1.
ANA & JP Express
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ANA & JP Express Co. Ltd. commonly abbreviated AJV, was a cargo airline based in the Shiodome City Center in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. It operated services between Japan and South Korea, using aircraft from the All Nippon Airways fleet, founded in 2006, the company merged into Air Japan in 2010. The company was founded on 1 February 2006. and started operations on 2 October 2006 with the inaugurational Nagoya - Anchorage - Chicago service, by 1 April 2010, when the merger with Air Japan was announced, ANA & JP Express was completely owned by All Nippon Airways. As of February 2008, AJV maintained cargo flights from Tokyo, Osaka, earlier, trans-Pacific flights had been operated, but by 2008, ANAs trans-Pacific freight was flown by the mainline and ABX Air wet lease. ANA & JP Express ANA & JP Express
2.
Australian National Airways
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Australian National Airways was Australias predominant carrier from the mid-1930s to the early 1950s. Due to monopoly arrangements with other Australian shipowners, Holymans was only allowed to carry passengers on internal Tasmanian routes and they later purchased a de Havilland D. H.84 Dragon VH-URD Miss Launceston that began a regular service between Melbourne, Flinders Island and Launceston in September 1933. The new company, with a capital of £90,000, was registered in July 1934, captain Victor Holymans was one of the twelve lives lost. Undaunted, Holymans Airways purchased a second-hand D. H.84, a route from Melbourne to Sydney via Canberra was established in 1935 using D. H.86 VH-UUB Loila. On the day of a first proving flight between the capitals,2 October, another D. H.86, VH-URT Loina, the Melbourne-Sydney flights, the first regular daily airmail service between the two centres, got underway on 7 October. After a non-fatal accident in Bass Strait to the D. H and it entered service as VH-USY Bungana on 18 May 1936. Early in 1936 Ivan Holyman approached the Adelaide Steamship Company, owners of Adelaide Airways, Adelaide Airways had recently taken over West Australian Airways and the new combine would thus effectively control airline traffic between Perth, Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney. With funding from the Orient Steam Navigation Company a new Australian National Airways was registered on 13 May 1936 and it acquired a second DC-2 VH-UXJ Loongana that began a twice-weekly service between Melbourne and Perth on 21 December 1936. Meanwhile, efforts to expand northwards to Queensland were being thwarted by Airlines of Australia. Established in 1931 as New England Airways by G. A and it was restructured as AoA in 1934 with funding by an investment group the British Pacific Trust. In 1936 it introduced Stinson Model A airliners in a service between Sydney and Brisbane, and later acquired Douglas DC-2s and Douglas DC-3s. When Australia entered World War II in 1939 the Government of Australia requisitioned ANAs four DC-3s, however, ANA was soon operating a network of services around Australia on behalf of the war effort. It operated a number of Douglas DC-2s, DC-3s and even at least one rare Douglas DC-5. During the 1940s ANA was plagued by a series of accidents, the most serious of these were,25 October 1938, DC-2 VH-UYC Kyeema overflew Essendon Airport and crashed into Mount Dandenong. All four crew and fourteen passengers were killed,8 February 1940, DC-2 VH-USY crash-landed near Dimboola after engine fire. No loss of life and aircraft repaired,29 May 1942, DH-89 VH-UXZ Marika crashed off Flinders Island Bass Strait apparently after running out of fuel, all four on board drowned. 3 December 1943, DC-2 VH-ADQ crash landed near Bendigo after the pilot lost his way on a flight from Sydney to Melbourne — the first officer was killed but the aircraft was repaired. 31 January 1945, Stinson Model A VH-UYY Tokana broke up in due to metal fatigue of a wing joint and crashed near Redesdale, Victoria
3.
Airline codes
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This is a list of airline codes. The table lists IATAs two-character airline designators, ICAOs three-character airline designators, IATA airline designators, sometimes called IATA reservation codes, are two-character codes assigned by the International Air Transport Association to the worlds airlines. The standard is described in IATAs Standard Schedules Information Manual and the codes themselves are described in IATAs Airline Coding Directory, Airline designator codes follow the format xx, i. e. two alphanumeric characters followed by an optional letter. Although the IATA standard provides for three-character airline designators, IATA has not used the third character in any assigned code. This is because some legacy computer systems, especially the central reservations systems, have failed to comply with the standard, the codes issued to date comply with IATA Resolution 762, which provides for only two characters. These codes thus comply with the current airline designator standard, there are three types of designator, unique, numeric/alpha and controlled duplicate. IATA airline designators are used to identify an airline for commercial purposes in reservations, timetables, tickets, tariffs, air waybills, a flight designator is the concatenation of the airline designator, xx, and the numeric flight number, n, plus an optional one-letter operational suffix. Therefore, the format of a flight designator is xxn. After an airline is delisted, IATA can make the code available for reuse after six months, controlled duplicates are issued to regional airlines whose destinations are not likely to overlap, so that the same code is shared by two airlines. The controlled duplicate is denoted here, and in IATA literature, an example of this is the code 6Y, which refers to both Mid Airlines, a charter airline in Sudan, and Med Airways, a charter airline in Lebanon. IATA also issues an accounting or prefix code and this number is used on tickets as the first three characters of the ticket number. The IATA codes originally based on the ICAO designators which were issued in 1947 as two-letter airline identification codes and these codes are unique by airline, unlike the IATA airline designator codes. The designators are listed in ICAO Document 8585, Designators for Aircraft Operating Agencies, ICAO codes have been issued since 1947. The ICAO codes originally based on a two-letter-system and were identical to the codes used by IATA. After an airline joined IATA its existing ICAO-two-letter-code was taken over as IATA code, so in the 1970s the abbreviation BA was the ICAO code and the IATA code of British Airways while non-IATA-airlines like Court Line used their 2-letter-abbreviation as ICAO code only. In the early 1980s ICAO introduced the current three-letter-system due to the number of airlines. It became the new standard system in November 1987. Other designators, particularly starting with Y and Z, are reserved for government organizations
4.
Airline hub
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Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
5.
Narita International Airport
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Narita International Airport, also known as Tokyo Narita Airport, formerly and originally known as New Tokyo International Airport, is an international airport serving the Greater Tokyo Area of Japan. It is located approximately 60 kilometres east of central Tokyo in Chiba Prefecture, Narita is the predominant international airport in Japan, handling around 50% of the countrys international passenger traffic and 60% of its international air cargo traffic. As of 2013, Narita was the second-busiest passenger airport in Japan and its 4, 000-metre main runway shares the record for longest runway in Japan with the second runway at Kansai International Airport in Osaka. Narita serves as the international hub of Japan Airlines, All Nippon Airways and Nippon Cargo Airlines. It also serves as an Asian hub for Delta Air Lines, prior to the opening of Narita Airport, Tokyo International Airport was the main international airport in Japan. Haneda, located on Tokyo Bay close to densely-populated residential and industrial areas, began to suffer from capacity, the Japanese transport ministry commissioned a study of alternative airport locations in 1963, and in 1965 selected a plan to build a five-runway airport in the village of Tomisato. The site was later moved 5 km northeast to the villages of Sanrizuka and Shibayama and this development plan was made public in 1966. The government argued that one merit of the site was the ease of expropriation of land. However, local residents were not consulted during the planning phase. This led to shock and anger among the community, which continued for many years thereafter. Although the Japanese government possessed eminent domain power by law, such power was used due to a preference to resolve land disputes consensually. At the time, the socialist movement still possessed considerable strength in Japan and these individuals sought to ally with the more conservative local farmers who simply did not want to give up their land for the airport. Similar strategies had already been employed during the era to block the expansion of Tachikawa Air Base. In June and July 1966, the Union sent formal protests to the mayor of Narita, the governor and vice-governor of Chiba Prefecture, in November 1967, when the Transport Ministry began surveying the perimeter of the airport, Union members set up roadblocks. The Zengakuren radical student union then began sending students to Narita to help the local farmers, takenaka Corporation constructed the first terminal building, which was completed in 1972. The airport opened under a level of security, the airfield was surrounded by opaque metal fencing. Japans international flag carrier, Japan Airlines moved its international hub from Haneda to Narita. Pan American transferred its Pacific Division, including its Narita hub, Japanese domestic carrier All Nippon Airways began scheduled international flights from Narita to Guam in 1986
6.
Haneda Airport
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It is located in Ōta, Tokyo,14 kilometres south of Tokyo Station. In 2010, a international terminal was opened at Haneda in conjunction with the completion of a fourth runway. Haneda opened up to service during the daytime in March 2014. The Japanese government is encouraging the use of Haneda for premium business routes. It is able to handle 90 million passengers per year following its expansion in 2010, with Haneda and Narita combined Tokyo has the third busiest city airport system in the world, after London and New York City. Before the construction of Haneda Airport, aviators in Tokyo used various beaches of Tokyo Bay as airstrips, in 1930, the Japanese postal ministry purchased a 48-hectare portion of waterfront land from a private individual in order to construct an airport. Haneda Airfield first opened in 1931 on a piece of bayfront land at the south end of todays airport complex. The first flight from the airport on August 25,1931 carried a load of insects to Dalian, during the 1930s, Haneda handled flights to destinations in Japan, Korea and Manchuria. The major Japanese newspapers also built their first flight departments at Haneda during this time, JAT was renamed Imperial Japanese Airways following its nationalization in 1938. Passenger and freight traffic grew dramatically in early years. In 1939, Hanedas first runway was extended to 800 metres in length, the airports size grew to 72.8 hectares using land purchased by the postal ministry from a nearby exercise ground. During World War II, both IJA and Haneda Airport shifted to almost exclusively military transport services, Haneda Airport was also used by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for flight training during the war. In the late 1930s, the Tokyo government planned a new Tokyo Municipal Airport on an island in Koto Ward. The airport plan was finalized in 1938 and work on the began in 1939 for completion in 1941. On the 21st, over 3,000 residents received orders to leave their homes within 48 hours, many resettled on the other side of a river in the Haneda district of Ota, surrounding Anamoriinari Station, and some still live in the area today. The expansion work commenced in October 1945 and was completed in June 1946, Haneda AAF was designated as a port of entry to Japan. A number of C-54s, based at Haneda AFB, participated in the Berlin Blockade airlift and these planes were specially outfitted for hauling coal to German civilians. Many of these planes were decommissioned after their participation due to coal dust contamination, several US Army or Air Force generals regularly parked their personal planes at Haneda while visiting Tokyo, including General Ennis Whitehead
7.
Kansai International Airport
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The airport is off the Honshu shore and was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano. The airport serves as a hub for All Nippon Airways, Japan Airlines, and Nippon Cargo Airlines, and also serves as a hub for Peach. It is colloquially known as Kankū in Japanese, Kansai opened 4 September 1994 to relieve overcrowding at Osaka International Airport, which is closer to the city of Osaka and now handles only domestic flights. During the 2006 fiscal year, KIX had 116,475 aircraft movements, of which 73,860 were international, and 42,615 were domestic. The total number of passengers was 16,689,658 of which 11,229,444 were international, however, in 2009, airport traffic has fallen by almost 20% in just two years to 13.4 million. In 2010 airport traffic had risen to over 14 million, with international passengers accounting for approximately 10.4 million, freight volume was at 802,162 tonnes total, of which 757,414 t were international, and 44,748 t were domestic. The 4,000 m ×60 m second runway was opened on 2 August 2007. As of June 2014, Kansai Airport has become an Asian hub, with 780 weekly flights to Asia and Australasia,59 weekly flights to Europe and the Middle East, and 80 weekly flights to North America. Kansai International Airport was named the most Muslim friendly airport by Salam Standard alongside Kuala Lumpur International Airport, in the 1960s, when the Kansai region was rapidly losing trade to Tokyo, planners proposed a new airport near Kobe and Osaka. After the protests surrounding New Tokyo International Airport, which was built with expropriated land in a part of Chiba Prefecture. The new airport was part of a number of new developments to revitalize Osaka, initially, the airport was planned to be built near Kobe, but the city of Kobe refused the plan, so the airport was moved to a more southerly location on Osaka Bay. There it could be open 24 hours per day, unlike its predecessor in the city, an artificial island,4 km long and 2.5 km wide, was proposed. Engineers needed to overcome the high risks of earthquakes and typhoons. The water depth is 18 m on top of 20 m of soft Holocene clay which holds 70% water, a million sand drains were built into the clay to remove water and solidify the clay. The sea wall was finished in 1989, three mountains were excavated for 21,000,000 m3, and 180,000,000 m3 was used to construct island 1. 10000 workers and 10 million work hours over three years, using eighty ships, were needed to complete the 30-metre layer of earth over the sea floor and inside the sea wall. In 1990, a three kilometer bridge was completed to connect the island to the mainland at Rinku Town, at a cost of $1 billion, completion of the artificial island increased the area of Osaka Prefecture just enough to move it past Kagawa Prefecture in size. The bidding and construction of the airport was a source of international trade friction during the late 1980s, the island had been predicted to sink 5.7 m by the most optimistic estimate as the weight of the material used for construction compressed the seabed silts
8.
Itami Airport
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Itami Airport, officially known as Osaka International Airport is the primary domestic airport for the Kansai region of Japan, including the major cities of Osaka, Kyoto and Kobe. It is classified as a first class airport, despite its international designation, the airports scheduled passenger air traffic is entirely domestic. Kansai International Airport took over the international traffic in 1994. Itami also faces competition from Kobe Airport, a domestic airport opened in 2006. The airport was named after the city of Itami, Hyōgo Prefecture because most of its land is located there, a portion of the airport property is also located in Toyonaka and Ikeda cities of Osaka Prefecture. The terminal complex is located in all three of these cities, and the access from the Itami side is via a long tunnel that passes below the runway. In FY2006 Itami was Japans 3rd busiest airport and the Kansai regions busiest, during 2010, this airport had 62,293 aircraft movements. The total number of passengers was 14,193,277, freight volume was at 125,736 metric tons total. Itami Airport opened as No.2 Osaka Airport in 1939, prior to the opening of Itami, Osaka was served by seaplanes which used an airport at the mouth of the Kizu River. Construction began in July 1936 on a 53 ha site, the new airport was primarily used by the Imperial Japanese Army during its early years. U. S. occupation forces took over Osaka Airport after the end of World War II in 1945, expanding it to 221 ha, the airfield was used extensively by US forces during the Korean War. In 1954, Marilyn Monroe and Joe DiMaggio stopped at Itami during their honeymoon and in 1956, Itami was renamed Osaka Airport following its return to Japanese control in March 1959. The Japanese government quickly implemented a plan to expand the airport by an additional 82.5 ha so that it could accommodate jet aircraft, the main runway was completed in 1970. In its heyday Itami was served by a variety of international carriers, including Pan Am, British Airways, Air India, Cathay Pacific. Northwest Airlines was an international operator at Itami, and by 1992 offered nonstop service to New York, Los Angeles, Honolulu. The Sydney service raised Japanese regulator concern because less than 30% of passengers on the Australia-Japan segment were originating in the U. S. against its rule to be over 50 percent. While Japans economy was growing rapidly, the area around Itami Airport became a dense residential area for commuters to Osaka. The United States Armed Forces had rights to use Itami Airport for refueling and maintenance and this activity caused consternation among locals who were opposed to the Vietnam War
9.
Focus city
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In the airline industry, a focus city is a destination from which an airline operates several point-to-point routes. Thus, a city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers. However, with the terms expanded usage, a city may also function as a small-scale hub. Allegiant Air, JetBlue and Frontier Airlines are examples of airlines that consider some of their destinations to be focus cities
10.
Chubu Centrair International Airport
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Chubu Centrair International Airport is an airport on an artificial island in Ise Bay, Tokoname City in Aichi Prefecture,35 km south of Nagoya in central Japan. Centrair is classified as a first class airport and is the international gateway for the Chubu region of Japan. Some 11,721,673 people used the airport in 2006, ranking 8th busiest in the nation, Chubu Centrair is one of Japans five off-shore airports, developed after Nagasaki Airport and Kansai International Airport and before Kobe Airport and Kitakyushu Airport. Chubu Centrair is the airport built in Japan on a manmade island. Chubu Centrair serves the third largest metropolitan area in Japan, centered around the city of Nagoya, penta-Ocean Construction was a major contractor. In addition to cost-cutting measures, a number of protection measures had been taken after learning from Kansai International Airport. The artificial island itself was shaped like the rounded letter D so that sea currents inside the bay will flow freely and its shores were partially constructed with natural rocks and sloped to aid sea lifeforms to set up colonies. During the construction a species of little tern occasionally came, so a part of the island was selected, although several Samix executives were criminally indicted for racketeering, the prosecutions were later dropped. According to the sources, Kodo-kai had informants working within the Nagoya police who fed the organization inside information which allowed them to stay a step ahead of investigating authorities. When Chubu Centrair opened on 17 February 2005, it took over almost all of the existing Nagoya Airports commercial flights, as a replacement for Nagoya Airport, it also inherited its IATA airport code NGO. The airport opened in time to service the influx of visitors for Expo 2005, the airport is speculated to have some competition with Shizuoka Airport, which opened on 4 June 2009. There were several withdrawals from Chubu Centrair after the airport commenced its operation, american Airlines operated a route to Chicago for less than seven months in 2005, but said the service was not as profitable as we had hoped. Emirates and Hong Kong Express Airways retreated from the airport in 2009, garuda Indonesia and EVA Air left the airport in 2012. V Air will withdraw from Centrair and end operations in October 2016, the main terminal is shaped like a T, with three piers radiating from a central ticketing area. This design keeps check-in distances below 300 m, originally, designers planned to make the main terminal resemble an origami crane from above, but this plan was abandoned due to cost. Arrivals are processed on the floor, and departures on the third. The lower level is used for maintenance, catering, and other ground operations, there are thirteen gates for domestic flights, and fourteen for international flights. Central Japan International Airport Station, the station for Centrair is located on the Meitetsu Airport Line operated by Nagoya Railroad
11.
New Chitose Airport
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New Chitose Airport, is an airport located 2.7 NM south southeast of Chitose and Tomakomai, Hokkaidō, Japan, serving the Sapporo metropolitan area. By land area, it is the largest airport in Hokkaidō, JASDF provides air traffic control for both facilities. As of 2005, New Chitose Airport was the third busiest airport in Japan, although it has now dropped to fifth, the 894 km New Chitose - Tokyo Haneda route is the busiest air route in the world, with 8.8 million passengers carried in 2010. New Chitose opened in 1991 to replace the adjacent Chitose Airport, the airports IATA airport code was originally SPK. This code was adopted as a city code to refer to both New Chitose and the smaller Okadama Airport in central Sapporo, which handles commuter flights within Hokkaido. New Chitose became Japans first 24-hour airport in 1994, services between 10 PM and 7 AM are currently limited to six flights per day due to noise alleviation concerns. Four of these slots are used by passenger flights to Tokyo while the other two are used by cargo flights. New Chitose previously had service to Amsterdam, Cairns and Honolulu. Today, its services to Europe have ceased, while its international services are mainly transporting tourists from the rest of Asia and for sightseeing and skiing. The area surrounding gates 0 through 2, on the end of the main terminal, was a sterile area for international flights until the international terminal opened for service on March 26,2010. The airport was upgraded with additional private aircraft handling facilities for the 34th G8 summit and these restrictions are scheduled to be eased in March 2017. Three passengers were injured in the evacuation, the airport has a semicircular domestic terminal with eighteen gates, and a smaller international terminal with six gates. Operating hours for international flights at CTS are restricted by the Japanese government in order to avoid interference with JASDF operations at the adjacent air base. As of April 2012, international flights are permitted on Tuesdays and Wednesdays from noon to 4 pm, the domestic terminal contains a 188-room hotel, the hotelcoms New Chitose Airport. China Airlines operates its Sapporo office on the floor of the airport building. The airline Hokkaido Air System was at one time headquartered in the New Chitose airport terminal, now its head office is on the property of Okadama Airport in Higashi-ku, Sapporo. New Chitose Airport Station is located on a spur off the Chitose Line of Hokkaido Railway Company, rapid service trains operate to and from Sapporo Station, taking 36–39 minutes and costing ¥1,070. Hokkaidō Chūō Bus/Hokuto Kotsu joint service Hokkaidō Chūō Bus Hokuto Kotsu Donan Bus Atsuma Bus Official website Airport information for CTS Charts for CTS / RJCC
12.
Airline alliance
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An airline alliance is an aviation industry arrangement between two or more airlines agreeing to cooperate on a substantial level. Alliances may provide marketing branding to facilitate travelers making inter-airline codeshare connections within countries and this branding may involve unified aircraft liveries of member aircraft. In 2015, Star Alliance was the largest with 23% of total scheduled traffic in RPK, followed by SkyTeam with 20. 4% and Oneworld with 17. 8%, benefits can consist of, An extended network, often realised through codeshare agreements. Many alliances started as only codeshare networks, cost reduction from sharing of, sales offices maintenance facilities operational facilities, e. g. catering or computer systems. Operational staff, e. g. ground handling personnel, at check-in, investments and purchases, e. g. in order to negotiate extra volume discounts. Traveler benefits can include, lower prices due to lowered operational costs for a given route, more departure times to choose from on a given route. Shorter travel times as a result of optimised transfers, a wider range of airport lounges shared with alliance members faster mileage rewards by earning miles for a single account on several different carriers. Round-the-world tickets, enabling travelers to fly over the world for a low price. Airline alliances may also create disadvantages for the traveler, such as, less frequent flights, for instance, if two airlines separately fly three and two times a day respectively on a shared route, their alliance might fly less than 5 times a day on the same route. This might be especially true between hub cities for each airline, E. g. flights between Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. The ability of an airline to join an alliance may be restricted by laws, competition law issues must also be considered in some countries. The first airline alliance was formed in the 1930s, when Panair do Brasil, the first large alliance began in 1989, when Northwest Airlines and KLM agreed to large-scale codesharing. Normally landing rights are granted for a number of flights per week to a fixed destination. Each adjustment requires negotiations, often between governments rather than between the companies involved, in return, the United States granted antitrust immunity to the alliance between Northwest Airlines and KLM. Other alliances would struggle for years to overcome the barriers and lack of antitrust immunity. The Star Alliance was founded in 1997, which brought competing airlines to form Oneworld in 1999, in 2010 Richard Branson, chairman of the Virgin Group, announced his intention to form a fourth alliance among Virgin branded airlines. Then in September 2011, Branson said that Virgin would join one of the existing alliances, in December 2012, Delta Air Lines purchased Singapore Airlines 49% stake in Virgin Atlantic for £224 million. On February 14,2013, it was announced that American Airlines and US Airways would merge, retaining the American Airlines name, US Airways participation in the Star Alliance lapsed
13.
Star Alliance
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Star Alliance is one of the worlds largest global airline alliances. Founded on 14 May 1997, its current CEO is Mark Schwab and its headquarters is in Frankfurt am Main, as of 7 August 2016, Star Alliance is the second largest global alliance by passenger count with 641.1 million, after SkyTeam and ahead of Oneworld. Its slogan is The Way The Earth Connects, the alliance has a two-tier rewards program, Silver and Gold, with incentives including priority boarding and upgrades. Like other airline alliances, Star Alliance airlines share airport terminals, on 14 May 1997, an agreement was announced forming Star Alliance from five airlines on three continents, Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways International, Air Canada, Lufthansa, and United Airlines. The alliance chose Young & Rubicam for advertising, with a budget of $25 million, the airlines shared the star logo from the beginning, with its five points representing the founding airlines. The alliance adopted its first slogan, The Airline Network for Earth, with its goal an alliance that will take passengers to major city on earth. The now defunct Brazilian airline VARIG joined the Star Alliance network on 22 October 1997, also joining were Ansett Australia and Air New Zealand, expanding Star Alliance to Australia and the Pacific. With the addition of the two carriers, the alliance served 720 destinations in 110 countries with a combined fleet of 1,650 aircraft. The next airline to join was All Nippon Airways, the groups second Asian airline, during the early 2000s, a number of airlines joined Star Alliance, the Austrian Airlines Group joined on 26 March 2000 and Singapore Airlines on 1 April. BMI and Mexicana Airlines joined on 1 July, bringing the membership to 13. The addition of BMI made London Heathrow the only European hub with two alliances, during the year, Emirates considered joining Star Alliance, but decided against it. That year the now-defunct BWIA West Indies Airways, which had entered an alliance with United Airlines, considered becoming a member, in 2000, the alliance also opened its first three business centers and announced the formation of an Alliance Management Team, the partnerships executive body. In September 2001, Ansett Australia left Star Alliance due to bankruptcy and that year, Star Alliance announced the appointment of a new CEO, Jaan Albrecht. Asiana Airlines joined the alliance on 1 March 2003, Spanair on 1 May, around this time, Mexicana Airlines left the alliance after deciding not to renew a codeshare agreement with United Airlines, later joining Oneworld. US Airways joined the alliance in May 2004, becoming its second US-based airline, in November Adria Airways, Blue1 and Croatia Airlines joined the alliance as its first three regional members. Although Star Alliance invited Lineas Aereas Azteca in 2005 to join in mid-2007, TAP Portugal joined on 14 March 2005, adding African destinations to the network. In April 2006 Swiss International Air Lines, the alliances sixth European airline, by May 2007, Star Alliances 10th anniversary, its members had a combined 16,000 daily departures to 855 destinations in 155 countries and served 406 million passengers annually. VARIG left the alliance on 31 January 2007, and the two Chinese airlines Air China and Shanghai Airlines joined on 12 December
14.
Air Japan
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Air Japan Co. Ltd. is a charter airline based on the grounds of Narita International Airport in Narita, Japan. It operates scheduled services under the ANA brand and it should not be confused with Air Nippon, another ANA subsidiary, or Japan Airlines, ANAs competitor. Its main base is Narita Airport and it was announced on 2 April 2010 that Air Japan and ANA & JP Express will merge, with Air Japan being the surviving company. Air Japan uses the All Nippon call sign on all flights except the Seoul Incheon, Air Japan was established as World Air Network on 29 June 1990 and became the charter airline arm of ANA, but ceased operation since September 1995. In 2000, World Air Network was renamed Air Japan and relaunched service in 2001, the airline has its headquarters at the ANA Sky-center 3B, Narita International Airport in Narita, Chiba. The headquarters used to be in Higashikōjiya, Ōta, Tokyo, in addition to its headquarters, Air Japan also used to have offices at Shiodome City Center in Minato, Tokyo. Air Japan serves the destinations, All passenger routes are code-shared with All Nippon Airways. The Air Japan fleet consists of aircraft from the ANA mainline fleet and it is made up of 28 Boeing 767-300ER passenger aircraft,2 Boeing 767-300F aircraft, and 7 Boeing 767-300BCF aircraft. These aircraft are all flown by both ANA and Air Japan pilots, the 9 newest passenger aircraft are equipped with winglets. Air Japan Company Information ANAs press release of the Air Japan launch Official website
15.
Vanilla Air
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Vanilla Air Inc. is a low-cost airline in Japan wholly owned by All Nippon Airways. Its head office is within Terminal 2 of Narita International Airport in Narita, in June 2013, AirAsia announced to exit its investment in AirAsia Japan, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary of ANA. AirAsia Japan aircraft were to be returned to AirAsia, with Vanilla Air retaining only two aircraft at the outset, however, Vanilla Air management stated that Chubu was the strongest candidate for a second hub. The expansion to 10 aircraft was intended to make the more competitive with Jetstar Japan. Vanilla Air operated its first flights from Narita to Okinawa and Taipei on 20 December 2013, Vanilla Air introduced the Vanillers Pass, a one-month pass good for travel on its Tokyo-Amami route, in December 2014. Although aimed at surfing and diving enthusiasts in the Tokyo region, in its first years of operations, Vanilla Air faced a pilot shortage and operated at a net loss. In the fiscal year ending March 2016, amid low oil prices, when it was known as AirAsia Japan it had its headquarters in Shiodome City Center in Minato, Tokyo. Vanilla Air serves the destinations, Vanilla Air stated in February 2015 that they would suspend Seoul service from March. Vanilla Air took delivery of its first A320 aircraft, JA01VA and its aircraft are equipped with CFM56 engines and are leased from AWAS to ANA Holdings. The Vanilla Air fleet consists of the aircraft, Vanilla Air
16.
Pan Am International Flight Academy
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Pan Am International Flight Academy is the only remaining division of the once iconic Pan American World Airways, which declared bankruptcy in January 1991 and shut down in December 1991. Pan Am International Flight Academy, Denver, was awarded the Export Achievement Certificate by the Denver office of the U. S, commercial Services Division, a branch of the U. S. Department of Commerce. The flight academy, headquartered in Miami, is a school that specializes in training airlines. Core training programs include, Pilot training, Airline Crew training, Type Rating training, Aircraft Maintenance training, Flight Attendant, Dispatcher, Air Traffic Control, Pan Am International Flight Academy has training centers located throughout the United States and access to many training centers around the world. In 1980, Pan American World Airways International Flight Academy opened for business in a new building located on the Miami International Airport and this training division operated until the airline closed on December 4,1991. Under the terms on the bankruptcy the training academy was permitted to remain open as an independent training organization in 1992 under its current name Pan Am International Flight Academy. The company began operations by using the simulation of the former airline at the same campus location. In 2006, American Capital Strategies invested $58 million in Pan Am, Pan Am International Flight Academy, based out of Miami International Airport, has trained substantial number of students from India. In 2010 Pan Am International Flight Academy purchased Miami-based Aeroservice Aviation Center, LLC, under the terms of this agreement Pan Am purchased all of Aeroservices training and simulator assets, adding significantly to Pan Ams Miami training capabilities, classrooms, and campus size. On July 30,2013, ANA Holdings the holding company of All Nippon Airways announced they will acquire Pan Am Holdings, including Pan Am International Flight Academy. ”Because of their flight simulators and professional aviators, the Pan Am Flight Academy often lends their equipment and experts to TV shows and films. Official Website Official Pan Am Facebook Page Official Pan Am Twitter Official Pan Am YouTube Channel Official Pan Am Blog Pan Am Flight Academy Corporate Bio
17.
Ticker symbol
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A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market. A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both, ticker symbol refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine. Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market, for example, AAPL is for Apple Inc. OODH is for Orion DHC, Inc. and HD is for Home Depot, a stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, the allocation of symbols and formatting convention is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the name where possible. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes, for example Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA, while in Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts. For example, the bank HSBCs stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005, symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a spelling of the company XON as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was XOM, symbols are sometimes reused, in the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since Mar 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously used by Vivendi which had delisted. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known, on many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker, although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes, the most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number. An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO6166, Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks, and warrants. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange on which it trades, for instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies, it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics, but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL number or their ISIN, in the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poors to bring a national standard to investing
18.
Tokyo Stock Exchange
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The Tokyo Stock Exchange, which is called Tōshō or TSE/TYO for short, is a stock exchange located in Tokyo, Japan. It is the fourth largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization of its listed companies. It had 2,292 listed companies with a market capitalization of US$4.09 trillion as of April 2015. In July 2012 a planned merger with the Osaka Securities Exchange was approved by the Japan Fair Trade Commission, the resulting entity, the Japan Exchange Group, was launched on January 1,2013. The TSE is incorporated as a kabushiki gaisha with nine directors, four auditors and its headquarters are located at 2-1 Nihonbashi-Kabutochō, Chūō, Tokyo, or Kabuto-chō, which is the largest financial district in Japan. Its operating hours are from 8,00 to 11,30 a. m. from April 24,2006, the afternoon trading session started at its usual time of 12,30 p. m. Stocks listed on the TSE are separated into the First Section for large companies, the Second Section for mid-sized companies, as of October 31,2010, there are 1,675 First Section companies,437 Second Section companies and 182 Mothers companies. Ninety-four domestic and 10 foreign securities companies participate in TSE trading, see, Members of the Tokyo Stock Exchange Other TSE-related institutions include, The exchanges press club, called the Kabuto Club, which meets on the third floor of the TSE building. Most Kabuto Club members are affiliated with the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Kyodo News, Jiji Press, or business television broadcasters such as Bloomberg LP, the Kabuto Club is generally busiest during April and May, when public companies release their annual accounts. On 15 June 2007, the TSE paid $303 million to acquire a 4. 99% stake in Singapore Exchange Ltd. The Tokyo Stock Exchange was established on May 15,1878, as the Tokyo Kabushiki Torihikijo under the direction of then-Finance Minister Okuma Shigenobu, trading began on June 1,1878. In 1943, the exchange was combined with ten other stock exchanges in major Japanese cities to form a single Japanese Stock Exchange, the combined exchange was shut down and reorganized shortly after the bombing of Nagasaki. The Tokyo Stock Exchange reopened under its current Japanese name on May 16,1949, a new facility, called TSE Arrows, opened on May 9,2000. In 2010, the TSE launched its Arrowhead trading facility, in 2001, the TSE restructured itself as a stock company, before this time, it was structured as an incorporated association with its members as shareholders. The interruption in trading was the worst in the history of the exchange, trading was suspended for four-and-a-half hours. Mizuho failed to catch the error, the Tokyo Stock Exchange initially blocked attempts to cancel the order, on 11 December, the TSE acknowledged that its system was at fault in the Mizuho trade. On 21 December, Takuo Tsurushima, chief executive of the TSE, and two other senior executives resigned over the Mizuho affair. On January 17,2006, the Nikkei 225 fell 2. 8%, its fastest drop in nine months, the Tokyo Stock Exchange closed early on January 18 due to the trade volume threatening to exceed the exchanges computer systems capacity of 4.5 million trades per day
19.
London Stock Exchange
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The London Stock Exchange is a stock exchange located in the City of London in the United Kingdom. As of December 2014, the Exchange had a capitalisation of US$6.06 trillion. The Exchange was founded in 1801 and its current premises are situated in Paternoster Square close to St Pauls Cathedral in the City of London, the Exchange is part of the London Stock Exchange Group. London Stock Exchange is one of the world’s oldest stock exchanges, London Stock Exchange Group was created in October 2007 when London Stock Exchange merged with Milan Stock Exchange, Borsa Italiana. The Royal Exchange had been founded by English financier Thomas Gresham on the model of the Antwerp Bourse and it was opened by Elizabeth I of England in 1571. During the 17th century, stockbrokers were not allowed in the Royal Exchange due to their rude manners and they had to operate from other establishments in the vicinity, notably Jonathans Coffee-House. At that coffee house, a broker named John Casting started listing the prices of a few commodities, exchange rates and certain key provisions such as salt, coal, originally, this was not a daily list and was only published a few days of the week. This list and activity was moved to Garraway’s coffee house. Public auctions during this period were conducted for the duration that a length of tallow candle could burn, as stocks grew, with new companies joining to raise capital, the royal court also raised some monies. These are the earliest evidence of organised trading in securities in London. After Greshams Royal Exchange building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London, it was rebuilt and this was a move away from coffee houses and a step towards the modern model of stock exchange. The Royal Exchange not only housed brokers but also merchants and merchandise and this was the birth of a regulated stock market, which had teething problems in the shape of unlicensed brokers. In order to regulate these, Parliament brought out an act in 1697 that levied heavy penalties and it also set a fixed number of brokers, which was later increased as the size of the trade grew. The street in which they were now dealing was known as Exchange Alley, Parliament tried to regulate this and ban the unofficial traders from the Change streets. Traders became weary of bubbles when companies rose quickly and fell, after the Seven Years War, trade at Jonathans coffee house boomed again. In 1773, Jonathan, together with 150 other brokers, formed a club and opened a new and this now had a set entrance fee, through which traders could enter the stock room and trade securities. It was, however, not a location for trading. Fraud was also rife during these times and in order to such dealings
20.
OTC Markets Group
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OTC Markets Group, is an American financial market providing price and liquidity information for almost 10,000 over-the-counter securities. The group has its headquarters in New York City, oTC-traded securities are organized into three markets to inform investors of opportunities and risks, OTCQX, OTCQB and Pink. The company was first established in 1913 as the National Quotation Bureau, for decades, the NQB reported quotations for both stocks and bonds, publishing the quotations in the paper-based Pink Sheets and Yellow Sheets respectively. The publications were named for the color of paper on which they were printed, in September 1999, the NQB introduced the real-time Electronic Quotation Service. The National Quotation Bureau changed its name to Pink Sheets LLC in 2000, the company eventually changed to its current name, OTC Markets Group, in 2010. Today, a network of over 100 broker-dealers price and trade a wide spectrum of securities on the OTC Markets platform, to be quoted on the platform, companies are not required to file with the SEC, although many choose to do so. A wide range of companies are quoted on OTC Markets, including firmly established foreign firms, in addition, many closely held, extremely small and thinly traded U. S. companies have their primary trading on the OTC Markets platform. Many foreign issuers adhere to the requirements of qualified foreign stock exchanges. Many of these issuers do not file periodic reports or make available audited financial statements, making it difficult for investors to find reliable. OTC Markets Group designates securities in one of three markets to indicate the level of financial and corporate disclosure provided by the companies using its quotation system. Apart from the OTCQX market, which has rules that include financial requirements, investors are encouraged to use caution when considering many of these companies for investment. The OTCQX market includes both multinational companies seeking access to U. S. investors and domestic growth companies, to be traded on this tier, companies must undergo a qualitative review by OTC Markets Group. Companies are not required to be registered with or reporting to the SEC, in addition, U. S. companies must be ongoing operations and may not be in bankruptcy, while foreign issuers must meet the requirements of qualified foreign exchanges. Additional oversight of OTCQX securities is provided by requiring every issuer to be sponsored by approved third-party investment banks or law firms, issuers and Designated Advisors For Disclosure for U. S. issuers. The OTCQB market contains a one penny bid price requirement intended to remove companies that are most likely to be the subject of stock fraud schemes. Investor confidence improves when there is information about a company’s ownership structure, professional advisors. International Reporting companies are allowed to upgrade from Pink to OTCQB if they publish their 12g3-2 compliant disclosure online. There is a fee for the OTCQB market of $10,000 per year
21.
Shiodome City Center
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Shiodome City Center is a skyscraper in the Shiodome area of Minato, Tokyo, Japan managed by Mitsui Fudosan. Fujitsus worldwide headquarters are in Shiodome City Center, the airline All Nippon Airways maintains its headquarters and a ticketing office at the building. The subsidiaries Air Nippon, ANA & JP Express, and All Nippon Airways Trading are headquartered in the building, Air Japan, an ANA subsidiary, has some offices in Shiodome City Center. Mitsui Chemicals has its headquarters in Shiodome City Center, vanilla Air, when it was known as AirAsia Japan, was headquartered here. The building which opened in 2003, has a 1200% floor area ratio, in 2002 All Nippon Airways announced that it would be taking up to 10 floors in the then under-construction Shiodome City Center. It was planning on moving its headquarters from Tokyo International Airport, ANA announced that it was also moving some subsidiaries to the Shiodome City Center. When Shiodome City Center opened, Nippon Cargo Airlines moved its headquarters into the facility, the airline had its headquarters and its East Japan sales office on the 8th floor. Aigan ampm Godiva Chocolatier Libro Porsche Center Ginza Subway Tomods Vie de France The building is in proximity to the Shimbashi Station. Shiodome City Center Retail Shiodome City Center Official Website Shiodome City Center Retail Shiodome City Center - Emporis
22.
Minato, Tokyo
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Minato is a special ward in Tokyo, Japan. It is also called Minato City in English, as of 1 July 2015, it has an official population of 243,094, and a population density of 10,850 persons per km². The total area is 20.37 km², Minato hosts a large number of embassies. It is also home to domestic companies, including Honda, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, NEC, Sony, Fujitsu, and Toshiba, as well as the Japanese headquarters of a number of firms, including Google, Apple. Minato is located southwest of the Imperial Palace and has boundaries with the wards of Chiyoda, Chūō, Kōtō, Shinagawa, Shibuya. The ward was founded on March 15,1947 with the merger of Akasaka, Azabu, Minato is governed by mayor Masaaki Takei, an Independent supported by all major parties except the Japanese Communist Party. The city legislative assembly has 51 members and is dominated by the Liberal Democratic Party, Mita Junior High School opened in 2001 after the merger of Minato Junior High School and Shibahama Junior High School. The local public schools are operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education. Akasaka High School Mita High School Roppongi High School Shiba Commercial High School There are also a variety of schools, including, Friends School. The metropolis operates the Tokyo Metropolitan Library Central Library in Minato, in addition ANA subsidiary Air Japan has some offices in Minato. The Japanese division of CB&I, the Japanese division of Aramark and Aim Services, Google Japan, Japan, and the main Japanese offices of Hanjin and Korean Air are located there. Air France operates an office and ticketing counter in the New Aoyama Building in Minato, the Japanese division of Deutsche Post, DHL. Air Frances Minato office handles Aircalin-related inquiries, Air China has operations in the Air China Building in Minato. Asiana Airlines operates an office on the sixth floor of the ATT New Tower Building. Hawaiian Airlines has its Japan offices in the Eagle Hamamatsuchō Building in Minato, iran Air has its Tokyo office in Akasaka. Previously operations were at the World Trade Center in Minato, several countries operate their embassies in Minato. Aoyama, Home to Aoyama Cemetery, one of Tokyos largest graveyards, atago Shrine, the highest point in all 23 wards of Tokyo
23.
Chairman
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The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
24.
Revenue
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In accounting, revenue is the income that a business has from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. Revenue is also referred to as sales or turnover, some companies receive revenue from interest, royalties, or other fees. Revenue may refer to income in general, or it may refer to the amount, in a monetary unit, received during a period of time, as in Last year. Profits or net income generally imply total revenue minus total expenses in a given period, in accounting, revenue is often referred to as the top line due to its position on the income statement at the very top. This is to be contrasted with the line which denotes net income. For non-profit organizations, annual revenue may be referred to as gross receipts, in general usage, revenue is income received by an organization in the form of cash or cash equivalents. Sales revenue or revenues is income received from selling goods or services over a period of time, tax revenue is income that a government receives from taxpayers. In more formal usage, revenue is a calculation or estimation of periodic income based on a standard accounting practice or the rules established by a government or government agency. Two common accounting methods, cash basis accounting and accrual basis accounting, corporations that offer shares for sale to the public are usually required by law to report revenue based on generally accepted accounting principles or International Financial Reporting Standards. In a double-entry bookkeeping system, revenue accounts are general ledger accounts that are summarized periodically under the heading Revenue or Revenues on an income statement, Revenue account names describe the type of revenue, such as Repair service revenue, Rent revenue earned or Sales. Money income from activities that are ordinary for a corporation, company, partnership. For some businesses, such as manufacturing and/or grocery, most revenue is from the sale of goods, service businesses such as law firms and barber shops receive most of their revenue from rendering services. Lending businesses such as car rentals and banks receive most of their revenue from fees, Revenues from a businesss primary activities are reported as sales, sales revenue or net sales. This includes product returns and discounts for early payment of invoices, most businesses also have revenue that is incidental to the businesss primary activities, such as interest earned on deposits in a demand account. This is included in revenue but not included in net sales, Sales revenue does not include sales tax collected by the business. Other revenue is revenue from peripheral operations, for example, a company that manufactures and sells automobiles would record the revenue from the sale of an automobile as regular revenue. The combination of all the revenue generating systems of a business is called its revenue model, Revenue is a crucial part of financial statement analysis. The company’s performance is measured to the extent to which its asset inflows compare with its asset outflows, net income is the result of this equation, but revenue typically enjoys equal attention during a standard earnings call
25.
Japanese yen
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The yen is the official currency of Japan. It is the third most traded currency in the exchange market after the United States dollar. It is also used as a reserve currency after the U. S. dollar, the euro. Before the Meiji Restoration, Japans feudal fiefs all issued their own money, hansatsu, in an array of incompatible denominations. The New Currency Act of 1871 did away with these and established the yen, the former han became prefectures and their mints private chartered banks, which initially retained the right to print money. To bring an end to this situation the Bank of Japan was founded in 1882, following World War II the yen lost much of its prewar value. To stabilize the Japanese economy the exchange rate of the yen was fixed at ¥360 per $1 as part of the Bretton Woods system, when that system was abandoned in 1971, the yen became undervalued and was allowed to float. The yen had appreciated to a peak of ¥271 per $1 in 1973, then underwent periods of depreciation and appreciation due to the 1973 oil crisis, arriving at a value of ¥227 per $1 by 1980. Since 1973, the Japanese government has maintained a policy of intervention. The Japanese government focuses on an export market, and tries to ensure a low yen value through a trade surplus. Since that time, however, the yen has greatly decreased in value, the Bank of Japan maintains a policy of zero to near-zero interest rates and the Japanese government has an extreme anti-inflation policy. Yen derives from the Japanese word 圓, which is cognate with the Chinese yuan, originally, the Chinese had traded silver in mass called sycees and when Spanish and Mexican silver coins arrived, the Chinese called them silver rounds for their circular shapes. The coins and the name appeared in Japan. While the Chinese eventually replaced 圓 with 元, the Japanese continued to use the same word, the spelling and pronunciation yen is standard in English. This is because mainly English speakers who visited Japan at the end of the Edo period to the early Meiji period spelled words this way, ゑん /wen/ in historical kana orthography. In the 16th century, Japanese /e/ and /we/ both had been pronounced and Portuguese missionaries had spelled them ye, some time thereafter, by the middle of the 18th century, /e/ and /we/ came to be pronounced as in modern Japanese, although some regions retain the pronunciation. In the early Meiji era, James Curtis Hepburn, following Medhurst, spelled all es as ye in his A Japanese and that was the first full-scale Japanese-English/English-Japanese dictionary, which had a strong influence on Westerners in Japan and probably prompted the spelling yen. Hepburn revised most of yes to e in the 3rd edition in order to mirror the contemporary pronunciation and this was probably already fixed and has remained so ever since
26.
Earnings before interest and taxes
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In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firms profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, when a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. To calculate EBIT, expenses are subtracted from revenues, net income is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result
27.
Net income
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In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
28.
Asset
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In financial accounting, an asset is an economic resource. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value, simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash. The balance sheet of a firm records the value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business, one can classify assets into two major asset classes, tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets, current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the marketplace. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, an asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. One of the most widely accepted accounting definitions of asset is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board, employees are not considered assets like machinery is, even though they can generate future economic benefits. This is because an entity does not have sufficient control over its employees to satisfy the Frameworks definition of an asset, similarly, in economics an asset is any form in which wealth can be held. The accounting equation is the structure of the balance sheet. It relates assets, liabilities, and owners equity, Assets = Liabilities + Capital Liabilities = Assets − Capital Equity = Assets − Liabilities Assets are listed on the balance sheet. On a companys balance sheet certain divisions are required by generally accepted accounting principles, Assets can be divided into e. g. current assets and fixed assets, often with further subdivisions such as cash, receivables and inventory. Assets are formally controlled and managed within larger organizations via the use of asset tracking tools and these monitor the purchasing, upgrading, servicing, licensing, disposal etc. of both physical and non-physical assets. Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle and these assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items included into current assets, Cash and cash equivalents – it is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, short-term investments – include securities bought and held for sale in the near future to generate income on short-term price differences. Receivables – usually reported as net of allowance for non-collectable accounts, inventory – trading these assets is a normal business of a company. The inventory value reported on the sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value. This is known as the lower of cost or market rule, prepaid expenses – these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed
29.
Equity (finance)
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In accounting, equity is the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities of something owed. Equity can be negative if liabilities exceeds assets, shareholders equity represents the equity of a company as divided among shareholders of common or preferred stock. Negative shareholders equity is often referred to as a shareholders deficit, alternatively, equity can also refer to the capital stock of a corporation. The value of the stock depends on the future economic prospects. For a company in liquidation proceedings, the equity is that which remains after all liabilities have been paid, when starting a business, the owners fund the business to finance various operations. Throughout the businesss existence, the equity of the business will be the difference between its assets and debt liabilities, this is the accounting equation, when a business liquidates during bankruptcy, the proceeds from the assets are used to reimburse creditors. The creditors are ranked by priority, with secured creditors being paid first, other creditors being paid next, owners equity is this remaining or residual claim against assets, which is paid only after all other creditors are paid. In such cases where even creditors could not get money to pay their bills. In financial accounting, owners equity consists of the net assets of an entity, net assets is the difference between the total assets and total liabilities. Equity appears on the sheet, one of the four primary financial statements. The assets of an entity can be tangible and intangible items. Intangible assets include such as brand names, copyrights or goodwill. Tangible assets include land, equipment, and cash, issue of new equity in which the firm obtains new capital increases the total shareholders equity. Share repurchases, in which a firm returns money to investors, reducing on the side its financial assets. For practical purposes, share repurchasing is similar to a dividend payment, rather than giving money to all shareholders immediately in the form of a dividend payment, a share repurchase reduces the number of shares outstanding. Dividends paid out to preferred stock owners are considered an expense to be subtracted from net income, sometimes assets bought and held in other countries get translated back into the reporting currency at different exchange rates, resulting in a changed value. When the owners are shareholders, the interest can be called shareholders equity, the remains the same. If all shareholders are in one and the class, they share equally in ownership equity from all perspectives
30.
Kabushiki gaisha
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A kabushiki gaisha or kabushiki kaisha, commonly abbreviated KK, is a type of company defined under the Companies Act of Japan. Often translated as stock company, joint-stock company, or stock corporation, in English, kabushiki kaisha is usually used while the original Japanese pronunciation is kabushiki gaisha due to rendaku. A kabushiki kaisha must include 株式会社 in its name, in a company name, 株式会社 can be used as a prefix or as a suffix. Many Japanese companies translate the phrase 株式会社 in their name as Co. Ltd. while others use the more Americanized translations Corporation or Incorporated. English texts often refer to kabushiki gaisha as joint stock companies, while this is close to a translation of the term. The Japanese government previously endorsed business corporation as an official translation, the first kabushiki gaisha was the First National Bank of Japan, incorporated in 1873. Rules regarding kabushiki gaisha were set out in the Commercial Code of Japan, over time, Japanese and U. S. corporate law diverged, and K. K. assumed many characteristics not found in U. S. corporations. For instance, a K. K. could not buy back its own stock, issue stock for a price of less than ¥50,000 per share, or operate with paid-in capital of less than ¥10 million. On June 29,2005, the Diet of Japan passed a new Companies Act, the new law greatly affected the formation and function of K. K. s and other Japanese business organizations, bringing them closer to their contemporary counterparts in the U. S. Prominent examples are the renaming of Nikon KK and Sony KK to Nikon Corporation and Sony Corporation, a kabushiki gaisha may be started with capital as low as ¥1, making the total cost of a K. K. incorporation approximately ¥240,000 in taxes and notarization fees. Under the old Commercial Code, a K. K, although seven incorporators were required as recently as the 1980s, a K. K. now only needs one incorporator, which may be an individual or a corporation. If there are multiple incorporators, they must sign an agreement before incorporating the company. K. to act beyond its purposes. Judicial or administrative scriveners are often hired to draft the purposes of a new company, the Corporation Code allows a K. K. The articles must be sealed by the incorporator and notarized by a notary public, in a direct incorporation, each incorporator receives a specified amount of stock as designated in the articles of incorporation. The other method is an incorporation by offering, in which each incorporator becomes the underwriter of a number of shares. As in a direct incorporation, the incorporators must then hold a meeting to appoint the initial directors. Any person wishing to receive shares must submit an application to the incorporator, capital must be received in a commercial bank account designated by the incorporator, and the bank must provide certification that payment has been made. Once the capital has received and certified, the incorporation may be registered at the Legal Affairs Bureau
31.
Shiodome
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Shiodome is an area in Minato, Tokyo, Japan, located adjacent to Shinbashi and Ginza, near Tokyo Bay and the Hamarikyu Gardens. Formerly a railway terminal, Shiodome has been transformed into one of Tokyos most modern areas and its thirteen skyscrapers house the headquarters of All Nippon Airways, Dentsu, Fujitsu, JSR, Mitsui Chemicals, Nippon Express, Nippon Television, Sega Sammy Holdings and Softbank. The western district, located west of the JR tracks and populated by European-style buildings, the southern extension, east of the JR tracks from Hamamatsucho 1-chome. This area is for use, and there are three tall apartment buildings located there, along with a small park. Shiodome Station is a stop on the Yurikamome and Toei Ōedo Line, like its neighbors Ginza and Tsukiji, Shiodome is built on what was originally marshland on the shore of Tokyo Bay. Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu issued an order in 1603 to fill in the area, the name Shiodome, which literally means keeping out the tide, probably referred to the shoguns desire to isolate Edo Castle from Tokyo Bay. There was a Shiodome River but it has largely filled in. Following the Meiji Restoration, the new Imperial government expropriated the lands in Shiodome to build Shimbashi Station. This served as the Tokyo terminus of the Tōkaidō Main Line, in 1914, the line was extended to Tokyo Station, the passenger terminal at Shiodome was closed down, and Karasumori Station on the Yamanote Line was renamed Shimbashi Station. Shiodome Freight Terminal remained the primary freight yard for Tokyo through World War II, the 1936 opening of the Tokyo Metropolitan Central Wholesale Market in nearby Tsukiji increased the terminals importance in the Tokyo distribution network. The development of expressways in Japan after the war lessened the importance of rail freight, Shiodome Station was officially closed in October 1987, shortly following the privatization of Japan National Railways. The Japanese government and Tokyo Metropolitan Government held various review sessions between 1984 and 1995 before settling on a redevelopment plan, under this plan, thirteen skyscrapers were built in Shiodome, as well as a number of smaller buildings, resulting in a new urban center. The old Shimbashi Station has also rebuilt as a monument. Major high-rise developments in Shiodome include, Acty Shiodome, Japans tallest condominium tower, Tokyo Shiodome Building, Corporate headquarters of Softbank and several major subsidiaries, upper floors house the Conrad Tokyo hotel. Hamarikyu Gardens Italia Park List of development projects in Tokyo Tokyo/Shiodome travel guide from Wikivoyage
32.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
33.
Osaka
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Osaka is a designated city in the Kansai region of Japan. Historically a merchant city, Osaka has also known as the nations kitchen. Some of the earliest signs of habitation in the Osaka area at the Morinomiya ruins comprise shell mounds, sea oysters. It is believed that what is today the Uehonmachi area consisted of a land with an inland sea in the east. During the Yayoi period, permanent habitation on the plains grew as rice farming became popular, by the Kofun period, Osaka developed into a hub port connecting the region to the western part of Japan. The large numbers of increasingly larger tomb mounds found in the plains of Osaka are seen as evidence of political-power concentration, in 645, Emperor Kōtoku built his Naniwa Nagara-Toyosaki Palace in what is now Osaka, making it the capital of Japan. The city now known as Osaka was at this time referred to as Naniwa, although the capital was moved to Asuka in 655, Naniwa remained a vital connection, by land and sea, between Yamato, Korea, and China. Naniwa was declared the capital again in 744 by order of Emperor Shōmu, and remained so until 745, in 1496, Jōdo Shinshū Buddhists established their headquarters in the heavily fortified Ishiyama Hongan-ji, located directly on the site of the old Naniwa Imperial Palace. Oda Nobunaga began a siege campaign on the temple in 1570 which ultimately resulted in the surrender of the monks. Toyotomi Hideyoshi constructed Osaka Castle in its place in 1583, Osaka was long considered Japans primary economic center, with a large percentage of the population belonging to the merchant class. Over the course of the Edo period, Osaka grew into one of Japans major cities and returned to its ancient role as a lively and its popular culture was closely related to ukiyo-e depictions of life in Edo. By 1780 Osaka had cultivated a vibrant arts culture, as typified by its famous Kabuki, in 1837 Ōshio Heihachirō, a low-ranking samurai, led a peasant insurrection in response to the citys unwillingness to support the many poor and suffering families in the area. Approximately one-quarter of the city was razed before shogunal officials put down the rebellion, Osaka was opened to foreign trade by the government of the Bakufu at the same time as Hyōgo on 1 January 1868, just before the advent of the Boshin War and the Meiji Restoration. Osaka residents were stereotyped in Edo literature from at least the 18th century, jippenisha Ikku in 1802 depicted Osakans as stingy almost beyond belief. Edo writers aspired to samurai culture, and saw themselves as poor but generous, chaste, Edo writers by contrast saw zeeroku as obsequious apprentices, stingy, greedy, gluttonous, and lewd. The modern municipality was established in 1889 by government ordinance, with an area of 15 square kilometres, overlapping todays Chūō. Later, the city went through three major expansions to reach its current size of 223 square kilometres, Osaka was the industrial center most clearly defined in the development of capitalism in Japan. It became known as the Manchester of the Orient, the rapid industrialization attracted many Korean immigrants, who set up a life apart for themselves
34.
Nagoya
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Nagoya is the largest city in the Chūbu region of Japan. It is Japans third-largest incorporated city and the fourth most populous urban area and it is located on the Pacific coast on central Honshu. It is the capital of Aichi Prefecture and is one of Japans major ports along with those of Tokyo, Osaka, Kobe, Yokohama, Chiba and it is also the center of Japans third-largest metropolitan region, known as the Chūkyō Metropolitan Area. As of 2015,2.28 million people lived in the city, the citys name was historically written as 那古野 or 名護屋. One possible origin is the adjective nagoyaka, meaning peaceful, the name Chūkyō is also used to refer to Nagoya. Notable examples of the use of the name Chūkyō include the Chūkyō Industrial Area, Chūkyō Metropolitan Area, Chūkyō Television Broadcasting, Chukyo University, oda Nobunaga and his protégés Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu were powerful warlords based in the Nagoya area who gradually succeeded in unifying Japan. In 1610, Tokugawa Ieyasu moved the capital of Owari Province from Kiyosu, about seven kilometers away, during this period Nagoya Castle was constructed, built partly from materials taken from Kiyosu Castle. During the construction, the town around Kiyosu Castle, consisting of around 60,000 people. Around the same time, the nearby ancient Atsuta Shrine was designated as a waystation, called Miya, on the important Tōkaidō road, a town developed around the temple to support travelers. The castle and shrine towns formed the city, during the Meiji Restoration Japans provinces were restructured into prefectures and the government changed from family to bureaucratic rule. Nagoya was proclaimed a city on October 1,1889, and designated a city on September 1,1956, Nagoya became an industrial hub for the region. Its economic sphere included the famous pottery towns of Tokoname, Tajimi and Seto, as well as Okazaki, other industries included cotton and complex mechanical dolls called karakuri ningyō. Mitsubishi Aircraft Company was established in 1920 in Nagoya and became one of the largest aircraft manufacturers in Japan, the availability of space and the central location of the region and the well-established connectivity were some of the major factors that lead to the establishment of the aviation industry there. Nagoya was the target of US air raids during World War II, the population of Nagoya at this time was estimated to be 1.5 million, fourth among Japanese cities and one of the three largest centers of the Japanese aircraft industry. It was estimated that 25% of its workers were engaged in aircraft production, important Japanese aircraft targets were within the city itself, while others were to the north of Kagamigahara. It was estimated that produced between 40% and 50% of Japanese combat aircraft and engines, such as the vital Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter. The Nagoya area also produced machine tools, bearings, railway equipment, metal alloys, tanks, motor vehicles, the bombing continued through the spring of 1945, and included large-scale firebombing. Nagoya was the target of two of Bomber Command’s attacks and these incendiary attacks, one by day and one by night, devastated 15.3 square kilometres
35.
Sapporo
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Sapporo is the fourth largest city in Japan by population, and the largest city on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido. Located in Ishikari Subprefecture, it is the capital of Hokkaido Prefecture, the city is also home to Sapporo Brewery and the white chocolate biscuits called shiroi koibito. Before its establishment, the occupied by Sapporo was home to a number of indigenous Ainu settlements. In 1866, at the end of the Edo period, construction began on a canal through the area, the settlements name was taken from the Ainu language sat poro pet, and can be translated as dry, great river. As a result, it was determined that a new capital on the Ishikari Plain should be established, the plain itself provided an unusually large expanse of flat, well drained land which is relatively uncommon in the otherwise mountainous geography of Hokkaido. During 1870–1871, Kuroda Kiyotaka, vice-chairman of the Hokkaido Development Commission, as a result, Horace Capron, Secretary of Agriculture under President Ulysses S. Grant, became an oyatoi gaikokujin and was appointed as a special advisor to the commission. Construction began around Odori Park, which remains as a green ribbon of recreational land bisecting the central area of the city. The city closely followed a plan with streets at right-angles to form city blocks. Edwin Dun came to Sapporo to establish sheep and cattle ranches in 1876 and he also demonstrated pig raising and the making of butter, cheese, ham and sausage. He once went back to the US in 1883 but returned to Japan as a secretary of government. William S. Clark, who was the president of the Massachusetts Agricultural College and he taught academic subjects in science and lectured on the Bible as an ethics course, introducing Christian principles to the first entering class of the College. In 1880, the area of Sapporo was renamed as Sapporo-ku. That year the Hōheikan, a hotel and reception facility for visiting officials and it was later moved to Nakajima Park where it remains today. Two years later, with the abolition of the Kaitaku-shi, Hokkaidō was divided into three prefectures, Hakodate, Sapporo, and Nemuro, the name of the urban district in Sapporo remained Sapporo-ku, while the rest of the area in Sapporo-ku was changed to Sapporo-gun. The office building of Sapporo-ku was also located in the urban district, Sapporo, Hakodate, and Nemuro Prefectures were abolished in 1886, and Hokkaidō government office building, an American-neo-baroque-style structure with red bricks, constructed in 1888. The last squad of the Tondenhei, the soldiers pioneering Hokkaido, settled in the place where the area of Tonden in Kita-ku, Sapporo-ku administered surrounding Sapporo-gun until 1899, when the new district system was announced. After that year, Sapporo-ku was away from the control of Sapporo-gun, the ku enforced from 1899 was an autonomy which was a little bigger than towns, and smaller than cities. In Hokkaido at that time, Hakodate-ku and Otaru-ku also existed, in 1907, the Tohoku Imperial University was established in Sendai Miyagi Prefecture, and Sapporo Agricultural College was controlled by the University
36.
Regional airline
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Regional airlines are airlines that operate regional aircraft to provide passenger air service to communities without sufficient demand to attract mainline service. Operating as an independent airline under their own brand, mostly providing service to small and isolated communities, examples of this are Peninsula Airways, which links the remote Aleutian Islands to Anchorage, Alaska, and Mokulele Airlines, which operates in the Hawaiian islands. Regional airlines began by operating propeller-driven aircraft over short routes, sometimes on flights of less than 100 miles, in the early days of commercial aviation few aircraft had ranges greater than this, and airlines were often formed to serve the area in which they formed. That is, there was no distinction between a regional airline and any other airline. This changed with the introduction of aircraft, which led to the development of the flag carrier airlines, such as British Overseas Airways Corporation. As the flag carriers grew in importance with increasing passenger traffic. This arrangement was formalized, forming the regional airlines. Through the 1960s and 1970s, war surplus designs, notably the DC-3, were replaced by more capable turboprop or jet-powered designs like the Fokker F27 Friendship or BAC One-Eleven. This extended the range of the regionals dramatically, causing a wave of consolidations between the now overlapping airlines, in the United States, regional airlines were an important building block of todays passenger air system. The U. S. Government encouraged the forming of regional airlines to provide services from smaller communities to larger towns, where air passengers could connect to a larger network. A history and study of regional airlines was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in 1994 under the title Commuter Airlines of the United States, by R. E. G. One of the first independently owned and managed airlines in the world that rebranded its aircraft to match a larger airlines brand was Air Alpes of France, during 1974, Air Alpes painted its newly delivered short range regional jets in the livery of Air France. NLMs KLM style branding does however pre-date the Air France efforts though by a number of years and this is encouraged with the Essential Air Service program that subsidizes airline service to smaller U. S. communities and suburban centers, aiming to maintain year-round service. S. This definition is based solely on annual revenue and not on any other such as average aircraft seating capacity, pilot pay. It is common in the U. S. to incorrectly associate aircraft size with the Department of Transportations designation of major, national, the airlines fleet primarily consists of 19 to 68 seat turboprops and 30 to 100 seat regional jets. To be clear there is no distinction in the Department of Transportation definition of major, the definition is based on revenue. The clash of definitions has led to confusion in the media, beginning around 1985, a number of trends have become apparent. Regional aircraft are getting larger, faster, and are flying longer ranges, some of these newer aircraft are capable of flying longer distances with comfort levels that rival and surpass the regional airline equipment of the past
37.
Air Do
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Air Do, previously known as Hokkaido International Airlines, is a regional airline operating scheduled service between the islands of Honshu and Hokkaidō in cooperation with All Nippon Airways. It is headquartered in the Oak Sapporo Building in Chūō-ku, Sapporo, the company started flight operations on the Tokyo-Sapporo route, using the Air Do brand, in December 1998. Its first CEO was the former Japan manager of Virgin Atlantic Airways, maintenance and ground handling services were outsourced to Japan Airlines. Air Do enjoyed very high load factors during its first few months of operation, however, other airlines quickly adopted their own discounted advance purchase fares in the wake of Air Dos initial success, driving load factors down to around 50%. The Hokkaido prefectural government injected more capital in 2000 and installed one of its senior officials as head of the company, Air Do received new equity capital from a tokumei kumiai investment fund arranged by the Development Bank of Japan, in which All Nippon Airways was a key investor. This began a number of relationships between Air Do and ANA, including ANA code sharing on Air Do operated flights and Air Do leasing additional 767 and 737 aircraft from ANA. The fund was dissolved in September 2008 and DBJ, ANA, the company changed its name to Air Do in October 2012. Air Do was sanctioned by the Japanese government in December 2014 for promoting a first officer to captain despite poor performance in training, following the business improvement order, Air Do moved to eliminate its lowest-yielding routes to Niigata, Toyama, Fukushima and Komatsu
38.
Low-cost carrier
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A low-cost carrier or low-cost airline is an airline that generally has lower fares and fewer comforts. To make up for revenue lost in decreased ticket prices, the airline may charge for extras like food, priority boarding, seat allocating, as of July 2014, the worlds largest low-cost carrier is Southwest Airlines, which operates in the United States and some surrounding areas. The term originated within the airline industry referring to airlines with an operating cost structure than their competitors. Low-cost carrier business model practices vary widely, some practices are more common in certain regions, while others are generally universal. The common theme among all low-cost carriers is the reduction of cost, traditional airlines have also reduced their cost using several of these practices. Most low-cost carriers operate aircraft configured with a single passenger class and these airlines tend to operate short-haul flights that suit the range of narrow-body planes. Long-range wide-body aircraft are too expensive for low cost carriers. In the past, low-cost carriers tended to operate older aircraft purchased second-hand, such as the McDonnell Douglas DC-9, since 2000, fleets generally consist of the newest aircraft, commonly the Airbus A320 and Boeing 737. In 2013, ch-aviation published a study about the strategy of low-cost carriers. They summarized that major LCCs that order aircraft in large numbers get huge discounts and that saves a lot in operative costs. Aircraft often operate with a set of optional equipment, further reducing costs of acquisition and maintenance, as well as keeping the weight of the aircraft lower. Ryanair seats do not recline and do not have pockets, to reduce cleaning. Pilot conveniences, such as ACARS, may be excluded, often, no in-flight entertainment systems are made available, though many US low-cost carriers do offer satellite television or radio in-flight. It is also becoming a popular approach to install LCD monitors onto the aircraft and broadcast advertisements on them, most do not offer reserved seating, hoping to encourage passengers to board early and quickly, thus decreasing turnaround times. Some allow priority boarding for an extra fee instead of reserved seating, like the major carriers, many low-cost carriers develop one or more bases to maximize destination coverage and defend their market. Many do not operate traditional hubs, but rather focus cities, Airlines often offer a simpler fare scheme, such as charging one-way tickets half that of round-trips. Typically fares increase as the plane fills up, which rewards early reservations, in Europe luggage is not transferred from one flight to another, even if both flights are with the same airline. This saves costs and is thought to encourage passengers to take direct flights, tickets are not sold with transfers, so the airline wont need to take responsibility for a delay
39.
Tokyo
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Tokyo, officially Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous area in the world. It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government, Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Formerly known as Edo, it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters. It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868, Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture and the city of Tokyo. The Tokyo metropolitan government administers the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo, the metropolitan government also administers 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the wards is over 9 million people. The prefecture is part of the worlds most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 37.8 million people, the city hosts 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest number of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked third in the International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit, the city is also home to various television networks such as Fuji TV, Tokyo MX, TV Tokyo, TV Asahi, Nippon Television, NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System. Tokyo ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index. The city is considered a world city – as listed by the GaWCs 2008 inventory – and in 2014. In 2015, Tokyo was named the Most Liveable City in the world by the magazine Monocle, the Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked first in the world in the Safe Cities Index, the 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the 3rd-best city in the world to be a university student. Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1979 G-7 summit, the 1986 G-7 summit, and the 1993 G-7 summit, and will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo was originally known as Edo, which means estuary. During the early Meiji period, the city was also called Tōkei, some surviving official English documents use the spelling Tokei. However, this pronunciation is now obsolete, the name Tokyo was first suggested in 1813 in the book Kondō Hisaku, written by Satō Nobuhiro. When Ōkubo Toshimichi proposed the renaming to the government during the Meiji Restoration, according to Oda Kanshi, Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the twelfth century
40.
Hokkaido
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Hokkaido, formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is the second largest island of Japan, and the largest and northernmost prefecture. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaido from Honshu, the two islands are connected by the underwater railway Seikan Tunnel. The largest city on Hokkaido is its capital, Sapporo, which is also its only ordinance-designated city, about 43 km north of Hokkaido lies Sakhalin island, Russia, whereas to its east and north-east are the disputed Kuril Islands. Hokkaido was settled by the Ainu, Nivkh, and Orok before recorded history, the Nihon Shoki, finished in 720 AD, is often said to be the first mention of Hokkaido in recorded history. According to the text, Abe no Hirafu led a navy and army to northern areas from 658 to 660 and came into contact with the Mishihase. One of the places Hirafu went to was called Watarishima, which is believed to be present-day Hokkaido. During the Nara and Heian periods, people in Hokkaido conducted trade with Dewa Province, from the Middle Ages, the people in Hokkaido began to be called Ezo. Hokkaido, formerly known as Ezochi Ezochi or Ezogashima, the Ezo mainly relied upon hunting and fishing and obtained rice and iron through trade with the Japanese. During the Muromachi period, the Japanese created a settlement at the south of the Oshima Peninsula, as more people moved to the settlement to avoid battles, disputes arose between the Japanese and the Ainu. The disputes eventually developed into a war, takeda Nobuhiro killed the Ainu leader, Koshamain, and defeated the opposition in 1457. Nobuhiros descendants became the rulers of the Matsumae-han, which was granted trading rights with the Ainu in the Azuchi-Momoyama. The Matsumae familys economy relied upon trade with the Ainu and they held authority over the south of Ezochi until the end of the Edo period in 1868. The Matsumae clan rule over the Ainu must be understood in the context of the expansion of the Japanese feudal state, medieval military leaders in northern Honshū maintained only tenuous political and cultural ties to the imperial court and its proxies, the Kamakura Shogunate and Ashikaga Shogunate. Feudal strongmen sometimes located themselves within medieval institutional order, taking shogunal titles, in fact many of the feudal strongmen were descended from Emishi military leaders who had been assimilated into Japanese society. The Matsumae clan were of Yamato descent like other ethnic Japanese people, the Emishi were conquered and integrated into the Japanese state dating back as far as the 8th century, and as result began to lose their distinctive culture and ethnicity as they became minorities. By the time the Matsumae clan ruled over the Ainu most of the Emishi were ethnically mixed, there were numerous revolts by the Ainu against feudal rule. The last large-scale resistance was Shakushains Revolt in 1669–1672, in 1789, a smaller movement, the Menashi-Kunashir Rebellion, was also crushed. After that rebellion the terms Japanese and Ainu referred to clearly distinguished groups, in 1799–1821 and 1855–1858 the Edo Shogunate took direct control over Hokkaido in response to a perceived threat from Russia
41.
Peach (airline)
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Peach Aviation, operating under the brand name Peach is a low-cost airline based in Japan. Its head office is on the floor of Kensetsu-to on the property of Kansai International Airport in Izumisano. Peach has hubs at Kansai International Airport in Osaka and at Naha Airport in Okinawa, in the spring of 2015, the airline planned to open a third hub at Narita International Airport in order to serve the Greater Tokyo Area. Peach was formed in February 2011 as A&F Aviation, a joint venture between All Nippon Airways and the First Eastern Investment Group, a Hong Kong-based private equity, the company applied for an operating certificate in April 2011 and changed its name to Peach Aviation in May 2011. Its shares are held in almost equal portions by ANA, FEIG, peach’s brand development was conducted by CIA, Inc. / The Brand Architect Group who engaged Neil Denari, for aircraft livery design and James Wilkie for uniform design. The airline is based at Kansai International Airport, in July 2011, Peach received 1,909 applications for its first class of ninety flight attendants. At one time, its headquarters were located on the floor of Aeroplaza, located on the property of Kansai International Airport in Tajiri, Sennan District. On 1 August 2011, Peach announced that it was moving its operations office from Aeroplaza to Kensetsu-to, the airlines first flight was on 1 March 2012, between Kansai and New Chitose Airport, which serves the Sapporo metropolitan area. Peach cancelled over 2,000 planned flights for the summer 2014 season due to a shortage of pilots, the airline planned to have 62 pilots by October 2014 but only had 52 as of April, eight of whom were sick or injured and unable to fly. Loss of pilots to other airlines was a cause for the shortage, Peach offers service to the following destinations, CEO Shinichi Inoue commented in May 2011 that the airline planned to serve the resort markets of Guam and Saipan. Inoue also mentioned the possibility of Peach using less congested secondary airports to serve certain cities, the airline has also had plans to launch flights to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Hangzhou in China. In early 2015, Peach was considering new hubs in Seoul, Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City, Tokyo and Sapporo, as well as flights between its Okinawa hub and destinations in Southeast Asia. As of November 2016 the Peach fleet consists of the following aircraft and its first A320 was named Peach Dream, its tenth A320 was named Wing of Tohoku following a contest in which sixty elementary school students from the Tohoku region submitted proposals. On 28 April 2014, a Peach flight from New Ishigaki Airport to Naha Airport descended to an altitude of 248 feet above the ocean, the aircrafts ground proximity warning system alerted the pilot to the low altitude, and it then landed safely at Naha
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. TIME. 9 August 1971.
