Allelopathy
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Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms. These biochemicals
Casuarina equisetifolia litter completely suppresses germination of understory plants as shown here despite the relative openness of the canopy and ample rainfall (>120 cm/yr) at the location.
Garlic mustard
Centaurea stoebe
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Centaurea stoebe, the spotted knapweed or panicled knapweed, is a species of Centaurea native to eastern Europe, although it has spread to North America, where it is considered an invasive species. It
Allelopathy
…For specific examples, see black walnut (Juglans nigra), tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe), garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), Casuarina/Allocasuarina spp., and nut grass (Cyperus rotundus). Allelopathy is classified as a biotic factor…
Centaurea maculosa Bozeman
C. stoebe subsp. micranthos in East Wenatchee, Douglas County, Washington
Centaurea stoebe
Knapweed Nightmare noxious weed detection dog digging at spotted knapweed plant