1.
David Wilkie Wynfield
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David Wilkie Wynfield was a British painter and photographer. Wynfield was distantly related to the Scottish artist David Wilkie, after whom he was named, born in India, he was originally intended by his family for the priesthood, but instead chose art as a profession. He studied at Leighs art school in the 1850s and his first painting was accepted for the Royal Academy summer exhibition in 1859, Wynfield associated with a group of other artists who became known as the St. Johns Wood Clique. Their work typically took the form of historical narratives. Wynfield himself painted many works set in Medieval or Renaissance Europe, in the 1860s Wynfield became interested in photography. Many of Wynfields photographs portrayed members of the St. Johns Wood Clique, the combination of soft focus, close-up, large-format print and historical costumes produced a photographic style that was completely original at the time. Wynfield was attempting to imitate the effects of old master artists such as Titian. A selection of the photographs was published in 1864 as a book entitled The Studio, A Collection of Photographic Portraits of Living Artists, Taken in the Style of Old Masters, as with many of the subjects of his photographs Wynfield served in The Artists Rifles. He reached the rank of Captain and was commanding H Company in 1880, in his autobiography his friend Henry Stacy Marks said that Wynfield died of consumption
2.
Etching
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Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio in the metal. In modern manufacturing, other chemicals may be used on other types of material, as a method of printmaking, it is, along with engraving, the most important technique for old master prints, and remains in wide use today. In a number of variants such as microfabrication etching and photochemical milling it is a crucial technique in much modern technology. In traditional pure etching, a plate is covered with a waxy ground which is resistant to acid. The artist then scratches off the ground with an etching needle where he or she wants a line to appear in the finished piece. The échoppe, a tool with an oval section, is also used for swelling lines. The plate is dipped in a bath of acid, technically called the mordant or etchant. The acid bites into the metal where it is exposed, leaving behind lines sunk into the plate, the remaining ground is then cleaned off the plate. The plate is inked all over, and then the ink wiped off the surface, the plate is then put through a high-pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper. The paper picks up the ink from the lines, making a print. The process can be repeated many times, typically several hundred impressions could be printed before the shows much sign of wear. The work on the plate can also be added to by repeating the whole process, Etching has often been combined with other intaglio techniques such as engraving or aquatint. The process as applied to printmaking is believed to have been invented by Daniel Hopfer of Augsburg, Hopfer was a craftsman who decorated armour in this way, and applied the method to printmaking, using iron plates. Apart from his prints, there are two examples of his work on armour, a shield from 1536 now in the Real Armeria of Madrid. The switch to copper plates was made in Italy. On the other hand, the handling of the ground and acid need skill and experience, prior to 1100 AD, the New World Hohokam independently utilized the technique of acid etching in marine shell designs. Jacques Callot from Nancy in Lorraine made important technical advances in etching technique and he developed the échoppe, a type of etching-needle with a slanting oval section at the end, which enabled etchers to create a swelling line, as engravers were able to do. Callot also appears to have responsible for an improved, harder, recipe for the etching ground
3.
Medallist
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A medalist or medallist is an artist who designs medals, plaquettes, badges, coins and similar small works in relief in metal. Somewhat confusingly, medalist/medallist is also used in sport and other areas for the winner of a medal as an award, historically medalists were typically also involved in producing their designs, and were usually either sculptors or goldsmiths by background. From the 19th century the education of a medalist often began with as an engraver, or an education in an academy, particularly modeling. On coins a mark or symbol signifying the medalist as the designer was often included in a hidden location on the coin and is not to be mistaken for the symbol of the mint master. Artistic medals and plaquettes are often signed prominently by the artist and he cast them like bronze sculptures, rather than minting them like coins. Artistic medals and plaquettes have mostly been produced by lost wax casting, the design for the coin faces were originally engraved into the coin dies. It was necessary to use a burin to engrave the designs directly into the die inverted and this resulted in the early medalists being called steel-chiselers. Medalists who were contracted by the state to produce the coins and medallions for the mint were given official state titles. In addition to their contracts, medalists were also allowed to earn income through private commissions for medals. List of medallists How are Coins Made, the United States Mint The Art of Minting. The Royal Mint The History of Minting, the Royal Mint Museum How a Coin Comes into Being Austrian Mint
4.
Dijon
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Dijon is a city in eastern France, capital of the Côte-dOr département and of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. The earliest archaeological finds within the city limits of Dijon date to the Neolithic period, Dijon later became a Roman settlement named Divio, located on the road from Lyon to Paris. Population,151,576 within the city limits,250,516 for the greater Dijon area, the city has retained varied architectural styles from many of the main periods of the past millennium, including Capetian, Gothic and Renaissance. Many still-inhabited town houses in the central district date from the 18th century. Dijon architecture is distinguished by, among other things, toits bourguignons made of tiles glazed in terracotta, green, yellow and black, Dijon holds an International and Gastronomic Fair every year in autumn. With over 500 exhibitors and 200,000 visitors every year, Dijon is also home, every three years, to the international flower show Florissimo. The historical center of the city has been registered since July 4,2015 as a UNESCO World Heritage site, the earliest archaeological finds within the city limits of Dijon date to the Neolithic period. Dijon later became a Roman settlement called Divio, which may mean sacred fountain, saint Benignus, the citys apocryphal patron saint, is said to have introduced Christianity to the area before being martyred. The Duchy of Burgundy was a key in the transformation of medieval times toward early modern Europe, the Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy now houses city hall and a museum of art. In 1513, Swiss and Imperial armies invaded Burgundy and besieged Dijon, the siege was extremely violent, but the town succeeded in resisting the invaders. After long negotiations, Louis II de la Trémoille managed to persuade the Swiss, during the siege, the population called on the Virgin Mary for help and saw the towns successful resistance and the subsequent withdrawal of the invaders as a miracle. For those reasons, in the following the siege the inhabitants of Dijon began to venerate Notre-Dame de Bon-Espoir. Although a few areas of the town were destroyed, there are no signs of the siege of 1513 visible today. However, Dijons museum of arts has a large tapestry depicting this episode in the towns history. Dijon is situated at the heart of a plain drained by two small converging rivers, the Suzon, which crosses it mostly underground from north to south, farther south is the côte, or hillside, of vineyards that gives the department its name. Dijon lies 310 km southeast of Paris,190 km northwest of Geneva, the average low of winter is −1 °C, with an average high of 4.2 °C. The average high of summer is 25.3 °C with a low of 14.7 °C. Average normal temperatures are between 2.3 °C and 5.3 °C from November to March, and 17.2 to 19.7 °C from June to August, the climate is oceanic but with a greater temperature range than closer to the Atlantic coastline
5.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
6.
Lyon
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Lyon or Lyons is a city in east-central France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, about 470 km from Paris and 320 km from Marseille. Inhabitants of the city are called Lyonnais, Lyon had a population of 506,615 in 2014 and is Frances third-largest city after Paris and Marseille. Lyon is the capital of the Metropolis of Lyon and the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, the metropolitan area of Lyon had a population of 2,237,676 in 2013, the second-largest in France after Paris. The city is known for its cuisine and gastronomy and historical and architectural landmarks and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Lyon was historically an important area for the production and weaving of silk. It played a significant role in the history of cinema, Auguste, the city is also known for its famous light festival, Fête des Lumières, which occurs every 8 December and lasts for four days, earning Lyon the title of Capital of Lights. Economically, Lyon is a centre for banking, as well as for the chemical, pharmaceutical. The city contains a significant software industry with a focus on video games. Lyon hosts the headquarters of Interpol, Euronews, and International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon was ranked 19th globally and second in France for innovation in 2014 and it ranked second in France and 39th globally in Mercers 2015 liveability rankings. These refugees had been expelled from Vienne by the Allobroges and were now encamped at the confluence of the Saône and Rhône rivers, dio Cassius says this task was to keep the two men from joining Mark Antony and bringing their armies into the developing conflict. The Roman foundation was at Fourvière hill and was officially called Colonia Copia Felix Munatia, a name invoking prosperity, the city became increasingly referred to as Lugdunum. The earliest translation of this Gaulish place-name as Desired Mountain is offered by the 9th-century Endlicher Glossary, in contrast, some modern scholars have proposed a Gaulish hill-fort named Lugdunon, after the Celtic god Lugus, and dúnon. It then became the capital of Gaul, partly due to its convenient location at the convergence of two rivers, and quickly became the main city of Gaul. Two emperors were born in city, Claudius, whose speech is preserved in the Lyon Tablet in which he justifies the nomination of Gallic senators. Today, the archbishop of Lyon is still referred to as Primat des Gaules, the Christians in Lyon were martyred for their beliefs under the reigns of various Roman emperors, most notably Marcus Aurelius and Septimus Severus. Local saints from this period include Blandina, Pothinus, and Epipodius, in the second century AD, the great Christian bishop of Lyon was the Easterner, Irenaeus. Burgundian refugees fleeing the destruction of Worms by the Huns in 437 were re-settled by the commander of the west, Aëtius. This became the capital of the new Burgundian kingdom in 461, in 843, by the Treaty of Verdun, Lyon, with the country beyond the Saône, went to Lothair I
7.
Charles-Antoine Cambon
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Charles-Antoine Cambon was a French scenographer who acquired international notoriety in the Romantic Era. Little biographical information exists on Cambons early years, other than that he would have been active as an aquarelle, at Ciceris workshop Cambon made acquaintance with Humanité-René Philastre, who would become his first long-term associate. As a stage design for a Salon at the Bibliothèque-Musée de lOpéra testifies, Philastre, from that time until 1848, Philastre and Cambon accepted numerous joint commissions for theatrical interior decorations and stage designs. Thus, they decorated the interiors of venues in Angoulême, Antwerp, Beaune, Brest, Choiseul, Dijon, Douai, Ghent, Lille, Lyon, Paris, Cambon separated from Philastre in 1848 as the latter emigrated to Spain. Cambon was to co-design the premiere of Verdis Aida, but dropped out of the due to unknown circumstances. Cambon taught many pupils at his studio at 3 rue Neuve-Samson. Cambon was named Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur in 1869 and he was a fried of Prosper Mérimée and Stendhal. Although Cambon, like most contemporary scenographers, created scenery of various types and styles during his long career, Cambons designs and scale-models in Conté crayon, sepia or pastel furthermore reveal an exquisite draughtsmanship in its own right. On 17 May 1877,2,000 designs by Cambon were sold by his widow at the Hôtel Drouot in Paris, two hundred of these were acquired by the Bibliothèque-Musée de lOpéra, which would also preserve Cambons maquettes for the Académie Royale de Musique from 1866 onwards. A number of scale-models predating 1866 have also been preserved, other stage designs by Cambon are held at the Archives of the Comédie-Française. The Grand Théâtre of Ghent, interior decorations by Philastre and Cambon from 1841, the Théâtre of Montbéliard, ceiling painted by Cambon and Thierry in 1857. The Château des Princes in Chimay, interior decorations and act curtain designed by Cambon between 1860 and 1863, the curtain was altered in moder times into a backdrop with newly added flats to create a garden set. Marie-Antoinette Allevy, La mise-en-scène en France dans la première moitié du dix-neuvième siècle, germain Bapst, Essai sur l’histoire du théâtre, la mise en scène, le décor, le costume, l’architecture, l’éclairage, l’hygiène. Peter Beudert, ‘Stage Painters at the Paris Opéra in the Nineteenth Century’, Music in Art, International Journal for Music Iconography 31/1-2, 63-72, sylvie Chevalley, ‘L’atelier Philastre et Cambon et la Comédie-Française’, in Anatomy of an illusion, studies in nineteenth-century scene design, 13-18. Pierre De Clercq, ‘Humanité-René Philastre en Charles-Antoine Cambon, decorateurs van theatergebouwen’, in De Opera van Gent, het ‘Grand Théâtre’ van Roelandt, architectuur-interieurs-restauratie, ed. Luc Demeester and Birgit Waeterloos, 51-68. Nicole Decugis and Suzanne Reymond, Le décor de théâtre en France du Moyen Age à1925, bruno Forment, ‘Staging Verdi in the Provinces, The Aida Scenery of Albert Dubosq’, in Staging Verdi and Wagner, ed. Naomi Matsumoto, 263-286,266. Catherine Join-Diéterle, Les décors de scène de l’Opéra de Paris à l’époque romantique, l’envers du décor à la Comédie-Française et à lOpéra de Paris au XIXe siècle. Eugène-Oscar Lami, ed. Dictionnaire encyclopédique et biographique de l’industrie et des arts industriels, Madeleine Manderyck, ‘De bouwgeschiedenis van het Théâtre Royal Français’, in De Bourla Schouwburg, een tempel voor de muzen, ed. Madeleine Manderyck and et al
8.
Jules Dalou
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Aimé-Jules Dalou was a French sculptor, recognized as one of the most brilliant virtuosos of nineteenth-century France, admired for his perceptiveness, execution, and unpretentious realism. Born in Paris to a family of Huguenot background, he was raised in an atmosphere of secularity. He was the pupil of Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, who sponsored him for the Petite École, in 1854 he attended the École des Beaux-Arts de Paris in the François-Joseph Duret classroom. Dalou first exhibited at the Paris Salon in 1861, but he made no secret of his working-class sympathies and his politics obstructed his career under the Second Empire, he was repeatedly refused the Prix de Rome that opened sculptors careers to future official commissions. He started to work for decorators, and there met Rodin with which began their friendship and he made a quiet living providing decorative sculpture for the structures that lined Pariss new boulevards and providing wax models for jewelry. He married Irma Vuillier, a partnership that sustained him throughout his life, they had one daughter, Georgette, dalous Daphnis and Chloe shown at the Paris salon of 1869, was purchased by the State. He rapidly made a name through his appointment teaching at the South London Technical Art School and he was convicted in absentia by the French government of participation in the Commune, and given a life sentence. He also recommended his friend and colleague Édouard Lantéri to move from France to England and he returned to France in 1879, after the declaration of amnesty, and produced a number of masterpieces. It is somewhat in the taste of the Louis XIV period, ornate, within a few days, his great Monument to Alphand, which almost equalled the success achieved by the Monument to Delacroix in the Luxembourg Garden, was inaugurated. Dalou, who was awarded the Grand Prix of the Exposition Universelle, was made a commander of the Legion of Honor and he was one of the founders of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, and was the first president of the sculpture section. Dalou died in Paris on 15 April 1902, aged 63, and was interred in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris. W
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Legros, Alphonse". Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 
