1.
Kit (association football)
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In association football, kit is the standard equipment and attire worn by players. The sports Laws of the Game specify the minimum kit which a player must use, footballers generally wear identifying numbers on the backs of their shirts. Professional clubs also usually display players surnames or nicknames on their shirts, Football kit has evolved significantly since the early days of the sport when players typically wore thick cotton shirts, knickerbockers and heavy rigid leather boots. The Laws of the Game set out the equipment which must be worn by all players in Law 4. Five separate items are specified, shirt, shorts, socks, footwear, goalkeepers are allowed to wear tracksuit bottoms instead of shorts. While most players wear studded football boots, the Laws do not specify that these are required, shirts must have sleeves, and goalkeepers must wear shirts which are easily distinguishable from all other players and the match officials. Thermal undershorts may be worn, but must be the colour as the shorts themselves. Shin pads must be covered entirely by the stockings, be made of rubber, plastic or a similar material, and provide a reasonable degree of protection. The only other restriction on equipment defined in the Laws of the Game is the requirement that a player must not use equipment or wear anything that is dangerous to himself or another player. In the event of a match between teams who would wear identical or similar colours the away team must change to a different colour. The England national team plays in red shirts even when it is not required. Many professional clubs also have a kit, ostensibly to be used if both their first-choice and away colours are deemed too similar to those of an opponent. Most professional clubs have retained the basic colour scheme for several decades. Teams representing countries in international competition generally wear national colours in common with other sporting teams of the same nation, shirts are normally made of a polyester mesh, which does not trap the sweat and body heat in the same way as a shirt made of a natural fibre. Depending on local rules, there may be restrictions on how large these logos may be or on what logos may be displayed, competitions such as the Premier League may also require players to wear patches on their sleeves depicting the logo of the competition. The captain of team is usually required to wear an elasticated armband around the left sleeve to identify him as the captain to the referee. Most current players wear specialist football boots, which can be either of leather or a synthetic material. Modern boots are cut slightly below the ankles, as opposed to the high-ankled boots used in former times, studs may be either moulded directly to the sole or be detachable, normally by means of a screw thread
2.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
3.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
4.
Alexander Watson Hutton
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Alexander Watson Hutton was a Scottish teacher and sportsman who is considered The Father of Argentine football. In 1893 he founded the Argentine Association Football League and he also founded the Buenos Aires English High School and football club Alumni, which was the most successful Argentine team with 22 titles won until its dissolution in 1911. Watson Hutton was born in the Gorbals, in Glasgow, in 1853 and he graduated from Edinburgh University and emigrated to Argentina in 1882. He worked at St Andrews Scots School for two years and he was a keen sportsman and believed that sports were of fundamental importance in education. On 4 February 1884 he founded the Buenos Aires English High School, in 1891 the Association Argentine Football League was established by Alex Lamont of St. Andrews Scots School, being the first football league outside of the British Isles. Five clubs competed but only one season was ever played, in 1891 Alec Lamont, headteacher St Andrews founded the Argentine Association Football League the first Argentine league, which was won by a team of Scots from St Andrews. The five team league only lasted one season but it is recognised by the Argentine Association as the first football league in the country. In 1898 his school formed a team which went on to become the most decorated team of Argentine football by then. The club, originally named the same as the school, changed to Alumni Athletic Club due to new rules by the Association, Alumni also provided many players for the Argentina national football team including his son Arnold Watson Hutton and captain Juan Brown. In 1911 he retired and his club was disbanded, Watson Hutton died on 9 March 1936 in Buenos Aires and is buried in Cementerio Británico. The AFA library is named in his honour, Buenos Aires English High School Alumni Athletic Club Football in Argentina Alexander Watson Hutton
5.
Argentine Football Association
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The Argentine Football Association is the governing body of football in Argentina. It organises the Primera División and lower divisions, the Argentine Cup, Supercopa Argentina, the association is based in the city of Buenos Aires. Secondly, it organizes the amateur leagues for women, children, youth, Futsal. The Argentine Association Football League was founded on 21 February 1893 by Alexander Watson Hutton, the Argentine Association is the oldest in South America and one of the oldest to be formed outside Europe. In 1906 Florencio Martínez de Hoz became the first Argentine-born President of the Association, some teams moved to the FAF were Gimnasia y Esgrima, Independiente, Estudiantes de La Plata and Atlanta. The league lasted until 1914 when rejoining Asociación Argentina de Football forming a league for the 1915 season. The second dissident league was formed in 1919 and named Asociacion Amateurs de Football, the first round of the recently created professional championship was on 31 May 1931. With 75 presidents of different Argentine clubs voting, the day of the elections something went wrong when the final count resulted in a draw of 38 to 38, the explanation given was that one of the electors put a double vote and that mistake was not reported. As a result, the committee decided to postpone the election. After some meetings to put an end to the conflict, both agreed to have another election in June 2016. In June 2016, AFA president Luis Segura was charged with aggravated administrative fraud, Segura has been replaced on an interim basis by the AFAs executive secretary, Damián Dupiellet. The body has been renamed several times since its establishment in 1893,3 Expelled by the Argentine military dictatorship. 5 Then translated into Spanish as Asociación del Fútbol Argentino in 1946, official site Argentina at FIFA site
6.
Buenos Aires English High School
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Watson Hutton was born in Scotland and emigrated to Argentina in 1882. The first educational institution where he worked was St. Andrews Scots School for two years, as a keen sportsman, Watson Hutton believed that sports were of fundamental importance in education. Nevertheless, he resigned a short while due to St. Andrews not having funds to acquire sports facilities. After leaving St. Andrews, Watson Hutton decided to create the Buenos Aires English High School to put in practise his ideas about education, the BAEHS opened on February 1,1884, with a first location in Perú street, at the Buenos Aires downtown. The School later moved to Belgrano district in 1906, wattson Hutson left BAEHS in 1910. Under the direction of Watson Hutton, the School encouraged the practise of sports among its students, cricket, swimming, tennis, fencing, boxing were some of the sports added to the institution, apart from football, which Watson Hutton had a fondness for. To start with the practice of football in Argentina, Waton Hutton brought William Watters from Scotland, some sources state that it was Watters who brought the first footballs from Great Britain to Argentina. The School registered a team that participated in the 1893 Argentine Primera División. The team also played the 1895 tournament, in 1898 the Minister of Justice and Public Instruction ruled that teaching of physical exercises would be obligatory for all the national schools programs. Furthermore, it was required that each School had to create a club formed by their current. As a result, on October 3,1898, Club Atlético English High School was founded. The school bought its first facility in Coghlan, Buenos Aires, near the station, with the purpose of practicing physical activities as it was required BAEHS football team. The international achievements include 6 Tie Cup and 1 Copa de Honor Cousenier, Alumni played its last tournament in 1911, being definitely dissolved in 1913, although the team would be occasionally reunited to play some friendly and exhibition games. Forty years after the last official championship played by Alumni, a group of students of the School decided to honor the legacy of the team. They requested BAEHS to use the name Alumni, which was immediately accepted, the team made its debut in the 1952 season. The rugby union team adopted the colors that the football team
7.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
8.
St. Andrew's Scots School
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The Saint Andrews Scots School, mostly known simply as Saint Andrews, is an Argentine bilingual school in Olivos, Vicente López Partido, Buenos Aires Province. Established in 1838 in downtown Buenos Aires, it is the oldest school of British origin in South America, the school offers early childhood, primary and secondary education and has a university founded in 1988. The schools campus is located in Benavídez, Tigre Partido, inside the urban agglomeration known as Greater Buenos Aires. The school was established in Argentina on September 1,1838, by a group of Scottish immigrants who wanted to educate their children in their language, culture. At the beginning only girls were admitted, although the school accepted boys soon after, the first location of the school was in Piedras 55, in downtown Buenos Aires. The institution was moved to the neighbourhood of Constitución, where children from many nationalities attended. The chapel moved to the streets of Belgrano and Perú where it still remains, in 1882, Scotsman Alexander Watson Hutton, arrived to Buenos Aires after being hired by St. Andrews as headmaster. Hutton encouraged the teaching of sports at the school, which conflicted with the position of the authorities of not considering sports as important as he did, due to his disagreeing with the policies of the establishment, Hutton resigned one year later. After leaving St. Andrews, Hutton founded his own institution, the Buenos Aires English High School, in 1947, the school moved to Olivos, Vicente López Partido, and in 1988 the institution opened the University of San Andrés. The football team, formed by students of the school, is considered the first Primera División champion, the five teams registered to play the tournament were, Old Caledonians, Buenos Aires & Rosario Railway, Belgrano Football Club and Buenos Aires Football Club. Hurlingham also registered but did not play any match, the practice of football in Argentina was spread thanks to Lamont and Alexander Watson Hutton, who later established Alumni, the most successful team until its dissolution in 1911. The first championship started on 12 April and finished on 13 September 1891, at the end of the season, St. Therefore, St. Andrews and Old Caledonians played a new game, played on September 13,1891 and won by St. Andrews by 3–1. Despite its success, the St. Andrews Football Club was dissolved the same year, being the first Argentine champion gave St. Andrews fame and prestige. The first crest of Independiente was influenced by St. Andrews, the team disputed only one more tournament in 1894, which was won by Lomas Athletic Club. St. Andrews finished 5th over 6 teams, having lost 7 games of 10 played, after that season, St. Andrews FC never played an official football championship again. In 1911 the principal of the school, William Hardie, founded the Club San Andrés, sports currently practised at the club include rugby union, field hockey and association football. Its rugby team plays at the Torneo de la URBA Grupo I, today the school has many sports such as athletics, badminton, basketball, association football, rugby union, swimming, tennis and volleyball
9.
Ball (association football)
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A football, soccer ball, or association football ball is the ball used in the sport of association football. The name of the ball according to whether the sport is called football, soccer. The balls spherical shape, as well as its size, weight, additional, more stringent, standards are specified by FIFA and subordinate governing bodies for the balls used in the competitions they sanction. Early footballs began as animal bladders or stomachs that would fall apart if kicked too much. Improvements became possible in the 19th century with the introduction of rubber, the modern 32-panel ball design was developed in 1962 by Eigil Nielsen, and technological research continues today to develop footballs with improved performance. In 1863, the first specifications for footballs were laid down by the Football Association, previous to this, footballs were made out of inflated leather, with later leather coverings to help footballs maintain their shapes. In 1872 the specifications were revised, and these rules have been essentially unchanged as defined by the International Football Association Board. Differences in footballs created since this rule came into effect have been to do with the used in their creation. Footballs have gone through a change over time. During medieval times balls were made from an outer shell of leather filled with cork shavings. Another method of creating a ball was using animal bladders for the inside of the making it inflatable. However, these two styles of creating footballs made it easy for the ball to puncture and were inadequate for kicking and it was not until the 19th century that footballs developed into what a football looks like today. In 1838, Charles Goodyear introduced the use of rubber and their discoveries of vulcanisation, Vulcanization is the treatment of rubber to give it certain qualities such as strength, elasticity, and resistance to solvents. Vulcanization of rubber also helps the football resist moderate heat and cold, Vulcanization helped create inflatable bladders that pressurise the outer panel arrangement of the football. Charles Goodyears innovation increased the ability of the ball and made it easier to kick. Most of the balls of this time had tanned leather with eighteen sections stitched together and these were arranged in six panels of three strips each. During the 1900s, footballs were made out of rubber and leather which was perfect for bouncing and kicking the ball, however, when heading the football it was usually painful. This problem was most probably due to absorption of the leather from rain
10.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
11.
Belgrano Athletic Club
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Belgrano Athletic Club is an Argentine amateur sports club from Belgrano, Buenos Aires. One of Argentinas oldest institutions still in existence, Belgrano was one of the four clubs that founded the Argentine Rugby Union in 1899, the senior team currently competes at Grupo I, the first division of Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires. Belgrano Athletic was one of the most prominent teams during the first years of football in Argentina, Belgranos arch-rival during those years was Alumni, also from Belgrano neighborhood. Belgrano disaffiliated from the Argentine Association in late 1910s, focusing on rugby union, Association football is no longer practised at the club. Belgranos field hockey team takes part of Metropolitano championships organised by the Buenos Aires Hockey Association. Apart from the sports detailed below, several activities are practised at the nowadays, such as bowls, cricket, squash, swimming. The club facilities are divided between two locations, its main building sited in Belgrano and another one located in Pilar. The facilities at Belgranos headquarters include a rugby union pitch, a field hockey pitch, twelve tennis courts, an olympic size swimming pool. The facility in Pilar has three full size pitches, six youth pitches another hockey pitch and another swimming pool. There are records of a match played by the members of the Club Inglés de Belgrano in 1894. Belgrano AC participated in the Primera División from 1896 to 1916, the squad won three league titles in 1899,1904 and 1908, and also won a number of other tournaments including National cup Copa de Honor Cousenier in 1907 and international Tie Cup in 1900. Belgrano Athletic played one of the earliest football rivalries against Belgrano neighbours Alumni, both teams were so strong that they won all of the thirteen league titles contested between 1899 and 1911. Belgrano AC would achieve a victory over River Plate, defeating the Millonario 10–1 in 1912. That was the worst defeat of River Plate in clubs history, despite of being one of the most notable football teams during the first years of that sport in Argentina, Belgrano was relegated from the Argentine Primera División, along with Quilmes in 1916. Belgrano never returned to the first division, and the club disaffiliated from the Argentine Association, focusing on the practise of other sports. Belgrano Athletic rugby union team is one of the most successful teams in the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires, having won a total of 10 provincial titles. In 1899, along with Buenos Aires FC, Lomas and Rosario AC, the club would become a member of the River Plate Rugby Championship. The first title obtained in rugby union was in 1907, playing 16 matches with 13 victories,1 drew, the team scored 233 points and only received 29 at the end of the tournament
12.
Lomas Athletic Club
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Lomas Athletic Club is an Argentine sports club from the Lomas de Zamora district of Greater Buenos Aires. Lomas Athletic has also had a role in field hockey, with the female section being the most winning team in Argentina with 17 Metropolitano championships won. Nevertheless, in 2014 the first team was relegated to the division after playing Italiano. Lomas field hockey compete at tournaments organised by the Buenos Aires Hockey Association. Apart from rugby and hockey, other activities practised at the club are bowls, contract bridge, cricket, golf, swimming, the arrival of English emigrants to Argentina had taken place in the period after Argentinas independence from Spain through the 19th century. When English settled up in a village, they established a club. Following those non-written rules, they founded the Lomas Academy Athletic Club, the founding members were John Cowes, Thomas Dodds and James Gibson. They were assisted by the directors of Lomas Academy School, R. L. Goodfellow, the club changed its name to Lomas Athletic Club two years later. The sports initially practised were cricket, rugby union, association football, golf, Lomas had two different fields, one for cricket and tennis and other for rugby exclusively. In 1892 the club moved to another field located two blocks from the railway station, Lomas acquired a land placed in Arenales and Alberti streets in 1897, where it moved. The club has remained there since then, scottish Professor Alexander Watson Hutton is generally recognised as the father of Argentine football, after having founded the English High School where students formed their own team, Alumni. At the same time, English W. W, hayward, founder of Lomas Academy taught to play football to his students. Those alumni would later form the Lomas Athletic team, the first rugby match played by Lomas was in August 1891 against Quilmes. The match was won by Lomas with a try conversion, which count 2 points by then, on February 21,1893 the Argentine Football Association was created in order to continue the organization of football tournaments. Lomas won the 1893 championship totalizing 15 points in 8 games played, five titles followed that, in 1894,1895,1897 and 1898. Within those years, the Lomas Athletic team won 46 games, the 1895 and 1896 tournaments were the only official championships played by Lomas Academy. Although no records survive, it is believed that the team was dissolved soon after winning the title. In 1899, along with Buenos Aires FC, Belgrano AC and Rosario AC, Lomas became founding member of the River Plate Rugby Championship and that same year the club won the first championship organized by the union
13.
Flores Athletic Club
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Flores Athletic Club was an Argentine sports club from Flores, Buenos Aires. The club was pioneer in the practise of sports that would become popular in Argentina, such as football, rugby union. In 1860 a great English community lived in the neighborhoods of Caballito and Flores. Some of the biggest palaces had been erected in that zone, the Flores Athletic Club was born in Caballito neighborhood, next to current Club Ferro Carril Oeste. Flores established in the lot where in 1875 the first polo match had been played in Argentina. So the data of foundation of the club could be established between 1892 and 1893, so Flores AC had been never mentioned before by the English community in Buenos Aires. The line-up was, J. Bennett, F. J. Bennett, T. Scott-Robson, other polo match covered by the newspaper was played in 1896 against Rangers Polo Club. Flores AC also had a team, which played its home games in Caballito. The club was one of the members of the Argentine Football Association in 1893. The football team debuted on 22 April 1893, being defeated by Quilmes Rovers by 4–2, the line-up was, Brown, Gordon, Syer, Gahan, Goddard, Murphy, Fothergill, Jordan, Allen, Bartman, Wilson. Flores AC took part in Primera División Argentina from 1893 to 1897, Flores would be also placed 2nd. 1897 was its last year in Argentine Primera División, the first registered rugby union match played by Flores was on July 19,1896, against Buenos Aires FC. The game was disputed in the Caballito stadium, and the line-up was, B. F. Taylor, G. F. Roth, F. W. Fothergill, D. King, F. Chantriel, F. E. Jones, J. B. Faram, A. D. Jones, R. Colson, E. G. The Flores AC stadium was used by the Buenos Aires FC to dispute the derby with Rosario Athletic Club. On 10 April 1899 the River Plate Rugby Championship was established in Argentina, the rol of Flores AC in the establishment of the league is still discussed. It was one of the members although the club only played in the first edition held in 1899. The team debuted against Belgrano Athletic and the line-up for that game was, N. Murphy, A. Coste, F. Leitch, George F. Elliot, J. Elliot, D. King, W. H. Goddard
14.
Lobos Athletic Club
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Lobos Athletic Club is an Argentine sports club based in the city of Lobos, Buenos Aires. Nowadays Lobos AC plays in Lobos Football League, a football tournament in Buenos Aires. At the end of 19th century the city of Lobos had a commercial and industrial activity. Lobos was populated mostly by English immigrants who owned wide portions of lands and those English people were not interested in the criollo culture, so they were looking for another activities to spend the time. Well put our most efforts and only when we realize it is impossible, we will surrender In the first meeting, on Sunday 3 July 1892, Lobos Athletic was founded. According with clubs founding act, the purpose of creating a club was To serve as an entertainment for the youth of Lobos, living in a town which life is monotonous and boring. Edmundo Kirk was elected as its first president, while Tomás Moore was the first captain for the club, andrews and English High School, all of them in 1893. That same year the team changed its colors to differ from other teams that had also adopted the blue. For that reason, Lobos switched to red and black, which would be the colors of the club. Likewise, Lobos ACs first field was placed in a land that the Buenos Aires Western Railway allowed them to use. During those first years of football in Argentina, Lobos was runner-up in 1898 and 1899, official Facebook site Lobos AC blog
15.
Sports club
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A sports club or sport club, sometimes athletics club or sports society or sports association, is a group of people formed for the purpose of playing sports. A club is solely created by its members, players and supporters, clubs may be dedicated to a single sport or to several. The term athletics club is used for a general sports club. Many professional sports clubs have a system where the affiliated supporters pay an annuity fee. Registered associate member fees, attendance receipts, sponsoring contracts, team merchandising, TV rights, some sports teams are owned and financed by a single non-sports company, for example the several sports teams owned by Red Bull GmbH and collectively known as Red Bulls. They may compete in different sports and leagues, being headquartered in some cases across several countries. In general, student sports can be described as composed by multisports clubs, each one representing its educational institution, in the United States major institutions like The New York Athletic Club and Los Angeles Athletic Club serve as athletic clubs that participate in multiple sports. Examples also abound of sports clubs that are in one sports team. Each team from the NFL, CFL, NBA, MLB, NHL or MLS North American sports leagues, can be called sports clubs, but in practice, they focus solely on a single sport. In the United Kingdom, almost all sports organizations are dedicated to a single sport. In addition, like in other countries, many universities and colleges develop a wide range of student sport activities including at a professional or semi-professional level. Fulham F. C. once ran a professional league team and rowing club. Many football clubs originate from cricket teams, today, most major cities have separate clubs for each sport. Many clubs internationally describe themselves as football clubs, generally, British football clubs field only football teams. Their counterparts in other countries tend to be full multi-sport clubs. Community organizations Health club Leisure centre North American Association of Sports Economists Sociedad Anónima Deportiva Voluntary Sports Societies of the USSR
16.
Buenos Aires
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Buenos Aires is the capital and most populous city of Argentina. The city is located on the shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata. The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Provinces capital, rather, in 1880, after decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province. The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores, the 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy, hence its formal name, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Its citizens first elected a chief of government in 1996, previously, Buenos Aires is considered an alpha city by the study GaWC5. Buenos Aires quality of life was ranked 81st in the world and one of the best in Latin America in 2012 and it is the most visited city in South America, and the second-most visited city of Latin America. Buenos Aires is a top tourist destination, and is known for its preserved Spanish/European-style architecture, Buenos Aires held the 1st Pan American Games in 1951 as well as hosting two venues in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. Buenos Aires will host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics and the 2018 G20 summit, Buenos Aires is a multicultural city, being home to multiple ethnic and religious groups. Several languages are spoken in the city in addition to Spanish, contributing to its culture, the hill was known to them as Buen Ayre, as it was free of the foul smell prevalent in the old city, which is adjacent to swampland. During the siege of Cagliari, the Aragonese built a sanctuary to the Virgin Mary on top of the hill, in 1335, King Alfonso the Gentle donated the church to the Mercedarians, who built an abbey that stands to this day. In the years after that, a story circulated, claiming that a statue of the Virgin Mary was retrieved from the sea after it miraculously helped to calm a storm in the Mediterranean Sea, the statue was placed in the abbey. Spanish sailors, especially Andalusians, venerated this image and frequently invoked the Fair Winds to aid them in their navigation, a sanctuary to the Virgin of Buen Ayre would be later erected in Seville. Pedro de Mendoza called the city Holy Mary of the Fair Winds, mendoza’s settlement soon came under attack by indigenous people, and was abandoned in 1541. For many years, the name was attributed to a Sancho del Campo, a second settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who sailed down the Paraná River from Asunción. Garay preserved the name chosen by Mendoza, calling the city Ciudad de la Santísima Trinidad y Puerto de Santa María del Buen Aire. The short form Buenos Aires became the common usage during the 17th century, the usual abbreviation for Buenos Aires in Spanish is Bs. As. It is common as well to refer to it as B. A. or BA /ˌbiːˈeɪ/ bee-AY), while BA is used more by expats residing in the city, the locals more often use the abbreviation Baires, in one word. Seaman Juan Díaz de Solís, navigating in the name of Spain, was the first European to reach the Río de la Plata in 1516 and his expedition was cut short when he was killed during an attack by the native Charrúa tribe in what is now Uruguay
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Carlos Brown (footballer)
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Carlos Carr Brown was an Argentine international footballer. Brown was an Argentine of Scottish origin, Brown had four brothers who were also Argentine international players – Alfredo, Eliseo, Ernesto and Jorge – as well as one cousin, Juan Domingo. Two other brothers – Diego and Tomás – were also footballers, Brown played club football for Alumni Athletic Club, and international football for the Argentine national team between 1903 and 1905 making 2 official appearances
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Jorge Brown
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Jorge Gibson Brown was an Argentine footballer who was one of the most important figures in the early years of the sport in that country. During his career, he won a total of 21 titles playing for Alumni and Quilmes, Jorge started playing football in the reserve team of the English High School A. C. team. In 1896 he joined Club Palermo where he played until 1897 when he moved to Lanús Athletic Club, in 1900 he returned to the English High School A. C. where he was part of the team that won the 1900 league championship. He went on to make 23 appearances, scoring four goals, Brown also captained the team for 18 matches between 1908 and 1913. After the dissolution of Alumni, Jorge Brown joined Quilmes where he won the 1912 league championship and he played for the club until 1914. Between 1914 and 1927 he played cricket competing at the Liga de los Sábados, a competition where he captained Buenos Aires Cricket Club. Brown played in the league during 13 years. Brown had four brothers who were also Argentine international players, Alfredo, Carlos, Eliseo and Ernesto, as well as one cousin, two other brothers, Diego and Tomás, were also footballers. Brown won a total of 21 titles during his career,20 with Alumni and 1 with Quilmes
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Buenos Aires Herald
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The Buenos Aires Herald is an English language daily newspaper from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Their slogan is A World of Information in a few words, under the original name of The Buenos Ayres Herald, it was founded on 15 September 1876 by Scottish immigrant William Cathcart. At first it consisted of a sheet with advertising on the front. When Cathcart sold the paper a year later, it changed from a weekly to a format, focusing on more typical newspaper content. It fast became the source of local information for the English-speaking population of Buenos Aires. In 1925 the Rugeroni brothers, Junius Julius and Claude Ronald bought the paper, the Evening Post Publishing Company from Charleston, South Carolina, United States, purchased a controlling interest in Junius Rugeronis holdings in 1968. In 1998, the Evening Post Publishing Company became the owner of the newspaper. Starting on 15 December 2007, the Argentine businessman Sergio Szpolski, bought the newspaper, almost a year later, Szpolski sold it to Amfin, which publishes the financial newspaper Ámbito Financiero. Due to this, Cox was detained for a while and his family received threats, and this forced him to leave the country with his family in 1979. Columnist Eric Ehrmann wrote for the paper during the transition from dictatorship to democracy under the editorships of Dan Newland, James Nielsen, Ehrmann was simultaneously writing columns about Southern Cone politics for the American Christian Science Monitor, and National Review. The newspapers opposition against the regime between 1976 and 1983 led to constant threats. Staff writer Andrew Graham-Yooll was forced into exile, at the time Yooll was simultaneously writing for the British Daily Telegraph. Yooll returned to The Buenos Aires Herald as editor-in-chief in 1994, in January 2015, Damián Pachter, a journalist for the Heralds online version, broke the news of prosecutor Alberto Nismans death to the country on Twitter. Pachters source remains unknown, and the journalist fled Argentina for Israel subsequently, journalist at the journal redaction office informed that they never heard accusations from Patcher of he being threatened and that he simply left its work at the journal alleging health problems. The Buenos Aires Herald, has a Berliner format, and depending on the day of the week, it comes with supplements, OnSunday, includes an analysis of the events of the week and commentary from the Buenos Aires Heralds staff. World Trade, Covers foreign commerce news and maritime issues related to commerce, English Argentine Electronic version Diary, Final week as a Buenos Aires Herald columnist
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Tie Cup
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The Tie Cup Competition is a defunct international football tournament played between representatives of the Argentina, Rosario and Uruguay Associations. It was one of the earliest international football tournaments played between members of different national football associations, the cup was donated by Francis Hepburn Chevallier Boutell, the president of Argentine Association Football League, in 1900. The tournament was played on a basis until 1919. Between 1900 and 1906 qualifiers from the three contested the semi-finals 2 from the Argentine football association,1 from Rosario and one from the Uruguayan football association. From 1907 to 1919 only the match was international, contested between one representative each from Argentina and Uruguay. The participants were determined via qualification cups, the following list includes all the editions of the Tie Cup Competition, Copa de Competencia Jockey Club Copa de Competencia
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Carlos Lett
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Carlos Arturo Lett was an Argentine footballer who played as forward. Lett played most of his career in Alumni and the Argentina national team, Lett joined Alumni in 1905 along to goalkeeper José Buruca Laforia. During the year of his debut with the team he became top scorer of the tournament with 15 goals, Alumni also won its 4th championship. In 1906 Alumni won another championship and Lett scored a goal in the match where Alumni defeated Lomas by 5-0. Lett played with Alumni until 1911 when the team was disbanded after winning its last title that same year, with the Argentina national team Lett debuted on 15 August 1905 in a Copa Lipton match against Uruguay. Lett played again for Argentina five years later, in a match against Chile. Lett served with the Royal Field Artillery in World War I including seeing action in the Palestine Campaign in 1917-1918, in October 1918 Lett married Valerie Helen Stears and the couple had 7 children and they all lived between Argentina & England over the years. Lett spent his last years with a daughter and her husband near Montreal, Canada
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Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires
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Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires was an Argentine official football cup competition. It was contested fourteen times between 1905 and 1920 and this cup was played by teams from Buenos Aires and Rosario. The champion of this tournament qualified to play the Copa de Honor Cousenier versus the winner of Uruguayan Copa de Honor representing the Association of that country. In 1936, a new Copa de Honor was played under a regular Primera División season, san Lorenzo finished 1st and was awarded the cup. In July 2013, the Argentine Football Association recognized the 1936 edition as a Primera División honour awarded to the club, the following list includes all the editions of the Copa de Honor, Copa de Honor Cousenier Copa de Honor
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Estudiantes de Buenos Aires
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Club Atlético Estudiantes, usually called Estudiantes de Caseros or Estudiantes de Buenos Aires, is an Argentine football club from Caseros, Buenos Aires. The club is known for its football team, which currently plays in the Primera B Metropolitana. Apart from football, the club hosts other disciplines such as handball, karate, roller skating, by 1897 football in Argentina was practised almost exclusively by English people that lived in Buenos Aires. Three of those immigrants, called Hansen, McHardy and Fitz Simons, the club was officially founded on August 15,1898, and the name was taken from the High School they attended, Colegion Nacional Sur. The young native players soon learned from the English men, who taught them the basics of playing football, by 1899 the name had been changed to Estudiantes, which was easier to pronounce by teams followers from the standgrounds. In 1904 Estudiantes promoted to Primera División, by then, the club had built a stadium, placed in Palermo, Buenos Aires where it played its home games. During the amateur years Estudiantes won its first title, the Copa de Competencia Jockey Club in 1910, the team also reached three Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires finals in 1906,1909 and 1913 but could not won the trophy. The recognition earned during those years encouraged the managers to put the team on tours over other provinces of Argentina and these tours would also help to spread the playing of football in the rest of Argentina, increasing the popularity of this sport amongst its population. The first tour was in 1907 where Estudiantes played some matches against local teams, one of them was on May 5,1907, when Estudiantes defeated Newells Old Boys by 3–2. That was the first team the Rosarino team faced a squad from Buenos Aires, nevertheless, the most important tour took part in Brazil in 1910. Never before an Argentine football team had played outside the Río de la Plata, Estudiantes played four matches in Brazil, winning all of them. The squad scored 24 goals and conceded 3, back in Buenos Aires, the players were received and acclaimed by a crowd and were also invited to numerous receptions due to their great performance. In 1928 Estudiantes merged with Sportivo Devoto, which allowed the club to some players from that club who would become notable playing for Estudiantes. Some of them were wing Nardini, forward Luis Sánchez and midfielders Horacio Méndez and those players, along with Estudiantes former players such as Muschetti, Closas and Camilo Méndez formed a team that played memorable matches against Boca Juniors and River Plate. Nevertheless, the difference between called small teams and the big ones was considerable and that was more visible when the Professional era began in 1931 in Argentina with the creation of Liga Argentina. Estudiantes remained in the league, which soon lost interest so fans choose the professional championship. Moreover, most of Estudiantes notable players were seduced by good offers from other clubs, some of the footballers that left Estudiantes were Nardini and Martínez, Huesito Sánchez, Closas and Camilo Méndez. Once the fusion the between Professional League and Amateur League was done, Estudiantes started its run at the second division, in 1940 the club was sent down to the third division after finishing in the penultimate position of the tournament
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Copa de Honor Cousenier
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The trophy was donated by the Cusenier liquer factory, which gave its name to the competition. The Copa de Honor Cousenier consisted in a final between the last champion of Argentine Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires and the last champion of Uruguayan Copa de Honor, if necessary, a second match was played. The format was similar to Tie Cup but the games were played at Montevideo instead of Buenos Aires. The first edition was played in 1905 and the last took place in 1920, the following list includes all the editions of the cup. All the final games were disputed at Montevideo, Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires Copa de Honor
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Club Nacional de Football
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Club Nacional de Football is a sports institution from Uruguay, founded on 14 May 1899 in Montevideo, as a result of the fusion between Uruguay Athletic Club and Montevideo Fútbol Club. Although its main focus is football, the club hosts other activities including basketball, futsal, tennis, cycling, volleyball. In the domestic league, Nacional won the championship 46 times, Nacional is the most successful club in Uruguay in terms of number of league titles. At international level, Nacional has won 21 titles, nine of them recognised by FIFA, in this tournament, Nacional is the all-time leader with 553 points. Nacional also won three Copa Intercontinental, becoming the first unbeaten three times world champion, in addition, Nacional is the only Uruguayan team that won the Copa Interamericana and the Recopa Sudamericana, competition in which is the first champion. Besides, Nacional won four Copa de Honor Cousenier, three Copa Aldao two Tie Cup, and one Copa Escobar-Gerona, all of them organized by Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. Nacional is identified with the white, blue and red colours inspired by the flag of Uruguays national hero José Gervasio Artigas, besides, Parque Central was the only venue in the 1923 and 1924 edition of the Copa América. Nacional has fierce rivalries with many clubs, notably with cross-town team Peñarol, according to CONMEBOL, Nacional was the Uruguayan team with the best international performance in the 2007–2012 period. Also, according to IFFHS, it was the best Uruguayan team of the 2001–2012 period, in February 2013, Nacional reached 60,000 associates Nacional is a result of the fusion between Montevideo Football Club and Uruguay Athletic Club,14 May 1899. It was decided there that the flag should include the three colours historically connected to José Gervasio Artigas, Uruguays national hero. The clubs uniform was red and blue. In 1900 Nacional included the Club Defensa and its players, and that same year four clubs governed by foreigners founded the Uruguay Association League. Nacionals petition to be included was dismissed on the thought that criollo clubs, however, the Leagues clubs had to admit Nacional in 1901, after the club was invited to join the Argentinean League, due to their impressive performances in a number of friendly matches. In 1902 Nacional won their first Campeonato Uruguayo, the red jersey was substituted by the white jersey in 1902. In September 1903 Nacional fully represented the Uruguayan National football team and beat Argentina 3–2, in 1905 Nacional won its first international title, the Copa de Honor Cousenier. Nacionals players started developing already around 1900 a new playing style that introduced a less physical and more game, made out of fast combinations. Magariños says, The action of these teams was conducted according to the purest and standardized virtues of British sport, positional play, long passes, furious shots, the body was used as a weapon, both offensively and defensively. Nacional, formed mainly by smaller and faster players abandoned the physical confrontation that was allowed back then and they chose to perform dribblings, fast and short passing, very fast sprints, and a hectic activity in the pitch
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Campo Argentino de Polo
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The Campo Argentino del Polo, popularly known as the Cathedral of Polo, is a multi-purpose stadium in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is currently used mostly for polo, pato and field hockey matches, the stadium, opened in 1918, holds up to 30,000 people and is located in Palermo on Libertador Avenue, close to Las Cañitas. Though inaugurated in 1918, the field is also the most complete, modern, the Campo de Polo was one of the venues for the 1950 Olympic Games, and the Americas Polo Cup has taken place there on numerous occasions. In this classic match, the best team from Argentina plays against the best one from the United States, in recent times, the stadium has been used for concerts and other public events
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The Football Association
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The Football Association, also known simply as the FA, is the governing body of association football in England, and the Crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man. Formed in 1863, it is the oldest football association in the world and is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the amateur, the FA sanctions all competitive football matches within its remit at national level, and indirectly at local level through the County Football Associations. It runs numerous competitions, the most famous of which is the FA Cup, the FA is a member of both UEFA and FIFA and holds a permanent seat on the International Football Association Board which is responsible for the laws of the game. As the first football association, it not use the national name English in its title. The FA is based at Wembley Stadium, London, the FA is a member of the British Olympic Association, meaning that the FA has control over the mens and womens Great Britain Olympic football team. All of Englands professional football teams are members of the Football Association, although it does not run the day-to-day operations of the Premier League, it has veto power over the appointment of the League Chairman and Chief Executive and over any changes to league rules. The English Football League, made up of the three professional divisions below the Premier League, is self-governing, subject to the FAs sanctions. Another set of rules, the Sheffield Rules, was used by a number of clubs in the North of England from the 1850s, eleven London football clubs and schools representatives met on 26 October 1863 to agree on common rules. The founding clubs present at the first meeting were Barnes, Civil Service, Crusaders, Forest of Leytonstone, many of these clubs are now defunct or play rugby union. Civil Service FC, who now plays in the Southern Amateur League, is the one of the original eleven football clubs still in existence. There are only three institutions which have been members of the F. A. since 1863, those being Civil Service, Forest School and Kings College. Central to the creation of the Football Association and modern football was Ebenezer Cobb Morley and he was a founding member of the Football Association in 1863. In 1862, as captain of Barnes, he wrote to Bells Life newspaper proposing a governing body for the sport led to the first meeting at The Freemasons Tavern that created the FA. He was the FAs first secretary and its president and drafted the Laws of the Game generally called the London Rules at his home in Barnes. As a player, he played in the first ever match in 1863, the first version of the rules for the modern game was drawn up over a series of six meetings held in The Freemasons Tavern from October till December. Of the clubs at the first meeting, Crusaders, Surbiton and Charterhouse did not attend the subsequent meetings, replaced instead by the Royal Navy School, Wimbledon School, at the final meeting, F. M. Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA, the term soccer dates back to this split to refer to football played under the association rules. The Richmond side were obviously unimpressed by the new rules in practice because they helped form the Rugby Football Union in 1871
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Jorge Brown
