1.
All rights reversed
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All rights reversed is a phrase that indicates a release of copyright or a copyleft licensing status. It is a pun on the common copyright disclaimer All rights reserved, All Rights Reversed was used by author Gregory Hill to authorize the free reprinting of his Principia Discordia in the late 1960s. Hills disclaimer was accompanied by the kosher Ⓚ symbol, a play on ©, in 1984/5 programmer Don Hopkins sent Richard Stallman a letter labeled Copyleft—all rights reversed. Stallman chose the phrase to identify his free software method of distribution and it is often accompanied by a reversed version of the copyright symbol. All Rights Reversed, its homophone, All Rites Reversed, and/or the Copyleft symbol, are used among those who publish or produce media as a clever means of saying This is not copyrighted. Please, do with it what you will, and encouraging the duplication and use of the copy-lefted material thereof. An additional meaning is that if the material is labeled with the copyleft symbol and it may be edited, but only if credit is given. It may also not be redistributed under copyright laws, the open source character Jenny Everywhere is released under an All rights reversed licence
2.
Buenos Aires Convention
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This was commonly done with the phrase All rights reserved next to the copyright notice. This implementation varied as US law only required the author and year of publishing, Copyright protection under the Convention is granted for the shorter of the terms of the protecting country and the source country of the work. The Convention is specifically retained by the Universal Copyright Convention of 6 September 1952, as the Buenos Aires Convention was not modified, the presence of a simple copyright notice was sufficient to ensure mutual recognition of copyright between countries which became parties to the UCC. The Buenos Aires Convention became a special agreement in the terms of Article 20 of the Berne Convention, Copyright Office, UNESCO, WIPO ^ Geneva Act of the Universal Copyright Convention, done at Geneva, 1952-09-06. ^ Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, ^ The United States has never applied the rule of the shorter term, all copyright works are protected for the normal U. S. term of copyright. The treaty was not proclaimed in the United States until 1914-07-13, ^ International Copyright Relations of the United States, U. S. ^ Parties to the Geneva Act of the Universal Copyright Convention as of 2000-01-01, the Geneva Act came into force on 1955-09-16 for the first twelve to have ratified, or three months after ratification for other countries. ^ Parties to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works as of 2006-05-30
3.
Copyright Act of 1909
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The Copyright Act of 1909 was a landmark statute in United States statutory copyright law. 60–349 on March 4,1909 by the 60th United States Congress, the Act was repealed and superseded by the Copyright Act of 1976, but it remains effective for copyrighted works created before the Copyright Act of 1976 went into effect in January 1,1978. It allowed for works to be copyrighted for a period of 28 years from the date of publication, like the Copyright Act of 1790 before it, the copyrighted work could be renewed once for a second term of equal value. Before the 1909 Act, the last major revision to United States copyright law was the 1790 Act, methods of reproducing and duplicating works subject to copyright had significantly increased since the 1790 Act. Under the 1909 Act, federal copyright protection attached to original works only when those works were 1) published. Thus, state law governed protection for unpublished works, but published works. If no notice of copyright was affixed to a work and the work was published in a sense, the 1909 Act provided no copyright protection. In the report submitted by the House Committee on Patents, they designed the law not primarily for the benefit of the author. This decision on sheet music was superseded by the Act, in 1952, the Supreme Court held that the Act gave trial judges significant freedom in imposing legal remedies to discourage copyright infringement. Under this ruling, judges could penalize copyright infringers with repaying profits or paying compensation for damages, if damages could not be determined, judges could levy statutory damages instead. This ruling forced Shanleys Restaurant in New York to pay a fee to songwriter Victor Herbert who performed one of his songs during dinner and this decision helped the ASCAP adopt the royalty-payment mechanism known as a blanket license, which is still used today. Under a blanket license, signatory businesses such as restaurants have the right to any composition of an ASCAP artist for an annual fee. This amendment resulted in motion pictures being specifically added to the category of protected works, prior to this amendment, United States copyright law did not protect nor register motion picture films. Instead, most motion picture filmmakers would register their work as a collection of still photographs and this helped ease the deposit requirements of foreign authors. This amended section 8 of the Copyright Act of 1909 with the intention to preserve the right of authors during periods of emergency,1909 Act as originally passed and each revision
4.
Berne Convention
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The Berne Convention formally mandated several aspects of modern copyright law, it introduced the concept that a copyright exists the moment a work is fixed, rather than requiring registration. It also enforces a requirement that countries recognize copyrights held by the citizens of all parties to the convention. The Berne Convention requires its parties to treat the copyright of works of authors from other parties to the convention at least as well as those of its own nationals. For example, French copyright law applies to anything published or performed in France, Copyright under the Berne Convention must be automatic, it is prohibited to require formal registration. However, when the United States joined the Convention 1 March 1989, it continued to make statutory damages and attorneys fees only available for registered works. Under Article 4, it applies to cinematic works by persons who have their headquarters or habitual residence in a party country. The Convention relies on the concept of country of origin, often determining the country of origin is straightforward, when a work is published in a party country and nowhere else, this is the country of origin. However, under Article 5, when a work is published simultaneously in several party countries, for works simultaneously published in a party country and one or more non-parties, the party country is the country of origin. For unpublished works or works first published in a non-party country, in the Internet age, unrestricted publication online may be considered publication in every sufficiently internet-connected jurisdiction in the world. It is not clear what this may mean for determining country of origin, however other U. S. courts in similar situations have reached different conclusions, e. g. Håkan Moberg v. 33T LLC. The matter of determining the country of origin for digital publication remains a topic of controversy among law academics as well, countries under the older revisions of the treaty may choose to provide their own protection terms, and certain types of works may be provided shorter terms. If the author is unknown, because for example the author was deliberately anonymous or worked under a pseudonym, however, if the identity of the author becomes known, the copyright term for known authors applies. e. An author is not entitled a longer copyright abroad than at home. This is commonly known as the rule of the shorter term, not all countries have accepted this rule. As to works, protection must include every production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain, the Berne Convention authorizes countries to allow fair uses of copyrighted works in other publications or broadcasts. Implementations of this part of the treaty fall into the categories of fair use. This language may mean that Internet service providers are not liable for the communications of their users. Critics claim that the convention does not mention any other rights of consumers of works except for fair use, there is a legal debate about whether the U. S
5.
Nicaragua
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Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the largest country in the Central American isthmus. Nicaraguas capital, Managua, is the countrys largest city and the third-largest city in Central America, the multi-ethnic population of six million includes indigenous peoples, Europeans, Africans, and Asians. Native tribes on the eastern coast speak their own languages, the Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century. Nicaragua gained independence from Spain in 1821, since its independence, Nicaragua has undergone periods of political unrest, dictatorship, and fiscal crisis—the most notable causes that led to the Nicaraguan Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s. Nicaragua is a democratic republic. The biological diversity, warm climate and active volcanoes make Nicaragua an increasingly popular tourist destination. The name Nicaragua was coined by Spanish colonists based on the name Nicarao, when Spaniard Gil González Dávila came to Nicaragua in 1521 he found in the areas between Rivas and San Jorge the first pre-Columbian natives of Nicaragua. At the time the city was called Quauhcapolca and the cacique leaders name was Macuilmiquiztli. The Pipil migrated to Nicaragua from central Mexico after 500 BC, meanwhile, the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua was inhabited by other peoples, mostly Chibcha language groups. They had coalesced in Central America and migrated also to present-day northern Colombia and they lived a life based primarily on hunting and gathering. In 1502, Christopher Columbus became the first European known to have reached what is now Nicaragua as he sailed southeast toward the Isthmus of Panama, on his fourth voyage, Columbus explored the Miskito Coast on the Atlantic side of Nicaragua. The Spanish attempted to convert all three tribes to Christianity, Nicaragua and Nicarao and their people converted, but Dirangen, however, did not, the first attempt to conquer what is now known as Nicaragua was by Gil González Dávila, who arrived in Panama in January 1520. The first Spanish permanent settlements were founded in 1524, conquistador Francisco Hernández de Córdoba founded two of Nicaraguas principal towns in 1524, Granada on Lake Nicaragua was the first settlement, followed by León at a location west of Lake Managua. Córdoba soon built defenses for the cities and fought against incursions by other conquistadors, Córdoba was later publicly beheaded following a power struggle with Pedro Arias Dávila. His tomb and remains were discovered in 2000 in the ruins of León Viejo, the clashes among Spanish forces did not impede their destruction of the indigenous people and their culture. The series of battles came to be known as the War of the Captains, Pedro Arias Dávila was a winner, although he had lost control of Panama, he moved to Nicaragua and successfully established his base in León. Through adroit diplomatic machinations, he became the first governor of the colony, many indigenous people died as a result of new infectious diseases, compounded by neglect by the Spaniards, who controlled their subsistence. In 1610, the Momotombo volcano erupted, destroying the capital and it was rebuilt northwest of what is now known as the ruins of Old León
6.
Copyright notice
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In United States copyright law, a copyright notice is a notice of statutorily prescribed form that informs users of the underlying claim to copyright ownership in a published work. Copyright is a form of protection provided by U. S. law to authors of works of authorship. ”When a work is published under the authority of the copyright owner. The use of the notice is the responsibility of the owner and does not require permission from, or registration with. Use of the notice informs the public that a work is protected by copyright, identifies the copyright owner, an innocent infringement defense can result in a reduction in damages that the copyright owner would otherwise receive. U. S. law no longer requires the use of a copyright notice, prior law did, however, require a notice, and the use of a notice is still relevant to the copyright status of older works. For works first published on or after March 1,1989, before March 1,1989, the use of the notice was mandatory on all published works. Works published before January 1,1978, are governed by the 1909 Copyright Act, under that law, if a work was published under the copyright owner’s authority without a proper notice of copyright, all copyright protection for that work was permanently lost in the United States. Section 401 of the Copyright Act specifies the form and location of the copyright notice, the notice for visually perceptible copies should contain all three elements described below. They should appear together or in proximity on the copies. The symbol ©, the word “Copyright”, or the abbreviation “Copr. ”If the work is a work or a compilation incorporating previously published material. Examples of derivative works are translations or dramatizations, an example of a compilation is an anthology, certain kinds of works, such as musical, dramatic, and literary works, may be fixed not in “copies” but by means of sound in an audiorecording. The copyright notice for phonorecords embodying a sound recording is different from that for other works. ”Copyright in a sound recording protects the particular series of sounds fixed in the recording against unauthorized reproduction, revision, and distribution. This copyright is distinct from the copyright of the musical, literary, phonorecords can be phonograph records, audiotapes, cassettes, or discs. The notice should contain the three elements appearing together on the phonorecord. The year of first publication of the sound recording, the name of the copyright owner of the sound recording, an abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a generally known alternative designation of the owner. The Copyright Office has issued regulations concerning the position of the notice, generally, the copyright notice should be placed on copies or phono records in such a way that it gives reasonable notice of the claim of copyright. The notice should be permanently legible to a user of the work under normal conditions of use. A copyright notice may still be used as a deterrent against infringement and it is also a copyright violation, if not also a federal crime, to remove or modify copyright notice with intent to induce, enable, facilitate, or conceal an infringement
