, eagles only Formula 1 victory as a constructor. Weslakes only Formula 1 victory as an engine supplier, notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
1967 Belgian Grand Prix
–
1967 Belgian Grand Prix
29.
James Anthony Murphy
–
James Anthony Murphy was an American race car driver who won the French Grand Prix in 1921, the Indianapolis 500 in 1922, and the American Racing Championship in 1922 and 1924. Muphy was born in San Francisco, California, on Minna Street and his parents were Irish immigrants who owned a fuel and feed store which fronted on Mission Street behind the family home on Minna. Murphys mother died during the April 181906 San Francisco earthquake, Murphys father left him in the care of his cousin, San Francisco firefighter Lt. Tom Murphy, and his wife Catherine. In Southern California Murphy attended Huntington Park High School and commuted to and he became an expert rider and mechanic and, a few months short of graduation, opened a garage with a friend, developing a clientele of motorcycle and automobile owners from the Los Angeles area. Murphy began his career as a riding mechanic, back in the days when racing cars carried a driver. He rode in winning driver Eddie ODonnells Duesenberg at the 1916 Corona road race, their car achieving a speed of 85 miles per hour. Murphy rode with some of Americas greatest drivers of the time, including Ralph DePalma, Harry Hartz, Eddie Rickenbacker, Peter DePaolo, after the war, Murphys career as a driver was spotted, but he showed promise to those who knew the racing game. To everyone surprise, Murphy won that February 14,1920 race and he went on to win regularly and became a popular champion on the circuit. The next time an American driver would win a Grand Prix in an American-built car would be 46 years later, additionally, in 1967 Gurney became the second American driving an American built car to win at LeMans when he won LeMans that year also. So since the 1921 French Grand Prix was raced on the LeMans course, the feat of an all-American Grand Prix victory has not been repeated, nor it is likely to be. Murphys mechanic in that race was none other than Ernie Olsen who also rode with Murphy in the 1922 Indianapolis 500. In 1922, Murphy won the Indianapolis 500, in the Le Mans winning car and he also became National Champion that year. Murphy won the final Universal Trophy Cup Race, beating Milton, in 1923, Murphy placed second in the National Championship, even missing several races to go to Europe and race for Los Angeles race car builder, Harry Miller. He placed third in the Italian Grand Prixat Monza that year, Mussolini gave Jimmy two German Shepherd dogs as Jimmy loved dogs. Murphy finished third in the Indy 500, and by the last weeks of the season, Murphy died in a race promoted by a friend, at the Syracuse, New York fairgrounds dirt track on September 15,1924. He was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1998, although not an accomplished dirt racer, he agreed to appear at a race promoted by a friend, at the Syracuse, New York fairgrounds dirt track on September 15,1924. As he charged for the late in the race, his car slid sideways. A large piece of the rail was pushed through Jimmys chest, james Anthony Murphy was buried at Calvary Cemetery in Los Angeles, in the ODonnell family plot
James Anthony Murphy
–
Murphy, right, with his riding mechanic Ernie Olson in 1920
James Anthony Murphy
–
Murphy, who began his racing career as a
riding mechanic, is shown here with his own mechanic at
Tacoma Speedway in 1922.
James Anthony Murphy
–
1922 Indianapolis 500 and
1921 French Grand Prix winning car
30.
Duesenberg
–
Duesenberg Motors Company was an American manufacturer of race cars and luxury automobiles. It was founded by brothers August and Frederick Duesenberg in 1913 in Saint Paul, Minnesota, the brothers moved their operations to Elizabeth, New Jersey in 1916 to manufacture engines for World War I. Cord added Duesenberg to his Auburn Automobile Company, with the market for expensive luxury cars severely undercut by the Depression, Duesenberg folded in 1937. In 1913, brothers Fred and Augie Duesenberg founded Duesenberg Motors Company, Inc. on University Avenue in St. Paul, Minnesota, to build engines, the brothers were self-taught engineers and built many experimental cars. Duesenberg cars were considered some of the best cars of the time, in 1914, Eddie Rickenbacker drove a Duesy to finish in 10th place at the Indianapolis 500, and Duesenberg won the race in 1924,1925, and 1927. The fledgling company sidestepped into aviation engine manufacturing when Colonel R. C. Bolling, the end of World War I stopped this project before it could ever mature. In 1921, Duesenberg provided the car for the Indy 500. In 1923, Jimmy Murphy became the first American to win the French Grand Prix when he drove a Duesenberg to victory at Le Mans. At the end of World War I, they ceased building aviation and marine engines in Elizabeth, New Jersey at the corner of Newark Avenue, was established in 1920 to begin production of passenger cars. The plant was located on a 17-acre site on West Washington street at Harding street until 1937, although the Duesenberg brothers were world-class engineers, they were neither good businessmen nor administrators, they were unable to sell all the units of their first passenger car, the Model A. This had the Duesenberg Straight-8 engine, the first mass-produced straight eight engine in the U. S, the Model A was a lighter and smaller vehicle than the competition. It was among the most powerful and the fastest cars of its time, among the celebrities who purchased this model were Tom Mix and Rudolph Valentino. The model experienced various delays going from prototype to production, deliveries to dealers did not start until December 1921. Sales lagged and the goal of building 100 Duesenbergs each month proved far too high, in 1922 no more than 150 cars were manufactured, and only 650 Model As were sold over a period of six years. The brothers continued to create excellent engines for cars, boats, on March 8,1920, these men became president and vice president of the Duesenberg Automobile and Motors Corporation of Indianapolis. Fred was chief engineer and Augie his assistant, and both were salaried as employees, van Zandt quit after a year, and business went from bad to worse in 1923. In 1924 the company went into receivership, but somehow it survived that year, in 1925, the firms name was changed to Duesenberg Motors Corporation and Fred assumed the title of president. Fred and August struggled to keep the company, but to no avail, Model X Duesenbergs are very rare
Duesenberg
–
Duesenberg Automobile & Motors Company, Inc.
Duesenberg
–
Duesenberg family with Fred and August in the middle, ca. 1886.
Duesenberg
–
1923 Duesenberg Model A
touring car at the
Louwman Museum
Duesenberg
–
Brothers Duesenberg pictured in 1925, August at left and Fred at right.
31.
Titanium
–
Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a transition metal with a silver color, low density. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791, and it is named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth for the Titans of Greek mythology. The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll, the most common compound, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments. Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride, a component of smoke screens and catalysts, and titanium trichloride, the two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion resistance and strength-to-density ratio, the highest of any metallic element. In its unalloyed condition, titanium is as strong as some steels, there are two allotropic forms and five naturally occurring isotopes of this element, 46Ti through 50Ti, with 48Ti being the most abundant. Although they have the number of valence electrons and are in the same group in the periodic table. As a metal, titanium is recognized for its high strength-to-weight ratio and it is a strong metal with low density that is quite ductile, lustrous, and metallic-white in color. The relatively high melting point makes it useful as a refractory metal and it is paramagnetic and has fairly low electrical and thermal conductivity. Commercial grades of titanium have ultimate tensile strength of about 434 MPa, equal to that of common, low-grade steel alloys, titanium is 60% denser than aluminium, but more than twice as strong as the most commonly used 6061-T6 aluminium alloy. Certain titanium alloys achieve tensile strengths of over 1400 MPa, however, titanium loses strength when heated above 430 °C. Titanium is not as hard as some grades of heat-treated steel, it is non-magnetic, machining requires precautions, because the material might gall unless sharp tools and proper cooling methods are used. Like steel structures, those made from titanium have a limit that guarantees longevity in some applications. The metal is an allotrope of an hexagonal α form that changes into a body-centered cubic β form at 882 °C. The specific heat of the α form increases dramatically as it is heated to this transition temperature but then falls, similar to zirconium and hafnium, an additional omega phase exists, which is thermodynamically stable at high pressures, but metastable at ambient pressures. This phase is usually hexagonal or trigonal and can be considered to be due to a soft longitudinal acoustic phonon of the β phase causing collapse of planes of atoms, like aluminium and magnesium, titanium metal and its alloys oxidize immediately upon exposure to air. Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at 1,200 °C in air and it is, however, slow to react with water and air at ambient temperatures because it forms a passive oxide coating that protects the bulk metal from further oxidation. When it first forms, this layer is only 1–2 nm thick but continues to grow slowly
Titanium
–
Titanium, 22 Ti
Titanium
–
Titanium(III) compounds are characteristically violet, illustrated by this aqueous solution of
titanium trichloride.
Titanium
–
Martin Heinrich Klaproth named titanium for the
Titans of
Greek mythology.
Titanium
–
Titanium sponge, made by the
Kroll process
32.
Alloy
–
An alloy is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element. Alloys are defined by a metallic bonding character, an alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements or a mixture of metallic phases. Intermetallic compounds are alloys with a stoichiometry and crystal structure. Zintl phases are sometimes considered alloys depending on bond types. Alloys are used in a variety of applications. In some cases, a combination of metals may reduce the overall cost of the material while preserving important properties, in other cases, the combination of metals imparts synergistic properties to the constituent metal elements such as corrosion resistance or mechanical strength. Examples of alloys are steel, solder, brass, pewter, duralumin, bronze, the alloy constituents are usually measured by mass. Alloys are usually classified as substitutional or interstitial alloys, depending on the arrangement that forms the alloy. They can be classified as homogeneous, or heterogeneous or intermetallic. An alloy is a mixture of elements, which forms an impure substance that retains the characteristics of a metal. Alloys are made by mixing two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal and this is usually called the primary metal or the base metal, and the name of this metal may also be the name of the alloy. The other constituents may or may not be metals but, when mixed with the base, they will be soluble. The mechanical properties of alloys will often be different from those of its individual constituents. A metal that is very soft, such as aluminium, can be altered by alloying it with another soft metal. Although both metals are soft and ductile, the resulting aluminium alloy will have much greater strength. Adding a small amount of carbon to iron trades its great ductility for the greater strength of an alloy called steel. Due to its strength, but still substantial toughness, and its ability to be greatly altered by heat treatment, steel is one of the most useful. By adding chromium to steel, its resistance to corrosion can be enhanced, creating stainless steel, while adding silicon will alter its electrical characteristics, producing silicon steel
Alloy
–
Liquid
bronze, being poured into molds during casting.
Alloy
–
Wire rope made from
steel, which is a metal alloy whose major component is
iron, with
carbon content between 0.02% and 2.14% by mass.
Alloy
–
A
brass lamp.
Alloy
–
A gate valve, made from
Inconel.
33.
Bobby Unser
–
Robert William Bobby Unser is an American former automobile racer. He is the brother of Al Unser, Jerry Unser and Louis Unser, the father of Robby Unser, and he is one of ten drivers to win the Indianapolis 500 three or more times, and one of only two to have won the 500 in three different decades. Bobby has also been a spokesman and advocate of many commercial products, Unser was born in Colorado Springs Colorado, the third oldest of 4 brothers. When he turned 1, his family moved to Albuquerque New Mexico, in 1950 at the age of 15, he won his first championship in Southwest Modified Stock Cars. From 1953 to 1955 he joined the Air Force and became a top competition sharp shooter in military matches, in 1955, Bobby, and brothers Jerry and Al Unser decided to pursue racing careers in USAC. In 1959, his brother Jerry Unser died in an accident at the Indianapolis 500. Bobby is the father of two sons, Bobby Jr. and Robby, and two daughters, Cindy and Jeri, Unser came from a family of racecar drivers. He won numerous racing championships throughout his career, including three Indianapolis 500 titles and he debuted in 1955 at Pikes Peak, dubbed Unsers Peak because of his familys history of success at the hill climb. He finished fifth that year, behind his two brothers, a year later he won his first of a record 13 championships at Pikes Peak. He won six titles from 1958 to 1963. His streak ended in 1964 when his younger brother Al won the race, Unser raced in his first Indianapolis 500 in 1963. He crashed early and placed thirty-third and his first Indy-car win came in 1967 at Mosport, Ontario. A year later, Unser won his first Indianapolis 500, setting the record as the first driver to race over 170 miles per hour at Indianapolis, in 1969 Unser won his first USAC National Driving Championship. In 1972, Unser set another Indianapolis 500 record for the fastest qualifying time at 195.94 miles per hour. In 1974, he won his second USAC National Driving Championship, from 1979 to 1981, Unser raced in the CART series for Team Penske winning ten races. In 1980 he became the first driver to win the California 500 four times and his career ended in 1981 following a debacle at Indianapolis. Bobby was the center of one of the most controversial finishes in Indy 500 history at the 1981 Indianapolis 500, Unser won the pole in the #3 Roger Penske-owned car and led the most laps. On lap 149, during a period, Bobby and Mario Andretti made their pit stop
Bobby Unser
–
Unser in 2015
Bobby Unser
–
Bobby Unser's 1979 Penske Cosworth Champ Car
34.
Indianapolis 500
–
The Indianapolis 500 is an automobile race held annually at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, an enclave suburb of Indianapolis, Indiana. The event is held over Memorial Day weekend, which is typically the last weekend in May and it is contested as part of the Verizon IndyCar Series, the top level of American Championship Car racing, an open-wheel formula colloquially known as Indy Car Racing. The name of the race is often shortened to Indy 500, the event, billed as The Greatest Spectacle in Racing, is considered part of the Triple Crown of Motorsport, which comprises three of the most prestigious motorsports events in the world. The official attendance is not disclosed by Speedway management, but the permanent seating capacity is upwards of 250,000, the inaugural running was won by Ray Harroun in 1911. The race celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2011, and the 100th running was held in 2016, alexander Rossi is the defending champion. The most successful drivers are A. J. Foyt, Al Unser, the active driver with the most victories is Hélio Castroneves, with three. Rick Mears holds the record for most career pole positions with six, the most successful car owner is Roger Penske, owner of Team Penske, which has 16 total wins and 17 poles. For a list of races and winners, see List of Indianapolis 500 winners, the Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, a 2.5 mile oval circuit. Drivers race 200 laps, counterclockwise around the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles, since its inception in 1911, the race has always been scheduled on or around Memorial Day. Since 1974, the race has been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend, practice and time trials are held in the two weeks leading up to the race. Traditionally, the field consists of 33 starters, aligned in a grid of eleven rows of three cars apiece. The event is contested by Indy cars, a formula of professional-level, single-seat, open cockpit, open-wheel, as of 2015, all entrants utilize 2.2 L V6, twin-turbocharged engines, tuned to produce a range of 550–700 horsepower. Chevrolet and Honda are the current engine manufacturers involved in the sport, firestone, which has a deep history in the sport, dating back to the first 500, is the exclusive tire provider. The race is the most prestigious event of the IndyCar calendar and it has been avouched to be the largest single-day sporting event in the entire world. Likewise, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway itself is regarded as the worlds largest sporting facility in terms of capacity, the total purse exceeded $13 million in 2011, with over $2.5 million awarded to the winner, making it one of the richest cash prize funds in sports. Due to safety issues, the race is not held in wet conditions, in the event of a rain delay, the race will be postponed until rain showers cease, and the track is sufficiently dried. If rain falls during the race, officials can end the race, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway complex was built in 1909 as a gravel-and-tar track and hosted a smattering of small events, including ones for motorcycles. The first long distance event, in conditions, was the 100-lap Prest-O-Lite Trophy in 1909
Indianapolis 500
–
Joe Dawson winning the
1912 Indianapolis 500
Indianapolis 500
–
The
Mercedes-Benz W154 entered by Don Lee at the
1947 Indianapolis 500 with
Duke Nalon as driver
Indianapolis 500
–
Emerson Fittipaldi driving the
Penske PC-23 at the
1994 event
Indianapolis 500
–
The
Indianapolis Motor Speedway
35.
1969 Canadian Grand Prix
–
The 1969 Canadian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Mosport Park on September 20,1969. Jacky Ickx led home a Brabham 1-2, in this race, Al Pease became the only driver in F1 history to be black flagged for being too slow. This was the race in which a car with 4 Wheel Drive scored points. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, Only the best 5 results from the first 6 rounds and the best 4 results from the last 5 rounds counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points scored
1969 Canadian Grand Prix
–
1969 Canadian Grand Prix
36.
1969 Indianapolis 500
–
The 53rd International 500 Mile Sweepstakes was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana on Friday, May 30,1969. Mario Andretti led 116 laps and won for car owner Andy Granatelli, hard luck driver Lloyd Ruby was leading the race just after the midpoint, but during a pit stop, pulled away with the fueling hose still attached. He ripped a hole in the tank, and was out of the race. The incident put Mario Andretti in the lead for rest of the way, Andrettis victory capped off an up-and-down month of May. He entered the month as a favorite, but he crashed his car during practice. Andretti suffered burns but was able to qualify in a back up car for the middle of the front row, Mario Andrettis 1969 Indy 500 win is the lone victory in the race for the storied Andretti racing family. As of 2016, no Andretti has won the Indianapolis 500 since, polesitter A. J. Foyt led the race in the early stages, looking to become the first four-time winner of the 500. Near the halfway point, however, a pit stop to repair a broken manifold put him many laps down. Despite a hard-charging run towards the end, he wound up managing only a place finish,19 laps down. For 1969 not a single front-engined car managed to qualify for the race, all 33 cars in the field were rear-engined, piston-powered, machines. After the historic failures of the controversial STP Granatelli Turbine machines in 1967 and 1968, the annulus inlet was further reduced from 15.999 in² to 11.999 in², and the Granatelli team parked them forever. After five drivers were killed at the Speedway in the decade of the 1960s, the only injuries for the month were during two practice crashes. Mario Andretti suffered burns to his face, and Sammy Sessions, Al Unser, Sr. actually suffered the most serious injury of the month, when he crashed his personal motorcycle in the infield. He suffered a leg the night before time trials was to begin. Bud Tingelstad served as his replacement in the Vels Parnelli Jones Racing entry, the car in which Andretti won the 1969 Indy 500 is owned by the Smithsonian, while a replica made from the original blueprints sits on display at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum. The track opened on May 1 to light activity for the first few days, by Tuesday May 6, activity had picked up, and the top drivers were lapping in the 165 mph range. On Wednesday May 7, A. J. Foyt turned a lap of 169.237 mph, during the second week of practice, Mario Andretti took over the speed chart. On Monday May 12, he ran a lap of 170.197 mph, Al Unser, Sr. was close behind with a lap of 169.141 mph
1969 Indianapolis 500
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53rd Indianapolis 500
1969 Indianapolis 500
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1969 Camaro pace car replica
37.
Joe Leonard
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Joe Leonard, is a retired American motorcycle racer and racecar driver. Grand National Championship Series in 1954 and won it again in 1956 and 1957 and his record totals 27 wins, including the 1957 and 1958 Daytona 200. He also resulted vice-champion in 1958,1960 and 1961, third in 1955 and he retired from motorcycle racing at the completion of the 1961 season and turned his attention to auto racing. Leonard would make his USAC National Championship debut during the 1964 season when he competed in five races for various teams, Leonard would get a best finish of 5th at the season-ending Bobby Ball Memorial at Phoenix International Raceway driving the #65 Travelon Trailer Christensen-Offenhauser. Leonard would finish in 24th-place finish the standings, in 1965 Leonard became teammates with Dan Gurney at Gurneys All American Racers team, driving the #29 All American Racers Hailbrand-Ford. During the season Leonard would get his first win when he won the Milwaukee 150 at Wisconsin State Fairgrounds Park Speedway. Leonard would also drive one race for legendary car builder and chief mechanic A. J. Watson at Leader Card Racing in the #2 Moog St. Louis Watson-Ford at the Langhorne 100 at Langhorne Speedway. At the end of the season Leonard finished 6th in the point standings. Leonard would get a best finish of 3rd place three times en route to a 4th-place finish in points, also, during the season at the Indianapolis 500 Leonard would get his first top 10 in the historic race with a 9th-place finish. Starting at the Indianapolis 500 Leonard would drive the #4 Sheraton-Thompson Racing Coyote-Ford, in the race he would qualify in 5th place and would finish in 3rd place. Leonard would then have his car changed again for the two races that made up the Telegraph Trophy 200 at Mosport Park where he drove the #4 Sheraton-Thompson Racing Eagle-Ford, after that race Leonard began to drive for Vels Parnelli Jones Racing in the #20 Wagner Lockheed Brake Fluid Mongoose-Ford. His best finish of the wound up being at Indianapolis as he would finish 9th in points. In 1968 Leonard would begin the season in the #9 Vels Ford Sales Morris-Ford for Vels Parnelli Jones Racing, Leonard would finish in 3rd place at the Stardust 150 at Stardust International Raceway, this would end up being his best finish of the season. At the Indianapolis 500 Leonard would begin to drive for STP-Granatelli Racing first to drive the #40 STP Oil Treatment Granatelli-Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6, as a result, he would drive the #60 STP Oil Treatment Lotus 56-Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6 in place of the injured Jackie Stewart. During qualifying Leonard would qualify on the position at a new track record speed of 171.599 mph. During the race Leonard would lead for 31 laps, battling with Bobby Unser, when the race got restarted on lap 191 Leonards fuel shaft broke. His teammate Art Pollard, who had been running three laps behind at the time, had the same thing happen to him, Leonard would finish in 12th place. After Indianapolis Leonard was without a car yet again and he would qualify 3rd at Milwaukee, but would finish 20th in that race and 21st at Dover
Joe Leonard
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The Eagle driven to 6th place by Leonard in the
1969 Indianapolis 500
38.
Gordon Johncock
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Gordon Johncock is an American former racing driver, best known as a two-time winner of the Indianapolis 500 and the 1976 USAC Marlboro Championship Trail champion. Johncock was most often referred to as Gordy. Johncocks first USAC victory was scored at the Milwaukee Mile in August 1965 and he won six further races before winning the Indy 500 in 1973. At the 1973 Indianapolis 500, Johncock was racing for STP/Patrick Racing, a major accident at the start involving Salt Walther, coupled with two days of rain, postponed the race until late Wednesday afternoon. When the race was held, Johncocks teammate Swede Savage was severely injured in a crash on lap 58. A moment later, Armando Teran, a pit crew member on the same STP/Patrick team, was struck by a truck going northbound in the pits. When the race resumed, Johncock who had led the most laps, was leading when rain fell again on the 133rd lap, nearing 6 p. m. in the evening, the race was red flagged and declared over. After a short and muted victory lane celebration, Johncock went to visit Savage at the hospital, afterward, the celebratory victory banquet was cancelled. Instead, Johncock and his crew went to a local fast-food joint for hamburgers, about a month later, Savage died from his injuries. In the 1975 Indianapolis 500, he started the race on the front row, Johncock won the USAC national title in 1976, snatching the title from Johnny Rutherford in the final race of the season at Phoenix International Raceway. In 1976 and 1978 he finished third at Indianapolis, and in 1977 he was leading A. J. Foyt when the crankshaft broke with sixteen laps to go. Johncock took a second Indianapolis 500 victory in 1982, winning by 0.16 second over Rick Mears and this remains the fourth-closest Indy 500 finish in history. Mears was rapidly closing on Johncock in the final laps, in Mears final pit stop, Mears team made a miscalculation and filled his car with more fuel than it needed to finish the race. As a consequence Mears had to catch up a significant distance on Johncock, Johncocks tires were deteriorating by the lap, and with each turn the car understeered more severely. On the final lap, just after the white flag waved, Mears tried to pass Johncock for the win, with Johncock making a defense of first place in Turn One. In turn 4, Mears reeled him in and made a pass, but lost by 16-hundredths of a second, which was at that time, Mears would later joke about watching the tape over and over to see if this time I get around Gordy. Johncock took another three Indycar races, including the 1982 Michigan 500 to complete two legs of what was known as the Triple Crown before retiring from racing in 1985. Legend holds that the Indianapolis Motor Speedway held off resurfacing the concrete pit lane until Johncock retired
Gordon Johncock
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Gordon Johncock
Gordon Johncock
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Johncock's car at Pocono, October 2008
39.
Alex Barron (driver)
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Alex Barron is an American race car driver. He began racing CART FedEx World Series Championship cars in 1998, the 1997 KOOL Toyota Atlantic Champion, moved across to the IRL, where he had trouble finding a regular drive and got his opportunities through injuries to other drivers. However, in 2006, he stepped down a level to race in the Champ Car Atlantic Championship, after racing in the 2008 Rolex 24 at Daytona, Barron stopped racing at an international level. Barron was born in San Diego, California, in 1996, the opportunity for him to move up to US National Formula Ford 2000 came with the DSTP Team. This proved to be steep learning curve from kart to open wheel race car, however, a podium, a fastest lap and six top ten finishes won him to chance to race in Toyota Atlantic the following season. With four pole positions, six fastest laps and nine top three finishes, he would win the “Rookie of the Year” award. Part of his prize for winning the Championship was a test with the Arciero-Wells Racing CART team, during his test, he was quickly matching the speed of their regular driver, Max Papis. Arciero-Wells were so impressed him, they offered a testing contract. Following the retirement of Juan Manuel Fangio II, the All American Racers Team and their boss, Dan Gurney, wanted a young American driver who could develop with the team, and Alex got the call. In just 24 races,12 races in both the Formula Ford 2000 and Toyota Atlantic, Alex made the jump from racing karts to CART, alex’s time with Gurney and his AAR team was a troubled by an uncompetitive combination of the chassis, Toyota engines and Goodyear tyres. Midway through his season with AAR, he was let go. Later that season, he was signed by Marlboro Team Penske to race in two 500 mile events, once again he found himself in an uncompetitive combination, this time it was a Penske PC27B-99 with Mercedes engines and Goodyears. It was not until the half of 2000 season that Barron re-appeared in CART. The following season, he raced just the two races for Arciero-Blair Racing. During these races, Alex lead both, before retiring with problems the Ford Cosworth engines both times,2002 saw Alex switch to IRL, signing for Blair Racing, where he finish fourth in Indianapolis 500, co-winning the Rookie of the Year. Later that season, he would the first of his two IndyCar Series wins, the 2002 Firestone Indy 200 at Nashville Speedway, sadly, Blair Racing would fold at the end of the season, leaving Barron without a full-time drive for 2003. That’s not say Alex did not race that season, in fact he appeared for three teams, after replacing the injured Gil de Ferran for a one-off appears for Marlboro Team Penske, he raced for Mo Nunn Racing, filling in the injured Felipe Giaffone. It was with Mo Nunn, that Barron scored his second IRL victory, for the final three races of that season, Eddie Cheever hired Barron to drive for his Red Bull Cheever Racing outfit, instead of Buddy Rice
Alex Barron (driver)
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Alex Barron at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 2006.
Alex Barron (driver)
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Mechanics working on Barron's car in the garage during a practice session for the
2007 Indianapolis 500
40.
Raul Boesel
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Raul de Mesquita Boesel is a former racing driver who raced for the March and Ligier Formula One teams and later raced in Champ Car and the Indy Racing League. He won the 1987 World Sportscar Championship and the 198824 Hours of Daytona, Raul Boesel was born on 4 December 1957 in Curitiba, Brazil as the son of Jorny and Elizadea de Mesquita Boesel. Boesel had a career in equestrian show jumping winning state championships. He lives in Key Biscayne, Florida with his wife Vera and children Raul Boesel Jr and he owns a Cigarette 38 Top Gun boat. He studied engineering, gave up his degree and went on to motor racing and he entered into first ever season of the Brazilian Stock Car championship in 1979. He moved to Britain in 1980 to race in Formula Ford 1600 and in 1981 entered Formula 3, in November 1981 he tested for McLaren and entered the March team, only to switch in 1983 to Ligier. At the end of the year he went to the United States to race in CART, in 1987 he switched to World Sportscar Championship with Jaguar and won the title with five victories. In 1988 he won the 24 Hours of Daytona in a Jaguar XJR-9, along with Martin Brundle and that year he also returned to CART and finished third at Indianapolis in 1989. In 1991 he finished second in Le Mans 24 Hours with Jaguar and returned to CART, finishing fifth in the 1993 series and he raced in CART until 1998, when he went to Indy Racing League. Because of this, he has multiple starts in the Indy 500 and his last race in CART was at the 1999 Marlboro 500 at Fontana. Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba, a circuit in Curitiba, is officially nicknamed Circuito Raul Boesel in honour of his success in Europe. Boesel retired his racing career in 2005 after returning to Stock Car Brasil though he competes in some races after his retiring. Afterwards, he comments about various racing categories. In 2007, he started a career as a disc jockey. 171 starts,0 wins,3 poles,321 laps led over 11 races, best finish, 2nd 27 starts,0 Wins,59 laps led over 4 races, best finish, 5th Raul Boesel official website
Raul Boesel
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Boesel at the
2007 Mil Milhas Brasil
41.
Geoff Brabham
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Geoff Brabham is an Australian racing driver. Brabham spent the majority of his career in the United States. He raced successfully in CART early in his career, finishing 8th in 1982,1984 and 1987 with nine podiums, in ten appearances in the Indianapolis 500, he had a best result of fourth in 1983 and fifth in 1981. His greatest source of success was in forms of sports cars, winning four IMSA GTP titles when racing for Nissan. Brabham also won the 199324 Hours of Le Mans driving one of the factory Peugeot 905 alongside French drivers Éric Hélary and Christophe Bouchut. His younger brother David Brabham had won the GT class in the race driving a Jaguar XJ220 for Tom Walkinshaw Racing, geoff Brabham became just the third Australian driver to win Le Mans after Bernard Rubin and Vern Schuppan in 1983. David Brabham would also go on to win Le Mans in 2009 and this caused their disqualification and handed the win to the Brabham brothers. Brabham dabbled in V8 Supercar drives in his native Australia throughout his career and he is still one of the few drivers to win his first race, Sandown 500 in 1993. He started eleven races for one victory, Brabham took two race victories in the International Race of Champions stock car series, both at Michigan. He made his only NASCAR Winston Cup Series start at the first ever Brickyard 400 at Indianapolis in 1994, Brabham crashed in the second half of the race. He is the son of three-time Formula One World Champion Jack Brabham and he has two younger brothers, Gary and David. Geoff teamed with David to win the 1997 Bathurst 1000 in a BMW, although the most successful of the second generation of racing Brabhams, unlike his siblings he did not compete in World Championship Formula One. Married to Roseina Brabham - a multi-time Jetski Champion - Brabham has retired from competition himself to focus on his son, after a successful karting career, moved into international open-wheel racing. Matthew set new records on his way to the USF2000 Championship, 22-year-old Matt made his Indianapolis 500 debut with an Australian owned team, PIRTEK Team Murray in 2016 finishing 22nd. He also competed in the Angies List Grand Prix of Indianapolis in 2016, driver Database stats Conrod Profile - V8 Supercar stats. Racing Reference - US Stats CART/USAC Results
Geoff Brabham
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Brabham at the
2014 Indianapolis 500
Geoff Brabham
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Brabham's 1990 IMSA GTP car
Geoff Brabham
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Brabham in 1990
Geoff Brabham
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Brabham (#07) at the
1994 Brickyard 400.
42.
Juan Manuel Fangio II
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Juan Manuel Fangio II is a former auto racing champion and the nephew of auto racer Juan Manuel Fangio. Fangio II grew up meeting some of racings most famous champions of his uncles era. He inherited his uncles passion for motorsports, after same experience in European Formula 3, He debuted as a professional auto racer in IMSA in 1985. He had a winning career, winning two GTP drivers championships, as well as 2 manufacturer titles when he was racing for Toyota. His victories came while driving the Eagle HF89/90 and Eagle MkIII GTP cars, Fangio II won pole position ten times during his career. His boss, and also a friend, was Dan Gurney. While Fangio II also participated in the CART circuit, he did not win any races, in 1997, Fangio II called Gurney to let him know that he was retiring. 99% is not enough, I shall stop, said Gurney, A gentleman in a drivers suit with a core of steel exuding an aura of Latin American dignity and honor even in the worst of circumstances will be missing from the grid. Fangio II currently resides in Balcarce, Argentina, Juan Manuel Fangio II driver statistics at Racing-Reference On his retirement Biography on AARs site
Juan Manuel Fangio II
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Fangio's 1990 IMSA GTP car
43.
Pete Halsmer
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Pete Halsmer, is a former driver in the CART Championship Car series. He raced in 5 seasons, with 33 career starts, and he finished in the top five three times in the CART series, with his best finish in 2nd position in 1983 at Cleveland. In 1992, Halsmer raced in the IROC series, representing IMSA, pete drove for Ford/Roush from 1986 through 1989 and won six Trans Am races and four GTO races winning the 1989 GTO championship. From 1990 through 1992 he drove for Mazda and won another GTO championship in 1991, from 1994 through 1997 he drove BMWs, winning four GT2 races and winning the Manufacturers Title in 1996. From 1999 to 2004 he drove for and provided technical consulting for Honda America Race Team winning several championships in Motorola Cup, Halsmer is also a 3 time class winner at the 24 Hours of Daytona and was trained as a helicopter pilot and served in the Vietnam War
Pete Halsmer
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Halsmer at the 2014 Indianapolis 500.
44.
P. J. Jones
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Parnell Velko P. J. Jones is an American racing driver. He has contested in multiple disciplines, including NASCAR, IndyCar, IMSA GT Championship, the American Le Mans Series, USAC, the Chili Bowl, Jones was runner-up at the GTP class of the IMSA GT Championship in 1993 and fourth in 1992. He also finished 4th at the 2002 NASCAR Winston Cup Series race at Watkins Glen and his father is Indianapolis 500 winner Parnelli Jones and his brother Page Jones is a former racing driver. Jones preliminary efforts in racing were, in a not atypical for young drivers. Upon graduation from his introductory-level competitions, Jones began to enter the races at Ascot Park. Accumulating experience and accolades, Jones would progress vertically to United States Auto Club-sanctioned events, from numerous choices within the USAC governing bodys expansive portfolio of open-wheel divisions, Jones opted to participate in the West Coast Midget category. At this stage, Jones was participating in the GTO and GTU classes with Clayton-Cunningham Racing, a partial season in both GTO and GTU left Jones just fourteenth and twenty-seventh in the respective standings. Low rankings, however, would not overshadow Jones ability in the racing car. The decade would not close without another racing reconnaissance from P. J. Jones, in this instance and this series encompassed elements from both midget racing and sports car racing, serving as a fusion of lessons Jones had learned in his prior experience. In the same year, Jones was suspended for thirty days from USAC competition after deliberately colliding with a competitors vehicle, Jones returned to the American Racing Series in 1990. Though with the team, and utilizing the same March/Buick package. The promise of the 1980s had now faded into an oppressive doubt that could have jeopardized a blossoming career. Jones was not the kind of prospect to be discouraged by slow development, though, having now proven that his talents were beyond the challenges the American Racing Series could offer, Jones would never return to the championship subsequent to 1991s conclusion. Prior to the end, Jones participated in an ice race, much as fellow North American racing drivers Paul Menard. In 1992, Jones became a professional racing driver, now joining Gurneys team for a full seasons run in IMSA GTP piloting the brand-new Eagle MkIII. Fourth in points with two wins, as Jones was by the end, had far exceeded any reasonable expectations one could have for a young driver in such refined machinery. Outside of Jones two wins on the IMSA circuit, the second-generation driver dominated the 1992 Toyota Pro/Celebrity Race in Long Beach, all American Racers retained Jones for 1993 and swept the championship and vice-championship positions in IMSAs GTP category with P. J. trailing Fangio. Now acclimated to the Eagle MkIII Toyota, Jones capitalized on his years GTP experience in the season-opening 24 Hours of Daytona, the victory was shared with co-drivers Mark Dismore and Rocky Moran, father of one of Jones future sports car teammates
P. J. Jones
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Jones' 2007 Indy 500 entry rests in the garage
P. J. Jones
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Jones' 2013
Stadium Super Truck
45.
Jan Lammers
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Johannes Jan Lammers is a racing driver and team principal from the Netherlands. In 1979, Lammers made his debut in Formula One driving for Shadow and he moved to Ensign midway through the season but rejoined ATS for four races in 1981. Ten years later he returned to Formula One for the two races of the 1992 season. He won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1988 and later participated in the race with his own team Racing for Holland and he was also the seatholder of the Dutch A1 Grand Prix team. Lammers grew up as a kid washing cars at a school in Zandvoort. As a 12-year-old he started to show customers how to safely, encouraged by sliding school owner. When he was 16 years old, he started his first race at the racing track. In the following years he starred in Dutch touring car and Formula Ford races before moving up to European Formula 3 in 1977 and he did not get good results with his Hawke and for his second season he joined Racing Team Holland run by Alan Docking. The other drivers of the team were fellow future Formula 1 driver Huub Rothengatter and later Indy 500 winner Arie Luyendijk and it was a successful move as Lammers won the 1978 European Formula 3 Championship after a close battle with Swede Anders Olofsson. Lammers began his Formula One career with Shadow in 1979 with Elio de Angelis as his teammate and he did not have a great debut as de Angelis was the teams number one driver. His best result was a place in Canada. In 1980 he moved to Günther Schmidts ATS team, in the first three races he failed to qualify but in Long Beach he qualified a very strong fourth. This would be the highlight of his F1 career, later that year he moved to the Ensign Team but there he only managed to qualify three times. In 1981 he returned to ATS but only raced the first four races of the year, for 1982, he moved to Theodore but his season was something of a disaster. He did manage to start in his home race and he scored no championship points during his F1 career. In 1985 and 1986, Lammers made 10 CART World Series starts for four different teams and his best finish was fifth at Laguna Seca Raceway in 1985 for Forsythe Racing. He was entered and practiced for the 1986 Indianapolis 500 in a Mike Curb entry and he finished 26th and 22nd in points in his two seasons, respectively. After that he turned his attention to car racing
Jan Lammers
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Jan Lammers at the 2011 Le Mans 24 Hours Drivers' Parade
Jan Lammers
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Jan Lammers driving the Theodore TY02 at the Dutch Grand Prix in 1982
46.
Andrea Montermini
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Andrea Montermini is an Italian racing driver. Montermini raced in Formula 3 in 1989, taking place in the Monaco GP support race. He then moved up to Formula 3000, racing for three season before taking second place in the 1992 season, winning three rounds while driving for the Il Barone Rampante team. He participated in 29 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 29 May 1994 for Simtek, replacing Roland Ratzenberger, Montermini himself crashed heavily in practice for the 1994 Spanish Grand Prix, breaking his left heel and his right foot. He returned to Formula One the next season, with the Pacific Grand Prix team, Montermini was also rumoured to become a test driver for the MasterCard Lola team, but it folded after one race in 1997. He scored no points in his Formula One career and he competed in the American Champ Car series three different seasons, 1993-1994 and 1999. He scored a 4th place at Detroit in his first season, in 1999 he drove a few events for Dan Gurney in Gurneys last season of team ownership. When others such as Alex Barron, Gualter Salles and Raul Boesel were replaced, he filled in and he raced in the 200124 Hours of Daytona, but has primarily raced in the FIA GT Championship, mostly in Ferrari cars. He has taken two class wins and four further class podiums, in 2006 he has occasionally raced alongside Jarek Janis and Sascha Bert in a Saleen ran by the Zakspeed team. In 2007 he won the International GT Opens GTA class, driving a Ferrari 430 for Scuderia Playteam alongside co-champion Michele Maceratesi and he won a second overall championship title in 2013. Profile on F1 Rejects Official website
Andrea Montermini
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Montermini at the
Brands Hatch round of the
2014 Blancpain Sprint Series season.
Andrea Montermini
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Montermini driving for
Pacific Racing at the
1995 British Grand Prix.
Andrea Montermini
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Montermini driving for
Forti at the
1996 San Marino Grand Prix.
47.
Rocky Moran
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Rocky Moran, Sr. is a retired American race car driver. Moran, Sr. started three Indianapolis 500-mile races with a best finish of 14th in 1989, Moran also teamed with P. J. Jones and Mark Dismore to win the 199324 Hours of Daytona event. Moran is the father of racer Rocky Moran, Jr, with his son, Moran, Sr. opened the Moran Raceway kart track in Beaumont, California in June 2003. One mile in length the track boasted 19 turns,860 ft. long straight, there were six different track configurations, however, most preferred to run the full distance. In 2007, the track was closed
Rocky Moran
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IMSA Del Mar Grand Prix - October 1990
Rocky Moran
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Moran at the 2014 Indianapolis 500.
48.
Mike Mosley
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Mike Mosley, was an American racecar driver. Born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Mosley was a driver in the USAC and he raced in 17 consecutive seasons from 1967 through 1983, with 166 combined career starts, including every Indianapolis 500 in that span except 1967 and 1982. He finished in the top ten 80 times and had 5 career victories, Mosley was known for a charger driving style and for his smooth driving technique. Many of his peers felt Mosley never had the opportunity to showcase his talent due to second-rate equipment, Mosley was known for having a perceived jinx at Indianapolis. He qualified near the front several times, including second in 1981 and 1983, however, in 15 starts, he finished the 500 miles only once—a third-place result in 1979. On his first visit to Indianapolis in 1967, he lied about his age to gain entry, the next year, he returned and qualified for the race. Mosley was particularly effective at the flat Milwaukee Mile paved oval, in the 1981 race there, added as a promoters option, he came from the back of the field to win the race. It was the last win for an engine in the CART/Champ Car era. Mosley died in a accident in Aguanga, California. He lost control of the truck he was driving, which rolled down an embankment and his teenaged son, Michael, was also riding in the van but was uninjured
Mike Mosley
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Mike Mosley
49.
Ed Pimm
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Ed Pimm, is a former driver in the CART Championship Car series. He raced in the 1984–1988 seasons, with 42 career starts and he drove two CART events for Gary Trout Motorsports finishing 12th at Mid-Ohio and 14th at Elkart Lake. He finished in the top ten 12 times, with his best finish in 3rd position in 1985 at Michigan, in 1987 and 1988, he also made 5 Winston Cup starts. Earlier in his career, he was the 1983 US Super Vee champion, in 1987 and 1988, he also made 5 Winston Cup starts. He debuted in 1987, driving for Curb Racing at Talladega, starting a year-long best 30th, Pimm led one lap and settled for a 27th-place effort after an engine issue. His run earned him two more races for the team, finishing 34th after an issue at Daytona and then crashed to 42nd in the season finale at Atlanta Motor Speedway. Pimm returned to the team in early 1988, running two races and he made the prestigious Daytona 500, starting 40th but ending with a career-best 24th place showing. It was also his only race in Cup competition that he was running at the end, two weeks later, at Rockingham, Pimm started a career-best 29th before crashing to 34th. Pimm never returned to NASCAR after that
Ed Pimm
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Ed Pimm at the 1986 Indianapolis 500
Dan Gurney
Bruce McLaren
Ludovico Scarfiotti
Al Pease
Geoff Brabham
Jan Lammers
Juan Manuel Fangio II
Gualter Salles
