1.
Botanical garden
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A botanical garden or botanic garden is a garden dedicated to the collection, cultivation and display of a wide range of plants labelled with their botanical names. Visitor services at a botanical garden might include tours, educational displays, art exhibitions, book rooms, open-air theatrical and musical performances, over the years, botanical gardens, as cultural and scientific organisations, have responded to the interests of botany and horticulture. The role of major botanical gardens worldwide has been considered so similar as to fall within textbook definitions. The following definition was produced by staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium of Cornell University in 1976, each botanical garden naturally develops its own special fields of interests depending on its personnel, location, extent, available funds, and the terms of its charter. It may include greenhouses, test grounds, an herbarium, an arboretum and it maintains a scientific as well as a plant-growing staff, and publication is one of its major modes of expression. This broad outline is then expanded, The botanic garden may be an independent institution, if a department of an educational institution, it may be related to a teaching program. In any case, it exists for scientific ends and is not to be restricted or diverted by other demands. It is not merely a landscaped or ornamental garden, although it may be artistic, the essential element is the intention of the enterprise, which is the acquisition and dissemination of botanical knowledge. Worldwide, there are now about 1800 botanical gardens and arboreta in about 150 countries of which about 550 are in Europe,200 in North America, and an increasing number in East Asia. These gardens attract about 150 million visitors a year, so it is surprising that many people gained their first exciting introduction to the wonders of the plant world in a botanical garden. Historically, botanical gardens exchanged plants through the publication of seed lists and this was a means of transferring both plants and information between botanical gardens. This system continues today, although the possibility of genetic piracy, the International Association of Botanic Gardens was formed in 1954 as a worldwide organisation affiliated to the International Union of Biological Sciences. In the United States, there is the American Public Gardens Association, the history of botanical gardens is closely linked to the history of botany itself. Then, in the 19th and 20th centuries, the trend was towards a combination of specialist, the idea of scientific gardens used specifically for the study of plants dates back to antiquity. In about 2800 BCE, the Chinese Emperor Shen Nung sent collectors to distant regions searching for plants with economic or medicinal value. Early medieval gardens in Islamic Spain resembled botanic gardens of the future and this was later taken over by garden chronicler Ibn Bassal until the Christian conquest in 1085 CE. Ibn Bassal then founded a garden in Seville, most of its plants being collected on an expedition that included Morocco, Persia, Sicily. The medical school of Montpelier was also founded by Spanish Arab physicians, and by 1250 CE, it included a physic garden, but the site was not given botanic garden status until 1593
2.
Kauai
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For the Childish Gambino EP see STN MTN / Kauai Kauaʻi or Kauai is geologically the oldest of the main Hawaiian Islands. With an area of 562.3 square miles, it is the fourth largest of these islands, known also as the Jurassic Isle, Kauaʻi lies 105 miles across the Kauaʻi Channel, northwest of Oʻahu. This island is the site of Waimea Canyon State Park, the United States Census Bureau defines Kauaʻi as census tracts 401 through 409 of Kauaʻi County, Hawaiʻi, which comprises all of the county except for the islands of Kaʻula, Lehua and Niʻihau. The 2010 United States Census population of the island was 67,091, the most populous town was Kapaʻa. Hawaiian narrative locates the origin in the legend of Hawaiʻiloa. The story relates how he named the island of Kauaʻi after a favorite son, another possible translation is food season. Kauaʻi was known for its dialect of the Hawaiian language. While the standard language today adopts the dialect of Hawaiʻi island, which has the sound, in effect, Kauaʻi dialect retained the old pan-Polynesian /t/, while standard Hawaiʻi dialect has changed it to the. Therefore, the name for Kauaʻi was said as Tauaʻi. Kauaʻis origins are volcanic, the island having been formed by the passage of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaii hotspot, at approximately six million years old, it is the oldest of the main islands. The highest peak on this island is Kawaikini at 5,243 feet. The second highest peak is Mount Waiʻaleʻale near the center of the island,5,148 feet above sea level, one of the wettest spots on earth, with an annual average rainfall of 1,170 centimetres, is located on the east side of Mount Waiʻaleʻale. The high annual rainfall has eroded deep valleys in the central mountains, at 3,000 feet deep, Waimea Canyon is often referred to as The Grand Canyon of the Pacific. Kokeo Point lies on the side of the island. The Na Pali Coast is a center for recreation in a setting, including kayaking past the beaches. The headland, Kuahonu Point, is on the south-east of the island, Kauaʻi’s climate is tropical, with generally humid and stable conditions year round, although weather phenomena and infrequent storms have caused instances of extreme weather. At the lower elevations the annual precipitation varies from an average of about 50 inches on the windward shore, average temperature in Lihue, the county seat, ranges from 78 °F in February to 85 °F in August and September. Kauaʻi’s mountainous regions offer cooler temperatures and provide a pleasant contrast to the coastal areas
3.
Hawaii
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Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21,1959. Hawaii is the only U. S. state located in Oceania and it is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U. S. state not located in the Americas, the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast, Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group, it is called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U. S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U. S. states. It is the state with an Asian plurality. The states coastline is about 750 miles long, the fourth longest in the U. S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, the state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that was named for Hawaiʻiloa and he is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled. The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori, Rarotongan and Samoan. According to linguists Pukui and Elbert, lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the home, but in Hawaii. A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as an official state language. The title of the constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii, diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length
4.
National Tropical Botanical Garden
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The National Tropical Botanical Garden is a Hawaii-based not-for-profit institution dedicated to tropical plant research, conservation, and education. It operates a network of botanical gardens and preserves in Hawaii, in the early 1960s a group approached the U. S. Congress to charter a tropical botanical garden on U. S. soil. In 1964, Public Law 88-449 was enacted which chartered the Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, the group is a not-for-profit non-governmental institution holding a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code. NTBG is headquartered in Kalāheo, on the island of Kauaʻi in the state of Hawaii, the building was originally designed by architect Vladimir Ossipoff. The Juliet Rice Wichman Botanical Research Center building constructed in 2003 under Dean Sakamoto was made of concrete to survive hurricanes, hurricane Iniki devastated the area in 1992. Its living collections include the largest assemblages of native Hawaiian plant species, tours of each of the gardens are available. Preserves are also an important component of the NTBG, the preserves are seen as a refuge for nature, providing habitat for native and tropical plant species to mature and reproduce in a natural setting without the influence of human activity. They have also provided scientists the necessary means for the reintroduction of endangered species that are no longer found in the wild. These preserves act as large laboratories for experiments in conservation biology, at present, preserves are not open to the public. The mission of the Breadfruit Institute is to promote the conservation and use of breadfruit for food, the Institute is taking a leading role in the conservation of breadfruit diversity and ethnobotanical research documenting traditional uses and cultural practices involving breadfruit. List of botanical gardens in the United States National Tropical Botanical Garden
5.
Queen Emma of Hawaii
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Emma Kalanikaumakaʻamano Kaleleonālani Naʻea Rooke of Hawaiʻi was queen consort of King Kamehameha IV from 1856 to his death in 1863. She ran for ruling monarch against King Kalākaua but was defeated, Emma was born on January 2,1836 in Honolulu and was often called Emalani. Her father was High Chief George Naʻea and her mother was High Chiefess Fanny Kekelaokalani Young and she was adopted under the Hawaiian tradition of hānai by her childless maternal aunt, chiefess Grace Kamaʻikuʻi Young Rooke, and her husband, Dr. Thomas C. B. Emmas father Naʻea was the son of High Chief Kamaunu and High Chiefess Kukaeleiki, Kukaeleiki was daughter of Kalauawa, a Kauaʻi noble, and she was a cousin of Queen Keōpūolani, the most sacred wife of Kamehameha I. Among Naʻeas more notable ancestors were Kalanawaʻa, a chief of Oʻahu, and High Chiefess Kuaenaokalani. On her mothers side, Emma was the granddaughter of John Young, Kamehameha Is British-born military advisor known as High Chief Olohana and her maternal grandmother, Kaʻōanaʻeha, was generally called the niece of Kamehameha I. Chiefess Kaʻōanaʻehas father is disputed, some say she was the daughter of Prince Keliʻimaikaʻi and this confusion is due to the fact that High Chiefess Kalikoʻokalani, the mother of Kaʻōanaʻeha, married both to Keliʻimaikaʻi and to Kalaipaihala. Through High Chief Kalaipaihala, she could be descended from Kalaniʻopuʻu, King of Hawaii before Kīwalaʻō, King Kalākaua and Queen Liliʻuokalani criticized Queen Emmas claim of descent from Kamehamehas brother, supporting the latter theory of descent. Liliʻuokalani claimed that Keliʻimaikaʻi had no children, and that Kiilaweau and this was to strengthen their claim to the throne, since their great-grandfather was Kamehameha Is first cousin. But even through the second theory Queen Emma would still have been descendant of Kamehameha Is first cousin since Kalaniʻopuʻu was the uncle of Kamehameha I. It can be noted that one historian of the time, Samuel Kamakau, supported Queen Emmas descent from Keliʻimaikaʻi, Emma grew up at her foster parents English mansion, the Rooke House, in Honolulu. Emma was educated at the Royal School, which was established by American missionaries, other Hawaiian royals attending the school included Emmas half-sister Mary Paʻaʻāina. Like her classmates Bernice Pauahi Bishop, David Kalākaua and Lydia Liliʻuokalani, but she often found herself at odds with her peers. Unlike many of them, she was neither romantic nor prone to hyperbole, when the school closed, Dr. Rooke hired an English governess, Sarah Rhodes von Pfister, to tutor the young Emma. He also encouraged reading from his extensive library, as a writer, he influenced Emmas interest in reading and books. By the time she was 20, she was a young woman. She was 52 and slender, with black eyes. Her musical talents as a vocalist, pianist and dancer were well known and she was also a skilled equestrian
6.
McBryde Garden
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McBryde Garden is a botanical garden located on the south shore of Kauai, Hawaii. It is one of five gardens of the non-profit National Tropical Botanical Garden, the garden is situated above Lāwaʻi Bay, in a valley transected by the Lāwaʻi Stream. Queen Emma of Hawaii resided above this valley for an interval. The valley was purchased by the McBryde family in the late 19th century for a sugarcane plantation and this first garden of the National Tropical Botanical Garden was started in 1970 with the purchase of 171 acres by the institution and has since expanded. Initially called Lāwaʻi Garden, the site was renamed in 2000 as a result of a donation from the McBryde descendants. Today, McBryde Garden serves as a research and conservation garden, McBryde Garden is open to visitors. National Tropical Botanical Garden Allerton Garden Limahuli Garden and Preserve Kahanu Garden The Kampong List of botanical gardens in the United States McBryde Garden
7.
Sugarcane
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It has stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in the sugar sucrose, which accumulates in the stalk internodes. The plant is two to six meters tall, all sugar cane species interbreed and the major commercial cultivars are complex hybrids. Sugarcane belongs to the grass family Poaceae, an important seed plant family that includes maize, wheat, rice, and sorghum. Sucrose, extracted and purified in specialized factories, is used as raw material in the food industry or is fermented to produce ethanol. Ethanol is produced on a large scale by the Brazilian sugarcane industry, sugarcane is the worlds largest crop by production quantity. In 2012, The Food and Agriculture Organization estimates it was cultivated on about 26×106 hectares, in more than 90 countries, Brazil was the largest producer of sugar cane in the world. The next five major producers, in decreasing amounts of production, were India, China, Thailand, Pakistan, the world demand for sugar is the primary driver of sugarcane agriculture. Cane accounts for 80% of sugar produced, most of the rest is made from sugar beets, sugarcane predominantly grows in the tropical and subtropical regions. Other than sugar, products derived from sugarcane include falernum, molasses, rum, cachaça, bagasse, in some regions, people use sugarcane reeds to make pens, mats, screens, and thatch. The young, unexpanded inflorescence of tebu telor is eaten raw, steamed, or toasted, the Persians, followed by the Greeks, discovered the famous reeds that produce honey without bees in India between the 6th and 4th centuries BC. They adopted and then spread sugarcane agriculture, merchants began to trade in sugar from India, which was considered a luxury and an expensive spice. Sugarcane is a tropical, perennial grass that forms lateral shoots at the base to produce multiple stems, the stems grow into cane stalk, which when mature constitutes around 75% of the entire plant. A mature stalk is composed of 11–16% fiber, 12–16% soluble sugars, 2–3% nonsugars. A sugarcane crop is sensitive to the climate, soil type, irrigation, fertilizers, insects, disease control, varieties, the average yield of cane stalk is 60–70 tonnes per hectare per year. However, this figure can vary between 30 and 180 tonnes per hectare depending on knowledge and crop management approach used in sugarcane cultivation, sugarcane is a cash crop, but it is also used as livestock fodder. Sugarcane is indigenous to tropical South and Southeast Asia, different species likely originated in different locations, with Saccharum barberi originating in India and S. edule and S. officinarum in New Guinea. It is theorized that sugarcane was first domesticated as a crop in New Guinea around 6000 BC, New Guinean farmers and other early cultivators of sugarcane chewed the plant for its sweet juice. The exact date of the first cane sugar production is unclear, the earliest evidence of sugar production comes from ancient Sanskrit and Pali texts
8.
Sugar plantations in Hawaii
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The sugar grown and processed in Hawaii was shipped primarily to the United States and, in smaller quantities, globally. Industrial sugar production started slowly in Hawaii, the first sugar mill was created on the island of Lanaʻi in 1802 by an unidentified Chinese man who returned to China in 1803. The first sugarcane plantation, known as the Old Sugar Mill of Koloa, was established in 1835 by Ladd & Co. and in 1836 the first 8,000 pounds of sugar, by the 1840s, sugarcane plantations gained a foothold in Hawaiian agriculture. Steamships provided rapid and reliable transportation to the islands, and demand increased during the California Gold Rush, the land division law of 1848 displaced Hawaiian people from their land, forming the basis for the sugarcane plantation economy. In 1850, the law was amended to allow residents to buy. In 1850, when California became a state, profits declined, market demand increased even further during the onset of the American Civil War which prevented Southern sugar from being shipped northward. The price of sugar rose 525% from 4 cents per pound in 1861 to 25 cents in 1864, the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 allowed Hawaii to sell sugar to the United States without paying duties or taxes, greatly increasing plantation profits. This treaty also guaranteed all of the resources including land, water, human labor power, capital. The 1890 McKinley Tariff Act, an effort by the United States government to decrease the competitive pricing of Hawaiian sugar, after significant lobbying efforts, this act was repealed in 1894. By 1890, 75% of all privately held land was owned by foreign businessmen, the plantation owners wanted the United States to annex Hawaii so that Hawaiian sugar would never again be subject to tariffs. They also wanted the United States to annex Hawaii so there could be a U. S military base on the island, the industry was tightly controlled by descendants of missionary families and other Caucasian businessmen, concentrated in corporations known in Hawaii as The Big Five. These included Castle & Cooke, Alexander & Baldwin, C and this control of commodity distribution kept Hawaiians burdened under high prices and toiling under a diminished quality of life. These businessmen had perfected the double-edged sword of a labor force dependent upon plantation goods. Close ties as missionaries to the Hawaiian monarchy along with capital investments, cheap land, cheap labor, Alexander & Baldwin acquired additional sugar lands and also operated a sailing fleet between Hawaii and the mainland, the shipping concern became American-Hawaiian Line, and later Matson. Later the sons and grandsons of the missionaries played central roles in the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893. In 1898, the Republic of Hawaii was annexed by the United States and became the Territory of Hawaii, when Hawaiian plantations began to produce on a large scale, it became obvious that a labor force needed to be imported. The Hawaiian population was 1/6 its pre-1778 size due to ravaging disease brought by foreigners, additionally, Hawaiian people saw little use for working on the plantations when they could easily subsist by farming and fishing. Plantation owners quickly began importing workers which dramatically changed Hawaii’s demographics and is an example of globalization
9.
Robert Allerton Park
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The Robert Allerton Park is a 1, 517-acre park, nature center, and conference center located in the rural Piatt County township of Willow Branch, near Monticello, Illinois on the upper Sangamon River. The park and manor house, The Farms, are attributed to owner Robert Allerton, industrialist heir, artist, art collector, Robert donated the complex to the University of Illinois in 1946. The National Park Service registered the Robert Allerton Estate as a National Historic Place on July 18,2007, the Allerton Natural Area within the park was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1970. As of 2007, the park was used by approximately 100,000 visitors per year and it has been described as a vast prairie turned into a personal fantasy land of neoclassical statues, Far Eastern art, and huge European-style gardens surrounding a Georgian-Revival mansion. Robert Allerton was heir to a Chicago banking and stockyard fortune created by his father, Samuel Allerton, Robert was artistically inclined from his youth, and he studied art for four years in Munich, Paris and London. In 1897 he returned to Illinois and settled on one of the familys farms near Monticello, two years later he began work on the imposing brick mansion. Allerton also pursued ties with the University of Illinois, in 1919 while Allerton lived at The Farms he was asked by the University to serve on the Campus Plan Commission. This association continued until the completion of the 1923 Master Plan of the south of the Auditorium. In 1926, Allerton established the Allerton Scholarships in American architecture, annually, he invited graduating students in architecture and landscape architecture to The Farms. After the Great Depression, World War II, and U. S, at the time, taxes on Allerton land accounted for one-fifth of all tax revenue to support public works in the Willow Branch Township. The university, however, disputed its obligation to pay taxes on the estate, citing itself as a non-profit, the Township, not wishing to lose a significant portion of its tax funding, protested. The University was found in 1949 to be in delinquency of unpaid real estate taxes, a later Illinois Supreme Court ruling resolved the matter, the University would make an annual payment in lieu of taxes to Piatt County. The public park and woodland acreage are today tax-exempt, only the income-generating farmland is taxed, when deeded to the University on October 14,1946, the 5,500 acre estate was worth approximately $1.3 million. Adjusted for inflation, it would be worth nearly $14 million in 2011 dollars, the estate was logically divided into three areas. The principal area of 1,500 acres, originally known as the Woodland Property, was renamed the Robert Allerton Park, a smaller area of land located north of the Park area was put to use for the Illinois 4-H Memorial Camp and its related recreational programs. Finally, the third and largest area composing 3,775 acres of land in eight different farms all north of the Sangamon river was farmed by tenants and the income used to support the rest of the Park. In 2007 the north farms were turned over to the University of Illinois Endowment in return for shares entitling the park to a percentage of the return on the endowment investments. The tenants are required to submit bids for leases on the land they farm
10.
South Pacific (musical)
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South Pacific is a musical composed by Richard Rodgers, with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II and book by Hammerstein and Joshua Logan. The work premiered in 1949 on Broadway and was an immediate hit, the plot of the musical is based on James A. Micheners Pulitzer Prize-winning 1947 book Tales of the South Pacific and combines elements of several of those stories. Rodgers and Hammerstein believed they could write a musical based on Micheners work that would be successful and, at the same time. A secondary romance, between a U. S. lieutenant and a young Tonkinese woman, explores his fears of the consequences should he marry his Asian sweetheart. The issue of prejudice is candidly explored throughout the musical, most controversially in the lieutenants song. Supporting characters, including a comic petty officer and the Tonkinese girls mother, the original Broadway production enjoyed immense critical and box-office success, became the second-longest running Broadway musical to that point, and has remained popular ever since. After they signed Ezio Pinza and Mary Martin as the leads, Rodgers, the piece won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1950. Especially in the Southern U. S. its racial theme provoked controversy, the production won ten Tony Awards, including Best Musical, Best Score, and Best Libretto, and it is the only musical production to win Tony Awards in all four acting categories. Its original cast album was the record of the 1940s. The show has enjoyed many revivals and tours, spawning a 1958 film. The 2008 Broadway revival, a success, ran for 996 performances and won seven Tonys. Although book editor and university instructor James Michener could have avoided military service in World War II as a birthright Quaker, he enlisted in the U. S. Navy in October 1942. He was not sent to the South Pacific theater until April 1944 and he survived a plane crash in New Caledonia, the near-death experience motivated him to write fiction, and he began listening to the stories told by soldiers. One journey took him to the Treasury Islands, where he discovered an unpleasant village, called Bali-hai, populated by scrawny residents, struck by the name, Michener wrote it down and soon began to record, on a battered typewriter, his version of the tales. On a plantation on the island of Espiritu Santo, he met a woman named Bloody Mary, she was small, almost toothless and she told him also of her plans to oppose colonialism in French Indochina. These stories, collected into Tales of the South Pacific, won Michener the 1948 Pulitzer Prize for fiction, Tales of the South Pacific comprises nineteen stories. Each stands independently but revolves around the preparation for an American military operation to dislodge the Japanese from a nearby island and this operation, dubbed Alligator, occurs in the penultimate story, The Landing at Kuralei. Many of the die in that battle, and the last story is titled The Cemetery at Huga Point
11.
Donovan's Reef
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Donovans Reef is a 1963 American Technicolor film starring John Wayne. It was directed by John Ford and filmed on location on Kauai, the cast included Elizabeth Allen, Lee Marvin, Jack Warden, Dorothy Lamour, and Cesar Romero. The film marked the last time Ford and Wayne ever worked together on a project, Donovans Reef is a light-hearted movie. The film begins with Thomas Boats Gilhooley, an expatriate United States Navy veteran, when he realizes that the ship is passing by Haleakaloha, French Polynesia, and not actually stopping there, he jumps ship to swim to the island. Next, Michael Guns Donovan, another expatriate U. S. Navy veteran, dedhams three children are placed in Donovans care. The kids plans for a celebration of Donovans birthday on December 7 are shattered by the arrival of Gilhooley. The two vets meet in Donovans Reef, the owned by Donovan. Miss Amelia Dedham is a young lady of means from Boston. Her father is Doc Dedham, whom she has never met and she travels to Haleakaloha in hope of finding proof that Doc has violated an outdated morality clause in the will which would keep him from inheriting the stock and thus enable her to retain control. When word reaches Haleakaloha that Miss Dedham is on the way, a scheme is concocted by Donovan, Gilhooley, de Lage is Haleakalohas French governor, who hopes to find a post somewhere else. Donovan is to pretend to be the father of Docs three children, until Doc comes back and can explain things to the prim, proper Boston lady. The plan is accepted by the oldest daughter, Leilani. The plan works, and Amelia is told that her father, Donovan, with the help of the locals, the three men conducted a guerrilla war against the Japanese. She also learns that her father built a hospital, and lives in a large house, a mystery develops as she enters the house and sees a portrait of a beautiful Polynesian woman in royal trappings. This was Docs wife, the mother of his children, Amelia is not told of the relationship, but she learns that the woman was named Manulani. Donovan mentions that Lukes mother had died in childbirth, Amelia, too, is not as expected, as when she strips off her outdated swimming costume to reveal a tight swimsuit, challenges Donovan to a swimming race, and dives into the water. They develop a truce, as de Lage tries to court Amelia, when Dr. Dedham returns, father and daughter meet for the first time. He has been told about the deception, and over dinner he explains that he was serving in World War II when his wife died
12.
Jurassic Park (film)
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Jurassic Park is a 1993 American science-fiction adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and produced by Kathleen Kennedy and Gerald R. Molen. The first installment of the Jurassic Park franchise, it is based on the 1990 novel of the name by Michael Crichton, with a screenplay written by Crichton. Before Crichtons novel was published, four put in bids for the film rights. With the backing of Universal Studios, Spielberg acquired the rights for $1.5 million before publication in 1990, Koepp wrote the final draft, which left out much of the novels exposition and violence and made numerous changes to the characters. Filming took place in California and Hawaii between August and November 1992, and post-production rolled until May 1993, supervised by Spielberg in Poland as he filmed Schindlers List. The dinosaurs were created with groundbreaking computer-generated imagery by Industrial Light & Magic and it was well received by critics, who praised its special effects, John Williams musical score, and Spielbergs direction. The film won more than twenty awards, including three Academy Awards for its achievements in visual effects and sound design. A fifth installment is scheduled for a 2018 release, industrialist John Hammond and his bioengineering company, InGen, have created a theme park called Jurassic Park on Isla Nublar, a Costa Rican island, populated with cloned dinosaurs. After one of the dinosaur handlers is killed by a Velociraptor, Gennaro invites mathematician Ian Malcolm, while Hammond invites paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and paleobotanist Dr. Ellie Sattler. Upon arrival, the group is stunned to see a live Brachiosaurus, at the parks visitor center, the group learns that the cloning was accomplished by extracting dinosaur DNA from mosquitoes that had been preserved in amber. DNA from frogs was used to fill in gaps in the dinosaur genomes, to prevent breeding, all the dinosaurs were made female. Malcolm scoffs at the idea of controlled breeding, declaring it impossible. The crew witness the birth of a raptor and visit the raptor enclosure. During a luncheon, the debates the ethics of cloning. The group is joined by Hammonds grandchildren, Lex and Tim Murphy, for a tour of the park. The tour does not go as planned, with most of the failing to appear. The tour is cut short as a storm approaches Isla Nublar. Most of the park employees depart on a boat for the mainland and the return to their electric tour vehicles, except Ellie
13.
Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)
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Pirates of the Caribbean is a series of fantasy swashbuckler films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and based on Walt Disneys theme park ride of the same name. Directors of the series include Gore Verbinski, Rob Marshall, and Joachim Rønning, the series was most notably written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, other writers include Stuart Beattie, Jay Wolpert, and Jeff Nathanson. The stories followed the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow, Will Turner, characters such as Hector Barbossa and Joshamee Gibbs follow Jack, Will, and Elizabeth in the course of the films. The fourth film featured Philip Swift and Syrena, while the film will feature Henry Turner. The films take place in a historical setting, a world ruled by the British Empire, the East India Company. After the first films success, Walt Disney Pictures revealed that a trilogy was in the works, the franchises second film, subtitled Dead Mans Chest, was released three years later in 2006, the sequel proved successful, breaking financial records worldwide the day of its premiere. Dead Mans Chest ended up being the one film of the year upon earning almost $1.1 billion at the worldwide box office. The third film in the series, subtitled At Worlds End, followed in 2007, on Stranger Tides succeeded in also grossing more than $1 billion, becoming the second film in the franchise and only the eighth film in history to achieve this. A fifth film, subtitled Dead Men Tell No Tales, is set to be released on May 26,2017. Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow to save Turners love, Elizabeth Swann, from cursed pirates led by Jacks mutinous former first mate, Captain Barbossa. Jack wants revenge against Barbossa, who left him stranded on an island before stealing his ship, lord Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company arrests Will and Elizabeth for aiding Captain Jack Sparrow in the previous film. Lord Beckett gains power over Davy Jones and, with the help of the Flying Dutchman, to stand against the East India Trading Co. Will, Elizabeth, Barbossa, and the crew of the Black Pearl set out to rescue Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones Locker, as one of the Nine Pirate Lords, Jack is needed in order to summon an ancient goddess with the power to defeat Becketts forces. Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover and she forces Jack aboard the Queen Annes Revenge, a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard, Angelicas father. Both are also in search of the Fountain, Angelica to save her fathers soul, joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa, now a privateer in King George IIs Navy, who is in a race against the Spanish for the Fountain of Youth. Captain Jacks only hope of survival lies in seeking out the legendary Trident of Poseidon, with the release of the official trailer of Dead Men Tell No Tales, it was suggested that Dead Men will be the last film in the franchise. However, on March 4,2017, director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure, wenches Scarlett and Giselle fix each other up for their wedding, in which they would each marry their groom. Upon realizing that both their grooms were the same man – Jack Sparrow – the two find themselves in an auction led by the Auctioneer
14.
Starsky & Hutch
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Starsky & Hutch is an American cop thriller television series, which consisted of a 70-minute pilot movie and 92 episodes of 50 minutes each. The show was created by William Blinn, produced by Spelling-Goldberg Productions and it was distributed by Columbia Pictures Television in the United States and, originally, Metromedia Producers Corporation in Canada and some other parts of the world. Sony Pictures Television is now the distributor for the series. The series also inspired a film and a video game. The series protagonists were two Southern California police detectives, David Michael Starsky, the dark-haired, Brooklyn transplant and U. S, under the radio call sign Zebra Three, they were known for usually tearing around the streets of fictional Bay City, California. The vehicle of choice was Starskys two-door Ford Gran Torino, which was bright red and they used around four different cars for filming. Earlier shots had red wing mirrors usually for long shots or footage used in episodes, close ups. The Torino was nicknamed the Striped Tomato by Hutch in the episode Snowstorm, however, this moniker didnt come from the writers, it came from a real-life comment that Glaser made. In characteristic contrast, Hutchs vehicle was a battered, tan,1973 Ford Galaxie 500 and it occasionally appeared when the duo needed separate vehicles, or for undercover work. However, the cover was often blown because Hutchs vehicle had a bad habit, when its drivers side door was opened. It was also due to the severely cluttered back seat. The detectives main confidential informant was the street-wise, ethically ambiguous, jive-talking Huggy Bear, the duos boss was the gruff, no-nonsense-but-fair Captain Harold C. Starsky and Hutch continued the 1960s trend in some prime-time, U. S. TV dramas of portraying African-Americans in a positive light, Huggys immense popularity with viewers caused producers Spelling and Goldberg to consider giving actor Fargas his own TV series. In the episode it was revealed that Huggys last name is Brown, two series characters were named for people from William Blinns past, Starsky was the name of a high school friend, and Huggy Bear was a local disc jockey. While likely normal by the standards of 1990s-and-later America, such body language conflicted with 1970s norms of masculinity. In a blooper tape made during the run that can be found on YouTube. Soul verified this statement in a 1999 cast reunion interview in the United Kingdom, many fans were attracted not just by the characters, but the quality of writing during the first two seasons. The part was written with Parton in mind, but Anderson wound up playing the role, Season 1, Starsky & Hutch aired on Wednesday nights at 10pm and aired against the long forgotten Kate McShane on CBS and the second season law drama Petrocelli on NBC
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Magnum, P.I.
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Magnum, P. I. is an American crime drama television series starring Tom Selleck as Thomas Magnum, a private investigator living on Oahu, Hawaii. The series ran from 1980 to 1988 during its first-run broadcast on the American television network CBS. According to the Nielsen ratings, Magnum, P. I. consistently ranked in the top twenty U. S. television programs during the first five years of its run in the United States. Thomas Sullivan Magnum IV is a private investigator played by Tom Selleck and he resides in the guest house of a 200-acre beachfront estate called Robins Nest, in Hawaii, at the invitation of its owner, Robin Masters, the celebrated author of several dozen lurid novels. The voice of Robin Masters, heard only a few times per season, was provided by Orson Welles, Magnum lives a luxurious life on the estate and operates as a P. I. on cases that suit him. The only thorn in the side of his lifestyle is Jonathan Quayle Higgins III. An ex-British Army Sergeant Major, he is on the surface a stern, by-the-book caretaker of Robins Nest and he patrols Robins Nest with his two highly trained lads, Doberman Pinschers named Zeus and Apollo. The relationship between Magnum and Higgins is initially cool, but as the series progressed, an unspoken respect, many episodes dedicated more screen time to this odd couple pairing after the relationship proved popular with fans. Aside from Higgins, Magnums two main companions on the islands are Theodore T. C, in the pilot episode, this was Ricks Place in town, inspired by Casablanca, with Rick appearing in suitable 1930s attire. After completing the pilot, though, executives felt that audiences would be unable to connect with this element. Instead, Rick moved to running the plush, beachside King Kamehameha Club, Magnum often strolls around the club, using its facilities and running up an ever unpaid tab, further fueling the Magnum-Higgins feud. T. C. and Rick are both former Marines from VMO-2 with whom Magnum, a former Navy SEAL, served in the Vietnam War. The series was one of the first to deal with Vietnam veterans as human beings and not as shell-shocked killers, Magnum often dupes or bribes T. C. Magnum comes and goes as he pleases, works only when he wants and he keeps a mini-fridge with a seemingly endless supply of beer, wears his fathers treasured Rolex GMT Master wristwatch and is surrounded by countless beautiful women. Other characteristics specific to Magnum are his thick mustache, a Detroit Tigers baseball cap, a chicken. Nearly every episode is narrated, in voice-over, by Magnum at various points, at the end of the seventh season, Magnum was to be killed off, to end the series. Following an outcry from fans who demanded a more satisfactory conclusion, Tom Selleck as Thomas Sullivan Magnum IV Roger E. Mosley as Theodore Calvin a. k. a. Larry Manetti as Orville Wilbur Richard Rick Wright, John Hillerman as Jonathan Quayle Higgins III Lt and he is also, like Magnum, a Detroit Tigers fan
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Limahuli Garden and Preserve
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The Limahuli Garden and Preserve is a botanical garden and nature preserve on the north shore of Kauaʻi island, Hawaiʻi. It is one of the five gardens of the non-profit National Tropical Botanical Garden, Limahuli lies within a tropical valley covering three distinct ecological zones. It is inland from the Haʻena State Park and Keʻe beach off of Route 560 at 22°13′13″N 159°34′33″W. The Makana Mountain ridge looms behind, and the Limahuli Stream includes an 800-foot waterfall on its descent from the high end at 3,330 feet to sea level just below the garden. This area is known as Bali Hai, a name used in the 1958 film South Pacific which was filmed on location in the area. The name comes from lima huli which means turned hand in the Hawaiian language and it also contains taro terraces that date back to early Polynesian arrivals on the island. In 1997 Limahuli Garden was selected by the American Horticultural Society as the best natural botanical garden in the United States, Limahuli Garden is open to visitors. The preserve is not open to the public
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Kahanu Garden
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Kahanu Garden and Preserve is a botanical garden located on the Hāna Highway near Hāna, Maui, Hawaiʻi. It is one of five gardens of the non-profit National Tropical Botanical Garden, the others being McBryde, Allerton, and Limahuli Garden and Preserve on Kauaʻi, and The Kampong in Florida. The garden was established in 1972 on Mauis northern coast, with rugged black lava seascapes, the gardens ethnobotanical collections focus on plants traditionally used by Pacific Island people. It includes the worlds largest breadfruit collection, first established in the 1970s and this collection is used for research and conservation by NTBG’s Breadfruit Institute. Other garden holdings include bamboo, banana, calabash, coconut, kava, kamani, loʻulu, sugarcane, taro, turmeric, vanilla, Kahanu Garden is open to visitors. Kahanu Garden also contains the 3-acre Piʻilanihale Heiau, a National Historic Landmark believed to be the largest ancient temple in the Hawaiian Islands and it is built from basalt blocks and extends 341 feet by 415 feet, with a high front wall rising 50 feet. The large central terrace with two platforms is situated on a broad ridge that adds to its majesty. Construction of the terrace dates back to the 14th century. List of botanical gardens in the United States Kahanu Garden Breadfruit Institute National Tropical Botanical Garden
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The Kampong
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The Kampong is a 9-acre botanical garden in the Coconut Grove neighborhood of Miami, Florida, United States. It is one of the five gardens of the non-profit National Tropical Botanical Garden, the Kampong was bought as a winter home by the famed horticulturalist Dr. David Fairchild and his wife Marian in 1916. Fairchild introduced around 30,000 plant species and varietals into the U. S, at his home in Florida, Fairchild created a garden that contained many of the plants that he obtained throughout his trips. In 1931 Marians sister Elsie and her husband, Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, Fairchild and his wife made the Kampong their permanent home from 1928 until their deaths in 1954 and 1962 respectively. A year after David Fairchilds wifes death, the land was purchased by Catherine Hauberg Sweeney, Sweeney maintained Fairchild’s garden and was vital in its preservation for future use and study, securing its listing on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1984 Sweeney donated the property to the then Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, the Kampongs first Director from July 1996 to February 1998, Dr. Thomas Lodge, oversaw completion of The Fairchild-Sweeney House renovations. He also was key in researching David Fairchilds role in the establishment of Everglades National Park, larry Schokman served as Mrs. Sweeneys superintendent for 11 years, until 1984 when The Kampong became part of the National Tropical Botanical Garden, and Schokman became an NTBG employee. As Director of Horticulture and then Assistant Director under Dr. Lodge, Schokman maintained a close working and he became Director of The Kampong in 1998 and retired in August 2007. Following Schokman, Dr. David Lee was Director of The Kampong from 2007 to 2009, Dr. Lee was formerly the Chair of Biological Sciences at Florida International University, where he worked for 26 years. Dr. Lee helped to safeguard The Kampongs southern boundary from development encroachment, in 2009, Ann Parsons took on the role of Director of The Kampong. They are doing just that—in 2011, more than 5,000 guests visited the estate and garden through tours, educational programs. These visitors are key in helping spread The Kampongs message about the importance of protecting, preserving, today the Kampongs living collections include tropical fruits including pomelo,23 cultivars of avocado, and 65 varieties of mango, palms, flowering trees, ficus, aroids, and bamboo. This garden serves as the campus for the NTBG. Major aspects of the Kampong include, The Fairchild-Sweeney House – designed by architect Edward Clarence Dean, constructed in 1928, as a combination of Spanish and Southeast Asian influences. A later renovation to the home incorporated more features and added a second floor over a portion of the home. Visitors included Thomas Edison and Henry Ford, Schokman Education Center – designed by architect Max Strang, completed in 2007, as an outdoor pavilion incorporating oolitic limestone and exposed concrete. Mangrove preserve – one of the largest areas of mangrove forest in the area, containing all four mangroves native to the area
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Landscape
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A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms and how they integrate with natural or man-made features. The character of a landscape helps define the self-image of the people who inhabit it and it is the dynamic backdrop to people’s lives. Landscape can be as varied as farmland, a landscape park, the activity of modifying the visible features of an area of land is referred to as landscaping. There are several definitions of what constitutes a landscape, depending on context, the term landscape emerged around the turn of the sixteenth century to denote a painting whose primary subject matter was natural scenery. Land may be taken in its sense of something to people belong. The suffix ‑scape is equivalent to the more common English suffix ‑ship, the roots of ‑ship are etymologically akin to Old English sceppan or scyppan, meaning to shape. The suffix ‑schaft is related to the verb schaffen, so that ‑ship, the word landscape, first recorded in 1598, was borrowed from a Dutch painters term. An example of this usage can be found as early as 1662 in the Book of Common Prayer, Could we but climb where Moses stood. Setting, In works of narrative, it includes the moment in time and geographic location in which a story takes place. Picturesque, The word literally means in the manner of a picture, fit to be made into a picture, and used as early as 1703, gilpin’s Essay on Prints defined picturesque as a term expressive of that peculiar kind of beauty, which is agreeable in a picture. A view, A sight or prospect of some landscape or extended scene, wilderness, An uncultivated, uninhabited, and inhospitable region. Cityscape, The urban equivalent of a landscape, in the visual arts a cityscape is an artistic representation, such as a painting, drawing, print or photograph, of the physical aspects of a city or urban area. Seascape, A photograph, painting, or other work of art depicts the sea. Geomorphology is the study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features created by physical or chemical processes operating at or near Earths surface. Geomorphology is practiced within physical geography, geology, geodesy, engineering geology, archaeology and this broad base of interests contributes to many research styles and interests within the field. The surface of Earth is modified by a combination of processes that sculpt landscapes, and geologic processes that cause tectonic uplift and subsidence. Many of these factors are strongly mediated by climate, the Earth surface and its topography therefore are an intersection of climatic, hydrologic, and biologic action with geologic processes. Desert, Plain, Taiga, Tundra, Wetland, Mountain, Mountain range, Cliff, Coast, Littoral zone, Glacier, Polar regions of Earth, Shrubland, Forest, Rainforest, Woodland, Jungle, Moors
20.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
