1.
All the President's Men (film)
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All the Presidents Men is a 1976 American political thriller film directed by Alan J. Pakula. The film stars Robert Redford and Dustin Hoffman as Woodward and Bernstein, respectively, All the Presidents Men is the third installment of what informally came to be known as Pakulas paranoia trilogy. The other two films in the trilogy are Klute and The Parallax View, in 2010, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. On June 17,1972, a security guard at the Watergate complex finds a door kept unlocked with tape and he calls the police, who find and arrest five burglars in the Democratic National Committee headquarters within the complex. The next morning, The Washington Post assigns new reporter Bob Woodward to the courthouse to cover the story. Woodward learns that the five men, four Cuban-Americans from Miami and James W. McCord, at the arraignment, McCord identifies himself in court as having recently left the Central Intelligence Agency and the others also have CIA ties. Woodward connects the burglars to E. Howard Hunt, an employee of the CIA. Carl Bernstein, another Post reporter, is assigned to cover the Watergate story with Woodward, the two are reluctant partners, but work well together. Executive editor Benjamin Bradlee believes their work is incomplete, however and he encourages them to continue to gather information. Woodward contacts Deep Throat, a government official, an anonymous source he has used in the past. Communicating through copies of The New York Times and a balcony flowerpot, Deep Throat speaks in riddles and metaphors about the Watergate break-in, but advises Woodward to follow the money. Over the next few weeks, Woodward and Bernstein connect the five burglars to thousands of dollars in diverted campaign contributions to Nixons Committee to Re-elect the President, bradlees demand for thoroughness forces the reporters to obtain other sources to confirm the Haldeman connection. When the White House issues a non-denial denial of the Posts above-the-fold story, at the subtle climax, Woodward again meets secretly with Deep Throat, who finally reveals that the Watergate break-in and cover-up was indeed masterminded by Haldeman. When Woodward and Bernstein relay this to Bradlee, he urges the reporters to continue despite the risk, a montage of Watergate-related teletype headlines from the following years is shown, ending with Nixons resignation and the inauguration of Vice President Gerald Ford on August 9,1974. Unlike the book, the film itself covers only the first seven months of the Watergate scandal, the film introduced the catchphrase follow the money, which did not appear in the book or any documentation of Watergate. Robert Redford bought the rights to Woodward and Bernsteins book in 1974 for $450,000 with the notion to adapt it into a film with a budget of $5 million. Ben Bradlee realized that the film was going to be made regardless of whether he approved of it or not, the executive editor of the Washington Post hoped that the film would show newspapers strive very hard for responsibility. William Goldman was hired by Redford to write the script in 1974 and he has said Bob Woodward was extremely helpful to him but Carl Bernstein was not, and that his crucial decision as to structure was to throw away the second half of the book
2.
Carl Bernstein
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Carl Bernstein is an American investigative journalist and author. While a young reporter for The Washington Post in 1972, Bernstein was teamed up with Bob Woodward and these scandals led to numerous government investigations and the eventual resignation of President Richard Nixon. The work of Woodward and Bernstein was called maybe the single greatest reporting effort of all time by longtime journalism figure Gene Roberts, Bernsteins career since Watergate has continued to focus on the theme of the use and abuse of power via books and magazine articles. He has also done reporting for television and opinion commentary and he attended Montgomery Blair High School in Silver Spring, Maryland, where he worked as circulation and exchange manager for the schools newspaper Silver Chips. He began his career at the age of 16 when he became a copyboy for The Washington Star. The Star, however, unofficially required a degree to write for the paper. Because he had dropped out from the University of Maryland and did not intend to finish, while there, he won first prize in New Jerseys press association for investigative reporting, feature writing, and news on a deadline. In 1966, Bernstein left New Jersey and began reporting for the Washington Post, on a Saturday in June 1972, Bernstein was assigned, along with Bob Woodward, to cover a break-in at the Watergate office complex that had occurred earlier the same morning. In the series of stories followed, Bernstein and Woodward eventually connected the burglars to a massive slush fund. Bernstein was the first to suspect that President Nixon was involved, Bernstein and Woodwards discoveries led to further investigations of Nixon, and on August 9,1974, amid hearings by the House Judiciary Committee, Nixon resigned in order to avoid facing impeachment. In 1974, two years after the Watergate burglary and two months before Nixon resigned, Bernstein and Woodward released the book All the Presidents Men. The book drew upon the notes and research accumulated while writing articles about the scandal for the Post, in 1975 it was turned into a movie starring Dustin Hoffman as Bernstein and Robert Redford as Woodward. A second book, The Final Days, was published by Bernstein, Bernstein left the Washington Post in 1977 and began investigating a secret relationship between the CIA and American media during the Cold War. He spent a year researching the article, which was published as a 25 and he then began working for ABC News. Between 1980 and 1984, Bernstein was the networks Washington Bureau Chief, two years after leaving ABC News, Bernstein released the book Loyalties, A Sons Memoir, in which he revealed that his parents had been members of the Communist Party of America. The assertion shocked some because even J. Edgar Hoover had tried, following Iraqs invasion of Kuwait in 1990, Bernstein went to Iraq to cover the events for Time magazine. In a special report several weeks before the Gulf War began, Bernstein revealed the discontent and he was subsequently expelled from the country and flown out to Egypt. In 1992, also for Time, Bernstein wrote a cover story publicizing the alliance between Pope John Paul II and President Ronald Reagan, later, along with Vatican expert Marco Politi, he published a papal biography entitled His Holiness
3.
Bob Woodward
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Robert Upshur Bob Woodward is an American investigative journalist and non-fiction author. He has worked for The Washington Post since 1971 as a reporter and is now an editor there. While a young reporter for The Washington Post in 1972, Woodward was teamed up with Carl Bernstein and these scandals led to numerous government investigations and the eventual resignation of President Richard Nixon. The work of Woodward and Bernstein was called maybe the single greatest reporting effort of all time by longtime journalism figure Gene Roberts, Woodward continued to work for The Washington Post after his reporting on Watergate. He has since written 18 best-selling books on American politics,12 of which topped best-seller lists, Woodward was born in Geneva, Illinois, the son of Jane and Alfred Eno Woodward II, chief judge of the 18th Judicial Circuit Court. He was a resident of Wheaton, Illinois and he enrolled in Yale College with a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps scholarship and studied history and English literature. While at Yale, Woodward joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity and was a member of the secret society Book. He received his B. A. degree in 1965 and began a tour of duty in the United States Navy. At one time, he was close to Admiral Robert O. Welander, Harry M. Rosenfeld, the Posts metropolitan editor, gave him a two-week trial but did not hire him because of his lack of journalistic experience. After a year at the Montgomery Sentinel, a newspaper in the Washington, D. C. suburbs. Although not a recipient in his own right, Woodward made crucial contributions to two Pulitzer Prizes won by The Washington Post, first, he and Bernstein were the lead reporters on Watergate and the Post won the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in 1973. He was also the reporter for the Posts coverage of the September 11 attacks in 2001. The Post won the 2002 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting for 10 of its stories on the subject, ford Prize for Reporting on the Presidency. In 2012, Colby College presented Woodward with the Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award for courageous journalism as well as an honorary doctorate, Woodward has authored or co-authored 18 nonfiction books in the past 35 years. All 18 have been national bestsellers and 12 of them have been No.1 national nonfiction bestsellers—more No.1 national nonfiction bestsellers than any contemporary author, in his 1995 memoir, A Good Life, former Post Executive Editor Ben Bradlee singled out Woodward in the foreword. And Woodward has maintained the position on top of journalisms ladder ever since Watergate. I am convinced he writes only what he believes to be true or has been told to be true. And he is certainly a force for keeping the government honest, in 2001, Woodward won the Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism
4.
Simon & Schuster
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Simon & Schuster, Inc. a subsidiary of CBS Corporation, is an American publishing company founded in New York City in 1924 by Richard Simon and Max Schuster. As of 2016, Simon & Schuster publishes 2,000 titles annually under 35 different imprints, in 1924, Richard Simons aunt, a crossword puzzle enthusiast, asked whether there was a book of New York World crossword puzzles, which were very popular at the time. After discovering that none had been published, Simon and Max Schuster decided to launch a company to exploit the opportunity, at the time, Simon was a piano salesman and Schuster was editor of an automotive trade magazine. They pooled US$8,000 to start a company to publish crossword puzzles, fad publishing became the business model for the new publishing house, which set out to exploit current fads and trends and publish books with commercial appeal. Instead of signing authors with a manuscript, they came up with their own ideas. In the 1930, the moved to what was known as Publishers Row on Park Avenue in Manhattan. In 1939, with Robert Fair de Graff, Simon & Schuster founded Pocket Books, in 1942, Simon & Schuster, or Essandess as it is called in the initial announcement, launched the Little Golden Books series in cooperation with the Artists and Writers Guild. Simon & Schusters partner in the venture was the Western Printing and Lithographing Company, Western Printing bought out Simon & Schusters interest in 1958. In 1944, Marshall Field III, owner of the Chicago Sun, purchased Simon & Schuster, following Fields death in 1957, his heirs sold the company back to Richard Simon and Max Schuster, while Leon Shimkin and James Jacobson acquired Pocket Books. In the 1950s and 1960s, many publishers including Simon & Schuster turned toward educational publishing due to the boom market. Pocket Books focused on paperbacks for the market instead of textbooks. By 1964 it had published over 200 titles and was expected to put out another 400 by the end of that year, Books published under the imprint included classic reprints such as Lorna Doone, Ivanhoe, Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn, and Robinson Crusoe. In 1966, Max Schuster retired and sold his half of Simon & Schuster to Leon Shimkin, Shimkin then merged Simon & Schuster with Pocket Books under the name of Simon & Schuster. Among his many bestsellers was Joseph Hellers Catch-22, in 1976, Gulf+Western headed by Charles Bluhdorn acquired S&S, which was grossing about US$50 million a year for $11 million, most of it in Gulf+Western stock. After the death of Bluhdorn in 1983, Simon & Schuster made the decision to diversify, bluhdorns successor Martin Davis told The New York Times, Society was undergoing dramatic changes, so that there was a greater need for textbooks, maps and educational information. We saw the opportunity to diversify into areas, which are more stable. In 1984, CEO Richard E. Snyder acquired Esquire Corporation, buying everything, Prentice Hall was brought into the company fold in 1985 for over $700 million and Martin Davis said that Prentice Hall became the road map for remodeling the company and a catalyst for change. This acquisition was followed by Silver Burdett in 1986, mapmaker Gousha in 1987, part of the acquisition included educational publisher Allyn & Bacon which according to Michael Korda became the nucleus of S&Ss educational and informational business
5.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
6.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
7.
Dewey Decimal Classification
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The Dewey Decimal Classification, or Dewey Decimal System, is a proprietary library classification system first published in the United States by Melvil Dewey in 1876. It has been revised and expanded through 23 major editions, the latest issued in 2011 and it is also available in an abridged version suitable for smaller libraries. It is currently maintained by the Online Computer Library Center, a cooperative that serves libraries. OCLC licenses access to a version for catalogers called WebDewey. The Decimal Classification introduced the concepts of relative location and relative index which allow new books to be added to a library in their location based on subject. Libraries previously had given books permanent shelf locations that were related to the order of acquisition rather than topic, the classifications notation makes use of three-digit Arabic numerals for main classes, with fractional decimals allowing expansion for further detail. Using Arabic numerals for symbols, it is flexible to the degree that numbers can be expanded in linear fashion to cover aspects of general subjects. A library assigns a number that unambiguously locates a particular volume in a position relative to other books in the library. The number makes it possible to find any book and to return it to its place on the library shelves. The classification system is used in 200,000 libraries in at least 135 countries, the major competing classification system to the Dewey Decimal system is the Library of Congress Classification system created by the U. S. Melvil Dewey was an American librarian and self-declared reformer and he was a founding member of the American Library Association and can be credited with the promotion of card systems in libraries and business. He developed the ideas for his classification system in 1873 while working at Amherst College library. He applied the classification to the books in library, until in 1876 he had a first version of the classification. In 1876, he published the classification in pamphlet form with the title A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and he used the pamphlet, published in more than one version during the year, to solicit comments from other librarians. It is not known who received copies or how many commented as only one copy with comments has survived, in March 1876, he applied for, and received copyright on the first edition of the index. The edition was 44 pages in length, with 2,000 index entries, comprised 314 pages, with 10,000 index entries. Editions 3–14, published between 1888 and 1942, used a variant of this same title, Dewey modified and expanded his system considerably for the second edition. In an introduction to that edition Dewey states that nearly 100 persons hav contributed criticisms, one of the innovations of the Dewey Decimal system was that of positioning books on the shelves in relation to other books on similar topics
8.
Library of Congress Classification
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The Library of Congress Classification is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress. It is used by most research and academic libraries in the U. S. the Classification is also distinct from Library of Congress Subject Headings, the system of labels such as Boarding schools and Boarding schools—Fiction that describe contents systematically. The classification was invented by Herbert Putnam in 1897, just before he assumed the librarianship of Congress, with advice from Charles Ammi Cutter, it was influenced by his Cutter Expansive Classification, the Dewey Decimal System, and the Putnam Classification System. It was designed specifically for the purposes and collection of the Library of Congress to replace the fixed location system developed by Thomas Jefferson, by the time Putnam departed from his post in 1939, all the classes except K and parts of B were well developed. LCC has been criticized for lacking a theoretical basis, many of the classification decisions were driven by the practical needs of that library rather than epistemological considerations. Although it divides subjects into broad categories, it is essentially enumerative in nature and that is, it provides a guide to the books actually in one librarys collections, not a classification of the world. In 2007 the Wall Street Journal reported that in the countries it surveyed most public libraries, the National Library of Medicine classification system uses the initial letters W and QS–QZ, which are not used by LCC. Some libraries use NLM in conjunction with LCC, eschewing LCCs R for Medicine, others use LCCs QP–QR schedules and include Medicine R. Subclass AC – Collections. Collected works Subclass AE – Encyclopedias Subclass AG – Dictionaries and other reference works Subclass AI – Indexes Subclass AM – Museums. Collectors and collecting Subclass AN – Newspapers Subclass AP – Periodicals Subclass AS – Academies, directories Subclass AZ – History of scholarship and learning. The humanities Subclass B – Philosophy Subclass BC – Logic Subclass BD – Speculative philosophy Subclass BF – Psychology Subclass BH – Aesthetics Subclass BJ – Ethics Subclass BL – Religions, rationalism Subclass BM – Judaism Subclass BP – Islam. Seals Subclass CE – Technical Chronology, calendar Subclass CJ – Numismatics Subclass CN – Inscriptions. Former Soviet Republics – Poland Subclass DL – Northern Europe, maps Subclass GA – Mathematical geography. Cartography Subclass GB – Physical geography Subclass GC – Oceanography Subclass GE – Environmental Sciences Subclass GF – Human ecology, anthropogeography Subclass GN – Anthropology Subclass GR – Folklore Subclass GT – Manners and customs Subclass GV – Recreation. Leisure Subclass H – Social sciences Subclass HA – Statistics Subclass HB – Economic theory, demography Subclass HC – Economic history and conditions Subclass HD – Industries. Labor Subclass HE – Transportation and communications Subclass HF – Commerce Subclass HG – Finance Subclass HJ – Public finance Subclass HM – Sociology Subclass HN – Social history, Social reform Subclass HQ – The family. Marriage, Women and Sexuality Subclass HS – Societies, secret, benevolent, races Subclass HV – Social pathology. Municipal government Subclass JV – Colonies and colonization, International migration Subclass JX – International law, see JZ and KZ Subclass JZ – International relations Subclass K – Law in general
9.
The Final Days
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The Final Days is a 1976 non-fiction book written by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein about the Watergate scandal. Not long after the resignation of Richard Nixon in August 1974, Woodward and they originally intended to cover just the last hundred days of the Nixon presidency but then expanded it further back. They hired two assistants, Scott Armstrong and Al Kamen and among them they interviewed 394 people involved in the tale. People were anxious to talk to them in an effort to get their perspective on the events included in the narrative, in this way they constructed a fly on the wall type narrative of the events in question. As noted in the foreword, all the information and scenarios depicted were taken from interviews with 394 people who were involved. All that was stated in interviews was considered on the record. Every detail was thoroughly checked and any information that could not be confirmed by two separate accounts was left out of the book. In an example of instantiation of the approach, J. Fred Buzhardt co-operated with Woodward and Bernstein during the research for the book. One person was interviewed as many as 17 times, release of the book was preceded by the publishing of excerpts in Newsweek magazine, excerpts which included a number of the authors more vivid narrations. At the same time, revelations from these excerpts began appearing in newspaper stories. Two that the most attention revolved around Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, one was the disparaging comments about Nixon he supposedly made to his staff, such as a reference to Our meatball President. The sensational nature of some of excerpts brought about significant criticism about the endeavor, the promotion was effective, this issue of Newsweek became the fastest selling one in the magazines history. The debate over these particular incidents colored much of the subsequent reaction to the book, after the foreword, the book contains two parts. Part II consists of a chapter-aligned, day-by-day account of the final days, beginning with Wednesday, July 24 and continuing through Friday. Both are helpful in keeping the chain of events and people in mind. As published by Simon & Schuster, the work contained some photographic illustrations as well, reviews of the book focused both on the disclosures within it and the methods by which it was written. Regarding the first, the Los Angeles Times said the book was Fascinating, macabre, mordant, melancholy, Newsweek, which ran the excerpts, described it as An extraordinary work of reportage on the epic political story of our time. The book as a whole gave a balanced, at times sympathetic
10.
Watergate scandal
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When the conspiracy was discovered and investigated by the U. S. Congress, the Nixon administrations resistance to its probes led to a constitutional crisis. The term Watergate, by metonymy, has come to encompass an array of clandestine and those activities included such dirty tricks as bugging the offices of political opponents and people of whom Nixon or his officials were suspicious. The scandal also resulted in the indictment of 69 people, with trials or pleas resulting in 48 being found guilty, the affair began with the arrest of five men for breaking and entering into the DNC headquarters at the Watergate complex on Saturday, June 17,1972. In July 1973, evidence mounted against the Presidents staff, including testimony provided by staff members in an investigation conducted by the Senate Watergate Committee. The investigation revealed that President Nixon had a system in his offices. After a protracted series of court battles, the U. S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the president was obliged to release the tapes to government investigators. The tapes revealed that Nixon had attempted to cover up activities that took place after the break-in, facing virtually certain impeachment in the House of Representatives and equally certain conviction by the Senate, Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9,1974. On September 8,1974, his successor, Gerald Ford, the name Watergate and the suffix -gate have since become synonymous with political and non-political scandals in the United States. According to Dean, this marked the scene of the worst political scandal of the twentieth century. Mitchell viewed the plan as unrealistic, Liddy was nominally in charge of the operation, but has since insisted that he was duped by Dean and at least two of his subordinates. These included former CIA officers E. Howard Hunt and James McCord, in May, McCord assigned former FBI agent Alfred C. Baldwin III to carry out the wiretapping and monitor the telephone conversations afterward. McCord testified that he selected Baldwins name from a registry published by the Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI to work for the Committee to Re-elect the President, Baldwin first served as bodyguard to Martha Mitchell, the wife of John Mitchell, who was living in Washington. Baldwin accompanied Martha Mitchell to Chicago, Martha did not like Baldwin and described him as the gauchest character Ive ever met. The Committee replaced Baldwin with another security man, the room 419 was booked in the name of McCord’s company. At behest of G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt, McCord and his team of burglars prepared for their first Watergate break-in, two phones inside the offices of the DNC headquarters were said to have been wiretapped. The FBI found no evidence that OBriens phone was bugged, however, it was determined that an effective listening device had been installed in Olivers phone. Despite the success in installing the devices, the Committee agents soon determined that they needed to be repaired. They planned a burglary in order to take care of this
11.
The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
12.
H. R. Haldeman
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Upon his release he returned to private life and was a successful businessman until his death from cancer in 1993. Haldeman was born in Los Angeles on October 27,1926 and his mother, Katherine, was a longtime volunteer with the Salvation Army and other philanthropic organizations. His paternal grandfather, Harry Marston Haldeman, co-founded the Better American Federation of California, The Oz Film Manufacturing Company, young Haldeman and his siblings were raised as Christian Scientists. Known to his peers as an arrow, he sported his trademark flat-top haircut from his high school years, enjoyed discussions of ethics. He attended Harvard School, during which time he met Jo Horton, during World War II he was Naval Reserve but did not see active combat. Haldeman attended the University of Redlands and the University of Southern California before transferring to the University of California and he received his B. A. from UCLA in 1948, where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi fraternity. At UCLA, he met John Ehrlichman, who would become a close friend, in 1949, he joined the J. Haldeman took this suggestion and started keeping and maintaining a daily diary throughout his entire career in the Nixon White House. The full text of the diaries is almost 750,000 words, a full version is available to researchers on CD-ROM at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. They became Nixons most loyal and trusted aides during his presidency, both were keen in protecting what they regarded as Nixons best interests. To more easily accomplish this, Haldeman reorganized the White House staff to a model still followed in the White House today. Haldeman was one of key figures in the Watergate scandal. The unexplained 18½-minute gap in Nixons Oval Office recordings occurred during a discussion that included the President, Nixon requested the resignations of Haldeman and Ehrlichman in what has been described as a long and emotional meeting at Camp David. Haldeman was fired and the resignations were announced on April 30,1973, in a phone conversation shortly after the resignations, Nixon told Haldeman that he loved him like his brother. On the eve of Nixons resignation, Haldeman asked for a full pardon along with a pardon of Vietnam War draft dodgers. He argued that pardoning the dodgers would take some of the heat off him, on January 1,1975, Haldeman was convicted of conspiracy and obstruction of justice. He was sentenced to serve 2½ to 8 years, reduced to 1 to 4 years after appeal, in Lompoc Federal Prison, he worked as a chemist in the sewage treatment facility. On December 20,1978, after serving 18 months, Haldeman was released on parole. In his post-White House years, he went on to a career as a businessman, taking an interest in hotels, development, real estate
13.
John Ehrlichman
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John Daniel Ehrlichman was counsel and Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs under President Richard Nixon. Ehrlichman was born in Tacoma, Washington, the son of Lillian Catherine and he was an Eagle Scout and recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award. In World War II, Ehrlichman won the Distinguished Flying Cross as a lead B-17 navigator in the Eighth Air Force. In the same war, his father served in the Royal Canadian Air Force, bill, Ehrlichman attended the University of California, Los Angeles, graduating in 1948 with a B. A. degree in political science. After graduating from Stanford Law School in 1951, he joined a Seattle law firm, becoming a partner, practicing as a lawyer, noted for his expertise in urban land use. He was active in the Municipal League, supporting its efforts to clean up Lake Washington and improve the infrastructure of Seattle. He remained a lawyer until 1969, when he entered politics full-time. Ehrlichman worked on Nixons unsuccessful 1960 presidential campaign, and his unsuccessful 1962 California gubernatorial campaign and he was an advance man for Nixons 1968 presidential campaign. Following Nixons victory, Ehrlichman became the White House Counsel and he held this post for about a year before he became the Chief Domestic Advisor for Nixon. It was then that he became a member of Nixons inner circle and he and close friend H. R. Henry Paulson was John Ehrlichmans assistant in 1972 and 1973. After the start of the Watergate investigations in 1972, Ehrlichman lobbied for a delay in the confirmation of L. Patrick Gray as Director of the FBI. He argued that the hearings were deflecting media attention from Watergate. White House Counsel John Dean cited the Berlin Wall of Ehrlichman and Haldeman as one of the reasons for his sense of alienation in the White House. This alienation led him to believe he was to become the Watergate scapegoat, on April 30,1973, Nixon fired Dean and Ehrlichman and Haldeman resigned. Ehrlichman was defended by Andrew C. Hall during the Watergate trials where he was convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, perjury, all three men were initially sentenced to between two and a half and eight years in prison. In 1977, the sentences were commuted to one to four years, unlike his co-defendants, Ehrlichman voluntarily entered prison before his appeals were exhausted. He was released from the Federal Correctional Institution, Safford, after serving a total of 18 months, having been convicted of a felony, he was disbarred from the practice of law. Ehrlichman and Haldeman sought and were denied pardons by Nixon, although Nixon later regretted his decision not to grant them, Ehrlichman applied for a pardon from President Reagan in 1987
14.
Nixon White House tapes
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The system was subsequently expanded to include other rooms within the White House and Camp David. The recording system was turned off on July 18,1973, Nixon was not the first president to record his White House conversations, the practice was initiated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940. Nixons refusal of a subpoena to release the tapes constituted an article of impeachment against Nixon. On August 19,2013, the Nixon Library and the National Archives, just prior to assuming office in January 1969, President Nixon learned that his predecessor, Lyndon Johnson, had installed a system to record his meetings and telephone calls. According to his Chief of Staff H. R, at Nixons request, Haldeman and his staff—including Deputy Assistant Alexander Butterfield—then worked with the United States Secret Service to install a recording system. On February 16,1971 a taping system was installed in two rooms in the White House, namely, the Oval Office and the Cabinet Room. The system was installed and monitored by the Secret Service, significant phone lines were tapped as well, including those in the Oval Office and the Lincoln Sitting Room, which was Nixons favorite room in the White House. All audio equipment was sound-activated, except in the Cabinet Room, by design, only very few individuals knew of the existence of the taping system, Butterfield, Haldemans assistant Lawrence Higby, and the Secret Service technicians who had installed it. The recordings were produced on as many as nine Sony TC-800B machines using very thin 0.5 mil tape at the slow speed of 15/16 inches per second. The tapes contain more than 3,000 hours of conversation, hundreds of hours are of discussions on foreign policy, including planning for the 1972 Nixon visit to China and subsequent visit to the Soviet Union. Only 200 hours of the 3,500 contain references to Watergate, the existence of the White House taping system was first confirmed by Senate Committee staff member Donald Sanders, on July 13,1973, in an interview with White House aide Alexander Butterfield. Three days later, it was made public during the testimony of Butterfield. On July 16,1973, Butterfield told the committee in a hearing that Nixon had ordered a taping system installed in the White House to automatically record all conversations. On October 19,1973, he offered a compromise, Nixon proposed that U. S, senator John C. Stennis review and summarize the tapes for accuracy and report his findings to the special prosecutors office. Special prosecutor Archibald Cox refused the compromise and on Saturday, October 20,1973, Richardson refused and resigned instead, then Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus was asked to dismiss Cox but refused and was subsequently fired. Solicitor General and acting head of the Justice Department Robert Bork discharged Cox, Nixon appointed Leon Jaworski special counsel on November 1,1973. While playing the tape on a Uher 5000, she answered a phone call, reaching for the Uher 5000 stop button, she said that she mistakenly hit the button next to it, the record button. For the duration of the call, about 5 minutes, she kept her foot on the devices pedal
15.
Alexander Butterfield
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Alexander Porter Butterfield is a retired U. S. military officer, public servant, and businessman. He served as the Deputy Assistant to President Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1973 and he revealed the existence of White House taping system on July 13,1973, during the Watergate scandal investigation, but had no involvement in the scandal. From 1973 to 1975, he served as Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, Butterfield was born April 6,1926, in Pensacola, Florida, to United States Navy pilot Horace B. Butterfield and his wife, Susan Armistead Alexander Butterfield and he grew up in Coronado, California, and left home in 1943. Butterfield enrolled in college at the University of California, Los Angeles and he left the university to join the United States Air Force in 1948. He later served as the officer of a fighter-interceptor squadron in Knoxville, Tennessee, before being promoted to commander of a fighter squadron at Kadena Air Base in Okinawa. During the Vietnam War, Butterfield commanded a squadron of low and he flew 98 combat missions, and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. In 1965 and 1966, Butterfield served as the Military Assistant to the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense and he also gained extensive experience working at the White House, where he spent half his time. In late 1968, Butterfield learned that he would be stationed in Australia for another two years, which would delay any potential promotion and potentially harm his military career, the ambitious Butterfield wanted to be in the smoke, and wanted to leave Australia. After coming across an article which mentioned the appointment of H. R. Haldeman as Nixons White House Chief of Staff. The two met in New York City about December 19,1968, to discuss a role as a military aide, but when nothing suitable came up, Butterfield asked to take any job in the White House. Butterfield retired from the Air Force a few later. As Deputy Assistant to the President, Butterfield was Haldemans chief assistant and his first few days in the White House were difficult. Butterfield did not meet the president for 13 days, when Haldeman finally introduced Butterfield to Nixon, their meeting was short and awkward. Haldeman then left for California, leaving Butterfield in charge of the White House staff for four days, Nixons second meeting with Butterfield was rude and condescending, and Butterfield nearly resigned. The following day, however, Nixon was cordial and witty, Butterfield, who came to like Nixon immensely, nevertheless felt the president was an ignorant boor, a bumpkin. Butterfield initially had to mimic Haldemans mannerisms when meeting with Nixon, Everything Haldeman and Butterfield did was designed to make Nixon feel comfortable and relaxed, never surprised or spooked. If you dont do things exactly as I do, it could upset, next to Haldeman, Butterfield was the most powerful aide in the White House
16.
Deep Throat (Watergate)
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In 2005,31 years after Nixons resignation and 11 years after Nixons death, a family attorney stated that former Federal Bureau of Investigation Associate Director Mark Felt was Deep Throat. Felt was suffering from dementia at the time and had denied being Deep Throat. For more than 30 years, Deep Throats identity was one of the biggest mysteries of American politics and journalism, Woodward and Bernstein insisted they would not reveal his identity until he died or consented to have his identity revealed. Even though J. Anthony Lukas correctly speculated that Deep Throat was, in fact, W. Mark Felt in his book, Nightmare, The Underside of the Nixon Years, Lukas was widely criticized. According to an April 28,2003, article in Slate, in a 1989 Playboy interview with Lukas, after the Vanity Fair story broke, Woodward, Bernstein, and Benjamin C. Bradlee, the Posts executive editor during Watergate, confirmed Felts identity as Deep Throat. L. Patrick Gray, former acting Director of the FBI and Felts boss, disputes Felts claim he was the source in Grays book, In Nixons Web. Instead, Gray and others have continued to argue that Deep Throat was a compilation of sources characterized as one entity, in order to improve sales of the book and movie. Woodward and Bernstein, however, defended Felts claims and detailed their relationship with Felt in Woodwards book, The Secret Man, The Story of Watergates Deep Throat. Police had arrived on the scene after being alerted by Frank Wills, a security guard, at least one of the men was a former Central Intelligence Agency employee. This person, James McCord, Jr. was, at the time of his arrest, notebooks were found on two of the men containing the telephone number of E. Howard Hunt, whose name in the notebooks was accompanied by the inscriptions W House and W. H. The scandal immediately attracted some media scrutiny, a pair of young Washington Post reporters, Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, wrote the coverage of the story over a period of two years. The scandal eventually was shown to involve a variety of legal violations, Woodward and Bernsteins stories contained information that was remarkably similar to the information uncovered by FBI investigators. This was an advantage not enjoyed by any other journalists at the time. In their later book, All the Presidents Men, Woodward and it was later revealed, and confirmed by Woodward and Bernstein, that Deep Throat was Felt. Woodward had befriended Felt years earlier and had consulted him on stories before the Watergate scandal. Woodward, Bernstein, and others credit the information provided by Deep Throat as being instrumental in ensuring the success of the investigation into the Watergate Scandal. Later, he describes him as a source in the Executive Branch who had access to information at CRP as well as at the White House
17.
The Philadelphia Inquirer
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The Philadelphia Inquirer is a morning daily newspaper that serves the Philadelphia metropolitan area of the United States. The newspaper was founded by John R. Walker and John Norvell in June 1829 as The Pennsylvania Inquirer and is the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the United States. Owned by Philadelphia Media Network, The Inquirer has the eighteenth largest average weekday U. S. newspaper circulation and has won nineteen Pulitzer Prizes and it is the newspaper of record in the Delaware Valley. The paper has risen and fallen in prominence throughout its history, the Inquirer first became a major newspaper during the American Civil War when its war coverage was popular on both sides. The papers circulation dropped after the war, then rose by the end of the 19th century, by the end of the 1960s, The Inquirer trailed its chief competitor, the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, and lacked modern facilities and experienced staff. In the 1970s, new owners and editors turned the newspaper one of the countrys most prominent. Stan Wischnowski is Vice President of News Operations, the Philadelphia Inquirer was founded as The Pennsylvania Inquirer by printer John R. Walker and John Norvell, former editor of Philadelphias largest newspaper, the Aurora & Gazette. Founded on June 1,1829, The Philadelphia Inquirer is the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the United States, however, in 1962, an Inquirer-commissioned historian traced The Inquirer to John Dunlaps The Pennsylvania Packet, which was founded on October 28,1771. In 1850, The Packet was merged with another newspaper, The North American, after Harding acquired The Pennsylvania Inquirer, it was briefly published as an afternoon paper before returning to its original morning format in January 1830. Under Harding, in 1829, The Inquirer moved from its location between Front and Second Streets to between Second and Third Streets. When Harding bought and merged the Morning Journal in January 1830, Ten years later The Inquirer again was moved, this time to its own building at the corner of Third Street and Carters Alley. Harding expanded The Inquirers content and the paper grew into a major Philadelphian newspaper. The expanded content included the addition of fiction, and in 1840, at the time the common practice was to pay little or nothing for the rights of foreign authors works. Harding retired in 1859 and was succeeded by his son William White Harding, William Harding changed the name of the newspaper to its current name, The Philadelphia Inquirer. Harding, in an attempt to increase circulation, cut the price of the paper, in 1859, circulation had been around 7,000, by 1863 it had increased to 70,000. Part of the increase was due to the interest in news during the American Civil War, the Philadelphia Inquirer supported the Union, but Harding wanted their coverage to remain neutral. Confederate generals often sought copies of the paper, believing that the war coverage was accurate. Inquirer journalist Uriah Hunt Painter was at the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861, initial reports from the government claimed a Union victory, but The Inquirer went with Painters firsthand account
18.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
19.
Robert Redford
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Charles Robert Redford Jr. is an American actor, director, producer, businessman, environmentalist, and philanthropist. Redford is the founder of the Sundance Film Festival, Redfords career began in 1960 as a guest star on numerous TV shows, including, The Untouchables, Perry Mason, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, and The Twilight Zone, among others. He earned an Emmy nomination as Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Voice of Charlie Pont and his greatest Broadway success was as the stuffy newlywed husband of Elizabeth Ashley in Neil Simons Barefoot in the Park. Redford made his debut in War Hunt. His role in Inside Daisy Clover won him a Golden Globe for best new star and he starred in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, which was a huge success and made him a major star. The popular and acclaimed All the Presidents Men was a film for Redford. The first film that Redford directed, Ordinary People, was one of the most critically and publicly acclaimed films of the decade, winning four Oscars, and in the same year, he starred in Brubaker. He starred in Out of Africa, which was a critical and box office success. He released his film as a director, A River Runs Through It. Redford won the 1980 Academy Award for Best Director in 1981 for directing Ordinary People and he was previously nominated for Best Actor in 1974 for his performance in The Sting, and went on to receive Best Director and Best Picture nominations in 1995 for Quiz Show. He won a second Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2002, in 2010, he was made a chevalier of the Légion dHonneur. He has won BAFTA, Directors Guild of America, Golden Globe, in April 2014, Time Magazine included Redford in their annual TIME100 as one of the Most Influential People in the World, declaring him the Godfather of Indie Film. In 2016, President Barack Obama honored Redford with a Presidential Medal of Freedom, Redford was born on August 18,1936, in Santa Monica, California to Martha W. and Charles Robert Redford, Sr. a milkman-turned-accountant. He has a stepbrother, William, from his fathers remarriage, Redford is of English, Irish, Scottish, and Scots-Irish ancestry. Redfords family moved to Van Nuys, California, while his father worked in El Segundo and he attended Van Nuys High School, where he was classmates with baseball pitcher Don Drysdale. He has described himself as having been a bad student, finding inspiration outside the classroom and he hit tennis balls with Pancho Gonzales at the Los Angeles Tennis Club to warm him up. After graduating from school in 1954, he attended the University of Colorado in Boulder for a year and a half. While there, he worked at the restaurant/bar The Sink, a painting of his likeness is prominent in the bars murals, while at Colorado, Redford began drinking heavily, and as a result lost his half-scholarship and was kicked out of school
20.
Dustin Hoffman
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Dustin Lee Hoffman is an American actor and a director, with a career in film, television, and theatre since 1960. Hoffman has been known for his portrayals of antiheroes and vulnerable characters. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1980 for Kramer vs. Kramer, and in 1989 for Rain Man. Widely considered one of the finest actors in history, Hoffman first drew praise for starring in the play, Eh. for which he won a Theatre World Award. This achievement was followed by his breakthrough 1967 film role as Benjamin Braddock. Since that time, Hoffmans career has largely focused on the cinema, with sporadic returns to television. Hoffmans notable films include, Midnight Cowboy, Little Big Man, Straw Dogs, Papillon, Lenny, Marathon Man, All the Presidents Men, Kramer vs. Kramer, Tootsie, Rain Man, Hook and he made his directorial debut in 2012, with Quartet. Along with 2 Academy Award wins, Hoffman has been nominated for 5 additional Academy Awards and he has won 4 BAFTAs,3 Drama Desk Awards,2 Emmy Awards, and a Genie Award. Hoffman received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1999, and the Kennedy Center Honors Award in 2012, Dustin Lee Hoffman was born on August 8,1937 in Los Angeles, California, the second son of Lillian and Harry Hoffman. His father worked as a supervisor at Columbia Pictures before becoming a furniture salesman. Hoffman was named after stage and silent screen actor, Dustin Farnum and his older brother, Ronald, is a lawyer and economist. Hoffman is Jewish, from an Ashkenazi family of immigrants from Ukraine, Poland and his upbringing was non-religious, and he has said, I don’t have any memory of celebrating holidays growing up that were Jewish, and that he had realized he was Jewish at around age 10. Hoffman graduated from Los Angeles High School in 1955 and enrolled at Santa Monica College with the intention of studying medicine. He left after a year to join the Pasadena Playhouse, although when he told his family about his career goal and he also took classes at the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City. Hoffman initially hoped to become a classical pianist, having studied piano during much of his youth, while at Santa Monica College, he also took an acting class, which he assumed would be easy, and caught the acting bug. He recalls, I just was not gifted in music, now an aspiring actor, he spent the next ten years doing odd jobs, being unemployed, and struggling to get any available acting roles. He composed a song called Shooting the Breeze and Bette Midler wrote the words and his first acting role was at the Pasadena Playhouse, alongside future Academy Award-winner, Gene Hackman. After two years there, Hackman headed for New York City, with Hoffman soon following, Hoffman, Hackman and Robert Duvall lived together in the 1960s, all three of them focused on finding acting jobs
21.
Richard Nixon
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Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U. S. president to resign from office. He had previously served as a U. S, Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, after completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government and he subsequently served on active duty in the U. S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 and his pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president and he waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His administration generally transferred power from Washington D. C. to the states and he imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race and he was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U. S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, the scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9,1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, in retirement, Nixons work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a stroke on April 18,1994. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9,1913 in Yorba Linda, California and his parents were Hannah Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith, Nixons upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers, Harold, Donald, Arthur, four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England, Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Nixons early life was marked by hardship, and he quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood, We were poor. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the moved to Whittier
22.
Nursery rhyme
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A nursery rhyme is a traditional poem or song for children in Britain and many other countries, but usage of the term only dates from the late 18th/early 19th century. In North America the term Mother Goose Rhymes, introduced in the century, is still often used. From the mid-16th century they begin to be recorded in English plays, the first English collections, Tommy Thumbs Song Book and a sequel, Tommy Thumbs Pretty Song Book, were published before 1744. John Newberys compilation of English rhymes, Mother Gooses Melody, or, Sonnets for the Cradle, is the first record we have of many classic rhymes, the oldest childrens songs of which we have records are lullabies, intended to help a child sleep. Lullabies can be found in human culture. The English term lullaby is thought to come from lu, lu or la la sounds made by mothers or nurses to calm children, until the modern era lullabies were usually only recorded incidentally in written sources. The Roman nurses lullaby, Lalla, Lalla, Lalla, aut dormi, aut lacta, is recorded in a scholium on Persius and may be the oldest to survive. Many medieval English verses associated with the birth of Jesus take the form of a lullaby, including Lullay, my liking, my son, my sweting. However, most of those used today date from the 17th century, for example, a well known lullaby such as Rock-a-bye, baby on a tree top, cannot be found in records until the late-18th century when it was printed by John Newbery. A French poem, similar to Thirty days hath September, numbering the days of the month, was recorded in the 13th century, from the later Middle Ages there are records of short childrens rhyming songs, often as marginalia. From the mid-16th century they begin to be recorded in English plays, pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, bakers man is one of the oldest surviving English nursery rhymes. The earliest recorded version of the rhyme appears in Thomas dUrfeys play The Campaigners from 1698. The publication of John Newberys compilation of English rhymes, Mother Gooses Melody, or, Sonnets for the Cradle, is the first record we have of many classic rhymes, about half of the currently recognised traditional English rhymes were known by the mid-18th century. In the early 19th century printed collections of rhymes began to spread to countries, including Robert Chamberss Popular Rhymes of Scotland and in the United States. Early folk song also often collected nursery rhymes, including in Scotland Sir Walter Scott and in Germany Clemens Brentano. By the time of Sabine Baring-Goulds A Book of Nursery Songs, folklore was a study, full of comments. A professional anthropologist, Andrew Lang produced The Nursery Rhyme Book in 1897, the early years of the 20th century are notable for the illustrations to childrens books including Caldecotts Hey Diddle Diddle Picture Book and Arthur Rackhams Mother Goose. The definitive study of English rhymes remains the work of Iona, many nursery rhymes have been argued to have hidden meanings and origins
23.
Humpty Dumpty
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Humpty Dumpty is a character in an English nursery rhyme, probably originally a riddle and one of the best known in the English-speaking world. He is typically portrayed as an egg, though he is not explicitly described so. The first recorded versions of the date from late eighteenth-century England. Its origins are obscure and several theories have been advanced to suggest original meanings, the character of Humpty Dumpty was popularised in the United States by actor George L. Fox. As a character and literary allusion, he has appeared or been referred to in a number of works of literature and popular culture. The rhyme is listed in the Roud Folk Song Index as No.13026, the rhyme is one of the best known and most popular in the English language. The most common modern text is, It is a quatrain with external rhymes that follow the pattern of AABB and with a trochaic metre. The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his National Nursery Rhymes, the Roud Folk Song Index catalogues folk songs and their variations by number, and classifies this song as 13026. The riddle probably exploited, for misdirection, the fact that humpty dumpty was also eighteenth-century reduplicative slang for a short, the riddle may depend upon the assumption that a clumsy person falling off a wall might not be irreparably damaged, whereas an egg would be. The rhyme is no longer posed as a riddle, since the answer is now so well known, the rhyme does not explicitly state that the subject is an egg, possibly because it may have been originally posed as a riddle. There are also theories of an original Humpty Dumpty. This was on the basis of an account of the attack. The link was nevertheless popularised by a childrens opera All the Kings Men by Richard Rodney Bennett, in 1648, Colchester was a walled town with a castle and several churches and was protected by the city wall. The story given was that a cannon, which the website claimed was colloquially called Humpty Dumpty, was strategically placed on the wall. A shot from a Parliamentary cannon succeeded in damaging the wall beneath Humpty Dumpty which caused the cannon to tumble to the ground. The Royalists attempted to raise Humpty Dumpty on to part of the wall. Author Albert Jack claimed in his 2008 book Pop Goes the Weasel, elsewhere, he claimed to have found them in an old dusty library, an even older book, but did not state what the book was or where it was found. Humpty appears in Lewis Carrolls Through the Looking-Glass, where he discusses semantics and pragmatics with Alice, I dont know what you mean by glory, Alice said
24.
Robert Penn Warren
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Robert Penn Warren was an American poet, novelist, and literary critic and was one of the founders of New Criticism. He was also a member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers. He founded the literary journal The Southern Review with Cleanth Brooks in 1935. He received the 1947 Pulitzer Prize for the Novel for his novel All the Kings Men and he is the only person to have won Pulitzer Prizes for both fiction and poetry. Warren was born in Guthrie, Kentucky, very near the Tennessee-Kentucky border, to Robert Warren, Robert Penn Warren graduated from Clarksville High School in Clarksville, Tennessee, Vanderbilt University in 1925 and the University of California, Berkeley in 1926. Warren pursued further study at Yale University from 1927 to 1928 and obtained his B. Litt. as a Rhodes Scholar from New College, Oxford. He also received a Guggenheim Fellowship to study in Italy during the rule of Benito Mussolini and that same year he began his teaching career at Southwestern College in Memphis, Tennessee. He contributed The Briar Patch to the Agrarian manifesto Ill Take My Stand along with 11 other Southern writers and poets. However, Warren recanted these views in an article on the Civil Rights Movement, Divided South Searches Its Soul, a month later, Warren published an expanded version of the article as a small book titled Segregation, The Inner Conflict in the South. He subsequently adopted a profile as a supporter of racial integration. In 1965, he published Who Speaks for the Negro, Warrens interviews with civil rights leaders are at the Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History at the University of Kentucky, Warrens best-known work is All the Kings Men, a novel that won the Pulitzer Prize in 1947. All the Kings Men became a successful film, starring Broderick Crawford. A2006 film adaptation by writer/director Steven Zaillian featured Sean Penn as Willie Stark, the opera Willie Stark by Carlisle Floyd to his own libretto based on the novel was first performed in 1981. Warren served as the Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress, 1944–1945, Promises also won the annual National Book Award for Poetry. In 1974, the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him for the Jefferson Lecture, Warrens lecture was entitled Poetry and Democracy. In 1977, Warren was awarded the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates, in 1980, Warren was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Jimmy Carter. In 1981, Warren was selected as a MacArthur Fellow and later was named as the first U. S, poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry on February 26,1986
25.
All the King's Men
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All the Kings Men is a novel by Robert Penn Warren first published in 1946. Its title is drawn from the nursery rhyme Humpty Dumpty, in 1947 Warren won the Pulitzer Prize for All the Kings Men. It was adapted for a film in 1949 and 2006, the 1949 version won the Academy Award for Best Picture. It is rated as the 36th greatest novel of the 20th century by Modern Library, All the Kings Men portrays the dramatic political rise and governorship of Willie Stark, a cynical populist in the American South during the 1930s. The novel is narrated by Jack Burden, a reporter who comes to work as Governor Starks right-hand man. The trajectory of Starks career is interwoven with Jack Burdens life story and philosophical reflections, the story of Willie Stark, the novel evolved from a verse play that Warren began writing in 1936 entitled Proud Flesh. One of the characters in Proud Flesh was named Willie Talos, Warren claimed that All the Kings Men was never intended to be a book about politics. One central motif of the novel is that all actions have consequences, in the atmosphere of the 1930s, whole population seemed to abandon responsibility by living vicariously through messianic political figures like Willie Stark. Thus, Stark fulfills the wishes of many of the characters, but this vicarious achievement will eventually fail, ultimately Jack realizes that one must go out of history into history and the awful responsibility of Time. Jack, Willie, and Adam all abandon idealism when they realize that nobody is pure, another motif in the novel is the Great Twitch. Jacks description of his trip contains overt and indirect references to the notion of Manifest Destiny, on his way back from California, Jack gives a ride to an old man who has an involuntary facial twitch. This image becomes for him the encapsulating metaphor for the idea that all life is but the dark heave of blood, in other words, life is without meaning, everything is motivated by some inborn reflex action and nobody is responsible for their choices or even their own destiny. Subsequent events convince Jack that the revelation of the Great Twitch is an insufficient paradigm to explain what he has seen of history, E saw that though doomed, had nothing to do with any doom under the godhead of the Great Twitch. They were doomed, but they lived in the agony of will, ultimately, he grows to accept some responsibility for his part in the destruction of his friends lives. The book also touches on Oedipal themes, as Jack discovers his fathers true identity after having caused his death, then Jack discovers that his biological father is Judge Irwin, not, as he previously believed, the Scholarly Attorney. In each case, the discovery catalyzes an upheaval in the characters moral outlook, Time is another of the novels thematic fascinations. The central character of Willie Stark undergoes a transformation from an idealistic lawyer and weak gubernatorial candidate into a charismatic. In achieving this office Stark comes to embrace various forms of corruption and builds an enormous political machine based on patronage and intimidation
26.
Huey Long
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A Democrat, he was an outspoken populist who denounced the wealthy and the banks and called for a Share Our Wealth program. As the political leader of the state, he commanded wide networks of supporters and was willing to take forceful action and he established the long-term political prominence of the Long family. Longs Share Our Wealth plan was established in 1934 under the motto Every Man a King and it proposed new wealth redistribution measures in the form of a net asset tax on corporations and individuals to curb the poverty and homelessness endemic nationwide during the Great Depression. To stimulate the economy, Long advocated federal spending on public works, schools and colleges and he was an ardent critic of the policies of the Federal Reserve System. Long was assassinated in 1935, and his national movement soon faded, Long, and his brothers, Earl Kemp Long and George S. Long, as well as several other more distant relatives. He remains a figure in Louisiana history, with critics. Long was born on August 30,1893, near Winnfield, the seat of government of Winn Parish and he was the son of Huey Pierce Long, Sr. and the former Caledonia Palestine Tison. As someone who was born and grew up in Winn Parish, Long was the seventh of nine surviving children in a farm-owning middle-class family. He was home-schooled as a child and later attended local schools. In 1908, upon completing the eleventh grade, Long circulated a petition protesting the addition of a 12th-grade graduation requirement, Long won a debating scholarship to Louisiana State University, but he was unable to afford the textbooks required for attendance. Instead, he spent the five years as a traveling salesman, selling books, canned goods and patent medicines. In 1913, Long married Rose McConnell and she was a stenographer who had won a baking contest which he promoted to sell Cottolene, one of the most popular of the early vegetable shortenings to come on the market. The Longs had a daughter, also named Rose, and two sons, Russell B, Long, subsequently a long-term U. S. senator, and Palmer Reid Long, a Shreveport oilman. Long wrote in his autobiography, If the loyalty of a wife and children could have elevated anyone in public life, Long briefly attended the University of Oklahoma College of Law in Norman, Oklahoma, and later Tulane University Law School in New Orleans. In 1915 after only a year at Tulane, he convinced a board to let him take the bar exam. He passed and began practice in Winnfield. Later, in Shreveport, he spent ten years representing small plaintiffs against large businesses and he often said proudly that he never took a case against a poor man. Long won fame by taking on the powerful Standard Oil Company, over the course of his career, Long continued to challenge Standard Oils influence in state politics and charged the company with exploiting the states vast oil and gas resources
27.
Committee to Re-elect the President
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The Committee for the Re-Election of the President, abbreviated CRP, but often mocked by the acronym CREEP, was a fundraising organization of United States President Richard Nixons administration. Planning began in late 1970 and an office opened in the spring of 1971, besides its re-election activities, CRP employed money laundering and slush funds and was directly and actively involved in the Watergate scandal. This act helped turn the burglary into a political scandal. The burglars, as well as G. Gordon Liddy, E. Howard Hunt, John N. Mitchell, the CRP was also connected, e. g. via personnel overlap, to the earlier group called the White House Plumbers. John N. Mitchell, Director and former United States Attorney General, jeb Stuart Magruder, Deputy Director Fred Malek, Manager and former Deputy Undersecretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Francis L. Dale, Chairman, publisher of The Cincinnati Enquirer and owner of the Cincinnati Reds, maurice Stans, Finance Chairman and former United States Secretary of Commerce. Herbert W. Kalmbach, Deputy Finance Chairman and the Presidents personal attorney, kenneth H. Dahlberg, Midwest Finance Chairman and developer of the Miracle-Ear hearing aid. Judy Hoback Miller, Bookkeeper Hugh W. Sloan, Jr. Treasurer and former aide to White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman, security Coordinator and former director of security at the Central Intelligence Agency. G. Gordon Liddy, Finance Counsel and former aide to John Ehrlichman, E. Howard Hunt, Consultant to the White House and retired CIA operative. Fred LaRue, Deputy Director and aide to John Mitchell Charles Colson, Special Counsel to the President DeVan L. Shumway, Spokesman Roger Stone, political operative
28.
Dwight Chapin
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Dwight Lee Chapin is an American political organizer, businessman, and retired public servant. He was Deputy Assistant to the President Richard M. Nixon, Chapin was convicted of lying to a grand jury during the scandal and served nine months at the Federal Correctional Institution, Lompoc. Chapin was born in Wichita, Kansas and he got his first experience in California politics in 1958 at the American Legions Boys State summer program, where he was elected the head of the Tory Party. His counterpart, the Whig Party leader, was Stacy Keach, Chapin graduated in 1963 from the University of Southern California, where he was a member of Sigma Chi fraternity. When Nixon ran for California Governor in 1962, Chapin, then still at USC, was a paid Field Man and worked with the volunteer organization. After the 1962 campaign he was hired by H. R. Haldeman to work at the J. Walter Thompson Company, Chapin was part of Nixons Presidential campaign from 1967 to 1968, serving as the candidates personal aide. Time magazine described him as young, athletic, religious, handsome, clean-cut, bright, ambitious and he was Special Assistant to the President, and then Deputy Assistant. He was the secretary, responsible for scheduling presidential activities, appointments. In addition, Chapin was in charge of the White House television office, Chapin also oversaw the hiring and supervising of the Presidential advance men, and headed that group in 1969 to prepare for Nixons trip to the Peoples Republic of China. In 1973 Chapin was named one of the Ten Outstanding Young Men of the year by the United States Junior Chamber for his work on the historic China trip. Chapin was asked to find a Dick Tuck type of prankster to perform the dirty tricks to work under H. R. Haldeman, Nixons Chief of Staff, Segretti later testified before a Watergate grand jury about the activities, including Chapins supervisory role. Chapin denied any detailed knowledge of Segretti or the activities that Segretti undertook during grand jury testimony, Segretti testified, When Dwight hired me he made it clear he was hiring me because I was a lawyer and would know what was legal and what was not. Chapin was never indicted for any of Segrettis activities, Chapin resigned to work as an executive for United Airlines, but was drawn back into the swirl of Watergate legal proceedings. In 1974, Chapin was found guilty of making false and or misleading statements and was remanded to the California corrections camp at Lompoc from August 1975 to April 1976. Despite the relatively minor repercussions he remained indignant, initially vowing to appeal all the way to the Supreme Court in a hostile political climate. It was later revealed that he was earning $1000 a week while in prison, after his release from prison, Chapin re-entered the private sector, working at W. Clement Stone Enterprises in Chicago. From 1977-79 he published a magazine called Success Unlimited, Chapin then went to work for the International Public Relations firm of Hill & Knowlton in Chicago. Later Chapin had assignments in Geneva, Switzerland, Tokyo, Japan and Hong Kong where he was Managing Director, Asia, in 1986 Chapin started Chapin Enterprises
29.
Charles Colson
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Charles Wendell Chuck Colson was an Evangelical Christian leader who founded Prison Fellowship, Prison Fellowship International, and BreakPoint. Prior to his conversion to Christianity, he served as Special Counsel to President Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1973, in 1974, he served seven months in the federal Maxwell Prison in Alabama as the first member of the Nixon administration to be incarcerated for Watergate-related charges. Colson became a Christian in 1973, Colson was also a public speaker and the author of more than 30 books. Colson was a signer of the 1994 Evangelicals and Catholics Together ecumenical document signed by leading Evangelical Protestants. He donated this prize to further the work of Prison Fellowship, in 2008, he was awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal by President George W. Bush. Charles Wendell Colson was born on October 16,1931, in Boston, Massachusetts and he was of Swedish and British descent. In his youth Colson had seen the works of his parents. His mother cooked meals for the hungry during the Depression and his father donated his services to the United Prison Association of New England. Historian Jonathan Aitken notes Wendells compassion for prisoners flowed from his Christian ethics, during World War II, Colson organized fund-raising campaigns in his school for the war effort that raised enough money to buy a Jeep for the army. In 1948, Colson volunteered in the campaign to re-elect then-Governor of Massachusetts, at Brown, he was a member of Beta Theta Pi. Colsons first marriage with Nancy Billings, in 1953, bore three children, Wendell Ball II, Christian Billings and Emily Ann, after some years of separation, the marriage ended in divorce in January 1964. He married Patricia Ann Hughes on April 4,1964, Colson served in the United States Marine Corps from 1953 to 1955, reaching the rank of Captain. From 1955 to 1956, he was Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of the Navy and he then worked on the successful 1960 campaign of Leverett Saltonstall, and was his Administrative Assistant from 1956 to 1961. Colson and Morin shortened the name to Gadsby & Hannah in late 1967, Colson left the firm to join the Richard Nixon administration in January 1969. In 1968, Colson served as counsel to Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixons Key Issues Committee, on November 6,1969, Colson was appointed as Special Counsel to President Nixon. Colson was responsible for inviting influential private special interest groups into the White House policy-making process, Colsons staff broadened the White House lines of communication with organized constituencies by arranging presidential meetings and sending White House news releases of interest to the groups. Slate magazine writer David Plotz described Colson as Richard Nixons hard man, Colson has written that he was valuable to the President. To be ruthless in getting things done, Richard Nixons White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman described Colson as the presidents hit man
30.
John Dean
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John Wesley Dean III served as White House Counsel for United States President Richard Nixon from July 1970 until April 1973. In this position, he deeply involved in events leading up to the Watergate burglaries. He was referred to as the manipulator of the cover-up by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He pleaded guilty to a felony count, in exchange for becoming a key witness for the prosecution. This ultimately resulted in a prison sentence, which he served at Fort Holabird outside Baltimore. Dean was born in Akron, Ohio, and lived in Marion, thereafter, his family moved to Flossmoor, Illinois, where he attended grade school through the eighth grade. For high school, he attended Staunton Military Academy in Virginia and he initially attended Colgate University, and then The College of Wooster in Ohio, where he obtained his B. A. in 1961. He received a Juris Doctor from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1965, Dean married Karla Ann Hennings on February 4,1962, they had one child, John Wesley Dean IV, they divorced in 1970. Dean married Maureen Kane on October 13,1972, after graduation, he joined Welch & Morgan, a law firm in Washington, D. C. where he was soon accused of conflict of interest violations and fired. He was alleged to have started negotiating his own private deal for a TV station broadcast licence, Dean was a student at Staunton Military Academy with Barry Goldwater Jr. the son of then-U. S. Senator Barry Goldwater, and was a friend of the family. Dean was subsequently employed as the minority counsel to the Republican members of the United States House Committee on the Judiciary from 1966 to 1967. Dean then served as director of the National Commission on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws for approximately two years. Dean volunteered to write papers on crime for Richard Nixons presidential campaign in 1968. The following year, he became a deputy in the office of the Attorney General of the United States, serving under Attorney General John N. Mitchell. In July 1970, he accepted an appointment to become counsel to the president, after the holder of this post, John Ehrlichman. On January 27,1972, Dean, then White House Counsel, met with Jeb Magruder and John N. Mitchell, in Mitchells office, at that time, Liddy presented a preliminary plan for intelligence-gathering operations during the campaign year 1972. Reaction to Liddys plan was highly unfavorable, Liddy was ordered to scale down his ideas, and he presented a revised plan to the same group on February 4, which was, however, left unapproved at that stage
31.
White House Chief of Staff
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The White House Chief of Staff has traditionally been the highest-ranking employee of the White House. With the creation of the new position of White House Chief Strategist by the Trump administration, the Chief of Staffs position is a modern successor to the earlier role of the presidents private secretary. The role was formalized as the assistant to the president in 1946, the Chief of Staff is appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the president, it does not require Senate confirmation. Reince Priebus is the current Chief of Staff, the duties of the White House chief of staff vary greatly from one administration to another, and in fact, there is no legal requirement that the president even fill the position. Because of these duties, the chief of staff has at times been labeled The Gatekeeper. Originally, the duties now performed by the chief of staff belonged to the private secretary and were fulfilled by crucial confidants. Cortelyou, Joseph Tumulty, and Louis McHenry Howe to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, the job of gatekeeper and overseeing the presidents schedule was separately delegated to the appointments secretary, as with FDRs aide Edwin Pa Watson. From 1933 to 1939, as he expanded the scope of the federal governments policies and powers in response to the Great Depression. It was not until 1939, during Franklin D. Roosevelts second term in office, Roosevelt was able to get Congress to approve the creation of the Executive Office of the President, which would report directly to the president. In 1946, in response to the growth of the U. S. governments executive branch. Charged with the affairs of the White House, it was the predecessor to the modern chief of staff. It was in 1953, under Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower, assistant to the president became a rank generally shared by the chief of staff with such senior aides as deputy chiefs of staff, the White House counsel, the White House press secretary, and others. This new system did not catch on immediately and this concentration of power in the Nixon and Ford White House led presidential candidate Jimmy Carter to campaign in 1976 with the promise that he would not appoint a chief of staff. And indeed, for the first two and a years of his presidency, he appointed no one to the post. The average term of service for a White House chief of staff is a little under 2.5 years, john R. Steelman, under Harry S. Truman, was the last chief of staff to serve for an entire presidential administration. Steelman also holds the record for longest-serving chief of staff, most White House chiefs of staff are former politicians, and many continue their political careers in other senior roles. Lyndon Johnsons chief of staff W. Marvin Watson became postmaster general later in LBJs term, richard Nixons Chief of Staff Alexander Haig became secretary of state under Ronald Reagan. Cheney later became a Congressman for Wyoming, secretary of defense under George H. W. Bush and vice president in the George W. Bush administration
32.
E. Howard Hunt
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Everette Howard Hunt, Jr. was an American intelligence officer and writer. From 1949 to 1970, Hunt served as an officer in the Central Intelligence Agency, along with G. Hunt and Liddy plotted the Watergate burglaries and other undercover operations for the Nixon administration. In the ensuing Watergate scandal, Hunt was convicted of burglary, conspiracy, Hunt was born in Hamburg, New York, United States, the son of Ethel Jean and Everette Howard Hunt, Sr. an attorney and Republican Party official. Hunt graduated from Hamburg High School in 1936, and Brown University in 1940, during World War II Hunt served in the U. S. Navy on the destroyer USS Mayo, the United States Army Air Forces, and finally, the Office of Strategic Services in China. Hunt was an author, primarily of spy novels. Hunt won a Guggenheim Fellowship for his writing in 1946, Some of his writings found parallels in his Watergate experiences. Warner Bros. had just bought rights to Hunts novel Bimini Run when he joined the CIA in October 1949 as a political action specialist, Buckley and Hunt remained lifelong friends. In Mexico, Hunt helped devise Operation PBSUCCESS, the successful plan to overthrow Jacobo Árbenz. The failure of the invasion damaged his career, after the Bay of Pigs, Hunt became a personal assistant to Allen Dulles. Tad Szulc states that Hunt was asked to assist Dulles in writing a book, The Craft of Intelligence, the book was published in 1963. Hunt told the United States Senate Watergate Committee in 1973 that he had served as the first Chief of Covert Action for the CIAs Domestic Operations Division. He said that the division was assembled shortly after the Bay of Pigs operation, Hunt was undeniably bitter about what he perceived as President John F. Kennedys lack of commitment in overthrowing the communist government of Cuba. Disillusioned, he retired from the CIA on May 1,1970 and he went to work for the Robert R. Mullen Company, which cooperated with the CIA, H. R. Through CIAs project QKENCHANT, Hunt obtained a Covert Security Approval to handle the firms affairs during Mullens absence from Washington, the following year, he was hired by Charles Colson, special counsel to President Richard Nixon, and joined the Presidents Special Investigations Unit. Hunts first assignment for the White House was an operation to break into the Los Angeles office of Daniel Ellsbergs psychiatrist. In July 1971, Fielding had refused a request from the Federal Bureau of Investigation for psychiatric data on Ellsberg, Hunt and Liddy cased the building in late August. The burglary, on September 3,1971, was not detected, Hunt sought and used CIA disguises and other equipment for the project. This mission eventually proved unsuccessful, with little if any useful information uncovered by Hunt, Hunts White House duties included assassinations-related disinformation
33.
White House Plumbers
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The White House Plumbers, sometimes simply called the Plumbers, was a covert White House Special Investigations Unit, established July 24,1971, during the presidency of Richard Nixon. Its task was to stop the leaking of classified information, such as the Pentagon Papers and its members branched into illegal activities while working for the Committee to Re-elect the President, including the Watergate break-in and the ensuing Watergate scandal. On Thanksgiving evening of 1972, David Young arrived home from his planning at the Special Investigative Unit, to which he replied, I am helping the president stop some leaks. She replied, with astonishment, Oh, youre a plumber, Young, Liddy and Hunt then put up a sign on their office with the title, The Plumbers. Soon it was taken down, because their operations were supposed to be top secret. The Plumbers came to include several Watergate figures, E. Howard Hunt was recommended by Charles Colson, and G. Gordon Liddy was recommended by Egil Krogh. Liddy coined his own sensitivity indicator for the group in the form of ODESSA, another member of the group was its liaison to the CIA, John Paisley. In recent years, Paisleys involvement has led to speculation how the CIA had a far greater hand in the operations of the Plumbers than originally thought at the time. What is known is Paisley was assigned to the CIAs Office of Security, on August 9,1971, David Youngs memo indicates he met with Paisley and OS Director Howard Osborn, in which Paisley provided a list of objectives for the Special Investigations Unit. The operation was unsuccessful in finding Ellsbergs file and was so reported to the White House. However, Fielding himself stated the file was in his office, he found it on the floor on the morning after the burglary and quite clearly, someone had gone through it. In a September 1971 conversation, John Ehrlichman advised Nixon, “We had one operation, it’s been aborted out in Los Angeles which. Eventually, the case against Ellsberg was dismissed due to government misconduct, aside from the Fielding burglary, there are few other activities the Plumbers were known to have been engaged in. Hunt reportedly looked into the Ted Kennedy-Chappaquiddick incident and Liddy reported purported Kennedy administration involvement in the assassination of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem, Liddy involved Hunt in the operations which would later include the Watergate burglary. The Watergate Files presented by The Gerald R. Ford Museum & Library G. Gordon Liddy deposition in Maureen K. Dean, united States District Court for the District of Columbia. Case No.921807, December 6,1996
34.
Henry Kissinger
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Henry Alfred Kissinger is an American diplomat and political scientist. Born in Germany, Kissinger was a Jewish refugee who fled the Nazi regime with his family in 1938 and he became National Security Advisor and later concurrently United States Secretary of State in the administrations of presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. For his actions negotiating a ceasefire in Vietnam, Kissinger received the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize under controversial circumstances, Kissinger later sought, unsuccessfully, to return the prize after the ceasefire failed. After his term, his advice has been sought by world leaders including subsequent U. S. presidents, a proponent of Realpolitik, Kissinger played a prominent role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. Kissinger has also associated with such controversial policies as CIA involvement in Chile and U. S. support for Pakistan. He is the founder and chairman of Kissinger Associates, a consulting firm. Kissinger has been an author of books on diplomatic history. General opinion of Henry Kissinger is strongly divided, several scholars have ranked him as the most effective U. S. Secretary of State since 1965, while some journalists, activists, and human rights lawyers have condemned him as a war criminal. Kissinger was born Heinz Alfred Kissinger in Fürth, Bavaria, Germany, in 1923 during the Weimar Republic and his father, Louis Kissinger, was a schoolteacher. His mother, Paula Kissinger, from Leutershausen, was a homemaker, Kissinger has a younger brother, Walter Kissinger. The surname Kissinger was adopted in 1817 by his great-great-grandfather Meyer Löb, as a youth, Heinz enjoyed playing soccer, and played for the youth wing of his favorite club, SpVgg Fürth, which was one of the nations best clubs at the time. In 1938, fleeing Nazi persecution, his family moved to London, England, Kissinger spent his high school years in the Washington Heights section of upper Manhattan as part of the German Jewish immigrant community that resided there at the time. Although Kissinger assimilated quickly into American culture, he never lost his pronounced Frankish accent, following his first year at George Washington High School, he began attending school at night and worked in a shaving brush factory during the day. Following high school, Kissinger enrolled in the City College of New York and he excelled academically as a part-time student, continuing to work while enrolled. His studies were interrupted in early 1943, when he was drafted into the U. S. Army, Kissinger underwent basic training at Camp Croft in Spartanburg, South Carolina. On June 19,1943, while stationed in South Carolina, at the age of 20 years, the army sent him to study engineering at Lafayette College, Pennsylvania, but the program was cancelled, and Kissinger was reassigned to the 84th Infantry Division. Kissinger saw combat with the division, and volunteered for hazardous intelligence duties during the Battle of the Bulge, within eight days he had established a civilian administration. Kissinger was then reassigned to the Counter Intelligence Corps, with the rank of sergeant and he was given charge of a team in Hanover assigned to tracking down Gestapo officers and other saboteurs, for which he was awarded the Bronze Star
35.
National Security Advisor (United States)
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The APNSA also participates in the meetings of the National Security Council and usually chairs the Principals Committee meetings with the Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs is appointed by the President without confirmation by the Senate. Ideally, the APNSA serves as an honest broker of policy options for the President in the field of national security, in 1949, the NSC became part of the presidents executive office. The National Security Act of 1947 did not create the position of the National Security Advisor per se, robert Cutler became the first National Security Advisor in 1953. The system has remained unchanged since then, particularly since Kennedys time, with powerful National Security Advisors and strong staff. This continuity persists despite the tendency of new president to replace the advisor and senior NSC staff. Henry Kissinger, President Richard Nixons National Security Advisor, enhanced the importance of the role, controlling the flow of information to the President and meeting him multiple times per day. Henry Kissinger also holds the distinction of serving as National Security Advisor and United States Secretary of State at the time from September 22,1973. Robert Cutler also held the job twice, both times under Dwight D. Eisenhower, henry Kissinger holds the record for longest term of service. Michael Flynn holds the record for shortest term of service, three and Four-Star Generals require Senate confirmation due to the statutory nature requiring Congress to appoint their military rank. United States National Security Council Executive Office of the President Homeland Security Council Homeland Security Advisor 2009-02, The National Security Advisor and Staff
36.
Egil Krogh
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Egil “Bud” Krogh, Jr. is an American lawyer who became infamous as an official of the Nixon Administration who was imprisoned for his part in the Watergate Affair. He is currently Senior Fellow on Ethics and Leadership at the Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress and Counselor to the Director at the School for Ethics, Krogh was born in Chicago, Illinois and raised in Seattle, Washington, his father was a Norwegian immigrant. He graduated with highest honors from Principia College, Elsah, Illinois in 1961, after service in the U. S. Navy as a communications officer aboard USS Yorktown, he graduated from the University of Washington School of Law in 1968. He was employed by Hullin, Ehrlichman, Roberts and Hodge, the Seattle law firm of family friend John Ehrlichman, after Nixon was elected, Krogh helped with the arrangements for the inauguration. Krogh joined the Nixon White House as an advisor on the District of Columbia and later served as liaison to the Federal Bureau of Investigation and it was there he met G. Gordon Liddy. Because of his work regarding illegal drugs, he managed the visit of Elvis Presley to the White House on December 21,1970. Presley had arrived at the gate with a letter for President Nixon requesting a meeting to discuss how he could help the government fight the drug trade. The meeting took place and Nixon gave Presley an actual narcotics agent badge, Krogh wrote a book about these events, The Day Elvis Met Nixon. Ehrlichman made Krogh head of the Special Investigation Unit in the White House, Krogh and his associates were known familiarly as the Plumbers—a secret team of operatives charged with fixing leaks. It was a choice, Krogh had a reputation as someone who obeyed the law so scrupulously that his friends gave him the ironic nickname Evil Krogh. Theodore White would write to put Egil Krogh in charge of a police operation was equivalent to making Frank Merriwell chief executive of a KGB squad. Krogh brought Liddy into his new office, when the administration decided to pursue the Pentagon Papers leakers, it was Krogh who approved the September 1971 burglary of the office of Lewis Fielding, the psychiatrist seeing Daniel Ellsberg. Liddy and E. Howard Hunt would commit the actual break-in, Ehrlichman, who himself went to prison for Watergate related crimes, would later write in his memoirs this was an example of such doubtful personal judgment. That it has to be said materially contributed to the demise of the Nixon administration, kroghs employment with the SIU was terminated when he refused to authorize a wiretap. On November 30,1973, Krogh pleaded guilty to charges of conspiring to violate Fieldings civil rights. He was sentenced to two to six years in prison, though he served only four-and-a-half months, Krogh was disbarred by the Washington State Supreme Court in 1975. He successfully petitioned, after failing to do so in 1977, to be readmitted to the practice of law, based on his recognition and acceptance of his wrongdoing, in 1980. He was a partner at Krogh & Leonard in Seattle and currently provides legal, consulting and his brother-in-law is Peter Horton, the director and executive producer of the ABC television series Greys Anatomy
37.
White House Press Secretary
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The press secretary is responsible for collecting information about actions and events within the presidents administration and issues the administrations reactions to developments around the world. The press secretary interacts with the media, and deals with the White House press corps on a daily basis and it was not until after President Abraham Lincolns administration that Congress formally appropriated funds for a White House Staff, which at first consisted merely of a Secretary. Ulysses S. Grants White House Staff officially numbered six people at a cost of $13,800, fifty years later under the Coolidge Administration, the staff had increased to just fewer than fifty people at a cost of nearly $100,000. As presidents increasingly hired more staff to support them in the execution of their duties, one of Abraham Lincolns private secretaries, John G. Nicolay, had been an editor and owner of a newspaper in Illinois before he worked for the President in the White House. He was occasionally asked to verify stories or information that various members of the press had heard, andrew Johnson was the first president to grant a formal interview request to a reporter, sitting down with Col. Alexander K. McClure from Pennsylvania. It should be noted that while various presidents and reporters had participated in conversations or dialogues prior to Johnson, the relationship between government and the press was not as inherently adversarial and arms length as in modern times. For example, the Gazette of the United States won an early U. S. Treasury contract and was supportive of then-President Washington, the media had changed significantly by 1884, when Grover Cleveland was elected as President of the United States. Between the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and 1884, the United States had quadrupled in size, the number of newspaper publications in active circulation had increased from 37 to more than 1,200 dailies, in addition to the many new monthly magazines. The rapid growth in journalism as a booming industry resulted in an increase in reporters covering the activities of the president, Grover Cleveland married 21-year-old Frances Folsom in 1886. President Cleveland relied on his secretary, Daniel Lamont, who had once been an editor of the Albany Argus. The debate over the coverage of Grover Clevelands honeymoon is not dissimilar from disagreements between the first family and the press within the last decade. Even before he was president, then-Senator Obama became irritated with his campaign press pool when he felt they were too close to him, at the end of the Cleveland administration, a new feature of press coverage of the White House materialized. William W. Price, a reporter, auditioned for a job at the Washington Evening Star by stationing himself at the White House to seek out stories. He interviewed guests coming and going from meetings or events with the President, competitor newspapers responded by sending their own reporters to cover the White House in a daily, sustained way and soon the White House had reporters dedicated to covering the White House beat. Some point to this as the origins of a more formal White House Press Corps. When President Cleveland was elected to a second, non-consecutive term in 1893, Cortelyou, formally trained as a stenographer, was named confidential stenographer at the White House and later named executive clerk. Under McKinley, Cortelyou became notable for his popularity with journalists covering the White House, Cortelyou also circulated noteworthy stories to the President and other staffers, which is similar to the exhaustive news summaries formally distributed to the White House staff in the modern era. The White House beat concept that had started during the Cleveland administration by reporter William Price was continued during the McKinley administration
38.
David Young (Watergate)
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David R. Young is an American lawyer, businessman and academic. He served as a Special Assistant at the National Security Council in the Nixon administration and he has lived in the United Kingdom since the mid-1970s. Young was born in Jersey City, New Jersey and he received degrees from Wheaton College, Illinois, and Queens College, Oxford, as well as a law degree from the Law School at Cornell University, New York. In 1965, he was employed with law offices of Millbank, Tweed, Hadley and McCloy and he is married to Suzy, and they have five children, Bradden, Catherine, Christina, Davy, and Cameron. Young began his work for the Nixon administration in 1969 when he was appointed Special Assistant to the National Security Council, in 1971, Young worked with Egil Krogh, deputy to John D. Ehrlichman. This assignment was concerned with domestic and external security, E. Howard Hunt and G. Sirica, on July 5,1973. Young subsequently returned to Queens College, Oxford, where he completed a doctorate and he founded Oxford Analytica, a politics and economics consulting firm, from which he retired in 2015. The basis of the format for its briefings was the Presidential Daily Brief which he helped Henry Kissinger prepare for Nixon, since 1975, Dr Young has also served as Lecturer in Politics at Queens College, University of Oxford. He is a Senior Associate Member of St Antonys College, a Dominus Fellow of St Catherines College and he has served as an Associate Member of the Royal Institute of International Affairs and the International Institute of Strategic Studies since 1980
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United States National Security Council
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Since its inception under Harry S. Truman, the function of the Council has been to advise and assist the president on national security and foreign policies. The Council also serves as the principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies. The Council has counterparts in the national security councils of other nations. The National Security Council was created in 1947 by the National Security Act and it was created because policymakers felt that the diplomacy of the State Department was no longer adequate to contain the USSR in light of the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States. On May 26,2009, President Barack Obama merged the White House staff supporting the Homeland Security Council, the HSC and NSC each continue to exist by statute as bodies supporting the President. The name of the organization was changed back to National Security Council Staff in 2014. On April 5,2017, President Trump removed Steve Bannon from the Security Council, however, Chief of Staff Reince Priebus clarified the next day that they still are invited to attend meetings. The reorganization also placed the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development as a permanent member of the Deputies Committee, later in 1949, as part of the Reorganization Plan, the Council was placed in the Executive Office of the President. The High Value Detainee Interrogation Group also reports to the NSC, a secret National Security Council panel pursues the killing of an individual, including American citizens, who has been called a suspected terrorist. In this case, no record of this decision or any operation to kill the suspect will be made available. Reuters has reported that Anwar al-Awlaki, an American citizen, was on such a kill list and was killed accordingly, the National Security Council is chaired by the President. Its members are the Vice President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Energy, the National Security Advisor, and the Secretary of the Treasury. The Chief of Staff to the President, Counsel to the President, the Attorney General, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget and The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency are invited to attend meetings pertaining to their responsibilities. The heads of executive departments and agencies, as well as other senior officials, are invited to attend meetings of the NSC when appropriate. The Principals Committee of the National Security Council is the Cabinet-level senior interagency forum consideration of security policy issues. The Principals Committee is convened and chaired by the National Security Advisor, the National Security Council Deputies Committee is the senior sub-Cabinet interagency forum for consideration of national security policy issues. The Deputies Committee is also responsible for reviewing and monitoring the national security process including for establishing and directing the Policy Coordination Committees. The Deputies Committee is convened and chaired by the Deputy National Security Advisor or the Deputy Homeland Security Advisor, the Executive Secretary and the Deputy White House Counsel also attend
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Ronald L. Ziegler
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Ronald Louis Ron Ziegler was White House Press Secretary and Assistant to the President during United States President Richard Nixons administration. Ziegler was born to Louis Daniel Ziegler, a production manager and he was raised religiously in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod. Ziegler attended Concordia Lutheran School and graduated the 8th grade in 1953 and he graduated from Dixie Heights High School in Fort Mitchell, Kentucky. He first attended college at Xavier University in Cincinnati and he transferred to the University of Southern California in 1958 and graduated in 1961 with a degree in government and politics. While at USC, he was initiated into the Sigma Chi fraternity and he met future Watergate scandal participants Dwight Chapin, Donald Segretti, and Herbert Porter at USC. He worked at Disneyland as a skipper on the popular Adventureland attraction and he later worked as a press aide on Nixons unsuccessful California gubernatorial campaign in 1962. Subsequently, Ziegler worked with H. R. Haldeman, who served as Nixons White House Chief of Staff. In 1969, when he was just 29, Ziegler became the youngest White House Press Secretary in history and he was also the first Press Secretary to use the White House Press Briefing Room when it was completed in 1970. He was the White House press secretary during the scandal known as Watergate. Ziegler, for his part, apologized to The Washington Post for having earlier been so dismissive, during a Veterans of Foreign Wars convention on August 20,1973, Nixon was photographed angrily pushing Ziegler towards a crowd of reporters. The president was incensed that Ziegler was not doing enough to keep members of the press away as Nixon entered the convention hall, in 1974 Ziegler became Assistant to the President. Particularly in the following the resignations of such senior administration officials as Bob Haldeman and John Ehrlichman, Ziegler became one of Nixons closest aides. During the impeachment process against Richard Nixon, he defended the President until the end, urging Nixon not to resign. During the unfolding political scandal, Ziegler himself appeared before Congress at least 33 times, unlike many other former aides after President Nixons resignation in 1974, Ziegler remained very close to him. Ziegler was on the airplane that Nixon took to Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, near San Clemente, California, however, Zieglers feed failed to hook up for the session, which went on without him. In 1988, Ziegler became president and chief executive of the National Association of Chain Drug Stores and he previously served as President of the National Association of Truck Stop Operators. He was described by leading truck stop advocate William Fay as a significant factor in expanding the travel plaza, hay further credited Ziegler as having achieved great strides in membership recruitment and expansion of member services. In 1961 he married Nancy Plessinger, with whom he had two children, Cindy and Laurie, Ziegler moved to Coronado Shores in Coronado, California, where he died of a heart attack at the age of 63
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Kenneth H. Dahlberg
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Kenneth Harry Dahlberg was an American businessman and highly decorated World War II fighter ace. Born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, Dahlberg grew up on a farm near the village of Wilson, Wisconsin, in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, and attended classes in a one-room school for 11 years. During his senior year, he moved back to Saint Paul to live with an aunt in order to graduate from a high school. After graduation in 1935, he worked in the business, starting as a dishwasher and working his way up to food. He was drafted into the army in 1941 and he eventually became an aviation cadet in the United States Army Air Forces, where one of his instructors was future Senator Barry Goldwater. After training, Dahlberg flew the P-47 Thunderbolt and P-51 Mustang with the USAAF 353rd Fighter Squadron, a fighter ace, Dahlberg was credited with 14 aerial victories. He was shot three times. The first time, he bailed out near Paris, and was sheltered by the French Resistance, disguised as a woman, he rode a bicycle to Allied lines 40 miles away. Dahlberg accounted for four planes that day, but was himself shot down. He was rescued by Martin Dardis and four other American soldiers, many years after the war, both Dardis and Dahlberg would become key figures in the Watergate scandal. On February 14,1945, Dahlberg was downed for the third and final time, near Bitburg, continuing his military service after the war, Dahlberg served with the Minnesota Air National Guard until 1951. Fully expecting to return to the business after the war, Dahlberg wound up working for Telex. In 1948, Dahlberg founded Dahlberg Electronics, a subsidiary of which is the Miracle-Ear hearing aids manufacturer and his company is credited with the first use of the newly invented transistor in a consumer product. By 1959, Miracle-Ear had evolved into a subsidiary of Dahlberg, in the summer of 1993 Dahlberg sold his company to Bausch & Lomb for $139 million. In 1995, Dahlberg started the venture capital firm Carefree Capital, as of 2010, Dahlberg lived in Carefree, Arizona, and still piloted a Cessna Citation jet. Since most of the Watergate burglars were from Miami, the attorneys office had launched an investigation. Dardis showed Bernstein a photostatic copy of a check for $25,000 that had been deposited into the bank account of a real estate firm owned by Bernard Barker. The check was drawn on a Boca Raton, Florida, bank and was out to Kenneth H. Dahlberg
