1.
Allegany (town), New York
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Allegany is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 8,004 at the 2010 census, the Town of Allegany is on the south border of the county, west of the City of Olean. There is a village named Allegany inside this town, the origin of the name Allegany is uncertain. It may have come from the name of a tribe called Allegewi that lived along the Allegheny River’s banks and it may also be based on an old Native American word meaning ‘lovely’ or ‘beautiful. ’ The town was first settled around 1820 by Ebenezer Reed who moved from Connecticut. The Town of Allegany was formed on April 18,1831 as the Town of Burton from a part of the town of Great Valley, on March 28,1851, the name was changed to Allegany. In 1836, part of Allegany was used to form the Town of Humphrey, a new community to be called Allegany City was proposed in 1837 to be built south of the Village of Allegany, but the plan was halted after a planned railroad changed its route. The Allegheny River flows through the town, the Southern Tier Expressway passes across the town. New York State Route 417 parallels the Expressway, and New York State Route 16 passes through the southeast corner of the town, the south town line is the border of McKean County, Pennsylvania. Allegany is bordered to the south by the townships of Foster and Otto in McKean County, the Towns of Hinsdale and Olean form the east boundary. Allegany shares its boundary with the Town of Humphrey and its west boundary with the Towns of Great Valley. As of the census of 2000, there were 8,230 people,2,599 households, the population density was 115.6 people per square mile. There were 2,862 housing units at a density of 40.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 40% White,0. 79% Black or African American,0. 33% Native American,1. 32% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 26% from other races, and 0. 87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 94% of the population,25. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the family size was 3.01. In the town, the population was out with 19. 6% under the age of 18,26. 6% from 18 to 24,19. 4% from 25 to 44,21. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 30 years, for every 100 females there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.8 males, the median income for a household in the town was $38,818, and the median income for a family was $45,972
2.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
5.
Belmont, New York
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Belmont is a village within the town of Amity in Allegany County, New York, United States. Belmont is the county seat of Allegany County, the population was 969 at the 2010 census. The village is located in Amity and is northeast of Olean. The village of Belmont was incorporated in 1871 as Philipsville, named after early settler Philip Church, the settlement was originally called Philipsburg. When the village assumed the community of Miltonville on the east bank of the Genesee River, the village became the county seat in 1859, replacing the village of Angelica. George W. Bush made an important and historical visit on September 11th,2001. It was the first and only time where a United States president visited Belmont, the following are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Belmont Grange No. 1243, Belmont Literary and Historical Society Free Library, and the Belmont Hotel, Belmont is located at 42°14′N 78°2′W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 1.0 square mile. The village is split by the Genesee River and is at the junctions of NY Route 19, NY Route 244, Belmont is on the mainline of the Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad. As of the census of 2000, there were 952 people,392 households, the population density was 952.9 people per square mile. There were 449 housing units at a density of 449.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 96. 11% White,0. 95% Black or African American,0. 11% Native American,0. 11% Asian,0. 21% from other races,1. 05% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 33. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 18. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.98. In the village, the population was out with 25. 3% under the age of 18,7. 7% from 18 to 24,28. 5% from 25 to 44,22. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 104.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.1 males, the median income for a household in the village was $29,545, and the median income for a family was $35,625. Males had an income of $28,365 versus $20,781 for females
6.
Wellsville, New York
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Wellsville is a town in rural Allegany County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 7,397, Wellsville is centrally located in the south half of the county,8 miles north of the Pennsylvania border. Wellsville is also the name of the village within this town. The village and the town have two separate, paid governments, Alfred State College maintains a branch campus in the town, with the main campus in Alfred 7 miles east. The development of the Erie Railroad in 1851 helped grow the town, in 2006, the residents of the Village of Wellsville defeated a referendum that would have dissolved the village and returned the community to the town. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 36.7 square miles, of which 36.6 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles. The Genesee River flows northward through the town, New York State Route 417 intersects New York State Route 19 at Wellsville village, and NY19 intersects New York State Route 248 by the south town line in Stannards. As of the census of 2000, there were 7,678 people,3,192 households, the population density was 209.4 people per square mile. There were 3,606 housing units at a density of 98.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 65% White,0. 53% Black or African American,0. 26% Native American,1. 24% Asian,0. 00% Pacific Islander,0. 21% from other races, and 1. 11% from two or more races. 0. 72% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,33. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the family size was 2.92. In the town, the population was out with 22. 9% under the age of 18,7. 5% from 18 to 24,25. 2% from 25 to 44,23. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 90.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.5 males, the median income for a household in the town was $30,098, and the median income for a family was $39,705. Males had an income of $36,302 versus $23,387 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,744,16. 0% of the population and 10. 6% of families were below the poverty line. 17. 9% of those under the age of 18 and 9. 2% of those 65, the rally was started by Ray Stevens in 1975
7.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
8.
New York's 23rd congressional district
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The 23rd Congressional District of New York is represented by Republican Tom Reed of Corning. The district extends along New Yorks border with Pennsylvania from the shores of Lake Erie in Chautauqua County to the suburbs of Binghamton in Tioga County and it includes three of the eleven Finger Lakes, Keuka Lake, Seneca Lake and Cayuga Lake. The district comprises eleven counties, Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Chemung, Schuyler, Seneca, Steuben, Tompkins and Yates county along with parts of Ontario, the largest cities in the predominantly rural district are Jamestown, Elmira, and Ithaca. Its largest individual employers are Corning Incorporated in Corning and Cornell University in Ithaca, congressman Tom Reed won reelection against Nate Shinagawa in 2012, after being redistricted into the 23rd District from the 29th District. Reed was challenged by Democrat John Plumb of Jamestown in the 2016 election, from 1833 to 1843, two seats were apportioned, elected on a general ticket. In New York, there are numerous parties at various points on the political spectrum. Certain parties often endorse either the Republican or Democratic candidate for office, hence the state electoral results contain both the party votes, and the final candidate votes. Scozzafava dropped out of the race just prior to the election, the results were not certified by the New York State Board of Elections until December 15,2009. List of United States congressional districts New Yorks congressional districts United States congressional delegations from New York Martis, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
9.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
10.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
11.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
12.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
13.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
14.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
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2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
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Lenape
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The Leni Lenape or Lenape, or the Delaware people in older references, are a Native American tribe and, in Canada, a recognized First Nations band government. Subsequently, the Lenape became subjugated and made tributary to first the Susquehannocks, then the Iroquois, iroquoian peoples occasionally fought the Lenape. As the 1700s progressed, many surviving Lenape moved west —into the upper Ohio River basin, during the decades of the 18th century most Lenape were pushed out of their homeland by expanding European colonies, exacerbated by losses from intertribal conflicts. The divisions and troubles of the American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them farther west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. Lenape kinship system has matrilineal clans, that is, children belong to their mothers clan, from which they gain social status, the mothers eldest brother was more significant as a mentor to the male children than was their father, who was generally of another clan. Hereditary leadership passed through the line, and women elders could remove leaders of whom they disapproved. Agricultural land was managed by women and allotted according to the needs of their extended families. Families were matrilocal, newlywed couples would live with the brides family, lenni-Lenape comes from their autonym, Lenni, which may mean genuine, pure, real, original, and Lenape, meaning Indian or man. Alternately, lënu may be translated as man, the tribes other name, Delaware, is not of Native American origin. English colonists named the Delaware River for the first governor of the Province of Virginia, Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, the English then began to call the Lenape the Delaware Indians because of where they lived. Swedes also settled in the area, and early Swedish sources listed the Lenape as the Renappi, traditional Lenape lands, the Lenapehoking, was a large territory that encompassed the Delaware Valley of eastern Pennsylvania. The Swedes and Dutch at New Castle, a Lenâpé-English Dictionary, From An Anonymous In The Archives Of The Moravian Church At Bethlehem. David Zeisbergers History of Northern American Indians, grammar of the Language of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians. The Diary of David Zeisberger, A Moravian Missionary Among the Ohio Indians, the Diary of David Zeisberger, A Moravian Missionary Among the Ohio Indians, Volume 2. Zeisberger’s Indian Dictionary, English, German, Iroquois—The Onondaga and Algonquin—The Delaware, “The Delaware that Zeisberger translated was Munsee, and not Unami. Adams, Richard Calmit, The Delaware Indians, a history, Hope Farm Press Bierhorst. The White Deer and Other Stories Told by the Lenape, ISBN 0-688-12900-5 Brown, James W. and Rita T. Kohn, eds
17.
Trail
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A trail is usually a path, track or unpaved lane or road, though the term is also applied, in North America, to routes along rivers, and sometimes to highways. In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland path or footpath is the term for a walking trail. There are also unpaved trails used by dirt bikes and other off-road vehicles, in some places, like the Alps, trails are used for moving cattle and other livestock. In the US, the term was used for a route into or through wild territory used by emigrants. In Australia, the track can be used interchangeably with trail. Walkway is used similarly in St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada, in the United Kingdom, the term trail is in common usage. Longer distance walking routes, and government-promoted long distance paths, collectively known as National Trails, are frequently called ways, as in the Pennine Way. Generally the term footpath is preferred for pedestrian routes, including long distance trails, track is used for wider paths, often used for hiking. The terms bridleway, byway, restricted byway are all recognised legal terms, the increased popularity of mountain biking has led to a proliferation of mountain bike trails in many countries. Often these will be grouped to form complexes, known as trail centers. A particularly unusual use of the term is in the Canadian province of Alberta, Shared use may be achieved by sharing a trail easement, but within it maintaining segregated and sometimes also separated trail treads. This is common in rail trails, Shared use may also refer to alternate day arrangements, whereby two uses are segregated by being permitted on alternate days. The Trans Canada Trail can be used by hikers, walkers, cyclists, horseback riders, the network makes use of towpaths on river banks and disused railway or vicinal tramway lines. Old railway lines have been leased by the Walloon Government for 99 years using emphyteutic lease contracts, where necessary, new paths are created to link parts of the network. Thus the right to cycle exists even though it may be difficult to exercise on occasion, Cyclists using a bridleway are obliged to give way to other users on foot or horseback. The seawall in Stanley Park, Vancouver, Canada is popular for walking, running, cycling, there are two paths, one for skaters and cyclists and the other for pedestrians. The lane for cyclists and skaters goes one-way in a counterclockwise loop, foreshoreway is a term used in Australia for a type of greenway that provides a public right-of-way along the edge of the sea open to both walkers and cyclists. A forest road is a type of access road, built mainly for the forest industry
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Allegheny River
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The Allegheny River /ælᵻˈɡeɪni/ is a principal tributary of the Ohio River, it is located in the Eastern United States. The Allegheny River joins with the Monongahela River to form the Ohio River at the Point of Point State Park in Downtown Pittsburgh, the Allegheny River is, by volume, the main headstream of the Ohio River. The river is approximately 325 miles long, running through the U. S. states of New York and it drains a rural dissected plateau of 11,580 square miles in the northern Allegheny Plateau, providing the northeastern most drainage in the watershed of the Mississippi River. Its tributaries reach to within 8 miles of Lake Erie in southwestern New York, the Allegheny Valley has been one of the most productive areas of fossil fuel extraction in U. S. history, with its extensive deposits of coal, petroleum, and natural gas. The name Allegheny probably comes from Lenape welhik hane or oolikhanna, there is a Lenape legend of a tribe called Allegewi who used to live along the river. The river itself, however, is called Alligewi Sipo, the whites have made Alleghene out of this, the Six Nations calling the river the Ohio. The Geographic Names Information System lists O-hee-yo and O-hi-o as variant names, the river is called Ohi, i, o in the Seneca language. In New York, areas around the river are named with the alternate spelling Allegany in reference to the river, for example. Port Allegany, located along the river in Pennsylvania near the border with New York, the Allegheny River rises in north central Pennsylvania, on Cobb Hill in central Potter County, approximately 10 miles south of the New York border. South of Franklin it turns southeast across Clarion County in a course, then turns again southwest across Armstrong County, flowing past Kittanning, Ford City, Clinton. The river enters both Allegheny and Westmoreland counties, the Pittsburgh suburbs, and the City of Pittsburgh from the northeast, the Allegheny joins with the Monongahela River at the Point in Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to form the Ohio River. Water from the Allegheny River eventually flows into the Gulf of Mexico via the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. In its upper reaches, the Allegheny River is joined from the south by Potato Creek 1.7 miles downstream of Coryville, Pennsylvania and from the north by Olean Creek at Olean, many additional streams enter or join with the Allegheny River along its course. The Allegheny River has eight locks and dams, which form corresponding pools, the Seneca Pumped Storage Generating Station is associated with Kinzua Dam. Numerous bridges and tunnels span the river throughout its course, the Allegheny River Tunnel, utilized by Pittsburgh Light Rail, went into service in 2012. In the 16th century, control of the river valley passed back-and-forth between Algonquian-speaking Shawnee and the Iroquois, the conflict over the expansion of British settlement into the Allegheny Valley and the surrounding Ohio Country was a primary cause of the French and Indian War in the 1750s. During the war, the village of Kittanning – the principal Shawnee settlement on the river – was completely destroyed by British reprisal raids from Central Pennsylvania. Nevertheless, the British, after gaining control of the area in the 1763 Treaty of Paris, kept the area closed to settlement, in part to repair
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Genesee River
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The Genesee River is a tributary of Lake Ontario flowing northward through the Twin Tiers of Pennsylvania and New York in the United States. The river provided the power for the Rochester areas 19th century mills. It begins in exposing the Allegheny Plateaus characteristic conglomerates, sandstones and shales in the columns of the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian subperiods. With cuttings in the record showing so many early ages. The most recent glacier that left evidence here was about 100,000 years ago, about 12,000 years ago, the area underwent massive changes, which included the rerouting of the Genesee and other water bodies. Nowadays only a creek flows in what is left of this large paleogeologic valley. The area of the river was also affected. Since the earth rebounded from the melting glaciers more rapidly in Canada than in New York, during this time, the original outlet of the Genesee River, Irondequoit Bay, was flooded out, creating the current bay. As these waters later retreated, glacial debris caused the river to be rerouted to the west along its current path, the Seneca nation traditionally lived between the Genesee River and Canandaigua Lake. The region was surveyed by Thomas Davies in 1766, the High Falls was then also known as the Great Seneca Falls, and the Genesee river was also spelled Zinochsaa by early writers. If not for hydropower, the mills, clothing mills, and tool fabricators would not have located in Rochester. A few hundred feet north of the center of the village of Rochester, the Erie Canal crossed the Genesee River via an 1823 stone aqueduct, from 1801 to 1846 the entire region was sold to individual owners from the Holland Land office in Batavia, New York. The river demarcates the Genesee Country of New York to the west and the Finger Lakes geographic region, on Friday, November 13,1829, the daredevil Sam Patch jumped to his death before 8,000 spectators at the Upper Falls in Rochester. In 1836 the Genesee Valley Canal was begun to build a new canal from the Erie Canal near Rochester, up the Genesee Valley, construction of new sections extended upriver until 1880. Although an important commercial route, the canal was plagued by frequent flood damage, the most difficult section to build was the bypass around the gorge and falls at present day Letchworth Park. The canal followed the old Native American portage route, which necessitated many locks and these old locks can still be seen near Nunda. The project was abandoned and the right of way was sold in 1880, the property became the roadbed for the Genesee Valley Canal Railroad, which eventually merged with the Pennsylvania Railroad. Much of the canal and railroad right-of-way is open to the today as the Genesee Valley Greenway
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Lake Ontario
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Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. Ontario, Canadas most populous province, was named for the lake, in the Wyandot language, ontarío means “Lake of Shining Waters”. Its primary inlet is the Niagara River from Lake Erie, the last in the Great Lakes chain, Lake Ontario serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River. Lake Ontario is the easternmost of the Great Lakes and the smallest in surface area and it is the 14th largest lake in the world. When its islands are included, the lake has a shoreline that is 712 miles long. As the last lake in the Great Lakes hydrologic chain, Lake Ontario has the lowest mean elevation of the lakes at 243 feet above sea level,326 feet lower than its neighbor upstream. Its maximum length is 193 statute miles and its width is 53 statute miles. The lakes average depth is 47 fathoms 1 foot, with a depth of 133 fathoms 4 feet. The lakes primary source is the Niagara River, draining Lake Erie, the drainage basin covers 24,720 square miles. As with all the Great Lakes, water levels both within the year and among years. These water level fluctuations are a part of lake ecology. The lake also has an important freshwater fishery, although it has negatively affected by factors including over-fishing, water pollution. Baymouth bars built by prevailing winds and currents have created a significant number of lagoons and sheltered harbors, mostly near Prince Edward County, Ontario, perhaps the best-known example is Toronto Bay, chosen as the site of the Upper Canada capital for its strategic harbour. Other prominent examples include Hamilton Harbour, Irondequoit Bay, Presquile Bay, the bars themselves are the sites of long beaches, such as Sandbanks Provincial Park and Sandy Island Beach State Park. These sand bars are associated with large wetlands, which support large numbers of plant and animal species. Presquile, on the shore of Lake Ontario, is particularly significant in this regard. The lake basin was carved out of soft, weak Silurian-age rocks by the Wisconsin ice sheet during the last ice age, the action of the ice occurred along the pre-glacial Ontarian River valley which had approximately the same orientation as todays basin. As the ice sheet retreated toward the north, it still dammed the St. Lawrence valley outlet and this stage is known as Lake Iroquois
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Great Lakes
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Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth, containing 21% of the worlds surface fresh water by volume. The total surface is 94,250 square miles, and the volume is 5,439 cubic miles. Due to their sea-like characteristics the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as inland seas, Lake Superior is the second largest lake in the world by area, and Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country. The southern half of the Great Lakes is bordered by the Great Lakes Megalopolis, the lakes have been a major highway for transportation, migration and trade, and they are home to a large number of aquatic species. Many invasive species have been introduced due to trade, and some threaten the regions biodiversity, though the five lakes reside in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water, within the Great Lakes Basin. The lakes form a chain connecting the interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan, southward to Erie, the lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers, and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands. There are also several smaller lakes, often called inland lakes. The surface area of the five primary lakes combined is roughly equal to the size of the United Kingdom, while the area of the entire basin is about the size of the UK. Lake Michigan is the one of the Great Lakes that is located entirely within the United States. The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of Ontario and the U. S. states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Both Ontario and Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four of the lakes, Ontario does not border Lake Michigan, New York and Wisconsins jurisdictions extend into two lakes, and the remaining states into one of the lakes. This designation, however, is not universal and those living on the shore of Lake Superior often refer to all the other lakes as the lower lakes, because they are farther south. This corresponds to thinking of Lakes Erie and Ontario as down south, vessels sailing north on Lake Michigan are considered upbound even though they are sailing toward its effluent current. The Chicago River and Calumet River systems connect the Great Lakes Basin to the Mississippi River System through man-made alterations, the St. Marys River, including the Soo Locks, connects Lake Superior to Lake Huron. The Straits of Mackinac connect Lake Michigan to Lake Huron, the St. Clair River connects Lake Huron to Lake St. Clair. The Detroit River connects Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie, the Niagara River, including Niagara Falls, connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. The Welland Canal, bypassing the Falls, connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, the Saint Lawrence River connects Lake Ontario to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which connects to the Atlantic Ocean
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Mohawk River
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The Mohawk River is a 149-mile-long river in the U. S. state of New York. It is the largest tributary of the Hudson River, the Mohawk flows into the Hudson in the Capital District, a few miles north of the city of Albany. The river is named for the Mohawk Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy and it is a major waterway in north-central New York. The river and its canal, the Erie Canal, connect the Hudson River and port of New York with the Great Lakes at Buffalo. The lower part of the Mohawk River has five permanent dams, nine movable dams, Schoharie Creek and West Canada Creek are the principal tributaries of the Mohawk River. Both of these tributaries have several significant dams including the Hinckley Dam on the West Canada, the Gilboa Dam, which was completed in 1926 as part of the New York City water supply system, is the subject of an active and aggressive rehabilitation project. The Mohawk Valley allowed easier passage than going over the mountains to the north or south of the valley, as a result, it was strategically important during the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War, and a number of important battles were fought here. The fertile Mohawk Valley also attracted early settlers, in the early nineteenth century water transport was a vital means of transporting both people and goods. A corporation was formed to build the Erie Canal off the Mohawk River to Lake Erie, the canal cut shipping costs to Lake Erie by 95%. It also simplified and reduced the difficulties of westward settler migration, the Mohawk Valley still plays an important role in transportation. Railroads followed the Water Level Route, as did major east-west roads such as Route 5, the Mohawk River Heritage Corridor Commission was created to preserve and promote the natural and historic assets of the Mohawk River. This commission was created by the NY State Legislature in 1997 to improve historic preservation along the river, the Mohawk watershed drains a large section of the Catskill Mountains, the Mohawk Valley proper, and a section of the southern Adirondack Mountains. All three regions have distinct geology, and the underlying rocks become progressively younger to the south. Overall, this part of New York is represented by lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks that overlie the Grenville-aged metamorphic rocks of the Adirondacks. In the watershed, these rocks are only significant in the headwaters of the West Canada Creek, much of the main trunk of the Mohawk River sits in Cambro-Ordovician carbonates and Middle Ordovician sandstones and shales. The southern tributaries are underlain by a sequence of Devonian limestones that are overlain by a thick sequence of sandstones and shale of the Catskill Delta. During the Pleistocene, the watershed was extensively modified by continental glaciation, as a result of glacial scour and deposition, the surficial deposits in much of the watershed are poorly sorted boulder- and clay-rich glacial till. During deglaciation, several glacial lakes left varved clay deposits, in the final stages of deglaciation, approximately 13,350 years ago, the catastrophic draining of Glacial Lake Iroquois, a pro-glacial lake, was through what would become the modern Mohawk Valley
23.
Seneca Nation of Indians
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The Seneca Nation of Indians is a federally recognized Seneca tribe based in western New York. They are one of three federally recognized Seneca entities in the United States, the others being the Tonawanda Band of Seneca, some Seneca also live with other Iroquois peoples on the Six Nations of the Grand River in Ontario. The Seneca Nation has three reservations, two of which are occupied, Cattaraugus Reservation, Allegany Indian Reservation, and the mostly unpopulated Oil Springs Reservation. It has two alternating capitals on the two occupied reservations, Irving at Cattaraugus Reservation, and Jimerson Town near Salamanca on the Allegany Indian Reservation. The government of this tribe was established in 1848 by a Constitutional Convention of Seneca people residing on the Allegany, the Seneca Nation of Indians Constitution established a tri-partite governing structure based on general elections of 16 Councilors, three Executives, and Court justices. These elections are every two years, on the first Tuesday in November, usually concurrent with Election Day in the rest of the United States. The leadership rotates between the two reservations each election, and no officer can serve consecutive terms because of this, there are no other term limits, and elected officers can serve numerous nonconsecutive terms. The Council has established rules for membership or citizenship within the nation, in the 21st century, the Seneca Nation of Indians in New York has a total enrolled population of nearly 8,000 citizens. Its territories are generally rural, with residential areas. Many Seneca citizens live off-territory, and some are located across the country, off-territory residents, who often work in the urban areas that provide more jobs, comprise nearly 1/2 of the enrolled citizens. These off-territory members are eligible to vote and are often bussed in during elections, the Seneca Nations republican form of government stands in contrast to that of the federally recognized Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians. That tribe has retained the native government of hereditary chiefs chosen by clan mothers from the maternal lines responsible for such leadership. Such hereditary leaders were deposed in the 1848 convention of the Seneca Nation of New York and they and followers split off and organized the Tonawanda Band, later gaining federal recognition. Since the late 20th century, the Seneca government is reported to be primarily under one-party rule, in 2011, the Seneca Party was reported by The Buffalo News as having bribed people for votes and bussed voters in from out of state during elections. The party also controls human resources management in the various enterprises, allowing them to hire people for patronage jobs. Opposing political parties have accused the party of electoral malfeasance through violating the secret ballot, there have been numerous factions and disputes within the Seneca Party, tensions increased during the presidency of attorney Robert Odawi Porter in 2011-2012. Supporters of Porter were at odds with supporters of the John family, in the years following Porters lone term, these disputes have mostly been settled. In November 2011, the John family led a vote to depose Porter by stripping him of most of his powers and he is the cousin of Maurice Moe John, who served as Seneca president from 2006 to 2008, and ran unsuccessfully for Seneca President against Porter in 2010
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Seneca people
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The Seneca are a group of indigenous Iroquoian-speaking people native to North America who historically lived south of Lake Ontario. They were the nation located farthest to the west within the Six Nations or Iroquois League in New York before the American Revolution, in the 21st century, more than 10,000 Seneca live in the United States, which has three federally recognized Seneca tribes. Two are in New York, the Seneca Nation of New York, the Seneca-Cayuga Nation is located in Oklahoma, where their ancestors were relocated from Ohio during Indian Removal. Approximately 1,000 Seneca live in Canada, near Brantford, Ontario and they are descendants of Seneca who resettled there after the American Revolution, as they had been allies of the British and forced to cede much of their lands. The Seneca nations own name is Onöndowága, meaning Great Hill Place and it is identical to the endonym used by the Onondaga people. At the time of formation of the Haudenosaunee, they lived as the farthest west of the five nations within the league and they were referred to as the Keepers of the Western Door. Other nations called them Seneca after their village of Osininka. Since Osininka sounds like the Anishinaabe word Asinikaa, meaning Those at the Place Full of Stones, non-Haudenosaunee nations confused the Seneca nations name with that of the Oneida nations endonym Onyotaa, ka, meaning People of the Standing Stone. A legend of the Seneca tribe states that the tribe originated in a village called Nundawao, near the end of Canandaigua Lake. Close to South Hill stands the 865 foot -high Bare Hill, Bare Hill is part of the Bare Hill Unique Area, which began to be acquired by the state in 1989. Bare Hill had been the site of a Seneca or pre-Seneca indigenous fort and they indicate defenses raised by Indian hands, or more probably belong to the labors of a race that preceded the Indian occupation. The wall is now about tumbled down, the stones seem somewhat scattered, in the early 1920s, the material that made up the Bare Hill fort was used by the Town of Middlesex highway department for road fill. The Seneca traditionally lived in what is now New York state between the Genesee River and Canandaigua Lake, the dating of an oral tradition mentioning a solar eclipse yields 1142 AD as the year for the Seneca joining the Iroquois. The Seneca were by far the most populous of the Haudenosaunee nations, the villages were the homes and headquarters of the Seneca. While the Seneca maintained substantial permanent settlements and raised crops in the vicinity of their villages. The villages, where hunting and military campaigns were planned and executed, major Seneca villages were protected with wooden palisades. Ganondagan, with 150 longhouses, was the largest Seneca village of the 17th century, while Chenussio, the Seneca had two branches, the western and the eastern. Each branch distinct, they were incorporated and recognized by the Iroquois Confederacy Council
25.
Iroquois
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The Iroquois or Haudenosaunee are a historically powerful northeast Native American confederacy. The Iroquois have absorbed many other peoples into their cultures as a result of warfare, adoption of captives, the historic Erie, Susquehannock, Wyandot, and St. Lawrence Iroquoians, all independent peoples, spoke Iroquoian languages. In 2010, more than 45,000 enrolled Six Nations people lived in Canada, the most common name for the confederacy, Iroquois, is of somewhat obscure origin. The first time it appears in writing is in the account of Samuel de Champlain of his journey to Tadoussac in 1603, other spellings occurring in the earliest sources include Erocoise, Hiroquois, Hyroquoise, Irecoies, Iriquois, Iroquaes, Irroquois, and Yroquois. In the French spoken at the time, this would have been pronounced as or. In 1883, Horatio Hale wrote that the Charlevoix etymology was dubious, Hale suggested instead that the term came from Huron, and was cognate with Mohawk ierokwa they who smoke or Cayuga iakwai a bear. Hewitt responded to Hales etymology in 1888 by expressing doubt that either of those words even exist in the respective languages, a more modern etymology is that advocated by Gordon M. Day in 1968, who elaborates upon an earlier etymology given by Charles Arnaud in 1880. Arnaud had claimed that the word came from Montagnais irnokué, meaning terrible man, Day proposes a hypothetical Montagnais phrase irno kwédač, meaning a man, an Iroquois, as the origin of this term. More recently, Peter Bakker has proposed a Basque origin for Iroquois. g and he proposes instead that the word derives from hilokoa, from the Basque roots hil to kill, ko, and a. He also argues that the /l/ was rendered as /r/ since the former is not attested in the inventory of any language in the region. Thus the word according to Bakker is translatable as the killer people, a different term, Haudenosaunee, is the designation more commonly used by the Iroquois to refer to themselves. It is also preferred by scholars of Native American history who consider the name Iroquois to be derogatory in origin. An alternate designation, Ganonsyoni, is encountered as well. More transparently, the Iroquois confederacy is also referred to simply as the Six Nations. The history of the Iroquois Confederacy goes back to its formation by the Peacemaker in 1142, each nation within the Iroquoian family had a distinct language, territory and function in the League. Iroquois influence extended into present-day Canada, westward along the Great Lakes, the League is governed by a Grand Council, an assembly of fifty chiefs or sachems, each representing one of the clans of one of the nations. The original Iroquois League or Five Nations, occupied areas of present-day New York State up to the St. Lawrence River, west of the Hudson River. The League was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, in or close to 1722, the Tuscarora tribe joined the League, having migrated from the Carolinas after being displaced by Anglo-European settlement
26.
Iroquoian languages
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The Iroquoian languages are a language family of indigenous peoples of North America. They are known for their lack of labial consonants. The Iroquoian languages are polysynthetic and head-marking, today, all surviving Iroquoian languages except Cherokee and Mohawk are severely endangered, with only a few elderly speakers remaining. In 1649 in the middle-Beaver Wars, the tribes constituting the Huron, many of the survivors gathered, displaced away from Lake Erie well to the north of their previous territories, ultimately forming the Wyandot nation. Ethnographic and linguistic work with the Wyandot tribal elders yielded enough documentation for scholars to characterize and classify the Huron. The languages of the tribes that constituted the tiny Wenrohronon, the powerful Susquehannock and the confederations of the Neutral Nation and they are historically grouped together, and geographically the Wenros range on the eastern end of Lake Erie made them abutting neighbors sandwiched between the two larger confederations. To the east of the Wenro beyond the Genesee Gorge was the lands of the Iroquois, the Susquehannocks and Erie were militarily powerful and respected by neighboring tribes. These groups were called Atiwandaronk, meaning they who understand the language by the surviving Huron, the group known as the Meherrin were neighbors to the Tuscarora and the Nottoway in the American South and may have spoken an Iroquoian language. There is not enough data to determine this with certainty, attempts to link the Iroquoian, Siouan, and Caddoan languages in a Macro-Siouan family are suggestive but remain unproven. Six Nations Polytechnic in Ohsweken, Ontario offers Ogwehoweh language Diploma, an Ethnohistory of the Nottoway, Meherrin and Weanock Indians of Southeastern Virginia, Ethnohistory, Ethnohistory, Vol.14, No. 3/4,14, pp. 103–218, doi,10. 2307/480737, JSTOR480737. Chilton, Elizabeth, Social Complexity in New England, AD 1000–1600, in Pauketat, Timothy R. Loren, Diana Dipaolo, North American Archaeology, Malden, MA, Blackwell Press, pp. 138–60, OCLC55085697. Goddard, Ives, ed. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol.17, Languages, Washington, DC, Smithsonian Institution, ISBN 0-16-048774-9, OCLC43957746. Lounsbury, Floyd G. Iroquoian Languages, in Trigger, Bruce G. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol.15, Northeast, Washington, DC, Smithsonian Institution, pp. 334–43, OCLC58762737. Mithun, Marianne, Untangling the Huron and the Iroquois, International Journal of American Linguistics,51, pp. 504–7, doi,10. 1086/465950, mithun, Marianne, The Languages of Native North America, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-23228-7, OCLC40467402. Rudes, Blair A. Iroquoian Vowels, Anthropological Linguistics,37, history of the Indian tribes of Hudsons River. ISBN9781557862259 Snow, Dean R. Gehring, Charles T, Starna, in Mohawk country, early narratives about a native people. An anthology of sources from 1634-1810
27.
European Americans
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European Americans are Americans with ancestry from Europe. The Spanish were the first Europeans to establish a presence in what is now the United States. Martín de Argüelles born 1566, St. Augustine, Spanish Florida, was the first known person of European descent born in what is now the United States. Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare, born in 1587 on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the Thirteen Colonies to English parents. 8% of the total population, European Americans are included in the category of White. White is defined by the United States Census Bureau as a person having origins in any of the peoples of Europe. According to the US Census, European Americans are a subset of White Americans, the term Non-Hispanic White is often used as a proxy for European Americans, although that also includes a small fraction of peoples of Middle Eastern descent. In 1995, as part of a review of the Office of Management,15, a survey was conducted of census recipients to determine their preferred terminology for the racial/ethnic groups defined in the Directive. For the White group, European American came third, preferred by 2. 35% of panel interviewees, the term is used interchangeably with Caucasian American, White American, and Anglo American in many places around the United States. Also, whereas the terms White American and Caucasian American carry somewhat ambiguous definitions, depending on the speaker, European American has a specific definition. According to linguist Janet Bing, the term European American has increased a little in use, the term is used by some to emphasize the European cultural and geographical ancestral origins of Americans, in the same way as is done for African Americans and Asian Americans. A European American awareness is still notable because 90% of the classified as white in the U. S. Census knew their European ancestry. Historically, the concept of an American originated in the United States as a person of European ancestry, thus excluding African Americans, as a linguistic concern, the term is sometimes meant to discourage a dichotomous view of the racial landscape between the white category and everyone else. Margo Adair suggests that the recognition of specific European American ancestries allows certain Americans to become aware that they come from a variety of different cultures, since 1607, some 57 million immigrants have come to the United States from other lands. Approximately 10 million passed through on their way to other place or returned to their original homelands. Prior to 1960, the majority came from Europe or European descent from Canada. In 1960 for example,75. 0% of foreign-born population in the United States came from the region of Europe. Before 1881, the vast majority of immigrants, almost 86% of the total, arrived from northwest Europe, principally Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, the years between 1881 and 1893 the pattern shifted, in the sources of U. S. Between 1894 and 1914, immigrants from southern, central, some people of colonial stock, especially in the Mid-Atlantic states, are also of Dutch, German and Flemish descent
28.
American Revolutionary War
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From about 1765 the American Revolution had led to increasing philosophical and political differences between Great Britain and its American colonies. The war represented a culmination of these differences in armed conflict between Patriots and the authority which they increasingly resisted. This resistance became particularly widespread in the New England Colonies, especially in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. On December 16,1773, Massachusetts members of the Patriot group Sons of Liberty destroyed a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor in an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. Named the Coercive Acts by Parliament, these became known as the Intolerable Acts in America. The Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, establishing a government that removed control of the province from the Crown outside of Boston. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, and established committees, British attempts to seize the munitions of Massachusetts colonists in April 1775 led to the first open combat between Crown forces and Massachusetts militia, the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Militia forces proceeded to besiege the British forces in Boston, forcing them to evacuate the city in March 1776, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington to take command of the militia. Concurrent to the Boston campaign, an American attempt to invade Quebec, on July 2,1776, the Continental Congress formally voted for independence, issuing its Declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe began a British counterattack, focussing on recapturing New York City, Howe outmaneuvered and defeated Washington, leaving American confidence at a low ebb. Washington captured a Hessian force at Trenton and drove the British out of New Jersey, in 1777 the British sent a new army under John Burgoyne to move south from Canada and to isolate the New England colonies. However, instead of assisting Burgoyne, Howe took his army on a campaign against the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia. Burgoyne outran his supplies, was surrounded and surrendered at Saratoga in October 1777, the British defeat in the Saratoga Campaign had drastic consequences. Giving up on the North, the British decided to salvage their former colonies in the South, British forces under Lieutenant-General Charles Cornwallis seized Georgia and South Carolina, capturing an American army at Charleston, South Carolina. British strategy depended upon an uprising of large numbers of armed Loyalists, in 1779 Spain joined the war as an ally of France under the Pacte de Famille, intending to capture Gibraltar and British colonies in the Caribbean. Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, in 1781, after the British and their allies had suffered two decisive defeats at Kings Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis retreated to Virginia, intending on evacuation. A decisive French naval victory in September deprived the British of an escape route, a joint Franco-American army led by Count Rochambeau and Washington, laid siege to the British forces at Yorktown. With no sign of relief and the situation untenable, Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781, Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tory majority in Parliament, but the defeat at Yorktown gave the Whigs the upper hand
29.
Genesee County, New York
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Genesee County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 60,079 and its name is from the Seneca Indian word Gen-nis-hee-yo, meaning the Beautiful Valley. The county was created in 1802 and organized in 1803, Genesee County comprises the Batavia, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also in the Rochester-Batavia-Seneca Falls, NY Combined Statistical Area. It is in Western New York, ancient history of man goes back to the Ice Age 10,000 to 12,000 years ago at the Hiscock Site, in Byron, New York. Together with a jaw, tusks, and teeth, and assorted animal bones, researchers have found a variety of manmade tools, ceramics, metal. This site is among North America’s most important for artifacts from the Ice Age. Varying cultures of indigenous peoples lived in the area for thousands of years, beginning in 1639 and lasting for the rest of the century, the Seneca led an invasion of Western New York, driving out the existing tribes of Wenro, Erie and Neutrals. When counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present Genesee County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. On March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County, one of the other pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. In 1784 Tryon County was renamed as Montgomery County, around this time, the Pennsylvania Colony and the Massachusetts Bay Colony also claimed the territory as their own, but New York did not enforce its territorial claim. In 1789 Ontario County was split off from Montgomery as a result of the Phelps, again, the county theoretically extended west to the Pacific Ocean. By the 1820s, Freemasonry was prevalent in Genesee County, from 1821 to 1827, half of all county officials were Freemasons. In September 1826, William Morgan, a resident of Batavia, New York, Morgan had been rejected from the Masonic lodge in Batavia, and, as a result, threatened to publish a book which exposed the secret rituals of Freemasonry. His disappearance and presumed murder ignited a campaign against Freemasonry, the investigation into Morgans disappearance confronted major obstacles from government officials and the judiciary- positions that were largely occupied by Freemasons. The Morgan affair combined with existing suspicions and distrust of the secrecy of Freemasonry initiated mass meetings throughout the county to decide how the issue of Freemasonry should be handled, the Antimasonry crusades original goal was to oust Masons from political offices. The Antimasonic Party found strong support within Genesee County from 1827 to 1833, the party averaged 69 percent of the vote and won every county office. After continuous domination of Masonic politicians, citizens saw Antimasonry as a solution, the Baptist and Presbyterian churches favored Antimasonry and encouraged their members to renounce ties with the fraternity
30.
Angelica, New York
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Angelica is a town in the middle of Allegany County, New York, United States. The population was 1,403 at the 2010 census, the towns name is from Angelica Schuyler Church, Philip Schuylers daughter, Alexander Hamiltons sister-in-law, and the wife of John Barker Church. The town was named by Philip Church, who was one of the white settlers of the area. The village of Angelica is located within this town, the area was first settled around 1802 at Angelica village. The town of Angelica was formed in 1805 from the town of Leicester in Livingston County, Angelica is the oldest town in Allegany County. The town hall is housed in the Old Allegany County Courthouse, belvidere was also listed in 1972, and the Moses Van Campen House was listed in 2004. John Barker Church was a British-born merchant who made a fortune supplying the American and French armies during the Revolutionary war and he married Angelica Schuyler Church, the eldest daughter of General Philip Schuyler. Angelica Churchs sister Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton was married to Alexander Hamilton, in 1797, the young United States paid back its war debt to Church in the form of 100,000 acres of land in Western New York. John and Angelica Churchs son Philip travelled to what is now Allegheny and Genessee Counties to take possession of the land, a planned village was laid out with the plots and design to be reminiscent of Paris, France. In the center of the drive is the village park. Philip named his planned village Angelica, after his mother, the historian John S. Minard wrote of the towns establishment in Allegany County and Its People, The town was formed by an act of the Legislature, passed Feb. It was taken from Leicester, and when erected was a part of Genesee county, (The village had been founded three or four years before, and named by Capt. Philip Church for his mother, Angelica, the eldest daughter of Gen. Philip Schuyler, Philip left to marry Anna Matilda Stewart, daughter of General Walter Stewart in Philadelphia. For their honeymoon, they traveled first by boat, then by raft as far west as Bath, New York and they constructed a small house, soon to be whitewashed and known as the white house. In 1804, they had their mansion built and it still stands on the banks of the Genesee near Angelica, New York. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 36.4 square miles, of which 36.4 square miles is land and 0.039 square miles. The Southern Tier Expressway passes through the town, the Genesee River flows northward through the southwest part of the town. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,411 people,564 households, the population density was 38.7 people per square mile
31.
Steuben County, New York
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Steuben County /stuːˈbɛn/ is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 98,990 and its name is in honor of Baron von Steuben, a German general who fought on the American side in the American Revolutionary War, though it is not pronounced the same. Steuben County comprises the Corning, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Elmira-Corning. When counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present Steuben County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery County in 1789 to form an area much larger than the present Ontario County. Steuben County, much larger than today, was split off from Ontario County in 1796, in 1823 a portion of Steuben County was combined with a portion of Ontario County to form Yates County. Steuben County was further reduced in size in 1854 when a portion was combined with portions of Chemung and Tompkins counties to form Schuyler County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,404 square miles. Steuben County is in the part of New York State. The population of Steuben County according to the 2000 U. S. census was 98,726, the county is in the Southern Tier region of New York State. The population density was 71 people per square mile, there were 46,132 housing units at an average density of 33 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 96. 43% White,1. 36% African American,0. 27% Native American,0. 90% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 21% from other races, and 0. 81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 81% of the population,18. 6% were of German,15. 2% English,14. 4% American,13. 6% Irish and 8. 3% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000. 96. 5% spoke English and 1. 3% Spanish as their first language,27. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
32.
Cattaraugus County, New York
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Cattaraugus County is a county in the western part of the U. S. state of New York, with one side bordering Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 80,317, the county seat is Little Valley. The county was created in 1808 and later organized in 1817, Cattaraugus County comprises the Olean, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Buffalo-Cheektowaga, NY Combined Statistical Area. Within its boundaries are the Allegany Indian Reservation of the Seneca Nation of New York, the Allegheny River runs through the county. The largely unsettled territory was the homeland of the now-extinct Wenrohronon Indians and later occupied by the Seneca people. When counties were established in the province of New York in 1683 and this was an enormous county, including the northern part of New York as well as all of the present state of Vermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. On March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County, one of the other pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The eastern boundary of Tryon County was approximately five miles west of the present city of Schenectady, the county included the western part of the Adirondack Mountains and the area west of the West Branch of the Delaware River. The area then designated as Tryon County is represented in the 21st century by 37 counties of New York, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled across the Niagara Frontier into modern day Ontario and this replaced the name of the hated British governor. In practice, however, these counties did not cover modern Cattaraugus County or Western New York, the newly independent United States sought to extinguish native reserves after the British ceded their territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes to the United States. This included Iroquois territory in New York, the four nations that had been allies of the British mostly relocated to Ontario, Ontario County was split from Montgomery County in 1789 as a result of the establishment of the Morris Reserve. In turn, Genesee County was split from Ontario County in 1802 as a result of the Holland Purchase and this period was the beginning of more significant European-American settlement of this western territory. Shortly afterward, Genesee County was reduced in 1806 by the creation of Allegany County, Cattaraugus County was formed in 1808, split off from Genesee County. At first there was no county government due to the sparse population, from 1812 to 1814, Cattaraugus County was incorporated in Allegany County, from 1814 to 1817, records of the county were divided between Belmont and Buffalo. The name Cattaraugus derives from a Seneca word for bad smelling banks, in 1817, a county government was established for Cattaraugus County in the southwestern corner of the town of Hebe, now Ellicottville. Numerous towns in the county are named after agents of the Holland Land Company, including Ellicottville, Franklinville, the first settlement in the county was in Olean. After 1860, the county seat was moved to Little Valley, south of Salamanca, New York, a small city located within the reservation, is Allegany State Park, which is contiguous with the Allegheny National Forest in Pennsylvania
33.
Wyoming County, New York
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Wyoming County is a county in the U. S. state of New York in the states western area. As of the 2010 census, the population was 42,155, the name is from a modified Delaware Indian word meaning broad bottom lands. Wyoming County was formed from Genesee County in 1841, in regard to New Yorks claim, as of 1683 the present Wyoming County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766, by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, in 1789, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery as part of the establishment of the Morris Reserve. Genesee County was created by a splitting of Ontario County in 1802 to govern the land acquired in the Holland Purchase and this was much larger than the present Genesee County, however. It was reduced in size in 1806 by creating Allegany County, again in 1808 by creating Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Niagara County at that time also included the present Erie County. In 1821, portions of Genesee County were combined with portions of Ontario County to create Livingston, Genesee County was further reduced in size in 1824 by creating Orleans County. Finally, in 1841, Wyoming County was created from the half of Genesee County, the northwest corner of Allegany County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 596 square miles. Wyoming County is in the part of New York State, east of Buffalo. The county is in the Holland Purchase Region, the county is largely rural, dotted with small towns. Even the county seat, Warsaw is quite small, the land surface is generally broken and hilly, and the soil fertile. Much of the area is wooded, used for timber, some that are predominantly maple are tapped each spring for the production of maple syrup. Apple orchards were once an agricultural endeavor, but only a few are left
34.
Livingston County, New York
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Livingston County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 65,393, the county is named after Robert R. Livingston, a member of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Livingston County is part of the Rochester Metropolitan Statistical Area, when counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present Livingston County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, in 1789, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery. Genesee County was created by a splitting of Ontario County in 1802 and this was much larger than the present Genesee County, however. It contained the present Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Niagara, Orleans, Wyoming, Livingston County was formed from Genesee and Ontario Counties in 1821. Livingston County is located in the Finger Lakes region, south of Rochester, letchworth State Park in partly in the western part of the county. The Genesee River flows northward through the county, the Rochester and Southern Railroad traverses the county from Greigsville south through Mount Morris to Dansville. The population density was 102 people per square mile, there were 24,023 housing units at an average density of 38 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 94. 04% White,3. 01% African American,0. 27% Native American,0. 76% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 85% from other races, and 1. 04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 27% of the population,22. 5% were of German,17. 7% Irish,14. 3% Italian,12. 8% English and 7. 0% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 95. 8% spoke English and 2. 0% Spanish as their first language,23. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the family size was 3.05. In the county, the population was out with 23. 40% under the age of 18,14. 20% from 18 to 24,28. 90% from 25 to 44,22. 10% from 45 to 64
35.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
36.
Hurricane Agnes
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Hurricane Agnes was, at the time, the costliest hurricane to hit the United States in recorded history. Initially forming as a depression, the storm headed slowly eastward. Once in the Caribbean, the depression began to strengthen, and by the following day, thereafter, Agnes slowly curved northward and passed just west of Cuba on June 17. Early on June 18, the storm intensified enough to be upgraded to Hurricane Agnes, heading northward, the hurricane eventually made landfall near Panama City, Florida late on June 19. After moving inland, Agnes rapidly weakened and was only a depression when it entered Georgia. The weakening trend halted as the storm crossed over Georgia and into South Carolina, while over eastern North Carolina, Agnes re-strengthened into a tropical storm on June 21, as a result of baroclinic activity. Early the following day, the storm emerged into the Atlantic Ocean before re-curving northwestward, Agnes quickly became an extratropical cyclone on June 23, and tracked to the northwest of Great Britain before becoming absorbed by another cyclone on July 6. Though it moved slowly across the Yucatán Peninsula, damage in Mexico is unknown, although the storm bypassed the tip of Cuba, heavy rainfall occurred, killing seven people. In Florida, Agnes caused a significant tornado outbreak, with at least 26 confirmed twisters, the tornadoes and two initially unconfirmed tornadoes in Florida alone resulted in over $4.5 million in damage and six fatalities. At least 2,082 structures in Florida suffered either major damage or were destroyed, about 1,355 other dwellings experienced minor losses. Though Agnes made landfall as a hurricane, no hurricane-force winds were reported, along the coast abnormally high tides resulted in extensive damage, especially between Apalachicola and Cedar Key. Light to moderate rainfall was reported in Florida, though no significant flooding occurred, in Georgia, damage was limited to two tornadoes, which caused approximately $275,000 in losses. Minimal effects were recorded in Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Rhode Island, South Carolina. The most significant effects, by far, occurred in Pennsylvania, the hurricane severely flooded the Susquehanna River and the Lackawanna River causing major damage to the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre metropolitan area. In both Pennsylvania and New Jersey combined, about 43,594 structures were destroyed or significantly damaged. In Canada, a home was toppled, killing two people. Overall, Agnes caused 128 fatalities and nearly $3 billion in damage, though more recently, due to the significant effects, the name Agnes was retired in the spring of 1973. In early-mid June 1972, atmospheric conditions favored tropical cyclogenesis in the Caribbean Sea, banded convection developed in the northwestern Caribbean Sea by June 11, though the system did not significantly organize
37.
Smallmouth bass
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The smallmouth bass is a species of freshwater fish in the sunfish family of the order Perciformes. It is the species of its genus. The maximum recorded size is approximately 27 inches and 12 pounds, the smallmouth bass is native to the upper and middle Mississippi River basin, the Saint Lawrence River–Great Lakes system, and up into the Hudson Bay basin. Its common names include smallmouth, bronzeback, brown bass, brownie, smallie, bronze bass, the smallmouth bass is generally brown, appearing sometimes as black or green with red eyes, and dark brown vertical bands, rather than a horizontal band along the side. There are 13–15 soft rays in the dorsal fin, the upper jaw of smallmouth bass extends to the middle of the eye. The smallmouths coloration and hue may vary according to variables such as water clarity or diet. Males are generally smaller than felmales, the males tend to range around two pounds, while females can range from three to six pounds. Their habitat plays a significant role in their color, weight, River water smallmouth that live in dark water tend to be rather torpedo-shaped and very dark brown to be more efficient for feeding. Lakeside smallmouth bass, however, that live in sandy areas and they have been seen eating tadpoles, fish, aquatic insects, crayfish, frogs, small mice and birds, and even French fries. There are two recognized subspecies, the Northern smallmouth bass and the Neosho smallmouth bass, the smallmouth bass is found in clearer water than the largemouth, especially streams, rivers, and the rocky areas and stumps and also sandy bottoms of lakes and reservoirs. The smallmouth prefers cooler temperatures than its cousin the largemouth bass. Because it is intolerant of pollution, the bass is a good natural indicator of a healthy environment. Carnivorous, its diet comprises crayfish, insects, and smaller fish, the female can lay up to 21,100 eggs, which are guarded by the male in his nest. The migration patterns of smallmouth have been tracked and it is not unusual for a smallmouth to travel 12 miles in a day in a stream. The overall migration can exceed 60 miles, in the United States, smallmouth bass were first introduced outside of their native range with the construction of the Erie Canal in 1825, extending the fishs range into central New York state. During the mid-to-late 19th century, smallmouth were transplanted via the rail system to lakes and rivers throughout the northern and western United States. Shippers found that smallmouth bass were a species that could be transported in buckets or barrels by rail. They were introduced east of the Appalachians just before the Civil War, with increased industrialization and land use changes, many of the nations eastern trout rivers were polluted or experienced elevated water temperatures, reducing the range of native brook trout
38.
Trout
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Trout is the common name for a number of species of freshwater fish belonging to the genera Oncorhynchus, Salmo and Salvelinus, all of the subfamily Salmoninae of the family Salmonidae. The word trout is also used as part of the name of some fish such as Cynoscion nebulosus. Trout are closely related to salmon and char, species termed salmon, a rainbow trout that spends time in the ocean is called a steelhead. Arctic char and brook trout are part of the char family, Trout are an important food source for humans and wildlife including brown bears, birds of prey such as eagles, and other animals. They are classified as oily fish, mostly, these colors and patterns form as camouflage, based on the surroundings, and will change as the fish moves to different habitats. In general trout that are about to breed have extremely intense coloration and they can look like an entirely different fish outside of spawning season. It is virtually impossible to define a color pattern as belonging to a specific breed, however, in general, wild fish are claimed to have more vivid colors. Trout have fins entirely without spines, and all of them have an adipose fin along the back. The pelvic fins sit well back on the body, on side of the anus. The swim bladder is connected to the esophagus, allowing for gulping or rapid expulsion of air, unlike many other physostome fish, trout do not use their bladder as an auxiliary device for oxygen uptake, relying solely on their gills. There are many species, and even more populations, that are isolated from each other, the trout found in the eastern United States are a good example of this. Lake trout, like brook trout, belong to the char genus, Lake trout inhabit many of the larger lakes in North America, and live much longer than rainbow trout, which have an average maximum lifespan of 7 years. Lake trout can live many decades, and can grow to more than 30 kilograms, Trout are usually found in cool, clear streams and lakes, although many of the species have anadromous strains as well. Young trout are referred to as troutlet, troutling or fry and they are distributed naturally throughout North America, northern Asia and Europe. Several species of trout were introduced to Australia and New Zealand by amateur fishing enthusiasts in the 19th century, the introduced species included brown trout from England and rainbow trout from California. The rainbow trout were a strain, generally accepted as coming from Sonoma Creek. The rainbow trout of New Zealand still show the tendency to run up rivers in winter to spawn. In Australia the rainbow trout was introduced in 1894 from New Zealand and is a popular gamefish in recreational angling
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Panfish
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A panfish, also spelled pan-fish or pan fish, is an edible game fish that usually doesnt outgrow the size of a frying pan. The term is commonly used by anglers to refer to any small catch that will fit in a pan. However its definition and usage varies with geographical region, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term was first recorded in 1796 in American Cookery, the first known cookbook written by an American. The term panfish or pan-fish has been used to refer to a range of edible freshwater and saltwater fish species that are small enough to cook in a small pan. In American Food and Game Fishes, here’s but one example, As a pan-fish we do not know of any better among American freshwater fishes. One does not tire of it so soon as of the other kinds, several other persons who tried the same experiment reached the same conclusion. In most parts of its range it is highly esteemed, in the Great Lakes, the Potomac River, and the small lakes in the upper Mississippi Valley large quantities are taken, which always find a ready sale. Clean well, cut off the head, and, if large, cut out the backbone. Place them in a thick bottomed frying pan with all one way. Fill the spaces with smaller fish, when they are fried quite brown and ready to turn, put a dinner plate over them, drain off the fat, then invert the pan, and they will be left unbroken on the plate. Put the lard back into the pan, and when hot slip back the fish, when the other side is brown, drain, turn on a plate as before, and slip them on a warm platter, to be sent to the table. Leaving the heads on and the fish a crispy-brown, in perfect shape, in most of today’s angling literature members of the freshwater family Centrarchidae are the target species most likely to be called panfish. The Sunfishes-A Fly Fishing Journey of Discovery, americas Favorite Fishing-A Complete Guide to Angling for Panfish. Catching Panfish, Tactics for Sunfish, Crappies, Yellow Perch, chanhassen, MN, Creative Publishing International, Incorporated. Secrets to Catching Winter Fish, for Beginners to Experts, panfish-The Art and Enjoyment of Light Tackle Fishing for the Common Fishes of the United States
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Potter County, Pennsylvania
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Potter County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,457, the county was created in 1804 and later organized in 1836. It is named after James Potter, who was a general from Pennsylvania in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, though it is named for him, James Potter never actually lived in Potter County and may have never even visited the area. Potter County is located in the Allegheny Plateau region, Major Isaac Lyman, an American Revolutionary war veteran was one of the first permanent settlers in Potter County. Major Lyman is recognized as the founder of Potter County and he was paid ten dollars for each settler he convinced to move to Potter County. He built his home in 1809 in nearby Lymansville, now known as Ladonna, Major Lyman also built the first road to cross Potter County and Potter Countys first sawmill and gristmill. Lyman had a personal history. After the death in childbirth of his first wife, Sally Edgecombe, he remarried, later he left his second wife, the second Mrs. Lyman was determined not to suffer on her own. She sought out the Major, travelling from Bolton Landing, New York to Potter County with the help of their son, Burrell, Major Lyman lived with these two families in Potter County. Historical accounts of the living situation vary, some say that Lyman kept both wives under one roof. Others state that there were two log homes for the families on the piece of property. Descendants of Major Isaac Lymans three families live and work in Potter County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,082 square miles. Three major watersheds meet in Potter County, the watersheds of the Chesapeake Bay, St. Lawrence River, moreover, the main stem by volume of the entire Mississippi river system, the Allegheny River, has its source in central Potter County, near Cobb Hill. The population density was 17 people per square mile, there were 12,159 housing units at an average density of 11 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 06% White,0. 29% Black or African American,0. 22% Native American,0. 50% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 19% from other races, and 0. 71% from two or more races. 0. 57% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 3% were of English,26. 9% were of German,9. 9% Irish and 5. 8% Italian ancestry according to the 2012 American Community Survey. 24. 70% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.02
41.
McKean County, Pennsylvania
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McKean County is a rural county in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 43,450, the county was created in 1804 and organized in 1826. It was named in honor of former Pennsylvania Governor and Declaration of Independence signer Thomas McKean, McKean County comprises the Bradford, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is in a populated region known as the Pennsylvania Wilds, including the Allegheny National Forest. McKean County is home of The Zippo Lighter and boasts of being The Black Cherry Capital of the World, McKean County was founded because of its natural resources of oil and timber, both of which continue to provide a significant input to the economy. Today, a university, rural medical center, and manufacturing companies balance the areas economy. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 984 square miles, the population density was 47 people per square mile. There were 21,644 housing units at a density of 22 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 96. 46% White,1. 87% Black,0. 32% Native American,0. 30% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 40% from other races, and 0. 61% from two or more races. 1. 06% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,21. 9% German,13. 3% Irish,12. 6% Italian,11. 2% American,8. 7% Swedish and 8. 6% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 28. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.93. In the county, the age distribution of the population shows 23. 70% under the age of 18,7. 90% from 18 to 24,28. 50% from 25 to 44,23. 20% from 45 to 64, the median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 100.40 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.70 males. Live birth rate McKean Countys live birth rate was 632 births in 1990, the Countys live birth rate in 2000 was 473 births, while in 2011 it had declined to 447 babies. Over the past 50 years, rural Pennsylvania saw a decline in both the number and proportion of residents under 18 years old. In 1960,1.06 million rural residents, or 35 percent of the population, were children. The statewide poverty rate was 13. 6% in 2014, the United States Office of Management and Budget has designated McKean County as the Bradford, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 U. S. Census the micropolitan area ranked 13th most populous in Pennsylvania, when it was built, it was the highest and longest railroad bridge in the world
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New York State Route 17
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New York State Route 17 is a major east-west state highway that extends for 397 miles through the Southern Tier and Downstate regions of New York in the United States. From the Pennsylvania border to the city of Elmira and from Binghamton to Windsor, eventually, the entire east–west portion of NY17 from the Pennsylvania border to Woodbury will become I-86 as projects to upgrade the route to Interstate Highway standards are completed. At 397 miles, NY17 is the longest state route in New York and it serves 11 counties, passes through the cities of Salamanca, Olean, Corning, Elmira, and Binghamton, and enters the vicinity of several others, including Jamestown and Middletown. The portion of NY17 in the vicinity of Waverly is actually located in Pennsylvania, however, the route was assigned in 1924, extending from Westfield to Suffern via at-grade highways. It was moved onto the Quickway and the Southern Tier Expressway as sections of both were completed from the 1950s to the 1980s, two of NY 17s suffixed routes, NY 17C and NY 17M, follow substantial portions of NY 17s pre-freeway alignment. In 1998, all of NY17 between the Pennsylvania state line and Harriman was designated as Future I-86, NY17 begins at the point where Interstate 86 crosses the New York–Pennsylvania border in Mina, Chautauqua County. I-86 and NY17 continue eastward through the Southern Tier, encountering NY426 a short distance from the line prior to meeting NY76 south of Sherman. East of exit 8, I-86 and NY17 cross Chautauqua Lake and follow the lake shore eastward to Jamestown, where it connects to NY60 at exit 12 due north of the city. East of the city, the expressway meets U. S. Route 62 at exit 14 and is joined by the old Erie Railroad line, between exits 17 and 18, I-86 and NY17 cross the Allegheny Reservoir near its northernmost extent. Past NY280, the freeway runs adjacent to the extent of the Allegany State Park and follows the reservoir. Near downtown Salamanca, I-86 and NY17 meet US219, US219 joins the expressway east to exit 23 near Carrollton, where it splits from I-86 and NY17 and heads toward Bradford, Pennsylvania, forming the eastern edge of the state park as it heads south. Meanwhile, the expressway continues east to Olean, where it meets NY417 at exit 24 west of town, past Olean, the route drifts northward away from Pennsylvania toward Hornell, where I-86 and NY17 intersect NY36. To the east in Avoca, the Southern Tier Expressway meets I-390 at exit 36, I-86 and NY17 southeast from the junction, passing through Bath on its way an interchange with I-99 and US15 in Painted Post. Here, I-99 and US15 begin and head south toward Pennsylvania, while I-86, at exit 56, I-86 temporarily terminates as NY17 continues eastward toward Binghamton. From Elmira to Binghamton, NY17, the Erie Railroad and they follow the Chemung River to exit 60 and the Susquehanna River from east of exit 61 to Binghamton, on the latter section, both NY 17C and NY434 are old NY17. Between the two rivers, which intersect in Pennsylvania, the corridor runs just north of the state line in New York. Despite being in Pennsylvania, these roadways are maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation, near downtown Binghamton, NY17 goes around the side of Prospect Mountain at what is locally known as Kamikaze Curve. Heading eastbound, the freeway curves sharply left around the hillside, splits into ramps to I-81 north and south, from that point east and southeast about 5 miles, I-81 and NY17 run concurrently
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New York State Route 19
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New York State Route 19 is a north–south state highway in Western New York in the United States. It is the longest state highway in that region, and the other one besides NY14 to completely transect the state from the Pennsylvania state line to the shore of Lake Ontario. It continues south into Pennsylvania as Pennsylvania Route 449 and ends at an intersection with the Lake Ontario State Parkway just south of the lakeshore in Hamlin, NY19 does not serve any major cities or metropolitan areas and remains a two-lane rural road for almost its entire length. However, it follows the Genesee River for much of its lower length, most of modern NY19 between Wellsville and Le Roy was originally designated as part of a legislative route in 1908. Much of this stretch was included in Route 16, a highway that initially extended from Cuba to Le Roy via Belfast. In 1921, Route 16 was altered to follow the path of what is now NY 19A instead. The portion of what is now NY19 north of Pavilion was initially part of NY63, only minor realignments and maintenance transfers have occurred since. Allegany County accounts for about a third of NY 19s total length, with the three counties splitting the rest about equally. PA449 becomes NY19 just north of Genesee, Pennsylvania, just south of the first New York community it encounters, the hamlet of Shongo in the Town of Willing, it crosses the river. Running a little farther from the waterway, NY19 reaches another hamlet, Stannards, several miles north, along with its first state highway junction, NY248. After Stannards, NY19 crosses Chenunda Creek as the Genesee Valley widens somewhat, and continues north to the village of Wellsville, the largest community in Allegany County. It merges with NY417, the east–west former route of NY17 through the village, following a four-lane arterial along the Genesee River, which here runs through a concrete-lined flood control channel. North of Wellsville, the NY19 corridor remains fairly well-developed as the highway makes its way to the village of Belmont. Here NY19 crosses the Genesee River for the last time,1 mile past Belmont, NY19 has its only direct freeway interchange, with the Southern Tier Expressway. Beyond it, it follows the river closely through the hamlet of Belfast, the next junction with another state highway, NY243, comes at Caneadea, the next hamlet. It continues northward, passing through Houghton, home to Houghton College, NY 19A splits off in Fillmore to continue the riverside course and provide access to Letchworth State Park, while NY19 climbs out of the valley and out of Allegany County. After the short bend where it crosses the Wyoming County line, the hamlet itself does not present any major intersections, however, NY19 meets NY39, the main east–west road across southern Wyoming County, northeast of the hamlet. The two routes overlap for just over 0.5 miles before NY19 turns back to the north and heads across open fields to the next village, Gainesville
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New York State Route 21
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New York State Route 21 is a state highway extending for 99.99 miles through the western part of New York in the United States. The southern terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY417 in the village of Andover, and its northern terminus is at a junction with NY104 in the town of Williamson. NY21 originally extended from the Pennsylvania state line in the south to Lake Ontario in the north when it was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of highways in New York. South of Hornell, the route followed modern NY36, NY21 was rerouted to follow its current alignment south of Hornell in the 1950s and truncated on its northern end to Williamson in 1980. Other changes of importance, mostly realignments to bypass communities along the route, have also occurred at various points in the routes history. NY21 originally had a route around Canandaigua Lake, however. NY21 begins at an intersection with NY417 in the village of Andover, the route heads northward, paralleling the Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad through a rural stretch of eastern Allegany County. At Alfred Station, located just east of the village of Alfred, NY21 and the WNYP head northeast through the village of Almond to the Steuben County line, where the road and rail line begin to turn to the southeast toward Hornell. The portion of NY21 near Almond briefly parallels the Southern Tier Expressway, designated Interstate 86, East of the county line, NY21 leaves the vicinity of the expressway and passes through another undeveloped stretch to reach the city of Hornell, where it becomes West Main Street. The highway follows West Main Street for several blocks into the downtown district. NY21 turns north onto NY36, separating from the WNYP, the overlap ends north of the city limits in the town of Hornellsville, where NY21 splits from NY36 and resumes its northeasterly track. Not far to the north of this point is exit 34 of the Southern Tier Expressway, from Hornell, NY21 heads northeast through progressively less developed areas as it winds its way across the hilly terrain of the Southern Tier. For the next 15 miles, NY21 serves only small, roadside hamlets, such as Fremont, Haskinville, and Loon Lake. North of Haskinville, NY21 takes on a northerly course through the county that eventually brings it to the village of Wayland. The interchange also serves as the terminus of NY15 and is adjacent to the north end of NY415. NY15 joins NY21 north into the center of Wayland, after 6 miles, the road enters the hamlet of North Cohocton, centered around NY 21s junction with the northern terminus of NY371. The route meanders across another area of hilly, undeveloped terrain to the village of Naples, home to the end of NY53. NY21 meets the two routes at opposite ends of the community, with NY53 terminating south of the village center, Naples also serves as NY 21s entrance to the Finger Lakes region, the village itself is located in the southernmost part of the Canandaigua Lake valley
Interstate 86 (Southern Tier Expressway)
New York State Route 17 (Southern Tier Expressway)
New York State Route 19
New York State Route 21
New York State Route 305
New York State Route 417
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Allegany County, New York
