Alternatives to Darwinian evolution have been proposed by scholars investigating biology to explain signs of evolution and the relatedness of different groups of living things. The alternatives in que
The mediaeval great chain of being as a staircase, implying the possibility of progress: Ramon Llull's Ladder of Ascent and Descent of the Mind, 1305
Louis Pasteur believed that only living things could carry out fermentation. Painting by Albert Edelfelt, 1885
Henry Fairfield Osborn claimed in 1918 that Titanothere horns showed a non-adaptive orthogenetic trend.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, drawn by Jules Pizzetta, 1893
Orthogenesis
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Orthogenesis is an obsolete biological hypothesis that organisms have an innate tendency to evolve in a definite direction towards some goal, due to some internal mechanism or "driving force". Accordi
Theodor Eimer was the first to define orthogenesis.
Reviewing Darwin's Origin of Species, Karl Ernst von Baer argued for a directed force guiding evolution.