1.
Ticker symbol
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A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market. A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both, ticker symbol refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine. Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market, for example, AAPL is for Apple Inc. OODH is for Orion DHC, Inc. and HD is for Home Depot, a stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, the allocation of symbols and formatting convention is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the name where possible. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes, for example Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA, while in Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts. For example, the bank HSBCs stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005, symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a spelling of the company XON as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was XOM, symbols are sometimes reused, in the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since Mar 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously used by Vivendi which had delisted. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known, on many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker, although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes, the most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number. An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO6166, Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks, and warrants. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange on which it trades, for instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies, it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics, but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL number or their ISIN, in the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poors to bring a national standard to investing
2.
NASDAQ
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The Nasdaq Stock Market is an American stock exchange. It is the second-largest exchange in the world by market capitalization, the exchange platform is owned by Nasdaq, Inc. which also owns the Nasdaq Nordic and Nasdaq Baltic stock market network and several other US stock and options exchanges. When it was founded, NASDAQ stood for the acronym of National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations, NASDAQ was founded in 1971 by the National Association of Securities Dealers, which divested itself of NASDAQ in a series of sales in 2000 and 2001. The Nasdaq Stock Market is owned and operated by Nasdaq, Inc. the stocks of which were listed on its own stock exchange marketing July 2,2002, when the Nasdaq Stock Market began trading on February 8,1971, it was the worlds first electronic stock market. At first, it was merely a system and did not provide a way to perform electronic trades. The Nasdaq Stock Market helped lower the spread but was unpopular among brokerages which made much of their money on the spread. As late as 1987, the NASDAQ exchange was still referred to as OTC in media. Over the years, the Nasdaq Stock Market became more of a market by adding trade and volume reporting. The Nasdaq Stock Market attracted new companies such as Microsoft, Apple, Cisco, Oracle and Dell. Its main index is the NASDAQ Composite, which has published since its inception. In 1992, the Nasdaq Stock Market joined with the London Stock Exchange to form the first intercontinental linkage of securities markets, the National Association of Securities Dealers spun off the Nasdaq Stock Market in 2000 to form a publicly traded company. In 2006, the status of the Nasdaq Stock Market was changed from a market to a licensed national securities exchange. In 2007, Nasdaq merged with OMX, an exchange operator in the Nordic countries, expanded its global footprint. NASDAQ OMX could be looking to acquire the American exchanges cash equities business, at the time, NYSE Euronext’s market value was $9.75 billion. Nasdaq was valued at $5.78 billion, while ICE was valued at $9.45 billion. Late in the month, Nasdaq was reported to be considering asking either ICE or the Chicago Mercantile Exchange to join in what would probably have to be, if it proceeded, an $11–12 billion counterbid. The European Association of Securities Dealers Automatic Quotation System was founded as a European equivalent to the Nasdaq Stock Market and it was purchased by NASDAQ in 2001 and became NASDAQ Europe. Operations were shut down, however, as a result of the burst of the dot-com bubble, in 2007, NASDAQ Europe was revived as Equiduct, and is currently operating under Börse Berlin
3.
NASDAQ-100
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The NASDAQ-100 is a stock market index made up of 107 equity securities issued by 100 of the largest non-financial companies listed on the NASDAQ. It is a modified capitalization-weighted index, the stocks weights in the index are based on their market capitalizations, with certain rules capping the influence of the largest components. It is based on exchange, and it is not an index of U. S. -based companies and it does not have any financial companies, since these were put in a separate index. Both of those criteria differentiate it from the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ-100 began on January 31,1985 by the NASDAQ, trying to promote itself in the shadow of the New York Stock Exchange. By creating these two indices, the NASDAQ hoped that options and futures contracts would be created on them, the first annual adjustments were made in 1993 in advance of options on the index that would trade at the Chicago Board Options Exchange in 1994. Foreign companies were first admitted to the index in January 1998 and those standards were relaxed in 2002, while standards for domestic firms were raised, ensuring that all companies met the same standards. After a gradual 5-year recovery to a high of 2,239. Panic focusing on the failure of the investment banking industry culminated in a loss of more than 10% on September 29,2008, subsequently plunging the index firmly into bear market territory. The NASDAQ-100, with much of the market, experienced a Limit Down open on October 24. At the close of 2015, the index closed at 4593.27, the NASDAQ-100 is often abbreviated as NDX in the derivatives markets. Its corresponding futures contracts are traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, the regular futures are denoted by the Reuters Instrument Code ND, and the smaller E-mini version uses the code NQ. Both are among the most heavily traded futures at the exchange, the PowerShares QQQ exchange-traded fund, sponsored and overseen since March 21,2007 by Invesco through PowerShares, trades under the ticker NASDAQ, QQQ. It is commonly referred to by its ticker or nickname, the ques and it was formerly called NASDAQ-100 Trust Series 1. On December 1,2004, it was moved from the American Stock Exchange where it had the symbol QQQ to the NASDAQ and given the new four letter code QQQQ, on March 23,2011, Nasdaq changed its symbol back to QQQ. As of August 2012, the fund is the third most actively traded exchange-traded product in the world, on July 17,2007, the ETF closed above $50 for the first time since early 2001. Since then, it advanced to surpass its 2007 peak. By October 18,2013, it had passed and closed above $82 to reach its highest price levels since November 6–7,2000 and highest value since September 29,2000 when adjusted for splits and dividends. The NASDAQ has over the years put in place a series of stringent standards that companies must meet before being included in the index and those standards include the following, Being listed exclusively on NASDAQ in either the Global Select or Global Market tiers
4.
S&P 500
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The S&P500 index components and their weightings are determined by S&P Dow Jones Indices. It differs from other U. S. stock market indices, such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average or the Nasdaq Composite index, because of its diverse constituency and weighting methodology. It is one of the most commonly followed equity indices, and many consider it one of the best representations of the U. S. stock market, the National Bureau of Economic Research has classified common stocks as a leading indicator of business cycles. The S&P500 was developed and continued to be maintained by S&P Dow Jones Indices, S&P Dow Jones Indices publishes many stock market indices such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average, S&P MidCap 400, the S&P SmallCap 600, and the S&P Composite 1500. It is a free-float capitalization-weighted index, and has many symbols, such as, ^GSPC, INX. The Composite Index, as the S&P500 was first called when it introduced its first stock index in 1923, three years later in 1926, the Composite Index expanded to 90 stocks and then in 1957 it expanded to its current 500. Standard & Poors, a company that doles out financial information, in 1941 Poors Publishing merged with Standard Statistics and therein assumed the name Standard and Poors Corporation. The S&P500 index in its present form began on March 4,1957, technology has allowed the index to be calculated and disseminated in real time. The S&P500 is widely used as a measure of the level of stock prices. In September 1962, Ultronic Systems Corp. entered into an agreement with Standard, under the terms of this agreement, Ultronics computed the S&P500 Stock Composite Index, the 425 Stock Industrial Index, the 50 Stock Utility Index, and the 25 Stock Rail Index. Throughout the market day these statistics were furnished to Standard & Poors, in addition, Ultronics also computed and reported the 94 S&P sub-indexes. On August 12,1982, the index closed at 102.42, the index reached a relative intraday high—which was not exceeded for over seven years—of 1,552.87, on March 24,2000, during the dot-com bubble. The index then declined by approximately 50%, to 768.63, on October 10,2002, on May 30,2007, the S&P500 closed at 1,530.23, to set its first all-time closing high in more than seven years. Less than a later, it dropped to 1,400. In mid-2007, the mortgage crisis spread to the wider U. S. financial sector. On November 20,2008, the index closed at 752.44, a modest recovery the following day still left the index down 45. 5% for the year. This year-to-date loss was the greatest since 1931, when the market declined more than 50%. The index closed the year at 903.25, for a loss of 38. 5%, the market continued to decline in early 2009, surrounding the financial crisis of 2008
5.
Larry Page
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Lawrence Larry Edward Page is an American computer scientist and Internet entrepreneur who co-founded Google along with Sergey Brin. Page is the executive officer of Googles parent company, Alphabet Inc. After stepping aside as Google CEO in August 2001 in favour of Eric Schmidt and he announced his intention to step aside a second time in July 2015 to become CEO of Alphabet, under which Googles assets would be reorganized. Under Page, Alphabet is seeking to deliver major advancements in a variety of industries, in November 2016, he is the 12th richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$36.9 billion. Page is the inventor of PageRank, Googles best-known search ranking algorithm, Page received the Marconi Prize in 2004. Page was born March 26,1973 in East Lansing, Michigan and his father, Carl Victor Page, Sr. He was a science professor at Michigan State University and Pages mother, Gloria, was an instructor in computer programming at Lyman Briggs College. Page was an avid reader during his youth, writing in his 2013 Google founders letter that I remember spending an amount of time poring over books. According to writer Nicholas Carlson, the influence of Pages home atmosphere and his attentive parents fostered creativity. Page also played saxophone and studied music composition while growing up, Page has mentioned that his musical education inspired his impatience and obsession with speed in computing. In some sense I feel like music training led to the legacy of Google for me. In an interview Page said that In music you’re very cognizant of time. Time is like the thing and that If you think about it from a music point of view, if you’re a percussionist, you hit something, it’s got to happen in milliseconds. Page was first attracted to computers when he was six years old and he became the first kid in his elementary school to turn in an assignment from a word processor. His older brother taught him to take things apart and before long he was taking everything in his house apart to see how it worked. He said that from a early age, I also realized I wanted to invent things. So I became really interested in technology and business, probably from when I was 12, I knew I was going to start a company eventually. Page attended the Okemos Montessori School in Okemos, Michigan, from 1975 to 1979 and he attended Interlochen Center for the Arts as a saxophonist for two summers while in high school
6.
Sergey Brin
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Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin is an American computer scientist, internet entrepreneur, and philanthropist. Together with Larry Page, he co-founded Google, Brin is the President of Googles parent company Alphabet Inc. In October 2016, Brin was the 12th richest person in the world, Brin immigrated to the United States with his family from the Soviet Union at the age of 6. He earned his bachelors degree at the University of Maryland, following in his fathers and grandfathers footsteps by studying mathematics, after graduation, he moved to Stanford University to acquire a PhD in computer science. There he met Page, with whom he became friends. They crammed their dormitory room with computers and applied Brins data mining system to build a web search engine. The program became popular at Stanford, and they suspended their PhD studies to start up Google in a rented garage, Brin was born in Moscow in the Soviet Union, to Russian Jewish parents, Yevgenia and Mikhail Brin, both graduates of Moscow State University. His father is a professor at the University of Maryland. In May 1979, when Brin was five years old, his family felt compelled to emigrate out of the Soviet Union. In an interview with Mark Malseed, co-author of The Google Story, Mikhail Brin therefore changed his major to mathematics where he received nearly straight As. In another interview with Dominic Lawson of The Independent, Mikhail said and he went on to tell Lawson how MSU required Jews to take their entrance exams in different rooms from non-Jewish applicants, and how they were marked on a harsher scale. The Brin family lived in an apartment in central Moscow. Brin told Malseed, Ive known for a time that my father wasnt able to pursue the career he wanted. In 1977, after his returned from a mathematics conference in Warsaw, Poland. We cannot stay here any more, he told his wife, at the conference, he was able to mingle freely with colleagues from the United States, France, England and Germany and discovered that his intellectual brethren in the West were not monsters. He added, I was the one in the family who decided it was really important to leave. Sergeys mother was willing to leave their home in Moscow. Malseed writes, For Genia, the decision came down to Sergey
7.
Googleplex
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The original complex, with 2,000,000 square feet of office space, is the companys second largest square footage assemblage of Google buildings. Once the 1,100, 000-square-foot Bay View addition went online in 2015, Googleplex is a portmanteau of Google and complex and a reference to googolplex, the name given to the large number 10, or 10googol. The site was occupied by Silicon Graphics. The project, launched in 1994 was built on the site of one of the few working farms in the area and was city owned at the time. It was a collaboration between SGI, SWA Group of San Francisco, Sausalito, and the Planning and Community Development Agency of the City of Mountain View. The objective was to develop in fashion the privately owned corporate headquarters. Key design decisions placed parking for nearly 2000 cars underground, enabling SWA to integrate the two spaces with water features, shallow pools, fountains, pathways, and plazas. The project was completed in 1997, STUDIOS Architecture was the executive architect for the original SGI campus, and provided both interior architecture and base building design. The former SGI facilities were leased by Google beginning in 2003, a redesign of the interiors was completed by Clive Wilkinson Architects in 2005. In June 2006, Google purchased some of Silicon Graphics properties, including the Googleplex, since the buildings are of relatively low height, the complex sprawls out over a large area of land. The interior of the headquarters is furnished with items like shade lamps, the lobby contains a piano and a projection of current live Google search queries. Facilities include free laundry rooms, two swimming pools, multiple sand volleyball courts, and eighteen cafeterias with diverse menus. Google has also installed replicas of SpaceShipOne and a dinosaur skeleton, since 2007 the site has featured a series of solar panels covering the rooftops of eight buildings and two solar carports, and capable of producing 1.6 megawatts of electricity. At the time of installation Google believed it to be the largest in the United States among corporations, the panels provide the power needed for 30% of the peak electricity demand in their solar-powered buildings. Four 100kW Bloom Energy Servers were shipped to Google in July 2008, in 2013 construction began on a new 1. The estimated cost of the project is $120 million with an opening date of 2015. NBBJ is the architect and this is the first time Google has designed its own rather than moving into buildings occupied by previous businesses. The addition is off the northeast corner of the complex, by the Stevens Creek Nature Study Area/Shoreline Park, googles 2012 year-end annual report noted it can develop only 7 acres of the 42-acre site
8.
Mountain View, California
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Mountain View is a city located in Santa Clara County, California, United States, named for its views of the Santa Cruz Mountains. From its origins as a stop, it grew to a large suburb with a pedestrian-friendly downtown, free wi-fi. The city borders Palo Alto and the San Francisco Bay to the north, Los Altos to the south, situated in the southern end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area, Mountain View is home to many high technology companies. In 1956, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, the first company to develop silicon semiconductor devices in what came to be known as Silicon Valley, was established in the city by William Shockley. Today, many of the largest technology companies in the world are headquartered in the city, including Google, Mozilla Foundation, Symantec, and Intuit. The original Byte Shop computer store was opened at 1063 El Camino Real, Mountain View by Paul Terrell, the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority integrates the city with the neighboring cities of Palo Alto, Los Altos, and Sunnyvale. The Mexican land grant of Rancho Pastoria de las Borregas was given in 1842 by Alta California Governor Juan Alvarado to Francisco Estrada. This grant was passed on to Mariano Castro, who sold half of the land to Martin Murphy, Jr. Eventually. First known as the center of Fremont Twp. before the first California 1852 census. Which meant that it was a predecessor to Mayfield and Palo Alto, Mountain View Station, officially named in 1864, had its beginnings earlier as a stagecoach stop on the route between San Francisco and San Jose, including the Butterfield Overland Mail. & El Camino Real of today, was closer to what was once the town center. The early pioneers were buried at the old cemetery between Mercy & Church, off Castro Street, now the present city Library and park. Reverend Henry Merrill Henderson, born in Maryland, age 35, arrived in Spring of 1852, with his family to meet with relatives Ricketts and he was the first Baptist minister in town and soon was going by horse to Half-Moon Bay, and McCartersville for services. His next-door neighbor arrived later that year, Seligman Weilheimer and brother Samuel from Dossenheim, Baden, Germany, who built at that property, the Fremont twp. population was about 560 by 1860, less Mayfield Post office section, which began north of present San Antonio Road. The towns early growth was due to agriculture, William Bubb later being a figure, buying 80 acres to farm in October 1851. His heirs expanded and intermarried in the area, agriculture remained the primary industry into the middle of the 20th century. The U. S. Navys adjacent 1000 acre Moffet Field Complex began after 1931, after World War II, the population grew significantly with the development of the aerospace and electronics industries. Between 1950 and 1960, the population grew from 6,563 to 30,889, today, high technology is the foundation of the local economy, and there exist few remnants of the citys agricultural past
9.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
10.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
11.
John L. Hennessy
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John Leroy Hennessy is an American computer scientist, academician, and businessman. Hennessy is one of the founders of MIPS Computer Systems Inc. as well as Atheros, Hennessy announced that he would step down in the summer of 2016. He was succeeded as President by Marc Tessier-Lavigne, Marc Andreessen called him the godfather of Silicon Valley. Hennessy was raised in Huntington, New York, as one of six children and his father was an aerospace engineer and his mother was a teacher before raising her children. He earned his bachelors degree in engineering from Villanova University. He is married to his school sweetheart, Andrea Berti. Hennessy became a Stanford faculty member in 1977, in 1984, he used his sabbatical year to found MIPS Computer Systems Inc. to commercialize his research in RISC processors. In 1987, he became the Willard and Inez Kerr Bell Endowed Professor of Electrical Engineering, Hennessy served as director of Stanfords Computer System Laboratory, a research center run by Stanfords Electrical Engineering and Computer Science departments. He was chair of the Department of Computer Science and Dean of the School of Engineering, in 1999, Stanford President Gerhard Casper appointed Hennessy to succeed Condoleezza Rice as Provost of Stanford University. When Casper stepped down to focus on teaching in 2000, the Stanford Board of Trustees named Hennessy to succeed Casper as president, in 2008, Hennessy earned a salary of $1,091,589, the 23rd highest among all American university presidents. In 1997, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, Hennessy is a board member of Google, Cisco Systems, Atheros Communications, the Daniel Pearl Foundation. And the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, on October 14,2010, Hennessy was presented a khata by the 14th Dalai Lama before His Holiness addressed Maples Pavilion. In 2012, Hennessy was awarded the IEEE Medal of Honor, the IEEE awarded Hennessy their highest recognition for pioneering the RISC processor architecture and for leadership in computer engineering and higher education. In 2013, Hennessy became a judge for the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering and he has remained on the judging panel for the subsequent awards in 2015 and 2017. In June 2015, Hennessy announced that he would step down as Stanford president in summer 2016, in fall 2016, Hennessy will serve as the Knight-Hennessy Scholars programs inaugural director, this is a $750 million endowment to fully fund graduate students for three years. Hennessy has a history of strong interest and involvement in computer education. They have been used as textbooks for graduate and undergraduate courses since 1990. Hennessy also contributed to updating Donald Knuths MIX processor to the MMIX, both are model computers used in Knuths classic series, The Art of Computer Programming
12.
Chairman
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The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
13.
President (corporate title)
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The President is a leader of an organization, company, community, club, trade union, university or other group. In many organizations, it is the legally recognized highest titled corporate officer, the president may also be the chairman. The relationship between the president and the Chief Executive Officer varies, depending on the structure of the specific organization, in a similar vein to the Chief Operating Officer, the title of corporate President as a separate position is also loosely defined. The powers of the president vary widely across organizations and such powers come from specific authorization in the bylaws, originally, the term president was used to designate someone who presided over a meeting, and was used in the same way that foreman or overseer is used now. It has now come to mean chief officer in terms of administrative or executive duties. In addition to the administrative or executive duties in organizations, the president has the duties of presiding over meetings, in committees or small boards, the president votes along with the other members. However, in assemblies or larger boards, the president should vote only when it can affect the result, at a meeting, the president only has one vote. The powers of the president vary widely across organizations, the amount of power given to the president depends on the type of organization, its structure, and the rules it has created for itself. If the president exceeds the given authority, engages in misconduct, or fails to perform the duties, such procedures may include censure, suspension, or removal from office. The rules of the organization would provide details on who can perform these disciplinary procedures. Usually, whoever appointed or elected the president has the power to discipline this officer, some organizations may have a position of President-Elect in addition to the position of President. Generally the membership of the organization elects a President-Elect and when the term of the President-Elect is complete, some organizations may have a position of Immediate Past President in addition to the position of President. In those organizations, when the term of the President is complete, the organization can have such a position only if the bylaws provide it. The duties of such a position would also have to be provided in the bylaws, riding Shotgun, The Role of the COO. National Association of Parliamentarians®, Education Committee, independence, MO, National Association of Parliamentarians®
14.
Ruth Porat
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Ruth Porat is a British-born American financial executive, who is the current Chief Financial Officer of Alphabet Inc as of May 2015. She was the CFO and Executive Vice President of Morgan Stanley from January 2010 to May 2015, Porat was born to a Jewish family in Sale, Greater Manchester England, the daughter of Dr. Dan and Frieda Porat. She moved at an age to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where her father was a research fellow in the physics department at Harvard University. Her father later relocated the family to Palo Alto, California where he worked at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory for 26 years. Porat started her career at Morgan Stanley in 1987 but left to follow Morgan Stanley President Robert F. Greenhill to Smith Barney in 1993 and she was previously the co-head of Technology Investment Banking and worked for Morgan Stanley in London. Her financial partner during the Internet investment banking craze was Mary Meeker, in the 2011 HBO movie Too Big to Fail, Porat is played by Jennifer van Dyck. In 2013 it was said that President Barack Obama would nominate Porat as the next Deputy Secretary of the Treasury, Porats career was analyzed in the McKinsey & Company study How Remarkable Women Lead. She was named Best Financial Institutions CFO in a poll conducted by Institutional Investor for its 2014 All-America Executive Team, on March 24,2015 it was announced that Porat would join Google as their new CFO as of May 26,2015. Bloomberg Business reported that her hiring deal included incentives that will eventually amount to $70 million by 2016. She has been credited with boosting Googles share price by reorganizing the Company and she is a member of the Advisory Council of the Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy at the Brookings Institution. Porat supported Senator Hillary Clinton when she ran for President in 2008, in 2011, Porat expressed her support for increased taxes on the wealthy and declared on the topic of significant spending decreases that we cannot cut our way to greatness. Porat has been married to Anthony Paduano, partner in the law firm of Paduano & Weintraub, Porat is a survivor of breast cancer
15.
Technology
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Technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, the human species use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The steady progress of technology has brought weapons of ever-increasing destructive power. It has helped develop more advanced economies and has allowed the rise of a leisure class, many technological processes produce unwanted by-products known as pollution and deplete natural resources to the detriment of Earths environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and raise new questions of the ethics of technology, examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, and the challenges of bioethics. Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of technology, with disagreements over whether technology improves the condition or worsens it. The use of the technology has changed significantly over the last 200 years. Before the 20th century, the term was uncommon in English, the term was often connected to technical education, as in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The term technology rose to prominence in the 20th century in connection with the Second Industrial Revolution, the terms meanings changed in the early 20th century when American social scientists, beginning with Thorstein Veblen, translated ideas from the German concept of Technik into technology. In German and other European languages, a distinction exists between technik and technologie that is absent in English, which translates both terms as technology. By the 1930s, technology referred not only to the study of the industrial arts, dictionaries and scholars have offered a variety of definitions. Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 Real World of Technology lecture, gave another definition of the concept, it is practice, the way we do things around here. The term is used to imply a specific field of technology, or to refer to high technology or just consumer electronics. Bernard Stiegler, in Technics and Time,1, defines technology in two ways, as the pursuit of life by other than life, and as organized inorganic matter. Technology can be most broadly defined as the entities, both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to some value. In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems and it is a far-reaching term that may include simple tools, such as a crowbar or wooden spoon, or more complex machines, such as a space station or particle accelerator. Tools and machines need not be material, virtual technology, such as software and business methods. W. Brian Arthur defines technology in a broad way as a means to fulfill a human purpose
16.
Internet
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The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990
17.
Software
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Computer software, or simply software, is that part of a computer system that consists of data or computer instructions, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs, computer software includes computer programs, libraries and related non-executable data, such as online documentation or digital media. Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be used on its own. At the lowest level, executable code consists of machine language instructions specific to an individual processor—typically a central processing unit, a machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. For example, an instruction may change the value stored in a storage location in the computer—an effect that is not directly observable to the user. An instruction may also cause something to appear on a display of the computer system—a state change which should be visible to the user. The processor carries out the instructions in the order they are provided, unless it is instructed to jump to a different instruction, the majority of software is written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for programmers, meaning closer to a natural language. High-level languages are translated into machine language using a compiler or an interpreter or a combination of the two, an outline for what would have been the first piece of software was written by Ada Lovelace in the 19th century, for the planned Analytical Engine. However, neither the Analytical Engine nor any software for it were ever created, the first theory about software—prior to creation of computers as we know them today—was proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. This eventually led to the creation of the academic fields of computer science and software engineering. Computer science is more theoretical, whereas software engineering focuses on practical concerns. However, prior to 1946, software as we now understand it—programs stored in the memory of stored-program digital computers—did not yet exist, the first electronic computing devices were instead rewired in order to reprogram them. On virtually all platforms, software can be grouped into a few broad categories. There are many different types of software, because the range of tasks that can be performed with a modern computer is so large—see list of software. System software includes, Operating systems, which are collections of software that manage resources and provides common services for other software that runs on top of them. Supervisory programs, boot loaders, shells and window systems are parts of operating systems. In practice, an operating system bundled with additional software so that a user can potentially do some work with a computer that only has an operating system. Device drivers, which operate or control a particular type of device that is attached to a computer, utilities, which are computer programs designed to assist users in the maintenance and care of their computers
18.
Life sciences
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While biology remains the centerpiece of the life sciences, technological advances in molecular biology and biotechnology have led to a burgeoning of specializations and interdisciplinary fields. Some life sciences focus on a type of life. For example, zoology is the study of animals, while botany is the study of plants, other life sciences focus on aspects common to all or many life forms, such as anatomy and genetics. Yet other fields are interested in technological advances involving living things, another major, though more specific, branch of life sciences involves understanding the mind – neuroscience. The life sciences are helpful in improving the quality and standard of life and they have applications in health, agriculture, medicine, and the pharmaceutical and food science industries. There is considerable overlap between many of the topics of study in the life sciences, biology – burst and eclectic field, composed of many branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research, consolidating it into a single. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity. It is also understood today that all organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable, hematology – study of blood and blood-forming organs. Toxicology - study of the effects of chemicals on living organisms Zoology – study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, medicine – applied science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. It encompasses a variety of care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention. Some of its branches are, Anesthesiology – branch of medicine that deals with life support, cardiology – branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the heart and the blood vessels. Critical care medicine – focuses on support and the intensive care of the seriously ill. Dermatology – branch of medicine that deals with the skin, its structure, functions, emergency medicine – focuses on care provided in the emergency department. Endocrinology – branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the endocrine system, gastroenterology – branch of medicine that deals with the study and care of the digestive system. General Practice is a branch of medicine that specializes in primary care, geriatrics – branch of medicine that deals with the general health and well-being of the elderly. Gynecology – branch of medicine that deals with the health of the reproductive systems. Hematology – branch of medicine that deals with the blood and the circulatory system, hepatology – branch of medicine that deals with the liver, gallbladder and the biliary system
19.
Autonomous cars
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An autonomous car is a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and navigating without human input. Many such vehicles are being developed, but as of February 2017 automated cars permitted on roads are not yet fully autonomous. They all require a driver at the wheel who is ready at a moments notice to take control of the vehicle. Autonomous cars use a variety of techniques to detect their surroundings, such as radar, laser light, GPS, odometry, advanced control systems interpret sensory information to identify appropriate navigation paths, as well as obstacles and relevant signage. Autonomous cars have systems that are capable of analyzing sensory data to distinguish between different cars on the road, which is very useful in planning a path to the desired destination. Some demonstrative systems, precursory to autonomous cars, date back to the 1920s and 1930s, a major milestone was achieved in 1995, with CMUs NavLab 5 completing the first autonomous coast-to-coast drive of the United States. Of the 2,849 miles between Pittsburgh, PA and San Diego, CA,2,797 miles were autonomous, since then, numerous major companies and research organizations have developed working prototype autonomous vehicles. Among the potential benefits of autonomous cars is a significant reduction in collisions, the resulting injuries. Autonomous means having the power for self-governance, many historical projects related to vehicle autonomy have in fact only been automated due to a heavy reliance on artificial hints in their environment, such as magnetic strips. As can be seen from many projects mentioned, it is suggested to extend the capabilities of an autonomous car by implementing communication networks both in the immediate vicinity and far away. The term autonomous was chosen because it is the term that is currently in widespread use. However, the term is arguably more accurate. Automated connotes control or operation by a machine, while autonomous connotes acting alone or independently, thus, the term automated would more accurately describe these vehicle concepts. This classification system is based on the amount of intervention and attentiveness required, rather than the vehicle capabilities. In the United States in 2013, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration released a formal classification system, SAE automated vehicle classifications, Level 0, Automated system has no vehicle control, but may issue warnings. Level 1, Driver must be ready to control at any time. Automated system may include such as Adaptive Cruise Control, Parking Assistance with automated steering. Level 2, The driver is obliged to detect objects and events, the automated system executes accelerating, braking, and steering
20.
Research and development
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Research and development, also known in Europe as research and technical development, is a general term for activities in connection with corporate or governmental innovation. Research and development is situated at the front end of the life cycle. R&D differs from the vast majority of activities in that it is not intended to yield immediate profit, and generally carries greater risk. New product design and development is more often not a crucial factor in the survival of a company. In an industry that is changing fast, firms must continually revise their design and this is necessary due to continuous technology change and development as well as other competitors and the changing preference of customers. Without an R&D program, a firm must rely on strategic alliances, acquisitions, a system driven by marketing is one that puts the customer needs first, and produces goods that are known to sell. Market research is carried out, which establishes what is needed, if the development is technology driven R&D is directed toward developing products to meet the unmet need. Statistics on organizations devoted to R&D may express the state of an industry, some common measures include, budgets, numbers of patents or on rates of peer-reviewed publications. Bank ratios are one of the best measures, because they are maintained, public. In the United States, a ratio of research and development for an industrial company is about 3. 5% of revenues. A high technolog company, such as a manufacturer, might spend 7% or a pharmaceutical companies such as Merck & Co.14. 1% or Novartis 15. 1%. That is, gross profits will be as much as 90% of the sales cost, with manufacturing costing only 10% of the product price, most industrial companies get 40% revenues only. On a technical level, high tech organizations explore ways to re-purpose and they often reuse advanced manufacturing processes, expensive safety certifications, specialized embedded software, computer-aided design software, electronic designs and mechanical subsystems. Research from 2000 has shown that firms with a persistent R&D strategy outperform those with an irregular or no R&D investment program. Research and development are very difficult to manage, since the feature of research is that the researchers do not know in advance exactly how to accomplish the desired result. As a result, higher R&D spending does not guarantee more creativity, research is the most risky financing area because both the development of an invention and its successful realization carries uncertainty including the profitability of the invention. One way of reducing the uncertainty of researching know-hows is to obtain already researched know-hows, president Barack Obama requested $147.696 billion for research & development in FY2012. Much of this spending was devoted to research on the mechanisms of disease
21.
Biotechnology
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Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the fields of bioengineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc. For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in agriculture, food production, the term is largely believed to have been coined in 1919 by Hungarian engineer Károly Ereky. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies, as per European Federation of Biotechnology, biotechnology is the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services. Biotechnology also writes on the biological sciences. By contrast, bioengineering is generally thought of as a field that more heavily emphasizes higher systems approaches for interfacing with. Bioengineering is the application of the principles of engineering and natural sciences to tissues, cells and this can be considered as the use of knowledge from working with and manipulating biology to achieve a result that can improve functions in plants and animals. Although not normally what first comes to mind, many forms of human-derived agriculture clearly fit the definition of utilizing a biotechnological system to make products. Indeed, the cultivation of plants may be viewed as the earliest biotechnological enterprise, Agriculture has been theorized to have become the dominant way of producing food since the Neolithic Revolution. Through early biotechnology, the earliest farmers selected and bred the best suited crops, having the highest yields and these processes also were included in early fermentation of beer. These processes were introduced in early Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and India, in brewing, malted grains convert starch from grains into sugar and then adding specific yeasts to produce beer. In this process, carbohydrates in the grains were broken down into alcohols such as ethanol, later other cultures produced the process of lactic acid fermentation which allowed the fermentation and preservation of other forms of food, such as soy sauce. Fermentation was also used in time period to produce leavened bread. Although the process of fermentation was not fully understood until Louis Pasteurs work in 1857, before the time of Charles Darwins work and life, animal and plant scientists had already used selective breeding. Darwin added to body of work with his scientific observations about the ability of science to change species. These accounts contributed to Darwins theory of natural selection, for thousands of years, humans have used selective breeding to improve production of crops and livestock to use them for food. In selective breeding, organisms with desirable characteristics are mated to produce offspring with the same characteristics, for example, this technique was used with corn to produce the largest and sweetest crops. In the early twentieth century scientists gained an understanding of microbiology. Biotechnology has also led to the development of antibiotics, in 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered the mold Penicillium
22.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
23.
Earnings before interest and taxes
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In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firms profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, when a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. To calculate EBIT, expenses are subtracted from revenues, net income is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result
24.
Net income
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In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
25.
Asset
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In financial accounting, an asset is an economic resource. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value, simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash. The balance sheet of a firm records the value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business, one can classify assets into two major asset classes, tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets, current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the marketplace. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, an asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. One of the most widely accepted accounting definitions of asset is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board, employees are not considered assets like machinery is, even though they can generate future economic benefits. This is because an entity does not have sufficient control over its employees to satisfy the Frameworks definition of an asset, similarly, in economics an asset is any form in which wealth can be held. The accounting equation is the structure of the balance sheet. It relates assets, liabilities, and owners equity, Assets = Liabilities + Capital Liabilities = Assets − Capital Equity = Assets − Liabilities Assets are listed on the balance sheet. On a companys balance sheet certain divisions are required by generally accepted accounting principles, Assets can be divided into e. g. current assets and fixed assets, often with further subdivisions such as cash, receivables and inventory. Assets are formally controlled and managed within larger organizations via the use of asset tracking tools and these monitor the purchasing, upgrading, servicing, licensing, disposal etc. of both physical and non-physical assets. Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle and these assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items included into current assets, Cash and cash equivalents – it is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, short-term investments – include securities bought and held for sale in the near future to generate income on short-term price differences. Receivables – usually reported as net of allowance for non-collectable accounts, inventory – trading these assets is a normal business of a company. The inventory value reported on the sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value. This is known as the lower of cost or market rule, prepaid expenses – these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed
26.
Equity (finance)
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In accounting, equity is the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities of something owed. Equity can be negative if liabilities exceeds assets, shareholders equity represents the equity of a company as divided among shareholders of common or preferred stock. Negative shareholders equity is often referred to as a shareholders deficit, alternatively, equity can also refer to the capital stock of a corporation. The value of the stock depends on the future economic prospects. For a company in liquidation proceedings, the equity is that which remains after all liabilities have been paid, when starting a business, the owners fund the business to finance various operations. Throughout the businesss existence, the equity of the business will be the difference between its assets and debt liabilities, this is the accounting equation, when a business liquidates during bankruptcy, the proceeds from the assets are used to reimburse creditors. The creditors are ranked by priority, with secured creditors being paid first, other creditors being paid next, owners equity is this remaining or residual claim against assets, which is paid only after all other creditors are paid. In such cases where even creditors could not get money to pay their bills. In financial accounting, owners equity consists of the net assets of an entity, net assets is the difference between the total assets and total liabilities. Equity appears on the sheet, one of the four primary financial statements. The assets of an entity can be tangible and intangible items. Intangible assets include such as brand names, copyrights or goodwill. Tangible assets include land, equipment, and cash, issue of new equity in which the firm obtains new capital increases the total shareholders equity. Share repurchases, in which a firm returns money to investors, reducing on the side its financial assets. For practical purposes, share repurchasing is similar to a dividend payment, rather than giving money to all shareholders immediately in the form of a dividend payment, a share repurchase reduces the number of shares outstanding. Dividends paid out to preferred stock owners are considered an expense to be subtracted from net income, sometimes assets bought and held in other countries get translated back into the reporting currency at different exchange rates, resulting in a changed value. When the owners are shareholders, the interest can be called shareholders equity, the remains the same. If all shareholders are in one and the class, they share equally in ownership equity from all perspectives
27.
Calico (company)
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Calico is an independent research and development biotech company founded on September 18,2013 by Google and Arthur D. Levinson with the goal of combating aging and associated diseases. In Googles 2013 Founders Letter, Larry Page described Calico as a focused on health, well-being. The companys name is an acronym for California Life Company, in August 2015, Google announced plans to restructure into Alphabet Inc. wherein Google and Calico would become two of the subsidiaries of the new company along with others. This was completed on October 2, in September 2014, it was announced that Calico, in partnership with AbbVie, would be opening up a R&D facility focused on aging and age-related diseases, such as neurodegeneration and cancer. Initially, each company will invest $350 million, with an option for each to add an extra $500 million later on, in the same month, Calico announced a partnership with the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and 2M Companies regarding drug development for neurodegenerative disorders. P7C3 compounds have previously shown in a number of publications to be beneficial in animal models for age-related neurodegeneration. The partnership involves upfront and milestone payments for development of the compounds into therapeutics, the research has the potential to tackle age-related cognitive decline
28.
CapitalG
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CapitalG is the late-stage growth venture capital fund financed by Alphabet Inc. and based in San Francisco, CA. Founded in 2013, it focuses on larger, growth stage technology companies, in addition to capital investment, CapitalGs approach includes giving portfolio companies access to Googles people, knowledge, and culture to support the companies growth and offer them guidance. This includes connecting them with a roster of advisors, such as David Drummond, since 2013, CapitalG has invested in 25 companies, in areas such as big data, financial technology, security, and e-learning. On August 10,2015, Google Inc. announced plans for a corporate restructuring wherein CapitalG would become the subsidiary of a new umbrella company, in November 2016, Google Capital was re-branded as CapitalG. CapitalG was started by partner David Lawee, formerly Googles Vice President of Corporate Development, in 2013, CapitalG announced its first two investments in SurveyMonkey, a cloud-based online survey and questionnaire tool, and Lending Club, a peer-to-peer lending company based in San Francisco. In April 2015, CapitalG announced an investment in ZenPayroll, in September 2015, CapitalG announced an investment in Oscar Health Insurance Corp. a U. S. -based health insurance startup. In March 2016, CapitalG invested in India-based Girnar Software, owner of CarDekho, in July 2016 CapitalG made its first public company investment. The investment made it the largest shareholder in online care portal Care. com, in November 2016, CapitalG invested in Airbnb and Snap Inc. CapitalG focuses on stage and growth equity investments, while GV invests in companies across all stages and industries. In addition, Googles Corporate Development group does acquisitions and investments that are strategic for Googles products, all three investment groups are managed under David Drummond at Google
29.
Google
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Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products. These include online advertising technologies, search, cloud computing, software, Google was founded in 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph. D. students at Stanford University, in California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares, and they incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4,1998. An initial public offering took place on August 19,2004, in August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google, Alphabets leading subsidiary, will continue to be the company for Alphabets Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructure, Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond Googles core search engine. The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, the Google Chrome web browser, and Chrome OS, the new hardware chief, Rick Osterloh, stated, a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience. Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier, alexa, a company that monitors commercial web traffic, lists Google. com as the most visited website in the world. Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites, including YouTube, Googles mission statement, from the outset, was to organize the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful, and its unofficial slogan was Dont be evil. In October 2015, the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase Do the right thing, Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California. They called this new technology PageRank, it determined a websites relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine BackRub, because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site. Originally, Google ran under Stanford Universitys website, with the domains google. stanford. edu, the domain name for Google was registered on September 15,1997, and the company was incorporated on September 4,1998. It was based in the garage of a friend in Menlo Park, craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee. The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Google was incorporated. At least three other investors invested in 1998, Amazon. com founder Jeff Bezos, Stanford University computer science professor David Cheriton. Author Ken Auletta claims that each invested $250,000, early in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million, vinod Khosla, one of Excites venture capitalists, talked the duo down to $750,000, but Bell still rejected it. Googles initial public offering took place five years later, on August 19,2004, at that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024
30.
Google Fiber
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Google Fiber is part of the Access division of Alphabet Inc. It provides fiber-to-the-premises service in the United States, providing broadband Internet and cable television to a small, in mid-2016, Google Fiber had 68,715 television subscribers and was estimated to have about 453,000 broadband customers. The service was first introduced to the Kansas City metropolitan area, on August 10,2015, Google announced its intention to restructure the company moving less central services and products into a new umbrella corporation, Alphabet Inc. As part of this plan, Google Fiber would become a subsidiary of Alphabet and may become part of the Access. In October 2016, all plans were put on hold. Google Fiber will continue to service in the cities where it is already installed. Google Fiber offers four options, depending on location, a free Internet option, a 100 Mbit/s option, a 1 Gbit/s Internet option. The Internet service includes one terabyte of Google Drive service, the service includes a two terabyte DVR in addition to the Google Drive. The DVR can record up to eight live television shows simultaneously, in addition, television service will also stream live program content on iPad and Android tablet computers. Google offers several different service plans to their customers, Google also offers free Google Fiber Internet connectivity in each of its markets to select public, in order to avoid underground cabling complexity for the last mile, Google Fiber relies on aggregators dubbed Google Fiber Huts. From these Google Fiber Huts, the fiber cables travel along utility poles into neighborhoods and homes, the estimated cost of wiring a fiber network like Google Fiber into a major American city is $1 billion. The initial location was chosen following a selection process. Over 1,100 communities applied to be the first recipient of the service, the request form was simple, and, some have argued, too straightforward. This led to various attention-getting behaviors by those hoping to have their town selected, some examples are given below, Baton Rouge, Louisiana supporters remade the Supertramp song Give a Little Bit to Give a Gigabit. Greenville, South Carolina utilized 1,000 of their citizens, from an aerial view, the title Google was colorfully visible. Topeka, Kansas, temporarily renamed itself Google, a small plane bearing a banner reading Will Google Play in Peoria, IL. flew over the Google campus in Mountain View, California. The mayor of Duluth, Minnesota, jokingly proclaimed that every child will be named either Google Fiber or Googlette Fiber. The city of Rancho Cucamonga, California, dubbed their city, one of the islands in Sarasota, Florida, was temporarily renamed Google Island
31.
GV (company)
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GV, formerly Google Ventures, is the venture capital investment arm of Alphabet Inc. and provides seed, venture, and growth stage funding to technology companies. The firm operates independently from Google and makes financially driven investment decisions, the group was founded on March 31,2009, with a $100 million capital commitment. In 2012, that commitment was raised to $300 million annually, in 2014, the group announced $125 million to invest in promising European startups. GV has offices in Mountain View, San Francisco, New York City, Cambridge, GV was founded as Google Ventures in 2009. In December 2015, the company was renamed GV and introduced a new logo, GV was one of the first venture capital firms to employ the venture capital services model. It provides portfolio companies access to operational help after making a financial investment. Full-time partners at GV work with companies on design and product management, marketing, engineering. GV has developed an intensive, five-day design process, called a Design Sprint, official website Google Ventures on CrunchBase
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Verily Life Sciences
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Verily is Alphabet Inc. s research organization devoted to the study of life sciences. The organization was formerly a division of Google X, until 10 August 2015 when Sergey Brin announced that the organization would become an independent subsidiary of Alphabet Inc and this restructuring process was completed on October 2,2015. On December 7,2015, Google Life Sciences was renamed Verily, dr. Thomas R. Insel announced on Sept.15,2015, that he was resigning as the director of the National Institute of Mental Health to join this division. On 9 September 2014, the division acquired Lift Labs, the makers of Liftware, contact lenses that allow people with diabetes to continually check their glucose levels using a non-intrusive method. A spoon for people with tremors, the Baseline Study, a project to collect genetic and molecular information from enough people to create a picture of what a healthy human should be. Working with the wristband, a project called Tricorder Advancements in surgical robotics, in partnership with Johnson & Johnson
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Waymo
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Waymo is an autonomous car development company spun out of Googles parent company, Alphabet Inc. in December 2016. It then took over the car project which Google had begun in 2009. Alphabet describes Waymo as “a self-driving tech company with a mission to make it safe and easy for people and things to move around. ”The new company, which will be headed by long-time automotive executive John Krafcik, is working towards making self-driving cars available to the public soon. From the companys FAQ, Our next step will be to let people trial fully self-driving cars to do things like run errands or commute to work. Googles self driving car project was led by Sebastian Thrun, former director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Thruns team at Stanford created the robotic vehicle Stanley which won the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge, the team developing the system consisted of 15 engineers working for Google, including Chris Urmson, Mike Montemerlo, and Anthony Levandowski who had worked on the DARPA Grand and Urban Challenges. Nevada passed a law in June 2011 concerning the operation of cars in Nevada. A Toyota Prius modified with Googles experimental driverless technology was licensed by the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles in May 2012 and this was the first license issue in the United States for a self-driven car. Nevadas regulations require a person behind the wheel and one in the seat during tests. In 2015, Nathaniel Fairfield, Waymos Principal Engineer, provided the world’s first fully driverless ride on public roads to an old friend of his, who is legally blind. Steve Mahan, former CEO of the Santa Clara Valley Blind Center, was the recipient of the first self-driving ride on public roads, in Austin, Texas. In 2015 the project completed its first driverless ride on public roads, giving a ride to a blind man in Austin. It was the first driverless ride that was on a public road, the car had no steering wheel or floor pedals. In December 2016, the unit was renamed Waymo, and spun off as its own separate division, Waymo is derived from its mission, “a new way forward in mobility. In May 2016, Google and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles announced an order of 100 Pacifica hybrid minivans to test the technology on, Googles robotic cars have about $150,000 in equipment including a $70,000 LIDAR system. The range finder mounted on the top is a Velodyne 64-beam laser and this laser allows the vehicle to generate a detailed 3D map of its environment. The car then takes these generated maps and combines them with high-resolution maps of the world, in August 2016 alone, their cars traveled a total of 170,000 miles, of those,126,000 miles were driven autonomously. As of June 2016, Google had test driven their fleet of vehicles, in autonomous mode, by May 2015, that fleet consisted solely of 23 Lexus SUVs
34.
X (company)
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X, an American semi-secret research-and-development facility founded by Google in January 2010 as Google X, operates as a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. X has its headquarters about a mile from Googles corporate headquarters. Work at X is overseen by entrepreneur scientist Astro Teller, as CEO, the lab started with the development of Googles self-driving car. On 2 October 2015, after the restructuring of Google into Alphabet. While X projects are referred to as moonshots within the company. For example, Calico, Googles life extension project, is considered a moonshot but is not a part of X, in mid-2014, Google said there were eight projects being developed at X. As of late 2014, X projects that have been revealed include Wing, Glass, Loon, Waymo was a project by Google that involves developing technology for driverless cars. In December 2016, Google transitioned the project into a new company called Waymo, the project was led by Google engineer Sebastian Thrun, director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and co-inventor of Google Street View. Thruns team at Stanford created the robotic vehicle Stanley which won the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge, the team developing the system consisted of 15 engineers working for Google, including Chris Urmson, Mike Montemerlo, and Anthony Levandowski, who had worked on the DARPA Grand and Urban Challenges. The U. S. state of Nevada passed a law in June 2011 concerning the operation of cars in Nevada. Google had been lobbying for driverless car laws, the license was issued to a Toyota Prius modified with Googles experimental driver-less technology. It uses wireless routers in balloons that are above weather and plans to access to the internet to those who cant reach it or are in need of help. Project Wing is a project aims to rapidly deliver products across a city by using flying vehicles. At the time of the announcement on August 28,2014, the flying vehicles take off vertically, then rotate to a horizontal position for flying around. For delivery, it hovers and winches packages down to the ground, at the end of the tether is a small bundle of electronics which detects that the package has hit the ground, detaches from the delivery, and is pulled back up into the body of the vehicle. Dropping the cargo or landing were found to be unfeasible, as users compromised the safety, project Glass is a research and development program by Google to develop an augmented reality head-mounted display. In October 2013, the existence of four Google barges was revealed, two of the barges have a superstructure whose construction has been kept under the utmost secrecy, while speculations indicate they could be used as marketing for, and stores for, Google Glass. Others have suggested that it might be used as a data center
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Restructuring
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Other reasons for restructuring include a change of ownership or ownership structure, demerger, or a response to a crisis or major change in the business such as bankruptcy, repositioning, or buyout. Restructuring may also be described as corporate restructuring, debt restructuring, executives involved in restructuring often hire financial and legal advisors to assist in the transaction details and negotiation. It may also be done by a new CEO hired specifically to make the difficult and it generally involves financing debt, selling portions of the company to investors, and reorganizing or reducing operations. The basic nature of restructuring is a zero-sum game, strategic restructuring reduces financial losses, simultaneously reducing tensions between debt and equity holders to facilitate a prompt resolution of a distressed situation. Corporate debt restructuring is the reorganization of companies’ outstanding liabilities and it is generally a mechanism used by companies which are facing difficulties in repaying their debts. In the process of restructuring, the obligations are spread out over longer duration with smaller payments. This allows company’s ability to meet debt obligations, also, as part of process, some creditors may agree to exchange debt for some portion of equity. This process tries to resolve the difficulties faced by the corporate sector and this distinction between negotiation and process is a difference between financial restructuring and corporate finance. Historically, European banks handled non-investment grade lending and capital structures that were fairly straightforward, nicknamed the London Approach in the UK, restructurings focused on avoiding debt write-offs rather than providing distressed companies with an appropriately sized balance sheet. This approach became impractical in the 1990s with private equity increasing demand for highly leveraged capital structures that created the market in high-yield, increased volume of distressed debt drew in hedge funds and credit derivatives deepened the market—trends outside the control of both the regulator and the leading commercial banks. A company that has been restructured effectively will theoretically be leaner, more efficient, better organized, if the restructured company was a leverage acquisition, the parent company will likely resell it at a profit if the restructuring has proven successful
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Sundar Pichai
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Pichai Sundararajan, also known as Sundar Pichai, is an Indian American business executive. Pichai is the executive officer of Google Inc. Pichai was born in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, to Lakshmi, Sundar grew up in a two-room apartment on 46th Street, 7th Avenue, in Ashok Nagar, Chennai. Sundar completed schooling in Jawahar Vidyalaya, Ashok Nagar Chennai and completed the Class XII from Vana Vani school located in the IIT, Pichai earned his degree from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur in Metallurgical Engineering. Pichai worked in engineering and product management at Applied Materials and in management consulting at McKinsey & Company and he went on to oversee the development of different applications such as Gmail and Google Maps. On 19 November 2009, Pichai gave a demonstration of Chrome OS and the Chromebook was released for trial and testing in 2011, on 20 May 2010, he announced the open-sourcing of the new video codec VP8 by Google, and introduced the new video format, WebM. On 13 March 2013, Pichai added Android to the list of Google products, Android was formerly managed by Andy Rubin. He was a director of Jive Software from April 2011 to 30 July 2013, Pichai was selected to become the next CEO of Google on 10 August 2015 after previously being appointed Product Chief by CEO, Larry Page. On 24 October 2015, once he stepped into the new position at the completion of the formation of Alphabet Inc. the new holding company for the Google company family. Pichai had been suggested as a contender for Microsofts CEO in 2014, Pichai is married, has two children, and lives in Los Altos Hills, in a home designed by Robert Swatt of Swatt Miers. Pichais interests include soccer and cricket and he is an avid fan of Lionel Messi and FC Barcelona, and he states that he watches every game of the club. Sundar Pichai on Twitter Sundar Pichais rise to fame in 90 seconds
US$110.85 billion[1] (2017)
US$12.66 billion[1] (2017)
