1.
Zhuhai
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Zhuhai is a prefecture-level city on the southern coast of Guangdong province in China. Located in the Pearl River Delta, Zhuhai borders Jiangmen to the northwest, Zhongshan to the north, Zhuhai was one of the original Special Economic Zones established in the 1980s. Zhuhai is also one of Chinas premier tourist destinations, being called the Chinese Riviera, according to a report released in 2014 by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Zhuhai is the most livable city in China. Zhuhai borders the Macau Special Administrative Region, and is 140 kilometres southwest of Guangzhou and its territory includes 146 islands and a coastline of 690 kilometres. Some of the latter are actually closer to Hong Kong than to the Zhuhai mainland. The jurisdiction of Nei Lingding Island, located in the Pearl River estuary was transferred from Zhuhai to Shenzhen in 2009, average highs in January and July are 18 and 32 °C respectively. It never snows and a frost has never recorded in the city centre. Conversely, extreme heat waves do not occur as they do further inland, Zhuhai became a city in 1979, a year before it was designated as one of the first Special Economic Zones of China. The establishment of Zhuhai as an SEZ allowed the Chinese Central Government and economy to have access to the Macau and consequently. As a result, Zhuhai is now a city in the Pearl River Delta region according to the new general urban plan approved by the State Council. The implementation of Special Economy Zone intended for the city to become a key city, science and education city, scenic and tourism city. The outstanding geographic location, a range of supporting infrastructure. Utilized foreign investment reached US$10.344 billion in 2008, among the top 500 enterprises worldwide,19 of them have investment projects in Zhuhai such as ExxonMobil, BP, Siemens, Carrefour and Matsushita. Hong Kong is the largest overseas investor in Zhuhai, accounting for 22% of total utilized foreign investment in 2002, Zhuhai hi-tech zone is located in the north of Zhuhai, which is very close to downtown. Furthermore, technological resources are centralized in our zone, there is also a development in hi-tech industries which is leading by software. The hi-tech zone is the showcase for Zhuhais scientific development, Zhuhai Free Trade Zone Zhuhai Free Trade Zone was founded in 1996 with the State Councils approval, occupying 3 km2. A Zhuhai FTZ Administrative Committee was set up in June 1997, by the end of 2006, there had been over 200 companies registered in the Free Trade Zone, including more than 150 foreign-funded enterprises, and the total investment amount was 1 billion US dollars. Their combined sales were more than 1.3 billion US dollars or 10% of all the sales in the world
2.
Guangdong
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Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the Peoples Republic of China. The provincial capital Guangzhou and economic hub Shenzhen are among the most populous, the population increase since the census has been modest, the province at 2014 end had 107,240,000 people. Since 1989, Guangdong has topped the total GDP rankings among all divisions, with Jiangsu and Shandong second. According to state statistics, Guangdongs GDP in 2014 reached RMB6,779 billion, or US$1.104 trillion, since 2011, Guangdong has the highest GDP among all provinces of Mainland China. The province contributes approximately 12% of the PRCs national economic output, Guangdong also hosts the largest import and export fair in China called the Canton Fair in Guangdongs capital city Guangzhou. Guǎng means expanse or vast, and has associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD226. Guangdong and neighbouring Guangxi literally mean expanse east and expanse west, together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called Loeng gwong. During the Song dynasty, the Two Guangs were formally separated as Guǎngnán Dōnglù and Guǎngnán Xīlù, one should note that Canton, though etymologically derived from Cantão, refers only to the provincial capital instead of the whole province, as documented by authoritative English dictionaries. The local people of the city of Guangzhou and their language are commonly referred to as Cantonese in English. Because of the prestige of Canton and its accent, Cantonese sensu lato can also be used for the phylogenetically related residents, Chinese administration and reliable historical records in the region began with the Qin dynasty. After establishing the first unified Chinese empire, the Qin expanded southwards and set up Nanhai Commandery at Panyu, the region was independent as Nanyue between the fall of Qin and the reign of Emperor Wu of Han. Under the Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms period, Guangdong was made its own province, for example, internal strife in northern China following the rebellion of An Lushan resulted in a 75% increase in the population of Guangzhou prefecture between 740s–750s and 800s–810s. As more migrants arrived, the population was gradually assimilated to Han Chinese culture or displaced. Multiple women originating from the Persian Gulf lived in Guangzhous foreign quarter, together with Guangxi, Guangdong was made part of Lingnan Circuit, or Mountain-South Circuit, in 627 during the Tang dynasty. The Guangdong part of Lingnan Circuit was renamed Guangnan East Circuit guǎng nán dōng lù in 971 during the Song dynasty, Guangnan East is the source of Guangdong. As Mongols from the north engaged in their conquest of China in the 13th century, the Battle of Yamen 1279 in Guangdong marked the end of the Southern Song Dynasty. During the Mongol Yuan dynasty, large parts of current Guangdong belonged to Jiangxi and its present name, Guangdong Province was given in early Ming dynasty. Since the 16th century, Guangdong has had extensive links with the rest of the world
3.
China
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China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
4.
Integrated circuit
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An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor material, normally silicon. The ICs mass production capability, reliability and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of using discrete transistors. ICs are now used in all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the small size. These advances, roughly following Moores law, allow a computer chip of 2016 to have millions of times the capacity, ICs have two main advantages over discrete circuits, cost and performance. Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography rather than being constructed one transistor at a time, furthermore, packaged ICs use much less material than discrete circuits. Performance is high because the ICs components switch quickly and consume little power because of their small size, the main disadvantage of ICs is the high cost to design them and fabricate the required photomasks. This high initial cost means ICs are only practical when high production volumes are anticipated, Circuits meeting this definition can be constructed using many different technologies, including thin-film transistor, thick film technology, or hybrid integrated circuit. However, in general usage integrated circuit has come to refer to the single-piece circuit construction originally known as a integrated circuit. Jacobi disclosed small and cheap hearing aids as typical industrial applications of his patent, an immediate commercial use of his patent has not been reported. The idea of the circuit was conceived by Geoffrey Dummer. Dummer presented the idea to the public at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington and he gave many symposia publicly to propagate his ideas, and unsuccessfully attempted to build such a circuit in 1956. A precursor idea to the IC was to create small ceramic squares, Components could then be integrated and wired into a bidimensional or tridimensional compact grid. This idea, which seemed very promising in 1957, was proposed to the US Army by Jack Kilby, however, as the project was gaining momentum, Kilby came up with a new, revolutionary design, the IC. In his patent application of 6 February 1959, Kilby described his new device as a body of semiconductor material … wherein all the components of the circuit are completely integrated. The first customer for the new invention was the US Air Force, Kilby won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit. His work was named an IEEE Milestone in 2009, half a year after Kilby, Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor developed his own idea of an integrated circuit that solved many practical problems Kilbys had not. Noyces design was made of silicon, whereas Kilbys chip was made of germanium, Noyce credited Kurt Lehovec of Sprague Electric for the principle of p–n junction isolation, a key concept behind the IC
5.
System on a chip
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A system on a chip or system on chip is an integrated circuit that integrates all components of a computer or other electronic systems. It may contain digital, analog, mixed-signal, and often radio-frequency functions—all on a single substrate, SoCs are very common in the mobile computing market because of their low power-consumption. A typical application is in the area of embedded systems, the contrast with a microcontroller, SoC integrates microcontroller with advanced peripherals like graphics processing unit, Wi-Fi module, or coprocessor. As long as we remember that the SoC does not necessarily contain built-in memory, in general, we can distinguish three types of SoC. SoC built around a microcontroller, SoC built around a microprocessor, a separate category may be Programmable SoC, part of elements is not permanently defined and can be programmable in a manner analogous to the FPGA or CPLD. When it is not feasible to construct a SoC for a particular application, in large volumes, SoC is believed to be more cost-effective than SiP since it increases the yield of the fabrication and because its packaging is simpler. Another option, as seen for example in cell phones, is package on package stacking during board assembly. The SoC includes processors and numerous digital peripherals, and comes in a ball grid package with lower and upper connections. The lower balls connect to the board and various peripherals, with the balls in a ring holding the memory buses used to access NAND flash. Memory packages could come from multiple vendors, DMA controllers route data directly between external interfaces and memory, bypassing the processor core and thereby increasing the data throughput of the SoC. A SoC consists of both the hardware, described above, and the controlling the microcontroller, microprocessor or DSP cores, peripherals. The design flow for a SoC aims to develop hardware and software in parallel. Most SoCs are developed from pre-qualified hardware blocks for the elements described above. Of particular importance are the protocol stacks that drive industry-standard interfaces like USB, the hardware blocks are put together using CAD tools, the software modules are integrated using a software-development environment. Once the architecture of the SoC has been defined, any new elements are written in an abstract language termed RTL which defines the circuit behaviour. These elements are connected together in the same RTL language to create the full SoC design, chips are verified for logical correctness before being sent to foundry. This process is called functional verification and it accounts for a significant portion of the time, with the growing complexity of chips, hardware verification languages like SystemVerilog, SystemC, e, and OpenVera are being used. Bugs found in the stage are reported to the designer
6.
Shenzhen
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Shenzhen is a major city in Guangdong Province, China and one of the five largest and wealthiest cities of China. The city is located north of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and holds sub-provincial administrative status. Shenzhen was a town of 30,000 people on the route of the Kowloon–Canton Railway. That changed in 1979 when Shenzhen was promoted to city-status and in 1980 designated China’s first Special Economic Zone. According to the Government report for 2015, Shenzhen had transformed into a city with a population of 10,778,900, Shenzhen was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world during the 1990s and the 2000s. Shenzhen is a financial center in southern China. The city is home to the Shenzhen Stock Exchange as well as the headquarters of numerous high-tech companies, Shenzhen ranks 19th in the 2016 edition of the Global Financial Centres Index published by the Z/Yen Group and Qatar Financial Centre Authority. It also has one of the busiest container ports in the world, human habitation in Shenzhen dates back to ancient times. The earliest archaeological remains so far unearthed are shards from a site at Xiantouling on Dapeng Bay, from the Han dynasty onwards, the area around Shenzhen was a center of the salt monopoly, thus meriting special Imperial protection. Salt pans are still visible around the Pearl River area to the west of the city and are commemorated in the name of Yantian District, the settlement at Nantou was the political center of the area from early antiquity. In the year 331 AD, six counties covering most of modern southeastern Guangdong were merged into one province or “jun” named Dongguan with its center at Nantou. As well as being a center of the politically and fiscally critical salt trade, the main shipping route to India, Arabia and the Byzantine Empire started at Guangzhou. As early as the century, chronicles record the Nantou area as being a major commercial center. It was also as a defense center guarding the southern approaches to the Pearl River. Shenzhen was also involved in the surrounding the end of the Southern Song dynasty. The Imperial court, fleeing Kublai Khan’s forces, established itself in the Shenzhen area and he jumped off a cliff with Emperor Bing, aged 7, the last emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty strapped to his back, killing both. In the late 19th century the Chiu or Zhao clan in Hong Kong identified that Chiwan, the tomb, since restored, is still at the same location. Earliest known records that carried the name Shenzhen dates from 1410, local people called the drains in paddy fields “zhen”
7.
Hong Kong
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Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of East Asia. Macau lies across the delta to the west, and the Chinese province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north. With a total area of 1,106 square kilometres. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during World War II until British control resumed in 1945, under the principle of one country, two systems, Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative, in addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of appropriate fields. Hong Kong is one of the worlds most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the worlds most competitive and freest economic entity. As the worlds 8th largest trading entity, its legal tender, Hong Kongs tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by simple taxation with a competitive level of corporate tax and supported by its independent judiciary system. However, while Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world and it has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the worlds longest life expectancy. Over 90% of the population use of well-developed public transportation. Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring areas of Mainland China. Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island, before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour, literally means Little Hong Kong)—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was a point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen. Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time, fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbours fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour, the name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926. Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric. As of 1997, its name is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China. This is the title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law. Hong Kong has carried many nicknames, the most famous among those is the Pearl of the Orient, which reflected the impressive nightscape of the citys light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour
8.
Android (operating system)
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Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. In addition to devices, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars. Variants of Android are also used on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras, beginning with the first commercial Android device in September 2008, the operating system has gone through multiple major releases, with the current version being 7.0 Nougat, released in August 2016. Android applications can be downloaded from the Google Play store, which features over 2.7 million apps as of February 2017, Android has been the best-selling OS on tablets since 2013, and runs on the vast majority of smartphones. In September 2015, Android had 1.4 billion monthly active users, Android is popular with technology companies that require a ready-made, low-cost and customizable operating system for high-tech devices. The success of Android has made it a target for patent, Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White. Rubin described the Android project as tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are aware of its owners location. The early intentions of the company were to develop an operating system for digital cameras. Despite the past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly and that same year, Rubin ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope. In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million and its key employees, including Rubin, Miner and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Not much was known about Android at the time, with Rubin having only stated that they were making software for mobile phones, at Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system, Google had lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation. Speculation about Googles intention to enter the communications market continued to build through December 2006. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony, the first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC Dream, also known as T-Mobile G1, announced on September 23,2008. Since 2008, Android has seen numerous updates which have improved the operating system, adding new features. Each major release is named in order after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first few Android versions being called Cupcake, Donut, Eclair. In 2010, Google launched its Nexus series of devices, a lineup in which Google partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions
9.
Tablet computer
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Tablets often come equipped with sensors, including digital cameras, a microphone, and an accelerometer so images on screens are always displayed upright. The touchscreen display uses the recognition of finger or stylus gestures to replace the mouse, trackpad, tablets are typically larger than smartphones or personal digital assistants with screens 7 inches or larger, measured diagonally. However much of a tablets functionality resembles that of a modern smartphone, tablets can be classified according to the presence and physical appearance of keyboards. Slates and booklets do not have a keyboard, and usually accept text. Hybrids, convertibles, and 2-in-1s do have physical keyboards, yet they also make use of virtual keyboards. Some 2-in-1s have processors and operating systems like a full laptop, most tablets can use separate keyboards connected using Bluetooth. The format was conceptualized in the century and prototyped and developed in the last two decades of that century. In April 2010, Apple released the iPad, the first mass-market tablet to achieve widespread popularity, thereafter in the 2010s, tablets rapidly rose in ubiquity and became a large product category used for both personal and workplace applications. The tablet computer and its operating system began with the development of pen computing. Throughout the 20th century devices with these characteristics have been imagined and created whether as blueprints, prototypes, a device more powerful than todays tablets appeared briefly in Jerry Pournelle and Larry Nivens The Mote in Gods Eye. Adults could also use a Dynabook, but the audience was children. In 1992, Atari showed developers the Stylus, later renamed ST-Pad, the ST-Pad was based on the TOS/GEM Atari ST Platform and prototyped early handwriting recognition. Shiraz Shivjis company Momentus demonstrated in the time a failed x86 MS-DOS based Pen Computer with its own GUI. In 1994, the European Union initiated the NewsPad project, inspired by Clarke, Acorn Computers developed and delivered an ARM-based touch screen tablet computer for this program, branding it the NewsPad, the project ended in 1997. During the November 2000 COMDEX, Microsoft used the term Tablet PC to describe a prototype handheld device they were demonstrating, all three products were based on extended versions of the MS-DOS operating system. In 1992, IBM announced and shipped to developers the 2521 ThinkPad, also based on PenPoint was AT&Ts EO Personal Communicator from 1993, which ran on AT&Ts own hardware, including their own AT&T Hobbit CPU. Apple Computer launched the Apple Newton personal digital assistant in 1993 and it utilised Apples own new Newton OS, initially running on hardware manufactured by Motorola and incorporating an ARM CPU, that Apple had specifically co-developed with Acorn Computers. The operating system and platform design were later licensed to Sharp and Digital Ocean, in 1996, Palm, Inc. released the first of the Palm OS based PalmPilot touch and stylus based PDA, the touch based devices initially incorporating a Motorola Dragonball CPU
10.
Smartphone
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A smartphone is a mobile phone with an advanced mobile operating system that combines features of a personal computer operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use. Smartphones can access the Internet and can run a variety of third-party software components and they typically have a color display with a graphical user interface that covers more than 76% of the front surface. In 1999, the Japanese firm NTT DoCoMo released the first smartphones to achieve mass adoption within a country, smartphones became widespread in the late 2000s. Most of those produced from 2012 onward have high-speed mobile broadband 4G LTE, motion sensors, in the third quarter of 2012, one billion smartphones were in use worldwide. Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for regular cell phones in early 2013, devices that combined telephony and computing were first conceptualized by Nikola Tesla in 1909 and Theodore Paraskevakos in 1971 and patented in 1974, and were offered for sale beginning in 1993. Paraskevakos was the first to introduce the concepts of intelligence, data processing and they were installed at Peoples Telephone Company in Leesburg, Alabama and were demonstrated to several telephone companies. The original and historic working models are still in the possession of Paraskevakos, the first mobile phone to incorporate PDA features was a prototype developed by Frank Canova in 1992 while at IBM and demonstrated that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show. It included PDA features and other mobile applications such as maps, stock reports. A refined version was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator, the Simon was the first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a smartphone, although it was not called that in 1994. The term smart phone appeared in print as early as 1995, in the mid-late 1990s, many mobile phone users carried a separate dedicated PDA device, running early versions of operating systems such as Palm OS, BlackBerry OS or Windows CE/Pocket PC. These operating systems would later evolve into mobile operating systems, in March 1996, Hewlett-Packard released the OmniGo 700LX, a modified HP 200LX palmtop PC that supported a Nokia 2110 phone with ROM-based software to support it. It had a 640×200 resolution CGA compatible four-shade gray-scale LCD screen and could be used to place and receive calls and it was also 100% DOS5.0 compatible, allowing it to run thousands of existing software titles, including early versions of Windows. In August 1996, Nokia released the Nokia 9000 Communicator, a cellular phone based on the Nokia 2110 with an integrated PDA based on the PEN/GEOS3.0 operating system from Geoworks. The two components were attached by a hinge in what known as a clamshell design, with the display above. The PDA provided e-mail, calendar, address book, calculator and notebook applications, text-based Web browsing, when closed, the device could be used as a digital cellular phone. In June 1999 Qualcomm released the pdQ Smartphone, a CDMA digital PCS Smartphone with an integrated Palm PDA, subsequent landmark devices included, The Ericsson R380 by Ericsson Mobile Communications. The first device marketed as a smartphone, it combined the functions of a phone and PDA. The Kyocera 6035 introduced by Palm, Inc, combining a PDA with a mobile phone, it operated on the Verizon network, and supported limited Web browsing
11.
Dashcam
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A dashcam or dashboard camera is an onboard camera that continuously records the view through a vehicles windscreen. It may be attached to the windscreen or to the top of the dashboard. Dashcams may provide evidence in the event of an accident. By targeted field of view, exterior view cabin view, to ensure that recorded video files are not tampered with once they have been recorded, videos can be timestamped in a tamper-proof manner, a procedure termed trusted timestamping. One method for trusted timestamping video files involves immediately storing the unique hash of the file on the decentralized Blockchain of a cryptocurrency to securely prove its time of existence, dashcams are widespread in Russia as a guard against police corruption and insurance fraud, where they provide additional evidence. As of March 2016, separate GfK stats show that Nextbase’s range of dash cams accounts for more than 68 per cent of market by volume and 73 per cent by value. While dashcams are gaining in popularity in parts of Asia, Europe, Australia and the US, they are forbidden by law in Austria. In Switzerland, their use is discouraged in public space as they may contravene data protection principles. In Germany, while small cameras for use in vehicles are allowed, posting footage from them on social-media sites is considered a violation of privacy. Dashcam footage may only be used in cases as evidence in a German court. In Luxembourg, it is not illegal to possess a dashcam, Recording using a dashcam may result in a fine or imprisonment. In Australia recording on public roadways is allowed as long as the recording does not infringe upon ones personal privacy in a way that may be deemed inappropriate in a court of law. In the United States, at the level, the video taping of public events is protected under the First Amendment right. Are dealt with at the state level, in Illinois, a law was passed that makes it illegal to record law enforcement officers even while in the performance of their public official duties. Police departments use dashcams in police vehicles to gather evidence during traffic stops, some dash cam systems can be automatically activated when a police cars emergency lights or siren are turned on. Freedom of information laws mean that the footage can be released under some circumstances, TV shows like Worlds Wildest Police Videos have frequently featured car chase videos shot from dashcams. Some police officers accused of police brutality tamper with their cameras to disable audio or video recording, in Chicago, 80% of the police dashcams did not work properly. Among the causes were that officers destroyed antennas, hid microphones, anthony Graber Glik v. Cunniffe Sample Video on YouTube In Spite of State Law, Maryland Law Enforcement Officials Still Arresting, Charging People for Recording Cops
12.
Rockchip
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Rockchip is a Chinese fabless semiconductor company based in Fuzhou, Fujian province. It designs system on a chip products using semiconductor intellectual property cores licensed from other companies, due to its evolution from the MP3/MP4 player market, most Rockchip SoCs feature media decoding logic but lack integrated cellular radio basebands. Rockchip is a supplier of SoCs to Chinese white-box tablet manufacturers as well as supplying OEMs such as Asus, HP, Rockchip uses the ARM architecture licensed from ARM Holdings for the majority of its projects. However, on 27 May 2014 Intel announced an agreement with Rockchip to adopt the Intel architecture for entry-level tablets, after establishing a position early in the developing Chinese tablet SoC market, in 2012 it faced a challenge by Allwinner. In 2012, Rockchip shipped 10.5 million tablet processors, however, for Q32013, Rockchip was forecast to ship 6 million tablet-use application processors in China, compared to 7 million for Allwinner who mainly shipped single-core products. Rockchip was reported to be the number one supplier of tablet-use application processors in China in Q42013, Q12014, Intel Corporation made investments into the tablet processor market, and was heavily subsidizing its entry into the low-cost tablet market as of 2014. In May 2014, Intel announced an agreement with Rockchip to jointly deliver an Intel-branded mobile SoC platform based on Intels Atom processor, under the terms of the agreement, the two companies will deliver an Intel-branded mobile SoC platform. The quad-core platform will be based on an Intel Atom processor core integrated with Intels 3G modem technology, both Intel and Rockchip will sell the new part to OEMs and ODMs, primarily into each companys existing customer base. As of October 2014, Rockchip was already offering Intels XMM6321 and it has two chips, a dual-core application processor with integrated modem and an integrated RF chip that originates from the cellular chip division of Infineon Technologies. The application processor may also originate from Infineon or Intel, Rockchip has not earlier targeted the smartphone space in a material way. RK27xx series - Rockchip was first known for their RK 27xx series that was efficient at MP3/MP4 decoding and was integrated in many low-cost personal media player products. The RK2806 was targeted at PMPs, aRM926EJC600 MHz CPU + DSP Core SD, DDR RAM support Up to 1280×720 H.263 and H.264 software video acceleration. RTOS support The RK2808A is an ARM926EJ-S derivative, along with the ARM core a DSP coprocessor is included. The native clock speed is 560 MHz, ARM rates the performance of the ARM926EJ-S at 1.1 DMIPS/MHz the performance of the Rockchip 2808 when executing ARM instructions is therefore 660 DMIPS roughly 26% the speed of Apples A4 processor. The DSP coprocessor can support the decoding of 720p video files at bitrates of up to 2.5 Mbit/s. This chip was the core of many Android and Windows Mobile-based mobile internet devices and it has the same specifications as the RK2806 but also includes HDMI output, Android support, and up to 720p hardware video acceleration. The RK2818 was targeted at MID and E-reader devices, as of 2013, it was targeted at E-readers.264 Arteris FlexNoc interconnect technology RTOS and Android The Rockchip RK291x is a family of SoCs based on the ARM Cortex-A8 CPU core. They were presented for the first time at CES2011, the RK292x are single core SoCs based on ARM Cortex-A9 and were first introduced in 2012
13.
MediaTek
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MediaTek Inc. is a Taiwanese fabless semiconductor company that provides system-on-chip solutions for wireless communications, HDTV, DVD and Blu-ray. Headquartered in Hsinchu, Taiwan, the company has 25 offices worldwide and was the 3rd largest fabless IC designer worldwide in 2016, since its founding in 1997, MediaTek has been creating chipset solutions for the global market. MediaTek also provides its customers with reference designs, MediaTek was originally a unit of United Microelectronics Corporation tasked with designing chipsets for home entertainment products. On May 28,1997, the unit was spun off, MediaTek Inc. was listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange under the 2454 code on July 23,2001. The company started out designing chipsets for optical drives and subsequently expanded into chip solutions for DVD players, digital TVs, mobile phones, smartphones, in general MediaTek has had a strong record of gaining market share and displacing competitors after entering new markets. The company launched a division to design solutions for mobile devices in 2004, seven years later, it was taking orders for more than 500 million mobile system-on-chip units per annum, which included solutions for both feature phones and smart devices. The mobile chip market quickly became the main driver for the company. The revenue growth was partly due to revenue recognition from the acquisition of MStar which became effective at the beginning of 2014. In 2005, MediaTek acquired Inprocomm, a semiconductor design firm producing 802. 11a, b. In 2007, MediaTek acquired the cellular chip operations of Analog Devices for US$350 million, on April 11,2012, MediaTek acquired Coresonic, a global producer of digital signal processing solutions based in Linköping, Sweden. Coresonic is now a wholly owned subsidiary of MediaTek in Europe, on June 22,2012, MediaTek announced that it would acquire rival Taiwanese chipset designer MStar Semiconductor Inc. which held a strong market share position in digital television chips. The initial phase of the deal will see MediaTek taking a 48 percent stake, the merger between MediaTek and MStar was delayed by antitrust concerns of China and South Korea and finally finalized on February 1,2014. MediaTeks financial results have been subject to variation as the success of different product lines fluctuated. MediaTeks relatively strong sales in 2009/2010 was based on its market position for feature phone chipsets. MediaTeks stock has been trading on the Taiwan Stock Exchange under the symbol TWSE,2454, in its early days, the stock peaked at NT$783 in April 2002, and later saw a peak of NT$656 in March 2007. The lowest price in the starting from 2001 was reached in January 2005. In more recent times, the peaked at NT$590 in January 2010. The stock price saw its highest level since 2010 at NT$545 on July 3,2014, by concurrently allocating tasks to individual CPU cores, the MT8135 could in theory offer significant power saving advantages over competing mobile device solutions
14.
Allwinner A1X
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The Allwinner A1X is a family of single-core SoC devices designed by Allwinner Technology from Zhuhai, China. Currently the family consists of the A10, A13, A10s, the SoCs incorporate the ARM Cortex-A8 as their main processor and the Mali 400 as the GPU. The Allwinner A1X is used in computers, set-top boxes, PC-on-a-stick, mini-PCs. PengPod, Linux-based 7 and 10-inch tablets, gooseberry, a board based on the A10 SoC similar to the Raspberry Pi. Cubieboard, a board based the A10 SoC, tinkerforge RED Brick, a board based on the A10s SoC CHIP, a $9 SoC computer based on the A13 The Allwinner A1X architecture is referred to as sunxi in the Linux kernel source tree. The source code is available at GitHub, at the moment, stable and full hardware support is limited to 3.0. x and 3.4. x kernels. Recent Mainline Kernels run, but do not offer NAND Access an limited 3D-acceleration, there is a work in progress on support Efika on FreeBSD. At the moment, not all on-board peripherals are working, as of May 2015, OpenBSDs armv7 port supports the Cubieboard and pcDuino boards based on the Allwinner A1X. NetBSD contains support for the Allwinner A10, no factory sourced programmers manual is publicly available for the A10S CPU at this moment. Apart from the single-core A1x, two new more powerful Cortex-A7 Allwinner SoCs have been released by Allwinner, the A10-pin-compatible dual-core Allwinner A20, Cubieboard on linux-sunxi A13 A10 A10s
15.
Home theater PC
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In recent years, other types of consumer electronics, including gaming systems and dedicated media devices have crossed over to manage video and music content. The term media center also refers to specialized application software designed to run on personal computers. An HTPC and other convergence devices integrate components of a theater into a unit co-located with a home entertainment system. An HTPC system typically has a control and the software interface normally has a 10-foot user interface design so that it can be comfortably viewed at typical television viewing distances. An HTPC can be purchased pre-configured with the hardware and software needed to add video programming or music to the PC. Enthusiasts can also piece together a system out of components as part of a software-based HTPC. The increased availability of specialized devices, coupled with paid and free online content. Integrating televisions and personal computers dates back to the late 1980s with tuner cards that could be added to Commodore Amiga PCs via the Video Toaster and this adaptation would allow a small video window to appear on the screen with broadcast or cable content. Apple Computer also developed the Macintosh TV in late 1993 that included a tuner card built into an Macintosh LC520 chassis, in 1996 Gateway Computer unveiled the Destination computer that included a tuner card and video card. The unit cost $4,000 and mostly integrated television viewing, the Destination was called a PC-TV Combo but by December the term Home-theater PC appeared in mainstream media, The home theater PC will be a combination entertainment and information appliance. By 2000, DVD players had become ubiquitous and consumers were seeking ways to improve the picture. The value of using a computer instead of stand alone DVD player drove more usage of the PC as a media device. In particular, the desire for progressive scanning DVD players with better fidelity led some consumers to consider their computers instead of very expensive DVD players. As DVD players dropped in price, so did PCs and their video processing. In 2000, DVD decryption software using the DeCSS algorithm let DVD owners consolidate their DVD video libraries on hard-drives, innovations like TiVo and ReplayTV allowed viewers to store and timeshift broadcast content using specialty designed computers. ReplayTV for instance ran on a VxWorks platform, incorporating these capabilities into PCs was well within the ability of a computer hobbyist who was willing to build and program these systems. Key benefits of these DIY projects included lower cost and more features, advancements in hardware identified another weak link, the absence of media management software to make it easy to display and control the video from a distance. By 2002, major software developments also facilitated media management, hardware integration, MythTV provided a free and open source solution using Linux
16.
Cubieboard
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Cubieboard is a single-board computer, made in Zhuhai, Guangdong, China. The first short run of prototype boards were sold internationally in September 2012, and it can run Android 4 ICS, Ubuntu 12.04 desktop, Fedora 19 ARM Remix desktop, Arch Linux ARM, a Debian-based Cubian distribution, or OpenBSD. It uses the AllWinner A10 SoC, popular on cheap tablets, phones and this SoC is used by developers of the lima driver, an open-source driver for the ARM Mali GPU. It was able, at the 2013 FOSDEM demo, to run ioquake 3 at 47 fps in 1024×600, the Cubieboard team managed to run an Apache Hadoop computer cluster using the Lubuntu Linux distribution. 10/100 Ethernet connector 2x USB Host, 1x USB OTG, 1x CIR and this board is used by Fedora to test and develop the Allwinner SoC port of the distribution. There is also a version available with two microSD card slots.0 port, 10/100/1000 RTL8211E Gigabit Ethernet 2x USB Host, 1x USB OTG, 1x CIR. Also new is the option to power the Cubietruck from LiPo batteries, on May 4,2014 CubieTech announced the Cubieboard 4, the board is also known as CC-A80. It is based on an Allwinner A80 SoC, thereby replacing the Mali GPU with a PowerVR GPU, the board was officially released on 10 March 2015. 10/100/1000M RJ45 Gigabit Ethernet 2x USB Host, 1x USB OTG, s/PDIF, headphone, and HDMI audio out, mic and line-in via 3. 5mm jack, and onboard mic
17.
Allwinner Technology
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Allwinner Technology is a Chinese fabless semiconductor company that designs mixed-signal systems on a chip. The company is headquartered in Zhuhai, Guangdong and it has a sales and technical support office in Shenzhen, Guangdong, and logistics operations in Hong Kong. In 2012 and 2013, Allwinner was the number one supplier in terms of shipments of application processors for Android tablets worldwide. According to DigiTimes, in Q42013 Allwinner lost its number one position in terms of shipments to the Chinese market to Rockchip. For Q22014, Allwinner was reported by DigiTimes to be the third largest supplier to the Chinese market after Rockchip, DigiTimes has also projected that Allwinner will fall to the number four position in Q42014, being passed by Intel, as Allwinners unit shipments continue to decline. From 2007 to 2011, Allwinner introduced its F-series processors, including the F10, F13, F18, F20, F1E200, F1C100, and F20. This series runs Allwinners in-house operating system Melis2.0, which is now used in vehicle multimedia systems, E-ink readers, video intercom systems. They have also adopted in free hardware projects like the Cubieboard development board. In December 2012, Allwinner announced the availability of two ARM Cortex-A7 MPCore powered products, the dual-core Allwinner A20 and quad-core Allwinner A31. Production of the A31 started in September 2012 and end products, mostly high-end tablets from Chinese manufacturers, appeared on the market in early 2013, Allwinner was the first to make this ARM processor core available in mass production. In March 2013, Allwinner launched its quad-core Phablet processor A31s, based on quad-core cortex-A7 CPU architecture, this processor allows 3G, 2G, LTE, WIFI, BT, FM, GPS, AGPS and NFC using a minimum of external components. In October,2013, Allwinner released its second dual-core A23, the A23s CPU frequency was intended to run up to 1.5 GHz. In June,2014, Allwinner announced the A33 quad-core SoC that is pin compatible with Allwinners A23, the new SoC features four Cortex-A7 cores with 256 KB L1 cache,512 KB L2 cache and a Mali-400 MP2 GPU. A new feature is the support of the OpenMAX API, in October 2013, Allwinner disclosed its upcoming octa-core A80 SoC, featuring four high-performance ARM Cortex-A15 and four efficient ARM Cortex-A7 CPU cores in a big. LITTLE configuration. On June 30,2014, Chinese brand Onda officially released its octa-core Onda V989 tablet and this is the first Allwinner A80-based tablet that is available to consumers, priced at CNY1099. In September 2014, Allwinner announced the Allwinner A83T, an octa-core tablet processor that packs eight highly energy-efficient Cortex-A7 cores that can run simultaneously at up to around 2.0 GHz and it also includes a PowerVR GPU. The first tablet with the chip was expected to hit the market in Q42014, the V-Series are video encoding processor targeting applications such as smart DVR, IP camera and smart home applications. It is similar to the A series SoC, but adds support for such as digital watermarking, motion detection and video scaling
18.
OpenMAX
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OpenMAX provides three layers of interfaces, application layer, integration layer and development layer. OpenMAX is managed by the non-profit technology consortium Khronos Group, the OpenMAX Working Group was initially founded by members ARM, Motorola, Samsung, STMicroelectronics, and Texas Instruments. Version 1.0 of the specification was published in December 2005, OpenMAX AL is the interface between multimedia applications, such as a media player, and the platform media framework. It allows companies that develop applications to easily migrate their applications to different platforms that support the OpenMAX AL application programming interface, OpenMAX IL is the interface between media framework, and a set of multimedia components. It allows companies that build platforms to change components like MP3 decoders and Equalizer effects. OpenMAX DL is the interface between hardware, such as digital signal processor chips, CPUs, GPUs, and software, like video codecs. It allows companies to integrate new hardware that supports OpenMAX DL without reoptimizing their low level software. OpenMAX AL accommodates common multimedia application use cases by standardizing a set of objects, as well as interfaces on those objects, to control. The OpenMAX AL API is divided into two profiles, Media Player and Media Player/Recorder, a platform can be compliant to one or both of these profiles by providing all features included in a profile. It is an application-level, C-language, multimedia API designed for resource-constrained devices, nevertheless, this does not preclude its applicability to other sophisticated media playback and recording devices. The OpenMAX AL API design devotes particular attention to application-developer friendliness and its status as an open cross-platform API enables developers to port the same source across multiple devices with minimal effort. Thus OpenMAX AL provides a base for application development. DTV Extension is compatible with all major mobile TV standards, OpenMAX AL1.0 Provisional Specification - a provisional version, dated 2007-09-02, to facilitate feedback from the community before the final 1.0 release. LIM OpenMAX is an open source implementation of OpenMAX AL and OpenMAX IL for Linux Bellagio is an open source OpenMAX IL implementation for Linux maintained by STMicroelectronics. Tizonia is an open source OpenMAX IL implementation for Linux GStreamer is an open source multimedia framework used by several application, in the OpenMAX IL, components represent individual blocks of functionality. Components can be sources, sinks, codecs, filters, splitters, mixers, depending on the implementation, a component could possibly represent a piece of hardware, a software codec, another processor, or a combination thereof. The interface abstracts the hardware and software architecture in the system, the OpenMAX IL API allows the user to load, control, connect, and unload the individual components. This flexible core architecture allows the Integration Layer to easily implement almost any media use case, the key focus of the OpenMAX IL API is portability of media components
19.
ARM Cortex-A15
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The ARM Cortex-A15 MPCore is a 32-bit processor core licensed by ARM Holdings implementing the ARMv7-A architecture. It is a processor with out-of-order superscalar pipeline running at up to 2.5 GHz. ARM has claimed that the Cortex-A15 core is 40 percent more powerful than the Cortex-A9 core with the number of cores at the same speed. The first A15 designs came out in the autumn of 2011, key features of the Cortex-A15 core are, 40-bit Large Physical Address Extensions addressing up to 1 TB of RAM. As per the x86 Physical Address Extension, virtual address space remains 32 bit, ARM provides specifications but the licensees individually design ARM chips, and AMBA-4 scales beyond 2 clusters. The theoretical limit is 16 clusters,4 bits are used to code the CLUSTERID number in the CP15 register, press announcements of current implementations, Broadcom SoC HiSilicon K3V3 Nvidia Tegra 4 and Tegra K1. ARM architecture List of ARM cores List of applications of ARM cores Comparison of ARMv8-A cores JTAG Official website ARM Cortex-A15 Technical Reference Manuals
20.
ARM big.LITTLE
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ARM big. LITTLE is a heterogeneous computing architecture developed by ARM Holdings, coupling relatively battery-saving and slower processor cores with relatively more powerful and power-hungry ones. Typically, only one side or the other will be active at once, the intention is to create a multi-core processor that can adjust better to dynamic computing needs and use less power than clock scaling alone. ARMs marketing material promises up to a 75% savings in power usage for some activities, in October 2011, Big. Little was announced along with the Cortex-A7, which was designed to be architecturally compatible with the Cortex-A15. In October 2012 ARM announced the Cortex-A53 and Cortex-A57 cores, which are compatible with each other to allow their use in a Big. Little chip. ARM later announced the Cortex-A12 at Computex 2013 followed by the Cortex-A17 in February 2014, there are three ways for the different processor cores to be arranged in a Big. Little design, depending on the scheduler implemented in the kernel. The clustered model approach is the first and simplest implementation, arranging the processor into identically-sized clusters of Big or Little cores. The operating system scheduler can only see one cluster at a time, all relevant data is then passed through the common L2 cache, the first core cluster is powered off and the other one is activated. A Cache Coherent Interconnect is used and this model has been implemented in the Samsung Exynos 5 Octa. CPU migration via the in-kernel switcher involves pairing up a Big core with a Little core, each pair operates as one virtual core, and only one real core is powered up and running at a time. The Big core is used when the demand is high and the Little core is employed when demand is low. When demand on the core changes, the incoming core is powered up, running state is transferred, the outgoing is shut down. Switching is done via the cpufreq framework, a complete Big. Little IKS implementation was added in Linux 3.11. Big. Little IKS is an improvement of Cluster Migration, the difference is that each pair is visible to the scheduler. The more complex arrangement involves a non-symmetric grouping of Big and Little cores, a single chip could have one or two Big cores and many more Little cores, or vice versa. Nvidia created something similar to this with the companion core in their Tegra 3 SoC. The most powerful use model of Big. Little architecture is heterogeneous multi-processing and this model has been implemented in the Samsung Exynos starting with the Exynos 5 Octa series. The paired arrangement allows for switching to be done transparently to the system using the existing dynamic voltage. The existing DVFS support in the kernel will simply see a list of frequencies/voltages, however, the low-end slots will activate the Little core and the high-end slots will activate the Big core
21.
PowerVR
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Rapid changes in that market, notably with the introduction of OpenGL and Direct3D, led to rapid consolidation. PowerVR introduced new versions with low-power electronics that were aimed at the computer market. Over time, this developed into a series of designs that could be incorporated into system-on-a-chip architectures suitable for handheld device use, as the polygon generating program feeds triangles to the PowerVR, it stores them in memory in a triangle strip or an indexed format. Unlike other architectures, polygon rendering is not performed until all polygon information has been collated for the current frame. Furthermore, the operations of texturing and shading of pixels is delayed, whenever possible. In order to render, the display is split into sections in a grid pattern. Each section is known as a tile, associated with each tile is a list of the triangles that visibly overlap that tile. Each tile is rendered in turn to produce the final image, tiles are rendered using a process similar to ray-casting. Rays are numerically simulated as if cast onto the triangles associated with the tile, the PowerVR hardware typically calculates the depths associated with each polygon for one tile row in 1 cycle. It also allows for correct rendering of partially transparent polygons, independent of the order in which they are processed by the polygon producing application. More importantly, as the rendering is limited to one tile at a time, the tile can be in fast on-chip memory. Under normal circumstances, each tile is visited just once per frame, PowerVR is a pioneer of tile based deferred rendering. Microsoft also conceptualised the idea with their abandoned Talisman project, gigapixel, a company that developed IP for tile-based deferred 3D graphics, was purchased by 3dfx, which in turn was subsequently purchased by Nvidia. Nvidia now uses a form of rendering in the Maxwell. ARM began developing another major tile based deferred rendering architecture known as Mali after their acquisition of Falanx, Intel uses a similar concept in their integrated graphics solutions. Today, the PowerVR software and hardware suite has ASICs for video encoding, decoding and it also has virtualisation, and DirectX, OpenGL ES, OpenVG, and OpenCL acceleration. Newest PowerVR Wizard GPUs have fixed-function Ray Tracing Unit hardware and support hybrid rendering, powerVRs initial products were available as the OEM graphics on some Compaq models, as an add-on card for other OEMs, the retail VideoLogic Apocalypse 3D card and the retail Matrox M3D card. As part of a competition at Sega to design the successor to the Saturn
22.
Data compression
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In signal processing, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. Compression can be lossy or lossless. Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy, no information is lost in lossless compression. Lossy compression reduces bits by removing unnecessary or less important information, the process of reducing the size of a data file is referred to as data compression. In the context of data transmission, it is called coding in opposition to channel coding. Compression is useful because it reduces resources required to store and transmit data, computational resources are consumed in the compression process and, usually, in the reversal of the process. Data compression is subject to a space–time complexity trade-off, Lossless data compression algorithms usually exploit statistical redundancy to represent data without losing any information, so that the process is reversible. Lossless compression is possible because most real-world data exhibits statistical redundancy, for example, an image may have areas of color that do not change over several pixels, instead of coding red pixel, red pixel. The data may be encoded as 279 red pixels and this is a basic example of run-length encoding, there are many schemes to reduce file size by eliminating redundancy. The Lempel–Ziv compression methods are among the most popular algorithms for lossless storage, DEFLATE is a variation on LZ optimized for decompression speed and compression ratio, but compression can be slow. DEFLATE is used in PKZIP, Gzip, and PNG, LZW is used in GIF images. LZ methods use a table-based compression model where table entries are substituted for repeated strings of data, for most LZ methods, this table is generated dynamically from earlier data in the input. The table itself is often Huffman encoded, current LZ-based coding schemes that perform well are Brotli and LZX. LZX is used in Microsofts CAB format, the best modern lossless compressors use probabilistic models, such as prediction by partial matching. The Burrows–Wheeler transform can also be viewed as a form of statistical modelling. The basic task of grammar-based codes is constructing a context-free grammar deriving a single string, sequitur and Re-Pair are practical grammar compression algorithms for which software is publicly available. In a further refinement of the use of probabilistic modelling. Arithmetic coding is a more modern coding technique that uses the mathematical calculations of a machine to produce a string of encoded bits from a series of input data symbols
23.
Digital video recorder
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A digital video recorder is an electronic device that records video in a digital format to a disk drive, USB flash drive, SD memory card, SSD or other local or networked mass storage device. The term includes set-top boxes with direct to disk recording, portable media players and TV gateways with recording capability, and digital camcorders. Personal computers are connected to video capture devices and used as DVRs. Many DVRs are classified as electronic devices, such devices are sometimes referred to as personal video recorders. Consumer digital video recorders ReplayTV and TiVo were launched at the 1999 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Microsoft also demonstrated a unit with DVR capability, but this did not become available until the end of 1999 for full DVR features in Dish Networks DISHplayer receivers. TiVo shipped their first units on March 31,1999, ReplayTV won the Best of Show award in the video category with Netscape co-founder Marc Andreessen as an early investor and board member, but TiVo was more successful commercially. Many DVRs use the MPEG format for compressing the digital video, video recording capabilities have become an essential part of the modern set-top box, as TV viewers have wanted to take control of their viewing experiences. Digital video recorders tied to a video service At the 1999 CES, which also included WebTV Networks internet TV. By the end of 1999 the Dishplayer had full DVR capabilities and within a year, in the UK, digital video recorders are often referred to as plus boxes. Freeview+ have been around in the UK since the late 2000s, british Sky Broadcasting markets a popular combined receiver and DVR as Sky+. TiVo launched a UK model in 2000, and is no longer supported, except for third party services, south African based Africa Satellite TV beamer Multichoice recently launched their DVR which is available on their DStv platform. Astro introduced their DVR system, called Astro MAX, which was the first PVR in Malaysia but was phased out two years after its introduction. In the case of television, there is no encoding necessary in the DVR since the signal is already a digitally encoded MPEG stream. The digital video recorder simply stores the digital stream directly to disk and it can, however, also force the manufacturer to implement non-skippable advertisements and automatically expiring recordings. The overall net effect on video recorders and related technology is unlikely to be substantial as standalone DVRs are currently readily available on the open market. In 2003 many Satellite and Cable providers introduced dual-tuner digital video recorders, in the UK, BSkyB introduced their first PVR Sky+ with dual tuner support in 2001. These machines have two independent tuners within the same receiver, kogan. com introduced a dual-tuner PVR in the Australian market allowing free-to-air television to be recorded on a removable hard drive. Some dual-tuner DVRs also have the ability to output to two television sets at the same time
24.
IP camera
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Although most cameras that do this are webcams, the term IP camera or netcam is usually applied only to those used for surveillance. The first centralized IP camera was Axis Neteye 200, released in 1996 by Axis Communications, there are two kinds of IP cameras, Centralized IP cameras, which require a central network video recorder to handle the recording, video and alarm management. The first centralized IP camera was released in 1996 by Axis Communications and it was called the Axis Neteye 200 and was developed by the team of Martin Gren and Carl-Axel Alm. It used a web server internal to the camera. In late 1999, the company started using embedded Linux to operate its cameras, Axis also released documentation for its low-level API called VAPIX, which builds on the open standards of HTTP and real time streaming protocol. This open architecture was intended to encourage third-party software manufacturers to develop compatible management, the first decentralized IP camera was released in 1999 by Mobotix. The first IP camera with video content analytics was released in 2005 by Intellio. This camera was able to detect a number of different events, such as if an object was stolen, a human crossed a line, IP cameras are available at resolutions from 0.3 to 29 megapixels. As in the consumer TV business, in the early 21st century, there has been a shift towards high-definition video resolutions, previous generations of analog CCTV cameras use established broadcast television formats. IP cameras may differ from one another in features and functions, video encoding schemes, available network protocols, and the API to be used by video management software. While the PSIA was founded by 20 member companies including Honeywell, GE Security and Cisco, as of January 2009, each group had released version 1.0 of their specification. Distributed intelligence such as video analytics can be placed in the camera itself allowing the camera to analyze images, transmission of commands for PTZ cameras via a single network. Secure data transmission through encryption and authentication methods such as WPA, WPA2, TKIP, remote accessibility which allows live video from selected cameras to be viewed from any computer, mobile smartphones and other devices. PoE Power over Ethernet to supply power through the ethernet cable, higher initial cost per camera, except where cheaper webcams are used. Public internet connection video can be complicated to set up and may require either a Static IP Address or a Dynamic DNS, some producers of IP cameras have made their own software available with built-in dynamic DNS. As with a CCTV/DVR system, if the video is transmitted over the public Internet rather than a private network / intranet, criminals can hack into a CCTV system to disable or manipulate them or observe security measures and personnel, thereby facilitating criminal acts and rendering the surveillance counterproductive. This can be counteracted by ensuring the network and device is secured, in 2012 users of 4chan hacked into thousands of streaming personal IP cameras by exploiting a vulnerability in some models of Trendnet home security cameras. In 2014 it was reported that a site indexed 73,011 locations worldwide with security cameras that were unprotected by using default usernames, closed-circuit television camera Trail Camera - outdoor digital camera that operates on batteries and saves motion detected images to an SD card
25.
Home automation
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Home automation or smart home is building automation for the home. It involves the control and automation of lighting, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, wi-Fi is often used for remote monitoring and control. Home devices, when remotely monitored and controlled via the Internet, are an important constituent of the Internet of Things, while there are many competing vendors, there are very few world-wide accepted industry standards and the smart home space is heavily fragmented. Popular communications protocol for products include X10, Ethernet, RS-485, 6LoWPAN, Bluetooth LE, ZigBee and Z-Wave, manufacturers often prevent independent implementations by withholding documentation and by litigation. The home automation market was worth US$5.77 billion in 2015, early home automation began with labor-saving machines. In 1975, the first general purpose home automation network technology and it is a communication protocol for electronic devices. It primarily uses electric power transmission wiring for signalling and control, where the signals involve brief radio frequency bursts of digital data, by 1978, X10 products included a 16 channel command console, a lamp module, and an appliance module. Soon after came the wall switch module and the first X10 timer, by 2012, in the United States, according to ABI Research,1.5 million home automation systems were installed. The word domotics is a contraction of the Latin word for a home, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, it is possible to have remote control of all home energy monitors over the internet incorporating a simple and friendly user interface. Technology is still in its infancy, and consumers could invest in a system that becomes abandonware. In 2014, Google bought the company selling the Revolv Hub home automation system, integrated it with Nest and in 2016 shut down the servers Revolv Hub depended on, rendering the hardware useless. Microsoft Research found in 2011, that home automation could involve high cost of ownership, inflexibility of interconnected devices, however, there are now open source software systems which can be used with proprietary hardware. There are a variety of technology platforms, or protocols. Each one is, essentially, its own language, each language speaks to the various connected devices and instructs them to perform a function. The automation protocol transport has involved direct wire connectivity, powerline and wireless hybrid, most of the protocols below are not open. Customers may be hesitant to bet their IoT future on proprietary software or hardware devices that use proprietary protocols that may fade or become difficult to customize and interconnect. The nature of home automation devices can also be a problem for security, since patches to bugs found in the operating system often do not reach users of older. One set of researchers say that the failure of vendors to support devices with patches and updates leaves more than 87% of active devices vulnerable
26.
Operating system
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An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require a system to function. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones, the dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 83. 3%. MacOS by Apple Inc. is in place, and the varieties of Linux is in third position. Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors, other specialized classes of operating systems, such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. A single-tasking system can run one program at a time. Multi-tasking may be characterized in preemptive and co-operative types, in preemptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates a slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems, e. g. Solaris, Linux, cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to provide time to the other processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking, 32-bit versions of both Windows NT and Win9x, used preemptive multi-tasking. Single-user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users, but may allow multiple programs to run in tandem, a distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing, distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a work in cooperation, they form a distributed system. The technique is used both in virtualization and cloud computing management, and is common in large server warehouses, embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy and they are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design, Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems. A real-time operating system is a system that guarantees to process events or data by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, early computers were built to perform a series of single tasks, like a calculator. Basic operating system features were developed in the 1950s, such as resident monitor functions that could run different programs in succession to speed up processing
27.
Digital signal processing
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Digital signal processing is the use of digital processing, such as by computers, to perform a wide variety of signal processing operations. The signals processed in this manner are a sequence of numbers that represent samples of a variable in a domain such as time, space. Digital signal processing and analog signal processing are subfields of signal processing, digital signal processing can involve linear or nonlinear operations. Nonlinear signal processing is closely related to system identification and can be implemented in the time, frequency. DSP is applicable to both streaming data and static data, the increasing use of computers has resulted in the increased use of, and need for, digital signal processing. To digitally analyze and manipulate an analog signal, it must be digitized with an analog-to-digital converter, sampling is usually carried out in two stages, discretization and quantization. Discretization means that the signal is divided into equal intervals of time, quantization means each amplitude measurement is approximated by a value from a finite set. Rounding real numbers to integers is an example, the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem states that a signal can be exactly reconstructed from its samples if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the highest frequency of the signal. In practice, the frequency is often significantly higher than twice that required by the signals limited bandwidth. Theoretical DSP analyses and derivations are typically performed on discrete-time signal models with no amplitude inaccuracies, numerical methods require a quantized signal, such as those produced by an analog-to-digital converter. The processed result might be a frequency spectrum or a set of statistics, but often it is another quantized signal that is converted back to analog form by a digital-to-analog converter. In DSP, engineers usually study digital signals in one of the domains, time domain, spatial domain, frequency domain. They choose the domain in which to process a signal by making an assumption as to which domain best represents the essential characteristics of the signal. The most common processing approach in the time or space domain is enhancement of the signal through a method called filtering. Digital filtering generally consists of linear transformation of a number of surrounding samples around the current sample of the input or output signal. There are various ways to characterize filters, for example, A linear filter is a transformation of input samples. A causal filter uses only samples of the input or output signals. A non-causal filter can usually be changed into a filter by adding a delay to it
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Glue code
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In computer programming, glue code is source code that serves solely to adapt different parts of code that would otherwise be incompatible. Glue code does not contribute any functionality towards meeting program requirements, Glue code may be written in the same language as the code it is gluing together, or in a separate glue language. Glue code is very efficient in rapid prototyping environments where several components are put together into a single language or framework. Because each component is independent, the behavior of a component, in addition, a different version of one of the components may behave differently, breaking the glue code. High-level programming languages can suffer from performance penalties because glue code must run through the language interpreter, if performance is crucial, using configuration scripting is often preferred to directly connecting binary interfaces of components. In object-oriented scripting languages, glue code often eliminates the need for class hierarchies, adaptor pattern Scripting language Shell script SWIG Lua Glue logic WinGlue Wrapper function Wrapper library Stolpmann, Gerd. Department of Computing, Imperial College London
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Video Acceleration API
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Video Acceleration API is a royalty-free API as well as its implementation as free and open-source library distributed under the MIT License. Accelerated processing includes support for video decoding, video encoding, subpicture blending, other hardware and manufacturers can freely use this open standard API for hardware accelerated video processing with their own hardware without paying a royalty fee. The main motivation for VA API is to enable hardware-accelerated video decode at various entry-points for the prevailing coding standards today, the closed source proprietary drivers Intel Medfield SoCs with Imagination Technologiess PowerVR based integrated graphics. The closed source proprietary drivers of S3 Graphicss Chrome 400 and later series are also supported, additionally, VDPAU, a competing API designed by NVIDIA, can potentially also be used as a backend for the VA API. If this is supported, any software that supports VA API then also indirectly supports a subset of VDPAU, VA API currently supports these video codecs in the official mainline version, but note that exactly which video codecs are supported depends on the hardware and the drivers capabilities. In a nutshell, it is a scheme to pass various types of buffers from the application to the GPU for decoding or encoding a compressed bit-stream. The main motivation for VA-API is to enable hardware accelerated video decode/encode at various entry-points for the prevailing coding standards today, http, //www. freedesktop. org/wiki/Software/vaapi A new video acceleration API is being developed, in an effort led by Intel. This new API supports more complete offload as well as iDCT+MC, and can support acceleration of MPEG4, H.264, VC-1, as well as MPEG-2
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Semiconductor device fabrication
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Semiconductor device fabrication is the process used to create the integrated circuits that are present in everyday electrical and electronic devices. It is a sequence of photo lithographic and chemical processing steps during which electronic circuits are gradually created on a wafer made of pure semiconducting material. Silicon is almost always used, but various compound semiconductors are used for specialized applications, the entire manufacturing process, from start to packaged chips ready for shipment, takes six to eight weeks and is performed in highly specialized facilities referred to as fabs. When feature widths were far greater than about 10 micrometres, purity was not the issue that it is today in device manufacturing, as devices became more integrated, cleanrooms became even cleaner. Today, the fabs are pressurized with filtered air to remove even the smallest particles, the workers in a semiconductor fabrication facility are required to wear cleanroom suits to protect the devices from human contamination. Semiconductor device manufacturing has spread from Texas and California in the 1960s to the rest of the world, including Europe, the Middle East and it is a global business today. The leading semiconductor manufacturers typically have facilities all over the world, intel, the worlds largest manufacturer, has facilities in Europe and Asia as well as the U. S. A typical wafer is made out of pure silicon that is grown into mono-crystalline cylindrical ingots up to 300 mm in diameter using the Czochralski process. These ingots are sliced into wafers about 0.75 mm thick and polished to obtain a very regular. In semiconductor device fabrication, the processing steps fall into four general categories, deposition, removal, patterning. Deposition is any process that grows, coats, or otherwise transfers a material onto the wafer, available technologies include physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, electrochemical deposition, molecular beam epitaxy and more recently, atomic layer deposition among others. Removal is any process that removes material from the wafer, examples include etch processes, patterning is the shaping or altering of deposited materials, and is generally referred to as lithography. After etching or other processing, the remaining photoresist is removed by plasma ashing, modification of electrical properties has historically entailed doping transistor sources and drains. These doping processes are followed by annealing or, in advanced devices. Modification of electrical properties now also extends to the reduction of a dielectric constant in low-k insulators via exposure to ultraviolet light in UV processing. Modern chips have up to eleven metal levels produced in over 300 sequenced processing steps, FEOL processing refers to the formation of the transistors directly in the silicon. The raw wafer is engineered by the growth of an ultrapure, in the most advanced logic devices, prior to the silicon epitaxy step, tricks are performed to improve the performance of the transistors to be built. One method involves introducing a straining step wherein a silicon variant such as silicon-germanium is deposited, once the epitaxial silicon is deposited, the crystal lattice becomes stretched somewhat, resulting in improved electronic mobility
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Graphics processing unit
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GPUs are used in embedded systems, mobile phones, personal computers, workstations, and game consoles. In a personal computer, a GPU can be present on a video card, the term GPU was popularized by Nvidia in 1999, who marketed the GeForce 256 as the worlds first GPU, or Graphics Processing Unit. It was presented as a processor with integrated transform, lighting, triangle setup/clipping. Rival ATI Technologies coined the visual processing unit or VPU with the release of the Radeon 9700 in 2002. Arcade system boards have been using specialized graphics chips since the 1970s, in early video game hardware, the RAM for frame buffers was expensive, so video chips composited data together as the display was being scanned out on the monitor. Fujitsus MB14241 video shifter was used to accelerate the drawing of sprite graphics for various 1970s arcade games from Taito and Midway, such as Gun Fight, Sea Wolf, the Namco Galaxian arcade system in 1979 used specialized graphics hardware supporting RGB color, multi-colored sprites and tilemap backgrounds. The Galaxian hardware was used during the golden age of arcade video games, by game companies such as Namco, Centuri, Gremlin, Irem, Konami, Midway, Nichibutsu, Sega. In the home market, the Atari 2600 in 1977 used a video shifter called the Television Interface Adaptor,6502 machine code subroutines could be triggered on scan lines by setting a bit on a display list instruction. ANTIC also supported smooth vertical and horizontal scrolling independent of the CPU and it became one of the best known of what were known as graphics processing units in the 1980s. The Williams Electronics arcade games Robotron,2084, Joust, Sinistar, in 1985, the Commodore Amiga featured a custom graphics chip, with a blitter unit accelerating bitmap manipulation, line draw, and area fill functions. Also included is a coprocessor with its own instruction set, capable of manipulating graphics hardware registers in sync with the video beam. In 1986, Texas Instruments released the TMS34010, the first microprocessor with on-chip graphics capabilities and it could run general-purpose code, but it had a very graphics-oriented instruction set. In 1990-1992, this chip would become the basis of the Texas Instruments Graphics Architecture Windows accelerator cards, in 1987, the IBM8514 graphics system was released as one of the first video cards for IBM PC compatibles to implement fixed-function 2D primitives in electronic hardware. Fujitsu later competed with the FM Towns computer, released in 1989 with support for a full 16,777,216 color palette, in 1988, the first dedicated polygonal 3D graphics boards were introduced in arcades with the Namco System 21 and Taito Air System. In 1991, S3 Graphics introduced the S3 86C911, which its designers named after the Porsche 911 as an implication of the performance increase it promised. The 86C911 spawned a host of imitators, by 1995, all major PC graphics chip makers had added 2D acceleration support to their chips. By this time, fixed-function Windows accelerators had surpassed expensive general-purpose graphics coprocessors in Windows performance, throughout the 1990s, 2D GUI acceleration continued to evolve. As manufacturing capabilities improved, so did the level of integration of graphics chips, arcade systems such as the Sega Model 2 and Namco Magic Edge Hornet Simulator in 1993 were capable of hardware T&L years before appearing in consumer graphics cards
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Instruction set architecture
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An ISA includes a specification of the set of opcodes, and the native commands implemented by a particular processor. An instruction set architecture is distinguished from a microarchitecture, which is the set of design techniques used, in a particular processor. Processors with different microarchitectures can share a common instruction set, for example, the Intel Pentium and the AMD Athlon implement nearly identical versions of the x86 instruction set, but have radically different internal designs. The concept of an architecture, distinct from the design of a machine, was developed by Fred Brooks at IBM during the design phase of System/360. Prior to NPL, the companys computer designers had been free to honor cost objectives not only by selecting technologies, the SPREAD compatibility objective, in contrast, postulated a single architecture for a series of five processors spanning a wide range of cost and performance. In addition, these virtual machines execute less frequently used code paths by interpretation, transmeta implemented the x86 instruction set atop VLIW processors in this fashion. A complex instruction set computer has many specialized instructions, some of which may only be used in practical programs. Theoretically important types are the instruction set computer and the one instruction set computer. Another variation is the very long instruction word where the processor receives many instructions encoded and retrieved in one instruction word, machine language is built up from discrete statements or instructions. Examples of operations common to many instruction sets include, Set a register to a constant value. Copy data from a location to a register, or vice versa. Used to store the contents of a register, result of a computation, often called load and store operations. Read and write data from hardware devices, add, subtract, multiply, or divide the values of two registers, placing the result in a register, possibly setting one or more condition codes in a status register. Increment, decrement in some ISAs, saving operand fetch in trivial cases, perform bitwise operations, e. g. taking the conjunction and disjunction of corresponding bits in a pair of registers, taking the negation of each bit in a register. Floating-point instructions for arithmetic on floating-point numbers, branch to another location in the program and execute instructions there. Conditionally branch to another if a certain condition holds. Call another block of code, while saving the location of the instruction as a point to return to. Load/store data to and from a coprocessor, or exchanging with CPU registers, processors may include complex instructions in their instruction set
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Microarchitecture
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A given ISA may be implemented with different microarchitectures, implementations may vary due to different goals of a given design or due to shifts in technology. Computer architecture is the combination of microarchitecture and instruction set, the ISA is roughly the same as the programming model of a processor as seen by an assembly language programmer or compiler writer. The ISA includes the execution model, processor registers, address, the microarchitecture includes the constituent parts of the processor and how these interconnect and interoperate to implement the ISA. These diagrams generally separate the datapath and the control path, the person designing a system usually draws the specific microarchitecture as a kind of data flow diagram. Like a block diagram, the diagram shows microarchitectural elements such as the arithmetic and logic unit. Typically, the diagram connects those elements with arrows, thick lines, very simple computers have a single data bus organization – they have a single three-state bus. The diagram of more complex computers usually shows multiple three-state buses, each microarchitectural element is in turn represented by a schematic describing the interconnections of logic gates used to implement it. Each logic gate is in turn represented by a circuit diagram describing the connections of the used to implement it in some particular logic family. Machines with different microarchitectures may have the instruction set architecture. In principle, a single microarchitecture could execute several different ISAs with only changes to the microcode. The pipelined datapath is the most commonly used design in microarchitecture today. This technique is used in most modern microprocessors, microcontrollers, the pipelined architecture allows multiple instructions to overlap in execution, much like an assembly line. The pipeline includes several different stages which are fundamental in microarchitecture designs, some of these stages include instruction fetch, instruction decode, execute, and write back. Some architectures include other stages such as memory access, the design of pipelines is one of the central microarchitectural tasks. Execution units are essential to microarchitecture. Execution units include arithmetic logic units, floating point units, load/store units, branch prediction and these units perform the operations or calculations of the processor. The choice of the number of units, their latency. The size, latency, throughput and connectivity of memories within the system are also microarchitectural decisions, system-level design decisions such as whether or not to include peripherals, such as memory controllers, can be considered part of the microarchitectural design process
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OLinuXino
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OLinuXino is an open hardware single-board computer capable of running Android or Linux designed by OLIMEX Ltd in Bulgaria. The projects CAD files are hosted on GitHub, allowing everyone to study, initially OLinuXino was designed with EAGLE. In March 2016 the first boards designed with KiCAD became available as OLIMEX Ltd announced plans on switching development to Open Source CAD tools, the OLinuxino development started on 7 March 2012. The PCB routing was complete by 23 March and first 10 prototypes were ready on 17 April
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Banana Pi
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The Banana Pi is a series of credit card-sized single-board computers based on a low-cost concept for inner software and hardware development and school software learning such as Scratch. Its hardware design was influenced by Raspberry Pi in 2013 and it is produced by the Chinese company Shenzhen SINOVOIP Co. Ltd. Banana Pi software is compatible with Raspberry Pi boards, Banana Pi also can run NetBSD, Android, Ubuntu, Debian, Arch Linux, Raspbian operating systems, though the CPU complies with the requirements of the Debian armhf port. It uses the Allwinner SoC and as such is covered by the linux-sunxi port. Banana Pi is the open hardware and software platform which is designed to assist bananapi. org. The Banana Pi M1 is a business card-sized and low-power single-board computer developed in China by the Banana Pi Team, the Banana Pi has the same GPIO headers as the Raspberry Pi 1 Model A & B, as seen below. Neither Banana Pi nor Shenzhen SINOVOIP Co. Ltd. have a relationship to the Raspberry Pi Foundation. Linux User & Developer does not consider it a direct clone, the board layout is very similar to the Raspberry Pi board, though its about 10% larger and the relative spacing of some connectors varies. Not all Raspberry Pi accessories will fit as a result, the Banana M1+ is a credit card-sized and low-power single-board computer developed in China by the Banana Pi Team, with the intention of promoting the STEM education in schools. The Banana M2 is a credit card-sized and low-power single-board computer developed in China by the Banana Pi Team, with the intention of promoting the STEM education in schools. Banana PI M2 is the open hardware platform, Banana PI M2 is an quad core version of Banana Pi. Banana Pi M2 series runs Android, Debian linux, Ubuntu linux, Raspberry Pi images, Banana PI M2 hardware, 1Ghz ARM7 quad-core processor, 1GB DDR3 SDRAM, Banana PI with Gigabit ethernet port, It can run with Android 4.4 smoothly. The size of Banana PI M2 same as Banana pi M1, it can run games, it supports 1080P high definition video output, the GPIO is compatible with Raspberry Pi B+, and it can run the ROM Image. Note, Banana Pi M2 has no SATA port, so USB must be used to provide hardisk, Model M2+ was released in April 2016. Banana PI BPI-M2+ is the open hardware platform, Banana PI BPI-M2+ is an quad core version of Banana Pi. Use Alliwnner H3 chip on board, Banana Pi BPI-M2+ series run Android, Debian linux, Ubuntu linux, Raspberry Pi image and others image. Banana PI PBI-M2 hardware, 1Ghz ARM7 quad-core processor, 1GB DDR3 SDRAM, 8G eMMC flash on board, note, Banana Pi BPI-M2+ does not support sata port, so you need use USB for hard disk. Banana pi BPI-M2+ does not support LCD interface, Banana PI PBI-M2 Ultra hardware, Quad Core ARM Cortex A7, ARMv7 CPU, 2GB DDR3 SDRAM, 8G eMMC flash on board
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4K resolution
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4K resolution, also called 4K, refers to a horizontal resolution on the order of 4,000 pixels and vertical resolution on the order of 2,000 pixels. Several 4K resolutions exist in the fields of television and digital cinematography. In the movie industry, Digital Cinema Initiatives is the dominant 4K standard. In television and consumer media, 4K UHD or UHD-1 is the dominant 4K standard, by 2015, 4K television market share had increased greatly as prices fell dramatically during 2014 and 2015. By 2025, more than half of U. S. households are expected to have a 4K-capable TV, the name 4K resolution refers to a horizontal resolution of approximately 4,000 pixels. The use of width to characterize the overall resolution marks a switch from previous television standards such as 480i and 1080p, using that same convention, 4K UHD would be named 2160p. There are two main 4K resolution standards, The DCI 4K resolution standard, which has a resolution of 4096 ×2160 pixels and this standard is widely respected by the film and video production industry. The DCI 4K standard has twice the horizontal and vertical resolution of DCI 2K, UHD-1, or ultra-high-definition television, is the 4K standard for television and computer monitors. UHD-1 is also called 2160p since it has twice the horizontal and vertical resolution of 1080p and it has a resolution of 3840 ×2160. UHD-1 is used in television and other media, e. g. video games. Many manufacturers may advertise their products as UHD 4K, or simply 4K and this often causes great confusion among consumers. YouTube and the industry have adopted UHD-1 as their 4K standard. As of 2014, 4K content from major broadcasters remains limited, the channel is licensed by the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission to provide educational content. However, 4K content is becoming widely available online including on YouTube, Netflix. By 2013, some UHDTV models were available to consumers in the range of US$600. As of 2015, prices on smaller computer and television panels had dropped below US$400, DVB expects UHD-1 Phase 2 services to be introduced by broadcasters from 2017, with features such as High Dynamic Range, Wide Color Gamut, and High Frame Rate. The first commercially available 4K camera for cinematographic purposes was the Dalsa Origin, YouTube began supporting 4K for video uploads in 2010 as a result of leading manufacturers producing 4K cameras. Users could view 4K video by selecting Original from the quality settings until December 2013, the projection of movies at 4K resolution at cinemas began in 2011
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Cortex-A15
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The ARM Cortex-A15 MPCore is a 32-bit processor core licensed by ARM Holdings implementing the ARMv7-A architecture. It is a processor with out-of-order superscalar pipeline running at up to 2.5 GHz. ARM has claimed that the Cortex-A15 core is 40 percent more powerful than the Cortex-A9 core with the number of cores at the same speed. The first A15 designs came out in the autumn of 2011, key features of the Cortex-A15 core are, 40-bit Large Physical Address Extensions addressing up to 1 TB of RAM. As per the x86 Physical Address Extension, virtual address space remains 32 bit, ARM provides specifications but the licensees individually design ARM chips, and AMBA-4 scales beyond 2 clusters. The theoretical limit is 16 clusters,4 bits are used to code the CLUSTERID number in the CP15 register, press announcements of current implementations, Broadcom SoC HiSilicon K3V3 Nvidia Tegra 4 and Tegra K1. ARM architecture List of ARM cores List of applications of ARM cores Comparison of ARMv8-A cores JTAG Official website ARM Cortex-A15 Technical Reference Manuals
