1.
Apache, Oklahoma
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Apache is a town in Caddo County, Oklahoma, USA. The population was 1,444 at the 2010 census and he had expected the community would be named Richards in his honor. Instead, officials of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway named the community Apache, a land run for lots in Apache was held on August 6,1901. According to the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, five lumberyards, a tent served as a market for groceries. An election of the towns first city officials was held in a meeting on the evening of August 6,1901. E. E. Blake was elected as mayor and F. E. Richey as city clerk, appointed officials included I. F. Crow, city attorney, and Sam Wass, city marshal. Apache was incorporated on July 22,1902, Apache is located at 34°53′41″N 98°21′41″W. The town is 23 miles north of Lawton, Oklahoma, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.0 square miles, of which,2.0 square miles of it is land and 0. 49% is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,444 people residing in the town, the population density was 799.0 people per square mile. There were 712 housing units at a density of 352.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 70. 79% White,0. 12% African American,25. 12% Native American,0. 25% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,0. 56% from other races, and 3. 09% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 47% of the population,27. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the family size was 3.06. In the town, the population was out with 29. 6% under the age of 18,9. 2% from 18 to 24,26. 1% from 25 to 44,19. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 89.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.7 males, the median income for a household in the town was $26,953, and the median income for a family was $32,431. Males had an income of $25,391 versus $19,853 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,790, about 11. 4% of families and 16. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22. 4% of those under age 18 and 9. 8% of those age 65 or over
2.
Santa Fe, New Mexico
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Santa Fe is the capital of the state of New Mexico. It is the fourth-largest city in the state and is the seat of Santa Fe County and this area was occupied for at least several hundred years by indigenous peoples who built villages. The city of Santa Fe, founded by Spanish colonists in 1610, is known as the oldest state capital city in the United States, Santa Fe had a population of 69,204 in 2012. It is the city of a Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Santa Fe County and is part of the larger Albuquerque–Santa Fe–Las Vegas combined statistical area. The citys full name when founded was La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís, the area of Santa Fe was originally occupied by indigenous Tanoan peoples, who lived in numerous Pueblo villages along the Rio Grande. One of the earliest known settlements in what today is downtown Santa Fe came sometime after 900, the river had a year-round flow until the 1700s. By the 20th century the Santa Fe River was a seasonal waterway, as of 2007, the river was recognized as the most endangered river in the United States, according to the conservation group American Rivers. Don Juan de Oñate led the first European effort to colonize the region in 1598, under Juan de Oñate and his son, the capital of the province was the settlement of San Juan de los Caballeros north of Santa Fe near modern Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo. In 1610, he designated it as the capital of the province, Santa Fe remained Spains provincial seat until the outbreak of the Mexican War of Independence in 1810. It was considered important to fur traders based in present-day Saint Louis, when the area was still under Spanish rule, the Chouteau brothers of Saint Louis gained a monopoly on the fur trade, before the United States acquired Missouri under the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. The fur trade contributed to the wealth of St. Louis, the citys status as the capital of the Mexican territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México was formalized in the 1824 Constitution after Mexico achieved independence from Spain. When the Republic of Texas seceded from Mexico in 1836, it claimed Santa Fe as part of the portion of Texas along the Rio Grande. In 1841, a military and trading expedition set out from Austin. Known as the Texan Santa Fe Expedition, the force was prepared and was easily captured by the Mexican army. In 1846, the United States declared war on Mexico, brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny led the main body of his Army of the West of some 1,700 soldiers into Santa Fe to claim it and the whole New Mexico Territory for the United States. By 1848 the U. S. officially gained New Mexico through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, colonel Alexander William Doniphan, under the command of Kearny, recovered ammunition from Santa Fe labeled Spain 1776. This showed that New Mexico had received munitions and other support under Mexican rule, some American visitors at first saw little promise in the remote town. One traveller in 1849 wrote, I can hardly imagine how Santa Fe is supported, the country around it is barren
3.
Chiricahua
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Chiricahua are a band of Apache Native Americans, based in the Southern Plains and Southwest United States. Culturally related to other Apache peoples, Chiricahua historically shared an area, language, customs. At the time of European contact, they had a territory of 15 million acres in Southwestern New Mexico and Southeastern Arizona in the United States and in Northern Sonora, the San Carlos Apache Tribe, Arizona does have Chiricahua Apache people there also. The Chiricahua Apache were initially given their present name by the Spanish, also written as Chiricagui, Apaches de Chiricahui, Chiricahues, Chilicague, Chilecagez, and Chiricagua. The White Mountain Apache, including the Cibecue and Bylas groups of the Western Apache, called them Hai’ą́há and the San Carlos Apache called them Háką́yé which means ″Eastern Sunrise, i. e. The Chiricahua autonym for themselves is, depending on the dialect, simply Nde, Ne, Néndé, Héndé or Hen-de - ″The People, Men″ - they never called themselves ″Apaches″. £igá means it is white or it can be translated as it is colored, the í on the end usually translates as the one that is. Please see the Bands section below for more names of bands and sub-bands of the Chihuahua, several loosely affiliated bands of Apache came improperly to be usually known as the Chiricahuas. These included the Chokonen, the Chihenne, the Nednai and Bedonkohe, today, all are commonly referred to as Chiricahua, but they were not historically a single band nor the same Apache division, being more correctly identified, all together, as Central Apaches. Many other bands and groups of Apachean language-speakers ranged over eastern Arizona, the bands that are grouped under the Chiricahua term today had much history together, they intermarried and lived alongside each other, and they also occasionally fought with each other. They formed short-term as well as longer alliances that have caused scholars to classify them as one people, the Apachean groups and the Navajo peoples were part of the Athabaskan migration into the North American continent from Asia, across the Bering Strait from Siberia. As the people moved south and east into North America, groups splintered off and became differentiated by language, among the last of such splits were those that resulted in the formation of the different Apachean bands whom the later Europeans encountered, the southwestern Apache groups and the Navajo. Although both speaking forms of Southern Athabaskan, the Navajo and Apache have become culturally distinct. k. a, from the beginning of EuropeanAmerican/Apache relations, there was conflict between them, as they competed for land and other resources, and had very different cultures. Their encounters were preceded by more than 100 years of Spanish colonial and Mexican incursions, by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848, the US took on the responsibility to prevent and punish cross-border incursions by Apache who were raiding in Mexico. The Apache viewed the United States colonists with ambivalence, and in some cases enlisted them as allies in the years against the Mexicans. In 1852, the US and some of the Chiricahua signed a treaty, during the 1850s, American miners and settlers began moving into Chiricahua territory, beginning encroachment that had been renewed in the migration to the Southwest of the previous two decades. This forced the Apachean people to change their lives as nomads, the US Army defeated them and forced them into the confinement of reservation life, on lands ill-suited for subsistence farming, which the US proffered as the model of civilization. Today, the Chiricahua are preserving their culture as much as possible, while forging new relationships with the peoples around them, the Chiricahua are a living and vibrant culture, a part of the greater American whole and yet distinct based on their history and culture
4.
Santa Fe Indian School
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The Federal Government established the Santa Fe Indian School in 1890 to educate Native American children from tribes throughout the Southwestern United States. The purpose of creating SFIS was an attempt to assimilate the Native American children into the wider United States culture, in 1975, the All Indian Pueblo Council was formed. It was the first Indian organization to utilize the laws in place to contract an education for their children, eventually, the AIPC was able to leverage complete control of the school and curriculum. In 2001, with the passing of the SFIS Act, the school took ownership of the land, the school resides on the form of a trust, which is held by the nineteen Pueblo Governors of New Mexico. These acts allow for complete educational sovereignty of the school, by the Pueblo, the original concept of the Indian Boarding School began as a social experiment predating the Civil War. Around the 1860s, the United States Federal Government created “day schools” to educate children about Western Civilization and they were ineffective in this process because the students did not retain the knowledge acquired at school. A factor in knowledge retention was the students returning home, after discovering this method of education was ineffective, a different approach was taken. In the 1870s, the concept of Indian Boarding Schools came into fruition, Army Lt. Richard Henry Pratt captured seventy-two Native American prisoners who fought against the Army, he tested his version of the social experiment that was previously attempted on the children. Pratt desired to mold the “savages” into “civilized” people, Pratt taught the Native American prisoners how to speak English and educated the Native Americans on European society and religion. After this educational experience, sixty-two of the Natives went to the Hampton Institute in Virginia, deciding to extend the experiment further, Pratt was able to convince Native American families to allow their children to attend his boarding school. Richard H. Pratt founded the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in 1879, the Carlisle Indian Industrial School was the first boarding school specifically for Native Americans. The reasoning behind positioning the school a great distance from the reservations was that Pratt believed distance would help break the ties to Native American culture. ”, Pratt desired to remove the children from their Native roots, and he was harsh in the actions he took. Being that Pratt was from the Armed Forces, his background dictated how he operated the school, the students were forced to cut their hair, a symbol of their pride. One boarding school student was quoted as saying, was the pride of all Indians, the boys, one by one, would break down and cry when they saw their braids thrown on the floor. All of the clothes had to go and we had to put on the clothes of the White Man”. The students were stripped of all traces of what their culture was, such as, their hair, their clothing. The same student went on to say, “This is when the set in. Many boys ran away from the school because the treatment was so bad, having to deal with the oppression of the school and lack of contact from their families, the students were struck with a feeling of loneliness
5.
Sculpture
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Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts, a wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or molded, or cast. However, most ancient sculpture was painted, and this has been lost. Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, the Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece, and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period. During the Middle Ages, Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith, the revival of classical models in the Renaissance produced famous sculptures such as Michelangelos David. Relief is often classified by the degree of projection from the wall into low or bas-relief, high relief, sunk-relief is a technique restricted to ancient Egypt. Relief sculpture may also decorate steles, upright slabs, usually of stone, techniques such as casting, stamping and moulding use an intermediate matrix containing the design to produce the work, many of these allow the production of several copies. The term sculpture is used mainly to describe large works. The very large or colossal statue has had an enduring appeal since antiquity, another grand form of portrait sculpture is the equestrian statue of a rider on horse, which has become rare in recent decades. The smallest forms of life-size portrait sculpture are the head, showing just that, or the bust, small forms of sculpture include the figurine, normally a statue that is no more than 18 inches tall, and for reliefs the plaquette, medal or coin. Sculpture is an important form of public art, a collection of sculpture in a garden setting can be called a sculpture garden. One of the most common purposes of sculpture is in form of association with religion. Cult images are common in cultures, though they are often not the colossal statues of deities which characterized ancient Greek art. The actual cult images in the innermost sanctuaries of Egyptian temples, of which none have survived, were rather small. The same is true in Hinduism, where the very simple. Some undoubtedly advanced cultures, such as the Indus Valley civilization, appear to have had no monumental sculpture at all, though producing very sophisticated figurines, the Mississippian culture seems to have been progressing towards its use, with small stone figures, when it collapsed. Other cultures, such as ancient Egypt and the Easter Island culture, from the 20th century the relatively restricted range of subjects found in large sculpture expanded greatly, with abstract subjects and the use or representation of any type of subject now common. Today much sculpture is made for intermittent display in galleries and museums, small sculpted fittings for furniture and other objects go well back into antiquity, as in the Nimrud ivories, Begram ivories and finds from the tomb of Tutankhamun
6.
Painting
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Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface. The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. Drawing, gesture, composition, narration, or abstraction, among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive, Paintings can be naturalistic and representational, photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic, emotive, or political in nature. A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by motifs and ideas. In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action, the term painting is also used outside of art as a common trade among craftsmen and builders. What enables painting is the perception and representation of intensity, every point in space has different intensity, which can be represented in painting by black and white and all the gray shades between. In practice, painters can articulate shapes by juxtaposing surfaces of different intensity, thus, the basic means of painting are distinct from ideological means, such as geometrical figures, various points of view and organization, and symbols. In technical drawing, thickness of line is ideal, demarcating ideal outlines of an object within a perceptual frame different from the one used by painters. Color and tone are the essence of painting as pitch and rhythm are the essence of music, color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe, Kandinsky, and Newton, have written their own color theory. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction for a color equivalent, the word red, for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the visible spectrum of light. There is not a register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic, painters deal practically with pigments, so blue for a painter can be any of the blues, phthalocyanine blue, Prussian blue, indigo, cobalt, ultramarine, and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music is analogous to light in painting, shades to dynamics and these elements do not necessarily form a melody of themselves, rather, they can add different contexts to it. Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, collage, some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw or wood for their texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer, there is a growing community of artists who use computers to paint color onto a digital canvas using programs such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required, rhythm is important in painting as it is in music
7.
Drawing
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Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium. A drawing instrument releases small amount of material onto a surface, the most common support for drawing is paper, although other materials, such as cardboard, plastic, leather, canvas, and board, may be used. Temporary drawings may be made on a blackboard or whiteboard or indeed almost anything, the medium has been a popular and fundamental means of public expression throughout human history. It is one of the simplest and most efficient means of communicating visual ideas, the wide availability of drawing instruments makes drawing one of the most common artistic activities. In addition to its artistic forms, drawing is frequently used in commercial illustration, animation, architecture, engineering. A quick, freehand drawing, usually not intended as a work, is sometimes called a sketch. An artist who practices or works in technical drawing may be called a drafter, Drawing is one of the major forms of expression within the visual arts. It is generally concerned with the marking of lines and areas of tone onto paper/other material, traditional drawings were monochrome, or at least had little colour, while modern colored-pencil drawings may approach or cross a boundary between drawing and painting. In Western terminology, drawing is distinct from painting, even though similar media often are employed in both tasks, dry media, normally associated with drawing, such as chalk, may be used in pastel paintings. Drawing may be done with a medium, applied with brushes or pens. Drawing is often exploratory, with emphasis on observation, problem-solving. Drawing is also used in preparation for a painting, further obfuscating their distinction. Drawings created for these purposes are called studies, there are several categories of drawing, including figure drawing, cartooning, doodling, free hand and shading. There are also many drawing methods, such as drawing, stippling, shading, the surrealist method of entopic graphomania. A quick, unrefined drawing may be called a sketch, in fields outside art, technical drawings or plans of buildings, machinery, circuitry and other things are often called drawings even when they have been transferred to another medium by printing. Drawing as a Form of Communication Drawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression and these drawings, known as pictograms, depicted objects and abstract concepts. The sketches and paintings produced in prehistoric times were eventually stylised and simplified, Drawing in the Arts Drawing is used to express ones creativity, and therefore has been prominent in the world of art. Throughout much of history, drawing was regarded as the foundation for artistic practise, initially, artists used and reused wooden tablets for the production of their drawings
8.
Mural
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A mural is any piece of artwork painted or applied directly on a wall, ceiling or other permanent surface. A distinguishing characteristic of painting is that the architectural elements of the given space are harmoniously incorporated into the picture. Some wall paintings are painted on canvases, which are then attached to the wall. Whether these works can be accurately called murals is a subject of controversy in the art world. Murals of sorts date to Upper Paleolithic times such as the paintings in the Chauvet Cave in Ardèche department of southern France, many ancient murals have been found within ancient Egyptian tombs, the Minoan palaces and in Pompeii. During the Middle Ages murals were executed on dry plaster. The huge collection of Kerala mural painting dating from the 14th century are examples of fresco secco, in Italy, circa 1300, the technique of painting of frescos on wet plaster was reintroduced and led to a significant increase in the quality of mural painting. In modern times, the became more well-known with the Mexican muralism art movement. There are many different styles and techniques, the best-known is probably fresco, which uses water-soluble paints with a damp lime wash, a rapid use of the resulting mixture over a large surface, and often in parts. The colors lighten as they dry, the marouflage method has also been used for millennia. Murals today are painted in a variety of ways, using oil or water-based media, the styles can vary from abstract to trompe-lœil. Initiated by the works of artists like Graham Rust or Rainer Maria Latzke in the 1980s, trompe-loeil painting has experienced a renaissance in private. The buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a layer of wet, fresh. The pigment is absorbed by the wet plaster, after a number of hours. After this the painting stays for a time up to centuries in fresh. Fresco-secco painting is done on dry plaster, the pigments thus require a binding medium, such as egg, glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall. By the end of the century this had largely displaced the buon fresco method. This technique had, in reduced form, the advantages of a secco work, in Greco-Roman times, mostly encaustic colors applied in a cold state were used
9.
Oklahoma
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Oklahoma is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States, the states name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning red people. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged, on November 16,1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally Okies, and its capital, a major producer of natural gas, oil, and agricultural products, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. In 2007, it had one of the economies in the United States, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahomas primary economic anchors, with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas. With small mountain ranges, prairie, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains, Cross Timbers, interior Highlands—a region especially prone to severe weather. The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people, equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was approved in 1890. Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles and it is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, much of its border with Texas lies along the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen, a failed continental rift. The geologic figure defines the placement of the Red River, the Oklahoma panhandles Western edge is out of alignment with its Texas border. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is actually 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line, the border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819. It was then set along the 103rd Meridian, in the 1890s, when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques, it was discovered the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian. Surveying techniques were not as accurate in 1819, and the actual 103rd Meridian was approximately 2.2 miles to the east and it was much easier to leave the mistake than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the surveying error. The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian, cimarron County in Oklahomas panhandle is the only county in the United States that touches four other states, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado and Kansas. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The states lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, Oklahoma, which dips to 289 feet above sea level
10.
Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
11.
Modernism
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Among the factors that shaped modernism were the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities, followed then by reactions of horror to World War I. Modernism also rejected the certainty of Enlightenment thinking, and many modernists rejected religious belief, the poet Ezra Pounds 1934 injunction to Make it new. Was the touchstone of the approach towards what it saw as the now obsolete culture of the past. In this spirit, its innovations, like the novel, atonal and twelve-tone music, divisionist painting and abstract art. Modernism explicitly rejected the ideology of realism and makes use of the works of the past by the employment of reprise, incorporation, rewriting, recapitulation, revision, others focus on modernism as an aesthetic introspection. While J. M. W. Art critic Clement Greenberg describes the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood as proto-Modernists, There the proto-Modernists were, of all people, the Pre-Raphaelites actually foreshadowed Manet, with whom Modernist painting most definitely begins. They acted on a dissatisfaction with painting as practiced in their time, rationalism has also had opponents in the philosophers Søren Kierkegaard and later Friedrich Nietzsche, both of whom had significant influence on existentialism. A major 19th-century engineering achievement was The Crystal Palace, the huge cast-iron, Glass and iron were used in a similar monumental style in the construction of major railway terminals in London, such as Paddington Station and Kings Cross Station. These technological advances led to the building of structures like the Brooklyn Bridge. The latter broke all previous limitations on how tall man-made objects could be and these engineering marvels radically altered the 19th-century urban environment and the daily lives of people. Arguments arose that the values of the artist and those of society were not merely different, but that Society was antithetical to Progress, the philosopher Schopenhauer called into question the previous optimism, and his ideas had an important influence on later thinkers, including Nietzsche. Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection undermined religious certainty and the idea of human uniqueness, in particular, the notion that human beings were driven by the same impulses as lower animals proved to be difficult to reconcile with the idea of an ennobling spirituality. Karl Marx argued that there were fundamental contradictions within the capitalist system, historians, and writers in different disciplines, have suggested various dates as starting points for modernism. Everdell also thinks modernism in painting began in 1885–86 with Seurats Divisionism, the poet Baudelaires Les Fleurs du mal, and Flauberts novel Madame Bovary were both published in 1857. In the arts and letters, two important approaches developed separately in France, the first was Impressionism, a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors. Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, the school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners, and became increasingly influential. A significant event of 1863 was the Salon des Refusés, created by Emperor Napoleon III to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. While most were in standard styles, but by artists, the work of Manet attracted tremendous attention
12.
Smithsonian American Art Museum
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The Smithsonian American Art Museum is a museum in Washington, D. C. Together with its museum, the Renwick Gallery, it holds one of the worlds largest and most inclusive collections of art, from the colonial period to the present. Most exhibitions take place in the main building, the old Patent Office Building. The museum provides electronic resources to schools and the public through its education program, including Artful Connections. Since 1951, the museum has maintained a traveling exhibition program, as of 2013, American Arts main building, the Old Patent Office Building, is a National Historic Landmark and is considered an example of Greek Revival architecture in the United States. It was designed by architects Robert Mills, and Thomas U, during the 1990s, the Smithsonian Institution worked on restoring the building. According to the Smithsonian Institution, Extraordinary effort was made to use new technologies to restore the historic fabric of the building. During the renovation, the Lunder Conservation Center, the Luce Foundation Center for American Art, Nan Tucker McEvoy Auditorium, and the Robert and Arlene Kogod Courtyard were added to the building. The Luce Foundation Center for American Art is an art storage and study center. The Lunder Conservation Center is the first art conservation facility to allow the public permanent behind-the-scenes views of the work of museums. In 2008, the American Alliance of Museums awarded reaccreditation to the Smithsonian American Art Museum, as of 2014, Elizabeth Broun is Director of the museum. American Art has maintained a traveling exhibition program since 1951.5 million visitors, since 2006, thirteen exhibitions have toured to more than 30 cities. American Art provides electronic resources to schools and the public as part of programs such as Artful Connections. Artful Connections gives real-time video conference tours of American Art, numerous researchers and millions of virtual visitors per year use these databases. Also, American Art and Heritage Preservation work together in a joint project, Save Outdoor Sculpture, the museum produces a peer-reviewed periodical, American Art, for new scholarship. Since 1993, American Art has been had an online presence and it has one of the earliest museum websites when, in 1995, it launched its own website. EyeLevel, the first blog at the Smithsonian Institution, was started in 2005 and, as of 2013, the blog has approximately 12,000 readers each month. Part of the Smithsonian Institution, the museum has a variety of American art, with more than 7,000 artists represented
13.
National Museum of the American Indian
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It has three facilities, the National Museum of the American Indian on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. Passed as Public Law 101-185, it established the National Museum of the American Indian as a memorial to Native Americans. Since 1989 the Smithsonian has repatriated over 5,000 individual remains – about 1/3 of the estimated human remains in its collection. C. of indigenous people to its time. The creation of the museum brought together the collections of the George Gustav Heye Center in New York City, founded in 1922, the Heye collection became part of the Smithsonian in June 1990, and represents approximately 85% of the holdings of the NMAI. The Heye Collection was formerly displayed in the Audubon Terrace location, the current arrangement represented a political compromise between those who wished to keep the Heye Collection in New York, and those who wanted it to be part of the new NMAI in Washington, DC. The NMAI was initially housed in lower Manhattan at the Alexander Hamilton U. S, custom House, which was refurbished for this purpose and remains an exhibition site, its building on the Mall in Washington, DC opened in 2005. The site on the National Mall opened in September 2004, fifteen years in the making, it is the first national museum in the country dedicated exclusively to Native Americans. The five-story,250, 000-square-foot, curvilinear building is clad in a golden-colored Kasota limestone designed to evoke natural rock formations shaped by wind, the museum is set in a 4.25 acres -site and is surrounded by simulated wetlands. The museum’s east-facing entrance, its window and its 120-foot high space for contemporary Native performances are direct results of extensive consultations with Native peoples. The museum’s architect and project designer is the Canadian Douglas Cardinal, its design architects are GBQC Architects of Philadelphia, disagreements during construction led to Cardinals being removed from the project, but the building retains his original design intent. His continued input enabled its completion, the structural engineering firm chosen for this project was Severud Associates. The landscape architects are Jones & Jones Architects and Landscape Architects Ltd. of Seattle and EDAW, donna E. House, the Navajo and Oneida botanist who supervised the landscaping, has said, The landscape flows into the building, and the environment is who we are. We are the trees, we are the rocks, we are the water, and that had to be part of the museum. This theme of organic flow is reflected by the interior of the museum, whose walls are mostly curving surfaces, George Gustav Heye traveled throughout North and South America collecting native objects. His collection was assembled over 54 years, beginning in 1903 and he started the Museum of the American Indian and his Heye Foundation in 1916. The Heye Foundations Museum of the American Indian opened to the public on Audubon Terrace in New York City in 1922. The museum at Audubon Terrace closed in 1994 and part of the collection is now housed at The Museum’s George Gustav Heye Center, the Beaux Arts-style building, designed by architect Cass Gilbert, was completed in 1907. It is a designated National Historic Landmark and a New York City landmark, the center’s exhibition and public access areas total about 20,000 square feet
14.
National Portrait Gallery (United States)
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The National Portrait Gallery is a historic art museum located between 7th, 9th, F, and G Streets NW in Washington, D. C. in the United States. Founded in 1962 and opened to the public in 1968, it is part of the Smithsonian Institution and its collections focus on images of famous Americans. The museum is housed in the historic Old Patent Office Building, the two museums are the eponym for the Gallery Place Washington Metro station, located at the corner of F and 7th Streets NW. The first portrait gallery in the United States was Charles Willson Peales American Pantheon, in 1859, the National Portrait Gallery in London opened, but few Americans took notice. The idea of a federally owned national portrait gallery can be traced back to 1886, Winthrope, president of the Massachusetts Historical Society, visited the National Portrait Gallery in London. Upon his return to the United States, Winthrope began pressing for the establishment of a museum in America. In January 1919, the Smithsonian Institution entered into a cooperative endeavor with the American Federation of Arts, the committees goal was to commission portraits of famous leaders from the various nations involved in World War I. The portraits commissioned went on display in the National Museum of Natural History in May 1921 and this formed the nucleus of what would become the National Portrait Gallery Collection. In 1937, Andrew W. Mellon donated his collection of classic and modernist art to the United States. The collection included a number of portraits. Mellon asked that, should a portrait gallery be created, the portraits be transferred to it, in 1957, a proposal was made by the federal government to demolish the Old Patent Office Building. After a public outcry and an agreement to save the historic structure and this committee was created in 1960. The National Portrait Gallery was authorized and founded by Congress in 1962, the legislation specified, however, that the museums collection be limited to painting, prints, drawings, and engravings. Despite the Smithsonians own extensive collection of art and Mellons collection, to found a portrait gallery in the 1960s, Smithsonian Secretary S. Dillon Ripley said, was difficult because American portraiture has already reached the zenith in price and the nadir in supply. Ripley, whose leadership of the Smithsonian began in 1964, was a supporter of the new museum. He encouraged the museums curators to build a collection from scratch based on individual pieces chosen through high-quality scholarship rather than buying complete collections from others, the NPGs collection was slowly built over the next five years through donations and purchases. The museum had little money at this time, often, it located items it wanted and then asked the owner to simply donate it. The first NPG exhibit, Nucleus for a National Collection, went on display in the Arts, the following year, the NPG completed the Catalog of American Portraits, the first inventory of portraiture held by the Smithsonian
15.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
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United States Mission to the United Nations
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The United States Mission to the United Nations is the formal title of the United States delegation to the United Nations. Each nation at the UN has a delegation, although only a few are members of the UN Security Council. The United States Mission joined in the founding of the UN, among 51 member states. There are several major roles in the US Mission. The primary role, United States Ambassador to the United Nations, is the leader of the U. S Mission to the United Nations, the position is also known as simply the US Permanent Representative, or Perm Rep, to the United Nations. Like all United States ambassadors, he or she must be nominated by the U. S. President and it was a cabinet-level position under the Clinton administration and the Obama administration. It was not a position under the George W. Bush administration. The other leadership roles are also known as UN ambassadors, the new building housing the United States Mission to the United Nations was dedicated on March 29,2011. The lead architect was Charles Gwathmey of Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects who died in 2009, Permanent Representative Susan Rice posthumously thanked Gwathmey in her remarks at the dedication ceremony
17.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
18.
Fort Sill
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Fort Sill, Oklahoma is a United States Army post north of Lawton, Oklahoma, about 85 miles southwest of Oklahoma City. Today, Fort Sill remains the only active Army installation of all the forts on the Southern Plains built during the Indian Wars, Fort Sill is also one of the four locations for Army Basic Combat Training. It has played a significant role in every major American conflict since 1869, sheridans massive winter campaign involved six cavalry regiments accompanied by frontier scouts such as Buffalo Bill Cody, Wild Bill Hickok, Ben Clark and Jack Stilwell. At first, the garrison was called Camp Wichita and was referred to by the Indians as the Soldier House at Medicine Bluffs. Sheridan later named it in honor of his West Point classmate and friend, Brigadier General Joshua W. Sill, the first post commander was Brevet Maj. Gen. Benjamin Grierson and the first Indian agent was Colonel Albert Gallatin Boone, grandson of Daniel Boone. Fort Sill soldiers were restricted from taking action against the Indians. The Indians resumed raiding the Texas frontier and used Fort Sill as a sanctuary, in 1871, General of the Army William Tecumseh Sherman arrived at Fort Sill from Fort Richardson, Texas, while on a tour of Army posts throughout the country. Sherman was at Fort Richardson when they became aware of the Warren Wagon Train Raid, soon after Sherman arrived at Fort Sill, the Indian Agent brought several Kiowa chiefs to tell their story about attacking the wagon train. When Sherman ordered their arrest during a meeting on Griersons porch, in memory of the event, the Commanding Generals quarters were dubbed Sherman House. The Army arrested three chiefs during the skirmish, Satank, Satanta and Addo-etta. Sherman ordered them to Texas for a trial for the murders. When the three were put into a wagon and taken under escort to Fort Richardson, Satank began his death song. A mile down the trail, he grabbed the carbine of one of the troopers in the wagon, before he could cock and fire it, he was hit by several shots fired by the escort. Satank was left against a tree and the continued on its mission. A marker on Berry Road near the curve marks the spot where Satank and his grave is in Chiefs Knoll in the post cemetery. Satanta and Addo-etta were tried by Texas courts on 5 and 6 July and they were sentenced to death by hanging. Supporters of the Quaker peace policy convinced Governor Edmund J. Davis to commute the Indians sentences to life imprisonment, then in October 1873 they were paroled. In June 1874, the Comanches, Kiowas and Southern Cheyennes engaged in the Red River War, lasting a year, it was a war of attrition involving relentless pursuit by converging military columns
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Fort Sill Apache Tribe
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The Fort Sill Apache Tribe is the federally recognized Native American tribe of Chiricahua Warm Springs Apache in Oklahoma. The Fort Sill Apache Tribe is headquartered in Apache, Oklahoma, tribal member enrollment, which requires a 1⁄16 minimum blood quantum, stands at 650. The tribe continues to close connections to the Chiricahua Apache who were moved to the Mescalero Apache Reservation in the late 19th century. Jeff Houser is the tribal chairman, the position has a two-year term. The tribal jurisdictional area, as opposed to a reservation, spans Caddo, Comanche, a private landholder returned four acres of sacred land in Cochise County, Arizona to the tribe, and it is included in their trust lands. In 2011, the won the right to establish a reservation in New Mexico. They now control 30 acres near Deming, New Mexico, the tribe operates its own housing program, Fort Sill Apache Industries, and the Fort Sill Apache Casino in Lawton. The tribes 2008 economic impact was $10 million, the Chiricahua settled in southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico of the present-day United States, and northern Sonora, and northern Chihuahua of present-day Mexico. By the late 19th century, the Chiricahua Apache territory encompassed an estimated 15 millions acres, in 1886 to break up the Apache Wars and resistance to European-American settlement, the US federal government took the Chiricahua into custody as prisoners of war and seized their land. The Army forcibly removed 400 members of the tribe from the Fort Apache and San Carlos Reservations in present-day Arizona, some warriors were held at Fort Pickens in Florida. Their ledger drawings are held in a collection by the Smithsonian Institution, in 1894, the US Congress passed a special provision to allow the Chiricahua to be relocated to Indian Territory. They were the last Indian tribe to be relocated into what is now Oklahoma, when the Chiricahua arrived at Fort Sill, they had been promised the lands surrounding the fort as theirs to settle. Local non-Indians resisted Apache settlement, and the tribe was pressured to leave, many wanted to return to their traditional lands in the Southwest, and the Mescalero Apache offered them land on their reservation. A third of the Chiricahua stayed in Indian Territory, demanding that the US fulfill its promise to them the Fort Sill lands. In 1914, the US government finally released 84 individuals from prisoner status and granted them household allotment lands around Fletcher and Apache, the Fort Sill Apache struggled for survival in the ensuing years in the economically depressed areas of southwestern Oklahoma. The tribe seized the opportunity afforded by Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1936, persevering through the difficulty of satisfying documentation requirements for tribal continuity, they were recognized by the federal government as a tribe in 1976. The first chairperson, elected in 1976, was Mildred Cleghorn and she was an educator and traditional doll maker, and was regarded as a cultural leader among the elders. She served as tribal chairperson until 1995 and focused on sustaining history, allan Houser was the first Fort Sill Apache child to be born free
20.
Geronimo
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Geronimo was a prominent leader and medicine man from the Bedonkohe band of the Chiricahua Apache tribe. While well known, Geronimo was not a chief among the Chiricahua or the Bedonkohe band, at any one time, about 30 to 50 Apaches would be following him. However, since he was a leader in raiding and warfare he frequently led large numbers of men and women beyond his own following. During Geronimos final period of conflict from 1876 to 1886 he surrendered three times and accepted life on the Apache reservations in Arizona, reservation life was confining to the free-moving Apache people, and they resented restrictions on their customary way of life. Geronimo was later transferred to General Nelson Miles at Skeleton Canyon, in his old age, Geronimo became a celebrity. He appeared at fairs, including the 1904 Worlds Fair in St. Louis, however, he was not allowed to return to the land of his birth. He died at the Fort Sill hospital in 1909 and he was still a prisoner of war. He is buried at the Fort Sill Indian Agency Cemetery surrounded by the graves of relatives, Apache is the collective term for several culturally related groups of Native Americans originally from the Southwest United States. The current division of Apachean groups includes the Western Apache, Chiricahua, Mescalero, Jicarilla, Lipan, raids ranged from stealing livestock and other plunder, to the capture and/or killing of victims, sometimes by torture. Mexicans and Americans responded with attacks against the Apache which were no less violent. The raiding and retaliation fed the fires of a virulent revenge warfare that reverberated back and his fighting ability extending over 30 years forms a major characteristic of his persona. Among Geronimos own Chiricahua tribe many had mixed feelings about him, while respected as a skilled and effective leader of raids or warfare, he emerges as not very likable, and he was not widely popular among the other Apache. Nevertheless, Apache people stood in awe of Geronimos powers which he demonstrated to them on a series of occasions and these powers indicated to other Apaches that Geronimo had super-natural gifts that he could use for good or ill. In eye-witness accounts by other Apaches, Geronimo was able to become aware of distant events as they happened and he also demonstrated powers to heal other Apaches. His grandfather, Mahko, had been chief of the Bedonkohe Apache and he had three brothers and four sisters. His parents raised him according to Apache traditions, after the death of his father, his mother took him to live with the Chihenne, Geronimo married a woman named Alope, from the Nedni-Chiricahua band of Apache when he was 17, they had three children. She was the first of nine wives, on March 5,1851, a company of 400 Mexican soldiers from Sonora led by Colonel José María Carrasco attacked Geronimos camp outside Janos while the men were in town trading. Among those killed were his wife, children and mother, the loss of his family led Geronimo to hate all Mexicans for the rest of his life, he and his followers would frequently attack and kill any group of Mexicans that they encountered
21.
Dorothy Dunn
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Dorothy Dunn Kramer was an American art instructor who created The Studio School at the Santa Fe Indian School. Dunn was born on 2 December 1903 in Pottawatomie County, Kansas and she first encountered Native American art at the Field Museum in Chicago in 1925. In 1928, Dunn traveled to New Mexico for the first time and she learned quickly from her young Pueblo students that many features of their culture were taboo to draw or paint. In 1930, she moved to Shiprock, New Mexico to teach at the San Juan Boarding School at the Northern Navajo Agency and she finally returned to Chicago in 1931 to complete her degree at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. While completing her degree, Dunn outlined plans to teach art in the Civil Service at the Santa Fe Indian School and she was given a position teaching fifth grade with a half-day to teach art to older students. The Studio School thus opened on 9 September 1932, established Native artists Julian Martinez and Alfonso Roybal painted murals at the school to welcome the young artists. Engaged to fellow teacher Max Kramer and overwhelmed by conflicts with the school administration, geronima Cruz Montoya replaced her as director and served until the Studio closed in 1962, when the Institute of American Indian Arts was established. Dunn believed that her students had an artistic ability, a belief widely promoted by Native American art teacher Angel De Cora at the beginning of the 20th century. Dunn taught the most basic fundamentals of painting while deliberately refraining from teaching life drawing, perspective and her student body initially came from the Rio Grande and Western Pueblos, and the Plains tribes. Each year the classes grew and represented a number of tribes. By 1937, the year that Dunn taught at the Studio. The style she taught featured heavily outlined flat fields of color, illustrative and narrative portrayals of ceremonies, dance, the style she advocated, called the Studio Style or flat-style painting, was inspired by Pueblo mural and pottery painting, Plains hide painting, and rock art. Dunns strict adherence to a style of painting has been widely criticized. Celebrated Chiricahua Apache sculptor, Allan Houser said, she trained us all the same way and her style lacked originality and creativity. However, many of her students appreciated her efforts, geronima Montoya said that Dunn did a lot for us. She made us realize how important our own Indian ways were and she gave us something we could be proud of. Dunn applied and was rejected for employment by the Indian Arts and Crafts Board and she lectured about Native American art and curated and judged art shows in the United States, Belgium, Italy, and Finland. She published 18 scholarly articles in the 1950s, the government of France named her an Officier dAcadémie in 1954, and the School of American Research named her an Honorary Associate
22.
1939 New York World's Fair
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Many countries around the world participated in it, and over 44 million people attended its exhibits in two seasons. The NYWF of 1939–1940 was the first exposition to be based on the future, with a slogan of Dawn of a New Day. To its visitors the Fair will say, Here are the materials, ideas and these are the tools with which the World of Tomorrow must be made. They are all interesting and much effort has been expended to lay them before you in an interesting way, familiarity with today is the best preparation for the future. Within six months of the Fairs opening, the Second World War would begin, in 1935, at the height of the Great Depression, a group of New York City businessmen decided to create an international exposition to lift the city and the country out of depression. Not long after, these men formed the New York Worlds Fair Corporation, the NYWFC elected former chief of police Grover Whalen as the president of their committee. This event turned the area into a City park after the exposition closed, edward Bernays directed public relations of the fair in 1939, which he called democricity. Promotion of this event took many forms. Howard Hughes flew a special Worlds Fair flight around the world to promote the fair in 1938, on April 30,1939, a very hot Sunday, the fair had its grand opening, with 206,000 people in attendance. The April 30 date coincided with the 150th anniversary of George Washingtons inauguration, in Lower Manhattan, although many of the pavilions and other facilities were not quite ready for this opening, it was put on with pomp and great celebration. David Sarnoff, then president of RCA and an advocate of television. On April 30,1939, the ceremony and President Roosevelts speech were seen on black. NBC used the event to inaugurate regularly scheduled broadcasts in New York City over their station W2XBS. An estimated 1,000 people viewed the Roosevelt telecast on about 200 television sets scattered throughout the New York metropolitan area. In order to convince visitors that the television sets were not a trick. As part of the exhibit at the RCA pavilion, visitors could see themselves on television, there were also television demonstrations at the General Electric and Westinghouse pavilions. During this formal introduction at the fair, television became available for public purchase at various stores in the New York City area. After Albert Einstein gave a speech that discussed cosmic rays, the lights were ceremonially lit
23.
Golden Gate International Exposition
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The Golden Gate International Exposition, held at San Franciscos Treasure Island, was a Worlds Fair celebrating, among other things, the citys two newly built bridges. The San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge opened in 1936 and the Golden Gate Bridge in 1937, the exposition opened from February 18,1939, through October 29,1939, and from May 25,1940, through September 29,1940. Built by the government, Treasure Island was to be an airport for Pan Americans transpacific flying boats. Due to wartime needs, it was turned into a base used by the US Navy from 1941 to 1997. During the Expo in 1939, Master carver John Wallace demonstrated the art of carving totem poles for visitors, the theme of the exposition was Pageant of the Pacific, as it showcased the goods of nations bordering the Pacific Ocean. The theme was symbolized by The Tower of the Sun. As the boundaries of human intercourse are widened by giant strides of trade and travel, unity of the Pacific nations is Americas concern and responsibility, their onward progress deserves now a recognition that will be a stimulus as well. Washington is remote from the Pacific, San Francisco stands at the doorway to the sea that roars upon the shores of all these nations, and so to the Golden Gate International Exposition I gladly entrust a solemn duty. May this, Americas Worlds Fair on the Pacific in 1939, truly serve all nations in symbolizing their destinies, one every other. —President Franklin D. Roosevelt, via radio, during the opening ceremonies, the San Francisco Downtown Association created the 49-Mile Scenic Drive to promote the exposition and the city. The drive started at San Francisco City Hall and ended on Treasure Island after winding around the picturesque City by the Bay, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway started a passenger train, the Valley Flyer, to carry passengers between Bakersfield and Oakland during the exposition. In October 2010, the National Building Museum in Washington, D. C. opened an exhibition titled Designing Tomorrow and this exhibition, which was available for view until September 2011, prominently featured the Golden Gate International Exposition. The Fauna and Flora of the Pacific mural by Miguel Covarrubias is now on display at the de Young museum in San Francisco. The colorful and oversized map depicts the four Pacific Rim continents with examples of their flora and fauna suspended in a swirling Pacific Ocean populated with sea creatures
24.
Main Interior Building
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The Main Interior Building, also known as the Stewart Lee Udall Department of the Interior Building, located in Washington, D. C. is the headquarters of the United States Department of the Interior. Although the building takes up the block, the address is 1849 C Street. To the east is DAR Constitution Hall, the headquarters of the Daughters of the American Revolution, as well as the World Resources Institute, to the west is the Office of Personnel Management headquarters. To the north is Rawlins Park, which includes at its end a statue of Major General John A. Rawlins. To the south is Triangle Park, the Building includes offices of the Secretary of the Interior and Department employees. It also includes the Interior Museum and Interior Library, from 1917 until the completion of the Main Interior Building, the Interior Department was housed in what is now the U. S. General Services Administration Building, between E and F Streets and 18th and 19th Streets NW, by the time President Franklin D. Plans for a new headquarters were undertaken by Roosevelts Secretary of the Interior, as an alternative, Roosevelt recommended that funds be appropriated for a new building specifically for the Department. On March 21,1934, the proposed site was selected. The plot including the area between 18th and 19th Streets and C and E Streets NW and was one of the few sites in the city where an intervening street could be eliminated for development. Prominent Washington architect Waddy Butler Wood was selected to design the new Interior Building and he designed most of it himself, and financed it through PWA. Ickes did not design the building, but many of its features were a result of its influence in the planning, design, the building designed aimed for utility and economy. Melding aspects of practicality and aesthetics, the Main Interior Building became one of the most functional, systems for maintainable, efficiency, and fire protection were also included in the design. These included a vacuum system, a floor between the fifth and sixth floors for mechanical equipment and fire and security systems. Some architectural details feature Interior Department symbols, including a motif on doors. As in other aspects of the design, Ickes was involved in every step of artwork. Construction of Main Interior began in April 1935 and was completed in December 1936, the building was the first D. C. New Deal building - authorized, designed, and built by the Roosevelt administration and it was notable for the speed of its completion, with construction taking just 18 months
25.
Olle Nordmark
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Olle Emanuel Nordmark was a Swedish painter and muralist born in Nordanholen at Mockfjärd parish. He started to draw and paint at an early age, in the beginning he was taught by his father, but in 1901 he came in contact with Gustaf Ankarcrona in Leksand who taught him the basics. At the age of 15, he had decided that he is going to become an artist and he continued his studies at Althins School of Painting in Stockholm where he trained in fresco painting. After his studies Nordmark worked with mural- and decorative paintings for private homes and churches in Sweden, while working his interest towards theatrical scenery started to grow. In 1917 he traveled to Moscow to study theatrical scenery, the next year he returned to Stockholm, where he started to work with theatrical sceneries and drawings for costumes. He worked for among others theatres like the Södra Teatern, the Stora Teatern, the Folkan, the Oscars Teatern, Nordmark stayed in Stockholm until 1924. Mean while he became a well known and appreciated designer of theatrical sceneries. His works were very imaginative, beautiful and colorful, Nordmark worked also with Karl Gerhard on sets for 22 productions. He decorate also several churches like Engelbrektskyrkan, Saltsjöbadskyrkan, churches in Borås and Karlskrona, in 1924 Nordmark participated for free in the restoration of the church in Mockfjärd, because of his love for his homestead. The same year he started to paint a portrait of Gädd Lars, to acquire more knowledge within his field, he made several study trips on the European continent to for example France, Germany, Italy, and Russia. In 1924 he emigrated to America in search for a working field than what Sweden could offer him. He lived there until 1964 when he moved to France, in America leading Broadway theater directors noticed him immediately and he worked in some sets for productions. Mostly he worked though with mural paintings for private commission in New York, Nordmark also participated in several exhibitions, including one at the Brooklyn Museum in the year 1932 and another at the Delphic Studios in New York. He wrote also the books Modern Methods and Techniques for Painting in Fresco and Secco, Nordmark died at the end of 1973 in France. Although it is not known when Nordmark started to teach, it is possible that he had an art school at his studio in Lomala, Hopewell Junction, New York. Among his first known students were Reginald Marsh and Elsa Jemne, in 1934 Marsh traveled to Lomala to learn the art of fresco painting from Nordmark, in anticipation of his commission to execute murals. He stayed for six months with Nordmark studying fresco techniques. Marsh returned to Lomala in July 1935 with George Biddle to get extra training right before their mural projects in the Post Office Department Building in Washington, Jemne studied also fresco techniques with Nordmark at Lomala in preparation for future work in 1935
26.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
27.
Art Center College of Design
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ArtCenter College of Design is a nonprofit, private college located in Pasadena, California. ArtCenter College of Design was founded in 1930 in downtown Los Angeles as the Art Center School, in 1935, Fred R. Archer founded the photography department, and Ansel Adams was a guest instructor in the late 1930s. During and after World War II, ArtCenter ran a technical illustration program in conjunction with the California Institute of Technology, the school began granting Bachelors and Masters degrees in arts in 1949, and was fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges in 1955. In 1965, the changed its name to Art Center College of Design. The school expanded its programs, including a program in 1973. The school moved to the Hillside Campus in Pasadena in 1976, the school operated Art Center Europe in La Tour-de-Peilz, Switzerland from 1986 to 1996. In 2003, ArtCenter was granted Non-Governmental Organization status by the UN Department of Public Information, ArtCenter opened the South Campus in Pasadena in 2004. It is one of the few schools to offer a degree in Interaction Design, the college maintains two campuses in Pasadena, both are considered architecturally notable. ArtCenter built its reputation as a school, preparing returning G. I. s for work in the commercial arts fields. The college logo is a circle, also known as the ArtCenter Dot, which has been a part of the schools identity since its inception by founder Tink Adams. ArtCenter is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, the college’s undergraduate and graduate industrial design programs are consistently ranked number one by DesignIntelligence. U. S. News and World Report also ranks ArtCenter’s Art, Industrial Design, most recently, the growing influence of Art Centers Film programs resulted in the colleges ranking among The Hollywood Reporters list of the Top 25 Global Film Schools. ArtCenter College of Design maintains two campuses in Pasadena, Hillside Campus and South Campus, designed by modernist architect Craig Ellwood, the Hillside Campus broke ground in November 1974. The bridge building spanned an arroyo and roadway on 175 acres in the hills above Pasadena, opening in 1976, the building was later expanded with the south wing, designed by former Ellwood associate James Tyler, and constructed between 1989-91. The Hillside Campus has been designated as a monument by the City of Pasadena. The South Campus opened in 2004 in a former aircraft-testing facility built during World War II, there is an 16, 000-square-foot exhibition space known as the Wind Tunnel, which is currently the home of the Media Design Practices program. At that time, the College appointed Michael Maltzan Architecture as its partner in planning academic spaces, with this agreement still intact, actual renovation of the former USPS building was completed by Darin Johnstone Architecture in 2014. List of colleges and universities in California Art Center College of Design
28.
Jean Arp
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Jean Arp or Hans Arp was a German-French sculptor, painter, poet, and abstract artist in other media such as torn and pasted paper. When Arp spoke in German he referred to himself as Hans, following the return of Alsace to France at the end of World War I, French law determined that his name become Jean. In 1904, after leaving the École des Arts et Métiers in Strasbourg, from 1905 to 1907, Arp studied at the Kunstschule in Weimar, Germany, and in 1908 went back to Paris, where he attended the Académie Julian. Arp was a founder-member of the Moderne Bund in Lucerne, participating in their exhibitions from 1911 to 1913. In 1912, he went to Munich, called on Wassily Kandinsky, later that year, he took part in a major exhibition in Zürich, along with Henri Matisse, Robert Delaunay and Kandinsky. In Berlin in 1913, he was taken up by Herwarth Walden, in 1915, he moved to Switzerland to take advantage of Swiss neutrality. He then wrote the date in other space as well, then drew a line beneath them. He then took off all his clothes and went to hand in his paperwork, Arp was a founding member of the Dada movement in Zürich in 1916. In 1920, as Hans Arp, along with Max Ernst, however, in 1925, his work also appeared in the first exhibition of the surrealist group at the Galérie Pierre in Paris. In 1926, Arp moved to the Paris suburb of Meudon, in 1931, he broke with the Surrealist movement to found Abstraction-Création, working with the Paris-based group Abstraction-Création and the periodical, Transition. Beginning in the 1930s, the artist expanded his efforts from collage and bas-relief to include bronze and he produced several small works made of multiple elements that the viewer could pick up, separate, and rearrange into new configurations. Throughout the 1930s and until the end of his life, he wrote and published essays, in 1942, he fled from his home in Meudon to escape German occupation and lived in Zürich until the war ended. Arp visited New York City in 1949 for an exhibition at the Buchholz Gallery. In 1950, he was invited to execute a relief for the Harvard University Graduate Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts and would also be commissioned to do a mural at the UNESCO building in Paris. In 1958, a retrospective of Arps work was held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, followed by an exhibition at the Musée National dArt Moderne, Paris, France, the Musée dart moderne et contemporain of Strasbourg houses many of his paintings and sculptures. Arp and his first wife, the artist Sophie Taeuber-Arp, became French nationals in 1926, in the 1930s, they bought a piece of land in Clamart and built a house at the edge of a forest. Influenced by the Bauhaus, Le Corbusier and Charlotte Perriand, Taeuber designed it and she died in Zürich in 1943. After living in Zürich, Arp was to make Meudon his primary residence again in 1946, Arp married the collector Marguerite Hagenbach, his long-time companion, in 1959
29.
Henry Moore
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Henry Spencer Moore OM CH FBA was an English artist. He is best known for his monumental bronze sculptures which are located around the world as public works of art. As well as sculpture, Moore produced many drawings, including a series depicting Londoners sheltering from the Blitz during the Second World War and his forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically depicting mother-and-child or reclining figures. Moores works are usually suggestive of the body, apart from a phase in the 1950s when he sculpted family groups. His forms are generally pierced or contain hollow spaces, many interpreters liken the undulating form of his reclining figures to the landscape and hills of his birthplace, Yorkshire. Moore was born in Castleford, the son of a coal miner and he became well-known through his carved marble and larger-scale abstract cast bronze sculptures, and was instrumental in introducing a particular form of modernism to the United Kingdom. His ability in later life to fulfill large-scale commissions made him exceptionally wealthy, despite this, he lived frugally, most of the money he earned went towards endowing the Henry Moore Foundation, which continues to support education and promotion of the arts. Henry Moore was born in Castleford, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, to Mary Baker and his father was of Irish origin and became pit deputy and then under-manager of the Wheldale colliery in Castleford. He was an autodidact with an interest in music and literature, determined that his sons would not work in the mines, he saw formal education as the route to their advancement. Henry was the seventh of eight children in a family often struggled with poverty. He attended infant and elementary schools in Castleford, where he began modelling in clay and he professed to have decided to become a sculptor when he was eleven after hearing of Michelangelos achievements at a Sunday School reading. On his second attempt he was accepted at Castleford Grammar School, which several of his siblings had attended, where his headmaster soon noticed his talent and interest in medieval sculpture. His art teacher broadened his knowledge of art and, with her encouragement, he determined to make art his career, despite his early promise, Moores parents had been against him training as a sculptor, a vocation they considered manual labour with few career prospects. After a brief introduction as a student teacher, Moore became a teacher at the school he had attended, upon turning eighteen, Moore volunteered for army service. He was the youngest man in the Prince of Wales Own Civil Service Rifles regiment and was injured in 1917 in a gas attack, on 30 November at Bourlon Wood, during the Battle of Cambrai. After recovering in hospital, he saw out the remainder of the war as a training instructor. He recalled later, for me the war passed in a haze of trying to be a hero. And I still have that feeling, after the Great War Moore received an ex-servicemans grant to continue his education and in 1919 he became a student at the Leeds School of Art, which set up a sculpture studio especially for him
30.
Barbara Hepworth
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Dame Jocelyn Barbara Hepworth DBE was an English artist and sculptor. Her work exemplifies Modernism and in modern sculpture. She was one of the few artists of her generation to achieve international prominence. Along with artists such as Ben Nicholson and Naum Gabo, Hepworth was a figure in the colony of artists who resided in St Ives during the Second World War. Jocelyn Barbara Hepworth was born on 10 January 1903 in Wakefield, West Riding of Yorkshire and her father was a civil engineer for the West Riding County Council, who in 1921 became County Surveyor. An upwardly mobile family, and a dominant father determined her to exploit fully her natural talents and it was there that she met her fellow student, Henry Moore. They became friends and established a rivalry that lasted professionally for many years. Hepworth was the first to sculpt the pierced figures that are characteristic of works by both and they would lead in the path to modernism in sculpture. Following her studies at the RCA, Hepworth travelled to Florence, Italy, Hepworth was also the runner-up for the Prix-de-Rome, which the sculptor John Skeaping won. After travelling with him to Siena and Rome, Hepworth married Skeaping on 13 May 1925 in Florence, in Italy, Hepworth learned how to carve marble from the master sculptor, Giovanni Ardini. Hepworth and Skeaping returned to London in 1926, where they exhibited their works together from their flat and their son Paul was born in London in 1929. Her early work was highly interested in abstraction and art movements on the continent, in 1933, Hepworth travelled with Ben Nicholson to France, where they visited the studios of Jean Arp, Pablo Picasso, and Constantin Brâncuşi. Hepworth later became involved with the Paris-based art movement, Abstraction-Création, in 1933, Hepworth co-founded the Unit One art movement with Nicholson and Paul Nash, the critic Herbert Read, and the architect Wells Coates. The movement sought to unite Surrealism and abstraction in British art, Hepworth also helped raise awareness of continental artists amongst the British public. Hepworth married Nicholson on 17 November 1938 at Hampstead Register Office in north London, the couple had triplets in 1934, Rachel, Sarah, and Simon. Rachel and Simon also became artists, Hepworth, Nicholson and their children first visited Cornwall at the outbreak of World War II in 1939. Hepworth lived in Trewyn Studios in St Ives from 1949 until her death in 1975 and she said that Finding Trewyn Studio was sort of magic. Here was a studio, a yard, and garden where I could work in open air, St Ives had become a refuge for many artists during the war
31.
Haskell Indian Nations University
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Haskell Indian Nations University is a federally operated tribal university located in Lawrence, Kansas, for members of federally recognized Native American tribes in the United States. Enrollment at the campus is nearly 1,000 students per semester, representing approximately 140 Tribal nations, Haskell is funded directly by the Bureau of Indian Education as a U. S. Trust Responsibility to American Indian Tribes, it does not charge tuition. Students are responsible for paying semester fees, twelve campus buildings have been designated as U. S. National Historic Landmarks. Faculty and students built the Haskell Medicine Wheel Earthwork in 1992, the renowned Rinehart Collection is housed in the Haskell Cultural Center. Numerous sculptures and murals are located throughout the campus, the university hosts cultural and academic events that attract visitors from across the country and abroad. Such events include the annual Haskell Indian Art Market, the Stories-n-Motion Film Festival, and these public events are held along with numerous educational conferences, workshops, and presentations. The history of Haskell Indian Nations University reflects both U. S. Indian policy and self-determination efforts by American Indian and Alaska Native communities, Haskell was founded during an era when the federal government believed that Native Americans needed to assimilate to majority culture to survive. Children were sent away from their families to Native American boarding schools and they were cut off from their families and their own cultures. Under harsh standards of the period, children were physically abused. Haskell has since developed into a Tribal-based university whose curriculum serves general Native American, since the late 1960s, some tribes have developed their own tribal colleges, located on their reservations and serving a specific tribal or regional population. Haskells alumni work in areas to serve Indian Country and Alaska Native communities. 1884, Founded as the United States Indian Industrial Training School, the school opened for 22 students, girls studied cooking, sewing and homemaking. Most of the food was produced on the Haskell farm. 1887, Name changed to Haskell Institute to honor Dudley Haskell, representative responsible for the school being in Lawrence. Under a semi-military system, students wore uniforms, marched to classes, 1889-90, Charles T. Meserve was appointed the fifth superintendent in Haskells five-year history. A Special Indian Agent, appointed to investigate, whitewashed the whole situation,1894,606 students from 36 states. 1927, High school classes were accredited by the state of Kansas,1965, Haskell graduated its last high school class. 1970, Haskell developed a college curriculum and associates degree program
32.
Lawrence, Kansas
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Lawrence is the sixth largest city in the state of Kansas and the county seat of Douglas County, Kansas. It is in northeastern Kansas next to Interstate 70, along the banks of the Kansas, as of the 2010 census, the citys population was 87,643. Lawrence is a town and the home to the University of Kansas. Lawrence was founded by the New England Emigrant Aid Company and was named for Amos Adams Lawrence who offered financial aid, Lawrence was central to the Bleeding Kansas era and was the site of the Wakarusa War, the sacking of Lawrence, and the Lawrence Massacre. Lawrence began as a center of Kansas politics, prior to Kansas Territory being opened to settlement in May 1854, most of Douglas County was part of the Shawnee Indian Reservation. The Oregon Trail followed the Kansas River through what would become Lawrence and Mount Oread was used as a landmark, dr. Charles Robinson and Charles Branscomb were sent by the New England Emigrant Aid Company to scout for a location for a city. They arrived in the vicinity of Lawrence in July 1854 and noted the beauty of the area, the original “pioneer party” left Massachusetts on July 17,1854 and consisted of 29 men. They arrived at the site Robinson and Branscomb selected on August 1, the second party arrived in Lawrence on September 9 after leaving near the end of August. The town was officially named Lawrence City on October 6, the main street of the town was named Massachusetts to commemorate the origins of the pioneer party. The first post office in Lawrence was established in January 1855, in March 1857, the Quincy School was started in the Emigrant Aid office before moving to the basement of the Unitarian Church in April. The Plymouth Congregational Church was started in September 1854 by Reverend S. Y, lum, a missionary sent to Kansas. Shortly after Lawrence’s founding, two newspapers were started, The Kansas Pioneer and the Herald of Freedom, both touted the Free State mission which caused problems from the people of Lecompton, then the pro-slavery headquarters, about ten miles northwest of Lawrence, and land squatters from Missouri. The Kansas Free State began in early January 1855, on November 21,1855, Charles Dow was shot and killed by Franklin Coleman in Hickory Point about fourteen miles south of Lawrence. Shortly after, an army of Missourians led by Douglas County Sheriff Samuel L. Jones entered Kansas to attack Lawrence. John Brown and James Lane had hustled Lawrence citizens into an army and erected barricades, a treaty was signed and the Missouri army reluctantly left. Harassment by Sheriff Jones and other Southern sympathizers continued unabated, the Herald of Freedom, the Kansas Free State and the Free State Hotel were indicted as “nuisances. ”On April 23,1856 Sheriff Jones was shot while trying to arrest free-state settlers. On May 21, Sheriff Jones and a posse of 800 Southern sympathizers converged on Lawrence, dr. Robinson’s house on Mount Oread was taken by the federal marshal as headquarters and the newspaper printing presses were damaged and thrown in the river. The Free State Hotel was also destroyed, despite the constant presence of impending war, Lawrence continued to grow
33.
Carrara
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Carrara is a city and comune in the Province of Massa and Carrara, notable for the white or blue-grey marble quarried there. It is on the Carrione River, some 100 kilometres west-northwest of Florence and its motto is Fortitudo mea in rota. There were known settlements in the area as early as the 9th century BC, the current town originated from the borough built to house workers in the marble quarries created by the Romans after their conquest of Liguria in the early 2nd century BC. Carrara has been linked with the process of quarrying and carving marble since the Roman Age, Marble was exported from the nearby harbour of Luni at the mouth of river Magra. The Bishops acquired it again in 1230, their ending in 1313. Later it was acquired by Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan, Carrara and Massa formed the Duchy of Massa and Carrara from the 15th to the 19th century. Under the last Malaspina, Maria Teresa, who had married Ercole III dEste, after the short Napoleonic rule of Elisa Bonaparte, it was given back to Modena. During the unification of Italy age, Carrara was the seat of a revolt led by Domenico Cucchiari. At the end of the 19th century Carrara became the cradle of anarchism in Italy, the quarry workers, including the stone carvers, had radical beliefs that set them apart from others. Ideas from outside the city began to influence the Carrarese, anarchism and general radicalism became part of the heritage of the stone carvers. According to a New York Times article of 1894 many violent revolutionists who had expelled from Belgium and Switzerland went to Carrara in 1885. Carrara has remained a hotbed of anarchism in Italy, with several organizations located openly in the city. The Anarchist marble workers were also the force behind organising labour in the quarries. They were also the protagonists of the Lunigiana revolt in January 1894. In 1929, the municipalities of Carrara, Massa and Montignoso were merged in a single municipality, in 1945 the previous situation was restored. Carrara is the birthplace of the International Federation of Anarchists, formed in 1968, as a titular Duke of Modena, the current holder of the title of Prince of Carrara would be Prince Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este. Ducal Palace, now the seat of the Fine Arts Academy, built over pre-existing Lombard fortification, it dates to the reign of Guglielmo Malaspina, becoming in 1448 the permanent seat of the dynasty. It includes two distinct edifices, the Castello Malaspiniano, dating to the 13th century, and the Renaissance palace, under the medieval loggia are exposed several ancient Roman findings
34.
Intermountain Indian School
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The Intermountain Indian School was a Native American boarding school in Brigham City, Utah. The Intermountain Indian School was originally the Bushnell Army Hospital, which was open from 1942 to 1946, the land was donated by the city to the Federal government so Brigham City could get the hospital. Doctors, nurses, military personnel, wounded patients, and their families arrived in Brigham City to work at Bushnell, after the hospitals closure, the buildings sat empty for a short period while the city decided what should be done with the land. The last patient was discharged 22 June 1946, at its peak, the hospital was a community of some 6,000 inhabitants, including patients, assigned military personnel, and civilian employees. The first patient was admitted on 10 October 1942, in 1948, Brigham City got a proposal for an Indian school. The estimate for remodeling, new construction, and equipment was $3.75 million, president Harry Truman signed the bill allocating the money in May 1949. The superintendent and a few assistants began working on June 4,1949, since that time, the school was authorized to enroll 2,150 students. The school served Navajo children who were bused from Arizona and were taught from elementary to high school, in 1954,24 students graduated from the school, and by 1955 that number jumped to 188. By 1981,5,319 students had graduated, despite its success as a Navajo boarding school, enrollment was down in the early 70s, so the school was changed to the Intermountain Inter-Tribal School for the 1974-1975 school year. It grew to having students from nearly 100 tribes, the school closed in 1984, after which city officials submitted a master plan in Washington, D. C. to get the 17 acres along U. S. Route 91 back from the federal government. The agreement reached was that the land would remain open space and not be used for anything other than recreation, Brigham City turned the open land into a golf course and sold the rest to fund the golf course. Objects from the buildings were sold for $100,000, the dormitories have been turned into townhouses called Eagle Village. A furniture store, a firm, a martial arts company. For several decades many of the buildings stood vacant, but in early 2013 these buildings were demolished to make way for an extension of the Brigham City campus of Utah State University. For the past 20 years, former students of Intermountain have held an annual reunion the third week of July at Wheatfields Lake near Navajo, until recently the school was left largely deserted. This allowed local delinquents to break windows and enter to paint graffiti, entering these buildings is done as a sort of dare. There are several legends concerning the buildings. The most popular are that the buildings are haunted, or that tunnels built during World War II connecting the buildings underneath are used for satanic blood filled rituals, the School property and buildings were originally the Bushnell Army Hospital, designed specifically to treat amputees during World War II
35.
Brigham City, Utah
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Brigham City is a city in Box Elder County, Utah, United States. The population was 17,899 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Box Elder County. It lies on the slope of the Wellsville Mountains, a branch of the Wasatch Range at the western terminus of Box Elder Canyon. Brigham City saw most of its growth during the 1950s and 1960s and it is near the headquarters of ATK Thiokol, the company that created the solid rocket boosters for the Space Shuttle. Brigham City is known for its peaches and holds a celebration called Peach Days on the weekend after Labor Day. Much of Main Street is closed off to cars, and the festival is celebrated by a parade, a car show, a carnival, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints dedicated its fourteenth temple in Utah in Brigham City on 23 September 2012. The city is the headquarters of the Northwestern Band of the Shoshone Nation, Mormon pioneer William Davis first explored the Brigham City area in 1850. He returned with his family and others a year later to permanent homes. Brigham Young directed Lorenzo Snow to lead additional settlers to the site, Snow directed both religious and political affairs in the settlement, eventually naming it Box Elder in 1855. When the town was incorporated on January 12,1867, the name was changed to Brigham City in honor of Brigham Young and that same month, after the Utah legislature authorized a municipal election, residents elected Chester Loveland to be the towns first mayor. Brigham Young gave his last public sermon there in 1877 shortly before his death, in 1864, the cooperative movement began in earnest with the creation of a mercantile co-op store and was an important element of the United Order of Enoch. Other industries were added, and the Brigham City Co-op is widely recognized as the most successful of the Mormon Co-op ventures, economic hardships brought an end to the Co-op in 1895, though the Co-op had first started selling businesses off in 1876. World War II brought an economic boost to the city. The federal government created Bushnell General Hospital on Brigham Citys south side to treat soldiers wounded in the war, locals sold supplies and food to the hospital while hospital staff patronized local businesses. After the war, the buildings were used as Intermountain Indian School. Many young Native Americans attended the school until it closed in 1984. The facility has left its mark in a number of other ways, some have been converted into businesses and condos, while others remain empty. Utah State University purchased the site and demolished all remaining buildings in 2013, the Utah State University Brigham City regional campus will be expanded to permanent buildings on this site and will mainly serve students from Box Elder, Weber and Davis counties
36.
Navajo
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The Navajo are a Native American people of the Southwestern United States. After the Cherokee, they are the second-largest federally recognized tribe in the United States, the Navajo language is spoken throughout the region, with most Navajos speaking English, as well. The states with the largest Navajo populations are Arizona and New Mexico, over three-quarters of the Navajo population reside in these two states. The Navajos are speakers of a Na-Dené Southern Athabaskan language known within the language as Diné bizaad, the language comprises two geographic, mutually intelligible dialects. It is closely related to the Apache language, as the Navajos and Apaches are believed to have migrated from northwestern Canada and eastern Alaska, speakers of various other Athabaskan languages located in Canada may still comprehend the Navajo language despite the geographic and linguistic deviation of the languages. Additionally, some Navajos speak Navajo Sign Language, which is either a dialect or daughter of Plains Sign Talk, archaeological and historical evidence suggests the Athabaskan ancestors of the Navajos and Apaches entered the Southwest around 1400 CE. The Navajo oral tradition is said to retain references of this migration, until contact with Pueblos and the Spanish, the Navajos were largely hunters and gatherers. The tribe adopted crop-farming techniques from the Pueblo peoples, growing corn, beans. When the Spanish arrived, the Navajos began herding sheep and goats as a source of trade and food. Sheep also became a form of currency and status symbols among the Navajos based on the quantity of herds a family maintained. In addition, the practice of spinning and weaving wool into blankets and clothing became common, in the 18th century, the Spanish reported the Navajos maintaining large herds of livestock and cultivating large crop areas. Navahu comes from the Tewa, meaning area of cultivated lands. By the 1640s, the Spanish began using the term Navajo to refer to the Diné, during the 1670s, the Spanish wrote that the Diné lived in a region known as Dinétah, about 60 miles west of the Rio Chama valley region. In the 1780s, the Spanish sent military expeditions against the Navajos in the Mount Taylor, the Navajos came into contact with the United States Army in 1846, when General Stephen W. Kearny invaded Santa Fe with 1,600 men during the Mexican–American War. The treaty was not honored by many young Navajo raiders, who continued to steal livestock from New Mexican villages, New Mexicans, on their part, together with Utes, continued to raid Navajo country, stealing livestock and taking women and children for sale as slaves. In 1849, the governor of New Mexico, Colonel John MacRae Washington—accompanied by John S. The treaty acknowledged the jurisdiction of the United States and allowed forts, the United States, on its part, promised such donations such other liberal and humane measures, as may deem meet and proper. While en route to this treaty signing, Narbona, a prominent Navajo peace leader, was killed, during the next 10 years, the U. S. established forts on traditional Navajo territory
37.
Institute of American Indian Arts
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The Institute of American Indian Arts is a college focused on Native American art, located in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Many IAIA graduates transition into full-time careers as self-supporting artists, while others continue their education at universities and art schools nationwide. IAIA operates the Museum of Contemporary Native Arts, which is housed in the historic Santa Fe Federal Building, the museum houses the 7, 000+ piece National Collection of Contemporary Indian Art. The Institute of American Indian Arts was co-founded by Lloyd Kiva New and it was funded by United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, in 1962. The intertribal art school was created upon the recommendation of the BIA Department of Education, IAIA began operations on the campus of the SFIS in October 1962. In 2013, a low residency MFA Program in Creative Writing was approved and implemented. IAIA operates the Museum of Contemporary Native Arts, which is housed in the historic Santa Fe Federal Building, the museum, which showcases work by Native artists, features the Allan Houser Sculpture Garden. The museum houses the 7, 000+ piece National Collection of Contemporary Indian Art, IAIA was created in response to the higher education needs of American Indians. IAIA generally serves geographically isolated populations that have no other means accessing education beyond the school level
38.
Heard Museum
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The Heard Museum of Native Cultures and Art is private, not for profit museum located in Phoenix, Arizona, United States, dedicated to the sensitive and accurate portrayal of Native arts and cultures. The Heard Museum is not a museum, it is a living museum featuring both artifacts and contemporary art of Native cultures. The main Phoenix location of the Heard Museum has been designated as a Phoenix Point of Pride, the museum formerly operated the Heard Museum West branch in Surprise which was closed in 2009. The museum also formerly operated the Heard Museum North Scottsdale branch in Scottsdale, Arizona, the Heard Museum was founded in 1929 by Dwight B. and Maie Bartlett Heard to house their personal collection of art. Much of the material in the Heards collection came from La Ciudad Indian ruin. Portions of the museum were designed by architect, Bennie Gonzales, the current collection of the Heard Museum consists of over 40,000 items including a library and archives with over 34,000 volumes. The museum has over 130,000 square feet of gallery, classroom, haunting photographs, old uniforms, oral interviews and memorabilia offer a powerful look at this chapter in history. The Heard Museum now attracts about 250,000 visitors a year, the Heard is an affiliate in the Smithsonian Affiliations program. The director of the museum from January 2010 through July 2012 was Dr. Letitia Chambers, from August 5,2013 to February 27,2015, the museum was led by James Pepper Henry, a member of the Kaw Nation of Oklahoma and the Muscogee Creek Nation. The museum is now led by David M. Roche, who began his tenure January,2016, the museum is a member of the North American Reciprocal Museums program. The Heard also hosts the annual World Championship Hoop Dance Contest, the Annual Heard Museum Guild Indian Fair and Market, a juried art fair and festival, has been held yearly since 1958. The judges of this come from a diverse range of occupations including experienced artists, museum curators, gallery directors. All have in-depth experience in judging artwork, and the majority of these come from American Indian tribes. Awards and cash prizes are given for Best of Show, Best of Division, the judges also confer a Judges Choice ribbon and an Honorable Mention ribbon. List of historic properties in Phoenix, Arizona Media related to Heard Museum at Wikimedia Commons Heard Museum
39.
Phoenix, Arizona
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Phoenix is the capital and most populous city of the U. S. state of Arizona. Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, the metropolitan area is the 12th largest by population in the United States, with approximately 4.3 million people as of 2010. Settled in 1867 as a community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers. Located in the reaches of the Sonoran Desert, Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate. Despite this, its canal system led to a farming community, many of the original crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades, such as alfalfa, cotton, citrus. The city averaged a four percent annual growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s. This growth rate slowed during the Great Recession of 2007–09, and has rebounded slowly, Phoenix is the cultural center of the Valley of the Sun, as well as the entire state. For more than 2,000 years, the Hohokam people occupied the land that would become Phoenix, the Hohokam created roughly 135 miles of irrigation canals, making the desert land arable. Paths of these canals would later used for the modern Arizona Canal, Central Arizona Project Canal. The Hohokam also carried out trade with the nearby Anasazi, Mogollon and Sinagua. It is believed that between 1300 and 1450, periods of drought and severe floods led to the Hohokam civilizations abandonment of the area. After the departure of the Hohokam, groups of Akimel Oodham, Tohono Oodham and Maricopa tribes began to use the area, as well as segments of the Yavapai and Apache. The Oodham were offshoots of the Sobaipuri tribe, who in turn were thought to be the descendants of the formerly urbanized Hohokam and their crops included corn, beans, and squash for food, while cotton and tobacco were also cultivated. Mostly a peaceful group, they did together with the Maricopa for their mutual protection against incursions by both the Yuma and Apache tribes. The Tohono Oodham lived in the region as well, but their concentration was to the south. Living in small settlements, the Oodham were seasonal farmers who took advantage of the rains and they also hunted local game such as deer, rabbit, and javalina for meat. When the Mexican–American War ended in 1848, Mexico ceded its northern zone to the United States, the Phoenix area became part of the New Mexico Territory. In 1863 the mining town of Wickenburg was the first to be established in what is now Maricopa County, at the time Maricopa County had not yet been incorporated, the land was within Yavapai County, which included the major town of Prescott to the north of Wickenburg
40.
Philbrook Museum of Art
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The Philbrook Museum of Art is an art museum in the historic home of Waite and Genevieve Phillips with expansive formal gardens located in Tulsa, Oklahoma featuring two locations. The main site is located in part in a former 1920s villa, in 1940, studio art classes were initiated and a touring program for school children the following year that resulted in the addition of a Childrens Museum in 1949. A new museum wing was built in 1969 in response to a demand for studio art classes. The art museum underwent difficult financial times in the 1980s and a renaissance in the 1990s, the name changed from the Philbrook Art Center to The Philbrook Museum of Art in 1987 when it was first accredited. The Williams Conference Center seats 75 to 80 people and the Patti Johnson Wilson Hall, on June 14,2013, Philbrook opened Philbrook Downtown, a satellite facility in Tulsas Brady Arts District. The upper level of the facility features the Eugene B, Adkins Collection and the Adkins Study Center. The museums permanent collection encompasses European, American, Native American, Modern and Contemporary Art and Design, African, Asian, the collection has grown steadily with gifts of American Indian pottery and basketry from Clark Field beginning in 1942 and the Roberta Campbell Lawson collection in 1947. While the American and European collection received a boost from Laura A, club who donated paintings in 1947, and further donations from the Samuel H. Kress Foundation in 1961 of Italian Renaissance paintings and sculptures. The Asian, African, and antiquities collections were enhanced by generous gifts from George H. Taber, Pete and Velma Gillert and Lawrence, Adkins Collection of Native American painting, pottery and jewelry is shared with the Fred Jones Jr. The original structure of the museum is an Italian Renaissance villa that was the home of Oklahoma oil pioneer Waite Phillips. The exterior of the house is stucco that includes ground white marble in the mixture causeing it to glitter, the corners are quoined with Kasota limestone, quarried in Minnesota, that resemble Italian travertine. This stonework also decorates the doors and windows, in the rear of the house, a loggia showcasing five arches with Corinthian columns, highlights a terrace overlooking the formal gardens. The roof features wide eaves and is covered with oversized Italianate tiles, the interior of the mansion featured 72 rooms decorated with travertine and marble fireplaces and fountains, floors of teak, walnut and oak and ornate ceilings reminiscent of Italian villas. The main rooms of the house were found on the ground floor, the mansion is centered by the entrance hall, framed by a double staircase, that flows directly into the receiving hall. The hall is separated by a slightly raised cross-corridor with a vaulted ceiling painted with Italian Renaissance designs, further defined by twisted Corinthian columns. The main features of the hall are the beams and pierced screenwork that appear to be wood. Also, a two-manual Aeolian pipe organ can be found behind a large tapestry, flanking the entrance and receiving halls and accessed by the cross-corridor are the dining room and library to the left and the living and music rooms to the right. The dining and living rooms feature heavily carved coffered ceilings, the airy music room is highlighted by a wall mural with bobbed-hair flappers in Grecian garb that illustrate four musical tempos, scherzo, andante, rondo and allegro
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Tulsa, Oklahoma
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Tulsa /ˈtʌlsə/ is the second-largest city in the state of Oklahoma and 47th-most populous city in the United States. As of July 2015, the population was 403,505 and it is the principal municipality of the Tulsa Metropolitan Area, a region with 981,005 residents in the MSA and 1,151,172 in the CSA. The city serves as the county seat of Tulsa County, the most densely populated county in Oklahoma, with urban development extending into Osage, Rogers, Tulsa was settled between 1828 and 1836 by the Lochapoka Band of Creek Native American tribe. For most of the 20th century, the city held the nickname Oil Capital of the World, once heavily dependent on the oil industry, Tulsa experienced economic downturn. Subsequent diversification efforts created a base in the energy, finance, aviation, telecommunications. The Tulsa Port of Catoosa, at the head of the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, is the most inland port in the U. S. with access to international waterways. Two institutions of education within the city have sports teams at the NCAA Division I level, Oral Roberts University. It is situated on the Arkansas River at the foothills of the Ozark Mountains in northeast Oklahoma, the city has been called one of Americas most livable large cities by Partners for Livable Communities, Forbes, and Relocate America. FDi Magazine in 2009 ranked the city no.8 in the U. S. for cities of the future, in 2012, Tulsa was ranked among the top 50 best cities in the United States by BusinessWeek. People from Tulsa are called Tulsans, the area where Tulsa now exists was considered Indian Territory when it was first formally settled by the Lochapoka and Creek tribes in 1836. They established a settlement under the Creek Council Oak Tree at the present day intersection of Cheyenne Avenue. This area and this tree reminded Chief Tukabahchi and his group of trail of tear survivors of the bend in the river and their previous Creek Council Oak Tree back in the Talisi. They named their new settlement Tallasi, meaning old town in the Creek language, the area around Tulsa was also settled by members of the other so-called Five Civilized Tribes who had relocated to Oklahoma from the Southern United States. Most of modern Tulsa is located in the Creek Nation, with parts located in the Cherokee Nation, although Oklahoma was not yet a state during the Civil War, the Tulsa area did see its share of fighting. The Battle of Chusto-Talasah took place on the side of Tulsa. After the War, the tribes signed Reconstruction treaties with the government that in some cases required substantial land concessions. On January 18,1898, Tulsa was officially incorporated and elected its first mayor, Tulsa was a small town near the banks of the Arkansas River in 1901 when its first oil well, named Sue Bland No. Much of the oil was discovered on land whose mineral rights were owned by members of the Osage Nation under a system of headrights
42.
Stewart Udall
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Stewart Lee Udall was an American politician and later, a federal government official. After serving three terms as a congressman from Arizona, he served as Secretary of the Interior from 1961 to 1969, under presidents John F. Kennedy, born January 31,1920, in Saint Johns, Arizona, to Louisa Lee Udall and Levi Stewart Udall. He had five siblings, Inez, Elma, Morris, Eloise, as a young boy Stewart worked on the family farm in St. Johns. Stewart was remembered by his mother as a child with tremendous energy, Stewart Udall attended the University of Arizona for two years until World War II. He returned to the University of Arizona in 1946, where he attended law school, in 1947, Udall, along with his brother Mo, helped integrate the University of Arizona cafeteria. Mo and Stewart were respected student athletes and Mo was student body president, on their way to lunch at the Student Union one day, they saw a group of black students eating lunch outside the building. Black students were allowed to buy food in the cafeteria, but had to eat outside, when Mo and Stewart invited Morgan Maxwell Jr. a black freshman, to share their table in the cafeteria, it helped to calm some long-simmering racial issues surrounding segregation at the university. Udall received his law degree and was admitted to the Arizona bar in 1948 and he began his law practice in Tucson shortly thereafter. Udall became increasingly active in service, being elected to the School Board of Amphitheater Public Schools in Tucson in June 1951. As a school board member, he participated in desegregating the Amphitheater School District before the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education, Udall was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives from Arizonas Second District in 1954. He served with distinction in the House for three terms on the Interior and Education and Labor committees, Udall served as Secretary of the Interior from 1961 to 1969 under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Under his leadership, the Interior Department aggressively promoted an expansion of public lands. Marshall integrated the team in 1962, during Udalls tenure as Secretary of the Interior, in September 1962, he was summoned unexpectedly into a meeting with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev while on a tour of the Soviet Union. It was during this meeting that Khrushchev famously hinted at his secret deployment of nuclear missiles to Cuba by telling Udall, now we can swat your ass. This was a prelude to the Cuban Missile Crisis, upon Udalls recommendation President Kennedy asked former U. S. Poet Laureate Robert Frost to read a poem at his inauguration. A pioneer of the movement, Udall warned of a conservation crisis in the 1960s with his best-selling book on environmental attitudes in the United States. In the book, he wrote about the dangers of pollution, overuse of natural resources, along with Rachel Carsons Silent Spring, The Quiet Crisis is credited with creating a consciousness in the country that led to the environmental movement
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New Mexico State Capitol
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The New Mexico State Capitol, located in Santa Fe, New Mexico, is the house of government of the U. S. state of New Mexico. It is the only state capitol in the United States. The building was designed to resemble the Zia Sun Symbol when viewed from above, architecturally, the Capitol is a blend of New Mexico Territorial Revival style and neoclassical influences. Above each entrance is a carving of the State Seal of New Mexico. The building has four levels, one of which is below ground, dedicated on December 8,1966, the building was designed by W. C. Kruger and constructed by Robert E. McKee and its extensive marble-work was installed by the New Mexico Marble and Tile Company. The capitol contains 232,346 square feet and was built for the cost of $4,676,860, the capitol houses the New Mexico State Legislature. The first floor contains the semicircular House and Senate chambers, which are not accessible to the public, the second story, which is the ground floor, includes galleries where visitors can view the House and Senate chambers. The House gallery seats 281 people and is located on the side of the building. The Senate gallery, which seats 206 people, is on the side of the building. The Rotunda in the center of the building is 49 feet in diameter and 60 feet high, spanning the second, third, the Rotunda is finished with Travertine marble native to New Mexico and inlaid with a turquoise and brass mosaic of the Great Seal of New Mexico. The ceiling skylight is designed to resemble an Indian basket weave, with blue and pale pink stained glass representing the sky, the flags of New Mexico’s 33 counties are on permanent display on the fourth floor balcony. Surrounding the capitol is a lush 6. 5-acre garden boasting more than 100 varieties of plants, including roses, plums, almonds, nectarines, Russian olive trees, statues of native Pueblo peoples carrying pottery and hunting dot the property. A renovation in 1992 included expansion of the rooms, asbestos abatement, mechanical and electrical improvements. The building was rededicated on December 4,1992, the Legislature created the Capitol Art Foundation in 1991, which has since become one of the buildings most endearing features. The Foundation was created to assist in the acquisition of art for permanent, the Collection features contemporary masterworks by artists who live and work in New Mexico. The Capitol Art collection is housed throughout the areas of the building on all four floors. The Collection consists of a range of media, styles and traditions
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Peter A. Allard School of Law
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The Peter A. Allard School of Law is the law school of the University of British Columbia. It offers a three-year Juris Doctor program and the degrees of Master of Laws, Master of Laws Common Law. Among other things, the faculty has courses emphasizing Pacific Rim issues, business law, tax law, environmental and natural law, indigenous law. It was renamed from the University of British Columbia Faculty of Law in 2015 to honor a $30M gift from Peter Allard, an alumnus, which followed a 2011 gift from him of about $12M. UBC offered lectures in law from 1920, but the faculty of law was established in 1945. Because it lacked adequate infrastructure, the law school used army huts from World War II until a permanent structure was built in 1951 and it was replaced by Allard Hall in 2009. The school was ranked 3rd in Canada and 31st in the world in the 2016 QS World University Rankings of law schools and it was fifth among Canadian law schools in Macleans 2013 rankings. The school is located at the University of British Columbias campus near Vancouver, in 2011 it moved out of its former building, a brutalist-style building with malfunctioning heating and cooling and into a new building that had recently been completed. The building cost around $56M, the university used $21M of its own funds, the Allard Prize was established in 2012 and was initially funded by part of the 2011 gift from Allard and further funded by a subsequent $30M donation by Allard in 2015. It is one of the worlds largest prizes dedicated to the fight against corruption, one Honourable Mention recipient was nominated posthumously after being tortured and dying in a Russian prison. UBC Law Review The University of British Columbia Law Review is the official law review and is published by the UBC Law Review Society. It was first published in 1949 as a collection of essays entitled the UBC Legal Notes. In 1959, it became the UBC Law Review. It was incorporated as a society in 1966. The UBC Law Review is a top ranking scholarly publication in Canada and globally, alongside the University of Toronto Law Journal, the TSL is published by students at the school. Annual Review of Insolvency Law The only Canadian peer-reviewed journal dedicated to insolvency and bankruptcy law and this annual publication offers articles by scholars and practitioners on personal and commercial insolvency law. Canadian Journal of Family Law First published in 1978, the Canadian Journal of Family Law is Canadas first family law journal, the journal is a biannual interdisciplinary journal that publishes both English and French academic articles on a broad range of issues related to family law. The journal is reviewed by an advisory board consisting of legal professionals
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PBS
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The Public Broadcasting Service is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor. PBS is funded by member dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, government agencies, corporations, foundations. All proposed funding is subjected to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source, since the mid-2000s, Roper polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States. This arbitrary distinction is a frequent source of viewer confusion and it also operates National Datacast, a subsidiary which offers datacasting services via member stations, and provides additional revenue for PBS and its member stations. In 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations, each station is charged with the responsibility of programming local content for their individual market or state that supplements content provided by PBS and other public television distributors. By contrast, PBS member stations pay fees for the acquired and distributed by the national organization. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts, scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, however, PBS has a policy of common carriage, which requires most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common programming schedule to market them nationally more effectively. Management at former Los Angeles member KCET cited unresolvable financial and programming disputes among its reasons for leaving PBS after over 40 years in January 2011. Most PBS stations timeshift some distributed programs, once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than the originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers retain the right to sell the program in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, in 1991, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting resumed production for most PBS shows that debuted prior to 1977, with the exceptions of Washington Week in Review and Wall Street Week. In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the results of the largest study on the popularity and credibility of charitable, the strategy began that fall, with the intent to expand the in-program breaks to the remainder of the schedule if successful. In 2011, PBS released apps for iOS and Android to allow viewing of videos on mobile devices. An update in 2015 added Chromecast support, PBS initially struggled to compete with online media such as YouTube for market share. In a 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, in the speech, later described as a “seminal moment” for public television, he laid out his vision for a new style of PBS digital video production. Station leadership rallied around his vision and Seiken formed PBS Digital Studios, which began producing educational but edgy videos, something Seiken called “PBS-quality with a YouTube sensibility. ”The studio’s first hit, in 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around a genre-based schedule. PBS broadcasts childrens programming as part of the morning and afternoon schedule. Unlike its radio counterpart, National Public Radio, PBS does not have a program production arm or news division
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R. C. Gorman
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Rudolph Carl Gorman was a Native American artist of the Navajo Nation. He was also a lover of cuisine, authoring four cookbooks, called Nudes. Rudolph Carl Gorman was born in Chinle, Arizona and his mother was Adele Katherine Brown, and his father Carl Nelson Gorman was a noted Navajo painter and teacher, who later became a Navajo code talker during World War II. Gorman grew up in a traditional Navajo hogan and began drawing at age 3 and his grandmother helped raise him, recounting Navajo legends and enumerating his genealogy of artist ancestors. She kindled his desire to become an artist and he credited a teacher, Jenny Lind at Ganado Presbyterian Mission School, for his inspiration to become a full-time artist. After he left school, he served in the United States Navy before entering college. In 1958, he received the first scholarship from the Navajo Tribal Council to study outside of the United States, there he learned of and was influenced by the work of Diego Rivera. He later studied art at San Francisco State University, where he worked as a model. Gorman moved from California to New Mexico, opening the R. C. Gorman Navajo Gallery in Taos in 1968 and it was the first Native American-owned art gallery in Taos. In 1973, he was the only living artist whose work was shown in the “Masterworks of the American Indian show held at Metropolitan Museum in New York City, one of his pieces was selected for the cover of the exhibits catalog. Gormans work was explored in a series on American Indian artists for the Public Broadcasting System, other artists in the series included Helen Hardin, Charles Loloma, Allan Houser, Joseph Lonewolf, and Fritz Scholder. In 1998, he donated art for Tom Udalls campaign for election to the U. S. House of Representatives, on September 18,2005, Gorman fell at his home and was taken to Holy Cross Hospital in Taos. On September 26, he was transferred to University Hospital and he died at age 74 on November 3. New Mexico governor Bill Richardson ordered flags flown at half-staff in his honor, Gorman learned about the work of the Mexican social realists, Diego Rivera, David Siqueiros, and Rufino Tamayo. He became inspired by their colors and forms to change from abstraction to abstract realism and he used abstract forms and shapes to create his own unique, personal realistic style, recognizable to all who are acquainted with his work. While in Mexico, he learned stone lithography from a master printer. He used lithography throughout his life as a means of making original multiple images of his inspirations, often working by drawing directly on the stones from which the lithographs were printed. Honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts, College of Ganado, Ganado, Arizona R. C. Gorman Day, State of New Mexico Doctorate of Humane Letters, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, New Mexico R. C
47.
Helen Hardin
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Helen Hardin was an American painter. Her parents were Santa Clara Pueblo artist, Pablita Velarde and a Caucasian former police officer and Chief of Public Safety, Herbert Hardin. She started making and selling paintings, participated in University of Arizonas Southwest Indian Art Project and was featured in Seventeen magazine, creating art was a means of spiritual expression that developed from her Roman Catholic upbringing and Native American heritage. She created contemporary works of art with geometric patterns based upon Native American symbols and motifs, like corn, kachinas, in 1976 she was featured in the PBS American Indian artists series. She was named Tsa-Sah-Wee-Eh and a ceremony at the Santa Clara Pueblo about a month after she was born. Hardin was raised by her mother and her family at the Santa Clara Pueblo and she went to school. She saw herself as Anglo socially and Indian in art, at six years of age Hardin won first prize for a drawing. Her works were sold when she was nine with her mothers at Gallup ceremonial events, although she was influenced by her mothers techniques and works, Hardin wanted to create her own style. Her relationship with her mother became difficult as Hardin became more artistic. She studied drafting at Albuquerques St. Pius X High School, in the summer of 1960 Hardin attended the University of Arizonas Southwest Indian Art Project, funded by the Rockefeller Foundation. Also while in school she was featured in Seventeen magazine. In 1961 and 1962 she attended the University of New Mexico and her mother also said she didnt like her paintings. Hardins relationship with her high school boyfriend, Pat Terrazas, continued after graduation and they had a daughter, Margarete Bagshaw, in 1964. She said of that time, I awoke to the fact that I was twenty-four years old, I was locked into an unhappy, I didnt know who I was or what I was. In search of freedom, I took Margarete. and left the country. In 1973 she married Cradoc Bagshaw and her relationship with her mother improved in the 1980s, and Velarde began to be supportive of her work. Hardin was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1981 and died in New Mexico in 1984 and she was a studio artist, who from the 1960s to mid 1970s lectured and exhibited paintings at Albuquerques Enchanted Mesa Gallery. Hardins early artistic works were characterized as traditionally realistic and she signed them with her Tewa name and she was influenced by her spirituality and the protective, supportive angels in her life
