1.
Rankin Johnson Sr.
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Adam Rankin Tex Johnson Sr. was a pitcher in Major League Baseball. His son, Rankin Johnson, Jr. was also a Major League pitcher and his father was the Civil War military leader Stovepipe Johnson He began his professional career with the Austin Senators of the Texas League in 1908. His best season pitching was in 1916 with the Fort Worth Panthers of the Texas League and his record was 15-12 in 35 appearances that year. Later in his league career he was a player/coach for four seasons. His last professional season was in 1926 for the Chambersburg Maroons of the Blue Ridge League, career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference, or Fangraphs, or The Baseball Cube, or Baseball-Reference
2.
Admire, Kansas
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Admire is a city in Lyon County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 156 and it was named for one of its founders, Jacob Admire. The first post office in Admire was established in November 1886, Admire was a station and shipping point on the Missouri Pacific Railroad. By the mid 1990s, rail service in Admire had been discontinued, Admire is located at 38°38′29″N 96°6′7″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 0.33 square miles. Admire is part of the Emporia Micropolitan Statistical Area, as of the census of 2010, there were 156 people,60 households, and 43 families residing in the city. The population density was 472.7 inhabitants per square mile, there were 70 housing units at an average density of 212.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 5% White,0. 6% from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7. 1% of the population. 28. 3% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.16. The median age in the city was 32.5 years. 26. 3% of residents were under the age of 18, 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24,23. 1% were from 25 to 44,25. 7% were from 45 to 64, and 16% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 4% male and 52. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 177 people,67 households, and 47 families residing in the city. The population density was 534.5 people per square mile, there were 73 housing units at an average density of 220.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 48% White,0. 56% Native American,0. 56% from other races,1. 13% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 26. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.17. In the city, the population was out with 28. 2% under the age of 18,11. 3% from 18 to 24,29. 4% from 25 to 44,20. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.4 males, the median income for a household in the city was $40,250, and the median income for a family was $47,250
3.
Boeing 707
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The Boeing 707 is a mid-sized, long-range, narrow-body, four-engine jet airliner built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes from 1958 to 1979. Its name is pronounced as seven oh seven. Versions of the aircraft have a capacity from 140 to 219 passengers, developed as Boeings first jet airliner, the 707 is a swept-wing design with podded engines. Although it was not the first jetliner in service, the 707 was the first to be commercially successful, dominating passenger air transport in the 1960s and remaining common through the 1970s, the 707 is generally credited with ushering in the Jet Age. It established Boeing as one of the largest manufacturers of passenger aircraft, the later 720,727,737, and 757 share elements of the 707s fuselage design. The 707 was developed from the Boeing 367-80, a prototype jet first flown in 1954, a larger fuselage cross-section and other modifications resulted in the initial-production 707-120, powered by Pratt & Whitney JT3C turbojet engines, which first flew on December 20,1957. Pan American World Airways began regular 707 service on October 26,1958, later derivatives included the shortened long-range 707-138 and the stretched 707-320, both of which entered service in 1959. A smaller short-range variant, the 720, was introduced in 1960, the 707 has been used on domestic, transcontinental, and transatlantic flights, and for cargo and military applications. A convertible passenger-freighter model, the 707-320C, entered service in 1963, military derivatives include the E-3 Sentry airborne reconnaissance aircraft and the C-137 Stratoliner VIP transports. Boeing produced and delivered 1,011 airliners including the smaller 720 series, ten Boeing 707s were in commercial service in July 2013. During and after World War II, Boeing was known for its military aircraft, the company had produced innovative and important bombers, from the B-17 Flying Fortress and B-29 Superfortress, to the jet-powered B-47 Stratojet and B-52 Stratofortress. The companys civil aviation department lagged far behind Douglas and other competitors, during 1949–1950, Boeing embarked on studies for a new jet transport, realizing that any design must be aimed at both the military and civilian markets. At the time, aerial refueling was becoming a standard technique for military aircraft, with the advent of the Jet Age, a new tanker was required to meet the USAFs fleet of jet-powered bombers, this was where Boeings new design would potentially win military orders. Boeing studied numerous wing and engine layouts for its new transport/tanker, some of which were based on the B-47 and C-97, before settling on 367–80. The Dash 80 took less than two years from launch in 1952 to rollout on May 14,1954, then first flew on July 15,1954. The prototype was an aircraft for both military and civilian use. The United States Air Force was the first customer, using it as the basis for the KC-135 Stratotanker aerial refueling platform, whether the passenger 707 would be profitable was far from certain. In a demonstration flight over Lake Washington outside Seattle, on August 7,1955, the 132-inch wide fuselage of the Dash 80 was large enough for four-abreast seating like the Stratocruiser
4.
Boeing B-52 Stratofortress
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The Boeing B-52 Stratofortress is an American long-range, subsonic, jet-powered strategic bomber. The B-52 was designed and built by Boeing, which has continued to provide support and it has been operated by the United States Air Force since the 1950s. The bomber is capable of carrying up to 70,000 pounds of weapons, the B-52 took its maiden flight in April 1952. Built to carry weapons for Cold War-era deterrence missions, the B-52 Stratofortress replaced the Convair B-36. A veteran of wars, the B-52 has dropped only conventional munitions in combat. The B-52s official name Stratofortress is rarely used, informally, the aircraft has become referred to as the BUFF. The B-52 has been in service with the USAF since 1955. As of December 2015,58 were in service with 18 in reserve. The B-52 completed sixty years of service with its original operator in 2015. After being upgraded between 2013 and 2015, it is expected to serve into the 2040s, the aircraft was to have a crew of five or more turret gunners, and a six-man relief crew. It was required to cruise at 300 mph at 34,000 feet with a radius of 5,000 miles. The armament was to consist of a number of 20 mm cannon and 10,000 pounds of bombs. On 13 February 1946, the Air Force issued bid invitations for these specifications, with Boeing, Consolidated Aircraft, and Glenn L. Martin Company submitting proposals. On 5 June 1946, Boeings Model 462, an aircraft powered by six Wright T35 turboprops with a gross weight of 360,000 pounds. On 28 June 1946, Boeing was issued a letter of contract for US$1.7 million to build a full-scale mock-up of the new XB-52 and do preliminary engineering and testing. However, by October 1946, the air began to express concern about the sheer size of the new aircraft. In response, Boeing produced Model 464, a smaller version with a 230,000 pound gross weight. Boeing responded with two powered by the T-35 turboprops
5.
Thompson Trophy
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The Thompson Trophy race was one of the National Air Races of the heyday of early airplane racing in the 1930s. Established in 1929, the last race was held in 1961, the race was 10 miles long with 50-foot-high pylons marking the turns, and emphasized low altitude flying and maneuverability at high speeds. As the race was flown around a course, crowds in the grandstands could easily see much of the spectacle. There were two series of Thompson races, the first series followed the award of a Thompson Cup in the 1929 National Air Races to the winner of the International Land Plane Free-For-All. Thompson Products decided to sponsor a trophy to be awarded for the ten years for unlimited class racing. The trophy was designed by Walter Sinz and is now at Air, Sinz also made a pair of 10-foot-tall models of the trophy for promotional purposes. Races were held for the ten years, ending in 1939. Further races in series were precluded by the onset of war. After World War II the original trophy was retired, also, advances in airplane technology, especially the advent of the turbojet, complicated matters. It was decided to establish a new series, with R and J divisions, the R class was for civilian competition, the J division was for military pilots and was administered by the United States Air Force. Division R races were held from 1946 to 1949, Division J races were held from 1951 to 1961, THE THOMPSON TROPHY STORY The Major Trophy Races of the Golden Age of Air Racing Thompson Trophy on Air Racing History site “Doolittle Tames the Gee Bee”. Online reprint of Nov.1994 article from Aviation History magazine
6.
Bell Aircraft
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Bell also developed the Reaction Control System for the Mercury Spacecraft, the North American X-15 and the Bell Rocket Belt. The company was purchased in 1960 by Textron, and lives on today as Bell Helicopter, as a teenager, Larry Bell saw his first plane at an air show, starting a lifelong fascination with aviation. Bell dropped out of school in 1912 to join his brother in the burgeoning aircraft industry at the Glenn L. Martin Company. By 1920 Bell was vice president and general manager of Martin, by now based in Cleveland, feeling that he deserved part ownership, in late 1924 he presented Martin with an ultimatum. Mr. Martin refused, and Bell quit, Bell spent several years out of the aviation industry, but in 1928 was hired by Reuben H. Fleet at Consolidated Aircraft, in Buffalo, New York where he was guaranteed an interest in the company, before long, Bell became general manager and business was booming, but he still wanted to be able to run his own company. He knew that, although he could raise capital, he would not be able to compete with either Consolidated or Curtiss-Wright. Incidentally, Bell was the major aircraft builder to occupy the site. The factory complex was built in 1916 for the Curtiss Aeroplane & Motor Company. Bells first military contract followed in 1937 with the development of the ill-fated YFM-1 Airacuda, the YFM-1 incorporated groundbreaking technology for the time, with gyro stabilized weapons sighting and a thermionic fire control system. Including the prototype, just 13 Airacudas were produced, and these saw limited service with the USAAC before being scrapped in 1942. Bell enjoyed much success the year with the development of the single engine P-39. The P-39 performed poorly at high altitudes compared to newer, late-war designs, indeed, the Soviet-flown P-39s were the main reason that the aircraft is credited with highest number of individual kills attributed to any U. S. fighter type. A somewhat larger and more version of the P-39 was produced shortly before the end of World War II. Called the P-63 Kingcobra, this warplane addressed many of the shortcomings of the P-39,2,971 P-63s were built between 1943 and 1945, many delivered to the Soviet Union. Also, by time, the Army Air Forces already had the superior P-47 Thunderbolt. In October 1942, The Bell-built twin-jet P-59 Airacomet was the first American jet aircraft to fly. Design had begun in September 1941, during which time the Bell team was guided mostly by theory, as General Electric would not finish, Bell engineers could only guess at the performance characteristics
7.
Boeing Commercial Airplanes
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Boeing Commercial Airplanes is a division of The Boeing Company. It designs, assembles, markets, and sells jet airliners and business jets, it also provides product-related maintenance and training to customers worldwide. It operates from headquarters in Renton, Washington, with more than a dozen engineering, manufacturing. BCA includes the assets of the Douglas Aircraft division of the former McDonnell Douglas Corporation, Boeing Canada Boeing Training & Flight Services CDG Jeppesen, formerly Jeppesen Sanderson. Kevin G. McAllister was named President and CEO of Boeing Commercial Airplanes, McAllister is 53 years old and is a former executive at GE Aviation. For all models sold beginning with the Boeing 707 in 1957, all model designations from 707 through 787 have been assigned, leaving 797 as the only 7X7 model name not assigned to a product. Unlike other models, the 787 uses a single digit to designate the series and this convention was followed in the development of the newest version of the 747, the 747-8. The 747 is the model to use both the triple and single-digit designations. Passenger aircraft that are manufactured as passenger aircraft and later converted to freighter configuration by Boeing carry the suffix BCF designating a Boeing converted freighter. The table below lists only airliners from the jet era, the Boeing 707-138B was a shortened-fuselage, long-range model only sold to Qantas. The Boeing 757-200M was a model built for Royal Nepal Airlines. This plane could be converted between passenger and freighter configuration and it was launched by Royal Nepal Airlines in 1986 and delivered two years later. Boeing 747 The Shuttle Carrier Aircraft The Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter is a cargo aircraft. The 747SP production resumed nearly four years after the supposedly final 747SP was built and it had a cockpit crew of two instead of the three-crew layout of other 747SPs. Two Boeing VC-25s were built for the US Air Force as Presidential Air Force One transports and this model was a highly modified 747-200B. Boeing was a consultant to Sukhoi on the Russian Regional Jet program that became the Sukhoi Superjet 100 twin-engine narrowbody airliner. Boeing 2707 – supersonic airliner, canceled, Boeing 7J7 – high-efficiency propfan airliner, canceled and may later resume for Y1. Boeing 747-300 Trijet - high-efficiency trijet version of the Boeing 747-200, Boeing New Large Airplane – double-deck jumbo airliner, canceled
8.
Barnstorming
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Barnstorming was a form of entertainment in which stunt pilots performed tricks, either individually or in groups called flying circuses. Devised to impress people with the skill of pilots and the sturdiness of planes, Barnstormers were pilots who flew throughout the country selling airplane rides and performing stunts, Charles Lindbergh first began flying in this capacity. During World War I, the United States manufactured a significant number of Curtiss JN-4 Jenny biplanes to train its military aviators, after the war the U. S. federal government sold off the surplus materiel, including the Jennys, for a fraction of its initial value. This allowed many servicemen who already knew how to fly the JN-4s, the similar-looking Standard J-1 biplane was also available. At the same time, numerous aircraft manufacturing companies sprang up, sometimes a plane and its owner would drift between the three activities as opportunity presented. Combined with the lack of Federal Aviation Regulations at the time, barnstorming was performed not only by former military men, but also by women, minorities, and women minorities. For example, on July 18,1915, Katherine Stinson became the first woman in the world to perform a loop-the-loop. Bessie Coleman, an African-American woman, not only thrilled audiences with her skills as a barnstormer and her very presence in the air threatened prevailing contemporary stereotypes. She also fought segregation when she could by using her influence as a celebrity, more than any single event, Lindberghs historic 1927 flight made Americans aware of the potential of commercial aviation, and there followed a boom in aviation activity during 1928 and 1929. In 1925, the U. S. government began regulating aviation, when it passed the Contract Air Mail Act, post Office to hire private airlines to deliver mail, with payments based on the weight of the mail. Barnstorming seemed to be founded on bravado, with one-upmanship a major incentive, the laws included safety standards and specifications that were virtually impossible for barnstormers to meet, and restrictions on how low in altitude certain tricks could be performed. The military also stopped selling Jennys in the late 1920s and this made it too difficult for barnstormers to make a living. Clyde Edward Pangborn, who was part of the first aviation team to cross the Pacific Ocean nonstop in 1931, some pilots, however, continued to wander the country giving rides as late as fall 1941. Barnstorming season ran from spring until after the harvest and county fairs in the fall. Most barnstorming shows started with a pilot, or team of flying over a small rural town to attract local attention. They would then land at a farm and negotiate for the use of a field as a temporary runway from which to stage an air show. After obtaining a base of operation, the pilot or group of aviators would buzz the village dropping flyers, in some towns the arrival of a barnstormer or an aerial troop would lead to a townwide shutdown as people attended the show. Barnstormers performed a variety of stunts, with some specializing as stunt pilots or aerialists, other stunts include nose dives and flying through barns and this sometimes led to pilots crashing their planes
9.
Civilian Pilot Training Program
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In the years immediately preceding World War II, several European countries, particularly Italy and Nazi Germany, began training thousands of young people to become pilots. Purportedly civilian in nature, these European government-sponsored programs were, in fact, in October 1938, General Henry H. Hap Arnold brought in the top three aviation school representatives to request they establish an unfunded startup of CPTP schools at their own risk. These were Oliver Parks of Parks Air College, C. C, moseley of the Curtiss-Wright Technical Institute, and Theopholis Lee of the Boeing School of Aeronautics, all agreed to start work. Following the precedent established by the Europeans, the CPTP was established as a civilian program and it was an unqualified success and provided a grand vision for its supporters—to greatly expand the nations civilian pilot population by training thousands of college students to fly. The military establishment was initially unenthusiastic about the CPTP concept, quite unimpressed by any program initiated and administered by civilians, Congress, too, was split along mostly party lines as to the value of the CPTP. After the Nazi invasion of Poland on September 1,1939, triggered World War II, the United States started to evaluate its ability to fight an air war and the results were appalling. Pilots, instructors, and training aircraft were all in short supply, the Armys proposal met with stiff resistance. Just two weeks after the American Aviation Daily article appeared,83 companies with a vested interest in general aviation organized the National Aviation Training Association. NATA members recognized that, if unchallenged, the Army plan would, for all practical purposes. The NATA and other aviation interests blunted the Armys bid with a lobbying campaign in Congress. Their actions not only saved the CPTP, they may have saved the general aviation industry in the United States. The result was a revitalized CPTP and an expansion of its curriculum to a segment of the nations colleges and universities. By the programs peak,1,132 educational institutions and 1,460 flight schools were participating in the CPTP, the decision to train civilian pilots also produced an unexpected, but welcome, side effect on the general aviation industry. As it turned out, the United States faced just as large a shortage of training aircraft as it did civilian pilots, the federal Civil Aeronautics Authority regulations required a CPTP-participating flight school to own one aircraft for every ten students enrolled in the program. Aeronca and Taylorcraft also produced versions of their existing side-by-side seating high-winged monoplanes. After the attack on Pearl Harbor and the U. S. entrance into World War II, the Civilian Pilot Training Program became the War Training Service and, from 1942 to 1944, served primarily as the screening program for potential pilot candidates. There is a list of colleges and universities participating in the CPTP in 43-44 in the appendix of They Flew Proud. The CPTP/WTS program was phased out in the summer of 1944
10.
Bell P-39 Airacobra
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The Bell P-39 Airacobra was one of the principal American fighter aircraft in service when the United States entered World War II. The P-39 was used by the Soviet Air Force, which scored the highest number of individual kills attributed to any U. S. fighter type in the Eastern European theatre. Other major users of the type included the Free French, the Royal Air Force, the United States Army Air Forces, and the Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force. Designed by Bell Aircraft, it had a layout, with the engine installed in the center fuselage, behind the pilot. It was also the first fighter fitted with a tricycle undercarriage, although its mid-engine placement was innovative, the P-39 design was handicapped by the absence of an efficient turbo-supercharger, preventing it from performing high-altitude work. As such it was rejected by the RAF for use over western Europe but adopted by the USSR where most air combat took place at medium, together with the derivative P-63 Kingcobra, the P-39 was one of the most successful fixed-wing aircraft manufactured by Bell. It was a request for a single-engine high-altitude interceptor having the mission of interception. Despite being called an interceptor, the aircrafts role was simply an extension of the traditional pursuit role, using a heavier. This was the most demanding set of fighter specifications USAAC had presented to that date and this happened because H. M. Poyer, designer for project leader Robert Woods, was impressed by the power of this weapon and pressed for its incorporation. This was unusual, because fighter design had previously driven by the intended engine. Although devastating when it worked, the T9 had very limited ammunition, a low rate of fire, a secondary benefit of the mid-engine arrangement was that it created a smooth and streamlined nose profile. Much was made of the fact that this resulted in a configuration “with as trim, entry to the cockpit was through side doors rather than a sliding canopy. There were no problems with propeller shaft failure, the XP-39 made its maiden flight on 6 April 1938. At Wright Field, Ohio, achieving 390 mph at 20,000 ft, however, the XP-39 was found to be short on performance at altitude. Flight testing had found its top speed at 20,000 feet to be lower than the 400 mph claimed in the original proposal, as originally specified by Kelsey and Saville, the XP-39 had a turbo-supercharger to augment its high-altitude performance. Bell cooled the turbo with a scoop on the side of the fuselage. Kelsey wished to shepherd the XP-39 through its early engineering teething troubles, the XP-39 project was handed over to others, and in June 1939 the prototype was ordered by General Henry H. Arnold to be evaluated in NACA wind tunnels to find ways of increasing its speed, tests were carried out, and Bell engineers followed the recommendations of NACA and the Army to reduce drag such that the top speed was increased 16%
11.
Bell P-63 Kingcobra
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The Bell P-63 Kingcobra is an American fighter aircraft developed by Bell Aircraft in World War II from the Bell P-39 Airacobra in an attempt to correct that aircrafts deficiencies. Although the P-63 was not accepted for use by the United States Army Air Forces. While the P-39 had originally introduced as an interceptor, later in its development it was decided to reduce the cost. High-altitude performance suffered dramatically as a result, and Bell proposed a series to test out a variety of solutions. The resulting XP-39E featured two changes from the earlier P-39D from which it was developed. The root airfoil, a NACA0015 on other models of the P-39, was changed to a NACA0018, the other was a switch to the Continental I-1430 engine, which featured an improved overall design developed from the hyper engine efforts, as well as an improved supercharger. Three prototypes were ordered in April 1941 with serials 41-19501, 41-19502, the V-1430 was having continued development problems and could not be delivered in time, so it was replaced by the newer -47 version of the Allison V-1710 that powered the basic P-39. The XP-39E proved to be faster than the standard Airacobra, a speed of 386 mph being attained at 21,680 ft during tests. However, the XP-39E was considered to be inferior to the stock P-39 Airacobra in all other respects, although the XP-39E proved to be disappointing, the USAAF was nevertheless interested in an even larger aircraft based on the same basic layout. Even before its first flight, the USAAF placed an order on 27 June 1941 for two prototypes of a version powered by the same V-1710-47 engine. The new design was given the designation XP-63 and serials were 41-19511, a third prototype was also ordered, 42-78015, this one featuring the Packard V-1650, the U. S. -built version of the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine. The XP-87897 was larger in all dimensions than the Airacobra, the wing was redesigned again, this time with new NACA laminar flow airfoils. The wing of the P-63 was designed with a NACA 66-116 a=0.6 at the root, the wing taper ratio was approximately 2,1, span was 38 ft,4 inches and the area was 248 square ft. The V-1710-47 engine was fitted with a remotely mounted supercharger supplementing the normal single-stage supercharger. At higher altitudes when additional boost was required, a clutch would engage the second supercharger. A larger four-bladed propeller was also standardized, in September 1942, even before the prototype flew, the USAAF ordered it into production as the P-63A. The trajectory of the 0.50 in guns was far flatter than that of the cannon, the first prototype, 41-19511, flew for the first time on 7 December 1942. It was destroyed on 28 January 1943 when its landing gear failed to extend, the second prototype, 41-19512, followed on 5 February 1943
12.
Bell P-59 Airacomet
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The Bell P-59 Airacomet was a twin jet engined fighter aircraft, the first for the United States, designed and built by Bell Aircraft during World War II. The United States Army Air Forces were not impressed by its performance, major General Henry H. Hap Arnold became aware of the United Kingdoms jet program when he attended a demonstration of the Gloster E. 28/39 in April 1941. The subject had been mentioned, but not in depth, as part of the Tizard Mission the previous year and he requested, and was given, the plans for the aircrafts powerplant, the Power Jets W.1, which he took back to the U. S. On 4 September, he offered the U. S. company General Electric a contract to produce an American version of the engine, on the following day, he approached Lawrence Dale Bell, head of Bell Aircraft Corporation, to build a fighter to utilize it. Bell agreed and set to work on producing three prototypes, as a disinformation tactic, the USAAF gave the project the designation P-59A, to suggest it was a development of the unrelated Bell XP-59 fighter project which had been canceled. The design was finalized on 9 January 1942, and construction began, in March, long before the prototypes were completed, an order for 13 YP-59A pre-production machines was added to the contract. On 12 September 1942, the first XP-59A was sent to Muroc Army Air Field in California by train for testing, taking seven days to reach Muroc. While being handled on the ground, the aircraft was fitted with a propeller to disguise its true nature. e. in the roll axis. Chuck Yeager flew the aircraft and was dissatisfied with its speed, nevertheless, even before delivery of the YP-59As in June 1943, the USAAF ordered 80 production machines, designated P-59A Airacomet. One of these aircraft, the third YP-59A was supplied to the Royal Air Force, in exchange for the first production Gloster Meteor I, british pilots found that the aircraft compared very unfavorably with the jets that they were already flying. Two YP-59A Airacomets were also delivered to the U. S. Navy where they were evaluated as the YF2L-1, faced with their own ongoing difficulties, Bell eventually completed 50 production Airacomets,20 P-59As and 30 P-59Bs. Each was armed with one 37 mm M4 cannon and 44 rounds of ammunition, the P-59Bs were assigned to the 412th Fighter Group to familiarize AAF pilots with the handling and performance characteristics of jet aircraft. By 1950, all examples of the Airacomet were no longer airworthy, over time, disposal of the aircraft included use as static displays, instructional aids in military training and use as static targets. While the P-59 was not a success, the type did give the USAAF experience with the operation of jet aircraft in preparation for the more advanced types that would shortly become available. XP-59 Unrelated piston engine powered pusher propeller design developed from the Bell XP-52, XP-59A Prototype of the jet engine powered version, three built, serial numbers 42-108784/108786. YP-59A Series of test aircraft,13 built, serial numbers 42-108771/108783, YP-59A recon prototype YP-59A with armaments replaced by an observer seat. YF2L-1 Two YP-59A delivered to the US Navy for carrier evaluation as Bu63960/63961, P-59A First production version,20 built, serial numbers 44-22609/22628. XP-59B Study for P-59A fitted with Halford H-1/Goblin engines,80 aircraft ordered but only 30 built, serial numbers 44-22629/22658, further 50 canceled
13.
Stetson
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Stetson is a brand of hat manufactured by the John B. Stetson Company began when the founder headed west and created the original hat of the West and this Western hat would become the cornerstone of Stetson’s hat business and is still in production today. Stetson eventually became the world’s largest hat maker, producing more than 3,300,000 hats a year in a spread over 9 acres in Philadelphia. In addition to its Western and fashion hats, Stetson also produces fragrance, apparel, footwear, eyewear, belts, bourbon, Stetson University and Stetson University College of Law in Florida were named after John B. Stetson in 1899 for his contributions to the school, Stetson was born in 1830 in Orange, New Jersey where his father Stephen Stetson was a hatter. He worked in his fathers shop until he went West for his health, Stetson created a rugged hat for himself made from thick beaver felt while panning for gold in Colorado. According to legend, Stetson invented the hat while on a trip while showing his companions how he could make cloth out of fur without tanning. Fur felt hats are lighter, they maintain their shape, and withstand weather, Stetson made an unusually large hat from felt he made from hides collected on the trip, and wore the hat for the remainder of the expedition. Although initially worn as a joke, Stetson soon grew fond of the hat for its ability to him from the elements. It had a wide brim, a crown to keep an insulating pocket of air on the head. As their travels continued, a cowboy is said to have seen J. B. Stetson and his hat, rode up, tried the hat on for himself. Stetson’s western adventures came to an end in 1865, Stetson, now 35 years old, and in better health, returned east and established his own hat firm in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which produced high quality hats for outdoor use. After producing some initial designs based on styles of the day, Stetson decided to create a hat based on his experiences in the American West. The original Boss, manufactured by Stetson in 1865, was flat brimmed, had a straight-sided crown and these lightweight, waterproof hats were natural in color, with four-inch crowns and brims. A plain hatband was fitted to adjust head size, Stetson produced a very expensive hat. The cowboy riding the range wearing the Boss of the Plains hat showed the world that he was doing well, within a decade the name John B. Stetson became synonymous with the hat in every corner and culture of the West
14.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
15.
National Air Races
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The National Air Races are a series of pylon and cross-country races that took place in the United States since 1920. The science of aviation, and the speed and reliability of aircraft and engines grew rapidly during this period, the races eventually moved to Cleveland and then they were known as the Cleveland National Air Races. They drew the best flyers of the time, including James Doolittle, Wiley Post, Tex Rankin, Frank Hawks, Jimmy Wedell, Roscoe Turner and these air races helped to inspire Donald Blakeslee as a young boy. Other races included in the U. S. in, the races usually ran for up to 10 days starting in 1929, usually at the end of August to include Labor Day. Aviation promoter Cliff Henderson was managing director of the National Air Races from 1928 to 1939, during World War II the races were on hiatus. The races included a variety of events, including cross-country races originating in Portland, Oakland, and Los Angeles, also included were landing contests, glider demonstrations, airship flights, and parachute-jumping contests. Thaden was the winner in the heavy Class D, while Phoebe Omlie won the light Class C and this was also the year for the first female pylon race, the winner of which was awarded the Aerol Trophy beginning in 1931. In Chicago, during the last day of the 1930 trophy race,1 September, Capt. Arthur Page, USMC, crashed his modified Curtiss Hawk Seaplane F6C-3, dying of his injuries later that day. When the races resumed after World War II, they featured newer surplus military planes that greatly outclassed the planes from the pre-war era, in 1949 Bill Odom lost control of his P-51 Beguine and crashed into a home, killing himself and two people inside. The races went on hiatus again, though the events specific to Cleveland were in suspension, the cross country races for the Thompson, Bendix, and G. E. trophies continued. Three B-47s flew cross country from March Air Force Base to the Philadelphia International Airport as participants in the 1955 Labor Day race, in the 1956 three B-47s participated in the G. E. Trophy race for Jet Bombers, flying from Kindley Field, Bermuda, one of these set a course speed record of 601.187 MPH. The annual event resumed in 1964 as the Reno National Championship Air Races, the Cleveland National Air Show also began in 1964. National Air Races were run by U. S. Air Race, the company was founded by famed World Race Gold Medalist Marion P. Jayne and after her death from cancer in 1996, was run by her daughter Patricia Jayne Keefer,1994 World Race Gold Medalist. Under Keefers leadership, the events tabulated a perfect safety record with nearly 600,000 miles raced, over 3,200 safe landings at 81 different airports in 43 states,1920 Mitchel Field, New York,25 November, C. C. San Diego Air & Space Museum Archives, Flickr
16.
Bell X-1
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Conceived during 1944 and designed and built in 1945, it achieved a speed of nearly 1,000 miles per hour in 1948. A derivative of this design, the Bell X-1A, having greater fuel capacity and hence longer rocket burning time. In 1942, the United Kingdoms Ministry of Aviation began a top secret project with Miles Aircraft to develop the worlds first aircraft capable of breaking the sound barrier. The project resulted in the development of the prototype turbojet-powered Miles M.52, designed to reach 1,000 miles per hour in level flight, and to climb to an altitude of 36,000 ft in 1 min 30 sec. By 1944, design of the M.52 was 90% complete, later that year, the Air Ministry signed an agreement with the United States to exchange high-speed research and data. Unknown to Miles, Bell had already started construction of a supersonic design of their own. Bell was battling the problem of control due to blanking the elevators. A variable-incidence tail appeared to be the most promising solution, the Miles, meanwhile, on 16 March 1945, the U. S. The X-1 was, in principle, a bullet with wings, its shape resembling a Browning. 50-caliber machine gun bullet. The shape was followed to the extent of seating its pilot behind a sloped, framed window inside a confined cockpit in the nose, after the rocket plane experienced compressibility problems during 1947, it was modified with a variable-incidence tailplane following technology transfer with the United Kingdom. The rocket engine was a design built by Reaction Motors. This rocket burned ethyl alcohol diluted with water with a liquid oxygen oxidizer and its thrust could be changed in 1,500 lbf increments by using just additional chambers. The fuel and oxygen tanks for the first two X-1 engines were pressurized with nitrogen, but the rest used gas-driven turbopumps, the all-important fuel turbopumps were necessary to increase the chamber pressure and thrust while making the engine lighter. The color of the X-1 #46-062, the Glamorous Glennis, is International Orange, not all subsequent models were painted with the same shade. Bell Aircraft chief test pilot Jack Woolams became the first person to fly the XS-1 and he made a glide-flight over Pinecastle Army Airfield, in Florida, on 25 January 1946. These were performed at Muroc Army Air Field near Palmdale, California, after Woolams death on 30 August 1946, Chalmers Slick Goodlin was the primary Bell Aircraft test pilot for the X-1-1. He made 26 successful flights in both X-1s from September 1946 through June 1947, the Army Air Forces was unhappy with the cautious pace of flight envelope expansion and Bell Aircrafts flight test contract for airplane #46-062 was terminated. The test program was acquired by the Army Air Force Flight Test Division on 24 June after months of negotiation, Goodlin had demanded a US$150,000 bonus for exceeding the speed of sound
17.
Discovery Channel
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Discovery Channel is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is the flagship television property of Discovery Communications, a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav. S. Flagship channel and its various owned or licensed television channels internationally, programming on the flagship Discovery Channel in the U. S. A popular annual feature on the channel is Shark Week, which airs on Discovery during the summer months, as of February 2015, Discovery Channel is available to approximately 96,589,000 pay television households in the United States. John Hendricks founded the channel and its parent company, Cable Educational Network Inc. in 1982, several investors raised $5 million in start-up capital to launch the network. The Discovery Channel began broadcasting on June 17,1985 and it was initially available to 156,000 households and broadcast for 12 hours each day between 3 p. m. and 3 a. m. About 75 percent of its content had never been broadcast on U. S. television before. In its early years, the focus centered on educational programming in the form of cultural and wildlife documentaries. It also broadcast some Soviet programming during this time, including the news program Vremya, in 1988, the channel premiered the nightly program World Monitor. By 1990, the channel was available in over 50 million households, the drop in viewership was widely attributed to an over-reliance on a few hit series, such as Monster Garage and American Chopper. Some critics said such shows strayed from Discoverys intention of providing more educationally based shows aimed at helping viewers learn about the world around them, in 2005, Discovery changed its programming focus to include more popular science and historical themes. The networks ratings eventually recovered in 2006, the network was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards that year for shows including The Flight that Fought Back and Deadliest Catch. In 2007, Discovery Channels top series included the Emmy Award- and Peabody Award-winning Planet Earth, Dirty Jobs, MythBusters, Discovery Channels 2008 lineup included Fight Quest and Smash Lab. On September 1,2010, 43-year-old James Jay Lee entered the Discovery Communications headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland, Lee fired at least one shot and held several employees hostage, he was later shot dead by police. Lee had published criticisms of the network at Savetheplanetprotest. com, in December 2015, Discovery Communications launched its TV Everywhere service, Discovery Go, which features live and video-on-demand content from Discovery Channel and eight of its sister networks. Popular programs on the channel have included the Shark Week programming event, Deadliest Catch, MythBusters, How Its Made, Dirty Jobs, Cash Cab, Christopher Lowell won a Daytime Emmy Award in 2000 for The Christopher Lowell Show. After the 2007 victory with the Spaniard Alberto Contador, Discovery Channel discontinued the cycling sponsorship, Discovery Channel Radio was a radio network, whose programming consisted of audio versions of popular programs from the Discovery Communications family of television channels. Discovery Channel Radio was previously carried by XM Satellite Radio, until its removal from the provider in early September 2005, sirius Satellite Radio dropped Discovery Radio from its lineup on February 21,2007, it was also carried on both of Canadas major satellite radio services. Discovery Channel lent its brand to stores in malls and other locations across America
18.
Boeing B-47 Stratojet
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The Boeing B-47 Stratojet was an American long range, six-engine, turbojet-powered strategic bomber designed to fly at high subsonic speed and at high altitude to avoid enemy interceptor aircraft. The B-47s primary mission was to drop bombs on the Soviet Union. With its engines carried in nacelles under the wing, the B-47 was a major innovation in post-World War II combat jet design. The B-47 entered service with the United States Air Forces Strategic Air Command in 1951 and it never saw combat as a bomber, but was a mainstay of SACs bomber strength during the late 1950s and early 1960s, and remained in use as a bomber until 1965. The B-47 arose from an informal 1943 requirement for a reconnaissance bomber. In December 1944, North American Aviation, the Convair Corp, Boeing and the Glenn Martin Company submitted proposals for the new long-range jet bomber. The USAAF awarded study contracts to all four companies, requiring that North American and Convair concentrate on four-engined designs, while Boeing, the powerplant was to be General Electrics new TG-180 turbojet engine. In May 1945, the von Kármán mission of the Army Air Forces inspected the secret German aeronautics laboratory near Braunschweig, on von Kármáns team was the eminent chief of the technical staff at Boeing, George S. Schairer. He wired his home office, Stop the bomber design, analysis work by Boeing engineer Vic Ganzer suggested an optimum sweepback angle of about 35 degrees. Boeings aeronautical engineers modified their Model 432 design to include swept wings and tail, resulting in the Model 448, the Model 448 retained its four TG-180 jet engines in its forward fuselage, with two more TG-180s in the rear fuselage. The flush-mounted air intakes for the engines were inadequate, while the USAAF disliked the installation of engines within the fuselage. The Army Air Force liked this new configuration, and so Boeings team of engineers continued to refine it, with the engines being moved further inboard. As the landing gear arrangement made rotation impossible, the gear was designed so that the aircraft rested on the ground at the proper angle for takeoff. The USAAF was very pleased with the refined Model 450 design, and in April 1946, the first XB-47 was rolled out on 12 September 1947, a few days before the USAAF became a separate service, the U. S. Air Force, on 18 September 1947. The XB-47 prototype flew its first flight on 17 December 1947, with the test pilots Robert Robbins and it flew from Boeing Field in Seattle to the Moses Lake Airfield in central Washington state, in a flight that lasted just 27 minutes, with no major problems. In Feb.1949, Russ Schleeh and Joe Howell broke all coast-to-coast speed records flying from Moses Lake Air Force Base to Andrews Air Force Base and they averaged 607.8 miles per hour. During early tests of the XB-47 prototype, the canopy came off at high speed, the copilot safely landed the aircraft. This resulted in a redesign, and the hiring of pilot Tex Johnston as chief test pilot
19.
Barrel roll
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It is sometimes described as a combination of a loop and a roll. The g-force is kept positive on the object throughout the maneuver, the barrel roll is commonly confused with an aileron roll. A more common modern visualization is to imagine an airplane trying to fly in a corkscrew around the line of the direction of travel. Although the maneuver predates the name, the term was first used in 1917, in aviation, the barrel roll is an aerobatic maneuver in which an aircraft performs a helical roll around its relative forward motion, with the nose ending up pointed along the original flightpath. It is performed by doing a combination of a roll and a loop, the maneuver includes a constant variation of aircraft attitude in two or perhaps all three axes. It consists of a rotation along the axis through the application of elevator input. Sometimes rudder input is applied to help assist the roll through the yaw axis, at the midpoint of the roll, the aircraft should be flying inverted, with the nose pointing at roughly a right angle to the general flightpath. The aircraft will have also gained altitude and travelled a distance from the original flightpath. Flying inverted, the plane continues through the roll, descending in altitude, upon completing the roll, the airplane should end up flying along the same flightpath, and at roughly the same altitude at which the maneuver began. The term barrel roll is used, incorrectly, to refer to any roll by an airplane. The barrel roll was called a side somersault. It was first performed in 1905 by Daniel Maloney and he was flying a glider owned by John Joseph Montgomery during an exhibition show, which was lifted by balloon and then released. Outside of aerobatic competition, the Boeing 367-80 and Concorde prototype were barrel rolled during testing, the Boeing 367-80 was rolled twice by Tex Johnston in an unauthorized maneuver while demonstrating the aircraft to the International Air Transport Association over Lake Washington, Seattle. Concorde was rolled multiple times by her test pilots, including Jean Franchi, Avro test pilot Roly Falk rolled the Avro Vulcan during a display at the 1955 Farnborough airshow, gaining height during the maneuver. To do a roll in its purest form, from the pilots perspective. Starting from a flight, the pilot will usually pick such a point on the horizon as a reference. This point can be anything in that area, like a distant lake, mountain peak, the pilot will then pull back on the stick, bringing the plane up into a brief climb. As the nose passes through the horizon, the pilot begins to apply aileron input, as the airplane rolls it will continue to pitch in the direction of the lift vector
20.
Boeing 367-80
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The Boeing 367-80, known simply as the Dash 80, was an American four-engine prototype aircraft built by Boeing to demonstrate the advantages of jet propulsion for commercial aviation. It served as base for the design of the KC-135 tanker, the Dash 80 first flew in 1954, less than two years from project launch. Its US$16 million cost was a risk for Boeing, which at the time had no committed customers. Only one example was built, which has preserved and is currently on public display at the Udvar-Hazy Center in Virginia. By the late 1940s two developments encouraged Boeing to begin considering building a passenger jet, the first was the maiden flight in 1947 of the B-47 Stratojet. The second was the flight in 1949 of the world’s first jet airliner. Boeing felt it had mastered the swept wing and podded engines which it saw as key technologies that would enable it to improve on the Comet, in 1950 Boeing tentatively produced a specification for a jet airliner dubbed the Model 473-60C. Boeing was experienced at selling to the military but had not enjoyed the success with civil airliners. Boeing decided the way to overcome the airlines suspicion of the jet –. As the first of a new generation of jets, Boeing wanted the aircrafts model number to emphasize the difference from its previous propeller-driven aircraft which bore 300-series numbers. The 400-, 500- and 600-series were already used by missiles and other products, so Boeing decided that the jets would bear 700-series numbers, and the first would be the 707. Although the design was announced publicly as the Model 707, the prototype was referred to within Boeing simply as the Dash 80 or -80. The Dash 80 fuselage was wide enough at 132 inches for five-abreast seating, the fuselage diameter for the production KC-135 was widened to 144 inches and Boeing originally hoped to build the 707 fuselage with that width. This decision did not unduly delay introduction of the model since the -80 had been largely hand-built. By early 1952 the designs were complete and in April the Boeing board approved the program, construction of the Dash 80 started in November in a walled-off section of Boeings Renton plant. As a proof of concept prototype there was no certification and no production line, the aircraft was not fitted with an airline cabin, a plywood lining housed the instrumentation for the flight test program. The Dash 80 rolled out of the factory on May 15,1954, during a series of taxi trials the port landing gear collapsed on May 22, the damage was quickly repaired and the first flight was on July 15,1954. Following flights revealed a propensity to Dutch roll - an alternating yawing and rolling motion, Boeing already had experience with this on the B-47 Stratojet and B-52 Stratofortress and had developed a yaw damper system on the B-47 that could be adapted to the Dash 80
21.
Lake Washington
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Lake Washington is a large freshwater lake adjacent to the city of Seattle. It is the largest lake in King County and the second largest natural lake in the state of Washington and it borders the cities of Seattle on the west, Bellevue and Kirkland on the east, Renton on the south and Kenmore on the north, and encloses Mercer Island. The lake is fed by the Sammamish River at its north end, Lake Washington received its present name in 1854 after Thomas Mercer suggested it be named after George Washington, as the new Washington Territory had been named the year before. Prior names for Lake Washington have included the Duwamish name Xacuabš, as well as Lake Geneva, Lake Duwamish, the lake provides great sport fishing opportunities. Some species found in this lake are Coastal Cutthroat Trout, Rainbow Trout, Largemouth Bass, Smallmouth Bass, Yellow Perch, a ribbon lake, Lake Washington is long, narrow and finger-like. Ribbon lakes are excavated by glaciers, as the Puget lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet flowed south near the end of the Late Pleistocene, it met bands of harder and softer rock. Erosion of the rock was faster and a linear depression was created in the flow direction. When the glacier melted, the lake filled with the meltwater, a dam can also be created by the bands of harder rock either side of the softer rock. The main inflowing rivers are the Sammamish and Cedar Rivers, prior to the construction of the Lake Washington Ship Canal in 1916, the Sammamish was the primary source of water for Lake Washington. The creation of the ship lowered the water level of Lake Washington by 8 feet. As part of the canal project, the Cedar River was diverted into Lake Washington. When the canal was opened the level of the lake dropped nearly nine feet, the canal to the Puget Sound became the lakes sole outlet, causing the Black River to dry up and disappear. The bridges consist of hollow concrete pontoons that float atop the lake, anchored with cables to each other, the roadway is constructed atop these concrete pontoons. The East Channel Bridge carries Interstate 90 from Mercer Island to Bellevue, the Evergreen Point, Lacey V. Murrow, and Third Lake Washington bridges are the longest, second longest, and fifth longest floating bridges in the world, respectively. Many questioned the wisdom of concrete floating bridge technology after the sinking of a portion of the Lacey V. Murrow bridge on November 25,1990, concrete floating bridges continue to remain a viable means for the conveyance of vehicle traffic over Lake Washington. In 1950, approximately one year after the tolls were removed from the Murrow bridge, the inland ferry system on the lake came to an end, having operated since the 1880s. The cities and towns bordering the lake, going clockwise from the west, are Seattle, Lake Forest Park, Kenmore, Kirkland, Yarrow Point, Hunts Point, Medina, Bellevue, Beaux Arts Village, and Renton. The city of Mercer Island occupies the island of the same name, Kenmore Air operates passenger seaplane service at Kenmore Air Harbor at the northern end of the lake
22.
Seattle
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Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents as of 2015, Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the major city in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 100 miles south of the Canada–United States border, a major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015. The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, the settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Siahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattles first major industry, but by the late-19th century, growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, in 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District, the jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge, archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay, the first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest. In 1851, a party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River. Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28,1851. The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon, after a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement Duwamps. For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, david Swinson Doc Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name Seattle appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23,1853, in 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14,1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of managing the city
23.
William McPherson Allen
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William McPherson Bill Allen was a U. S. aircraft businessman. Born in Lolo, Montana, he attended the University of Montana and he graduated in 1925 from Harvard Law School, and joined the Board of Boeing Air Transport in 1930 while remaining an employee of his Seattle law firm, Donworth, Todd & Higgins. A year later he joined the Board of Boeing Airplane Company as corporate counsel, following the death of Boeing president Philip G. Johnson in 1944, Chairman Claire Egtvedt was tasked with appointing his replacement. Feeling that none of the senior engineers had a sufficiently broad background to run the company. Considering himself unqualified to run a company, Allen at first declined the offer before finally accepting. Allen served as the president of the Boeing Company from September 1,1945 and he also served as the chairman of the Boeing Company from 1968 through 1972. He also participated in launching other planes of renown, among them the Boeing 727, Boeing 737, in 1965, Allen received the Vermilye Medal from The Franklin Institute. In 1966, Allen asked Malcolm T. Stamper to spearhead production of the new 747 airplane on which the future was riding. In 1971, Allen received the Tony Jannus Award for his contributions to commercial aviation. In 1975, Allen was one of the first four living members inducted into the Fortune magazine National Business Hall of Fame, in 2003 an article in Fortune by Jim Collins ranked Allen #2 among The 10 Greatest CEOs of All Time. In the last few years of his life, Allen suffered from Alzheimers disease and he died in 1985 at the age of 85. Allen is profiled in Sen. John McCains and Mark Salters book, Hard Call, Great Decisions and the Extraordinary People Who Made Them
24.
Dr. Strangelove
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The film was directed, produced, and co-written by Stanley Kubrick, stars Peter Sellers and George C. Scott, and features Sterling Hayden, Keenan Wynn, and Slim Pickens, production took place in the United Kingdom. The film is based on Peter Georges thriller novel Red Alert. The story concerns an unhinged United States Air Force general who orders a first strike nuclear attack on the Soviet Union. It follows the President of the United States, his advisers, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and it separately follows the crew of one B-52 bomber as they try to deliver their payload. Dr. Strangelove is widely regarded as one of cinemas greatest comedies, in 1989, the United States Library of Congress included it in the first group of films selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. It was listed as three on AFIs 100 Years.100 Laughs list. United States Air Force Brigadier General Jack D. Ripper is commander of Burpelson Air Force Base, the 843rd is currently in-flight on airborne alert, two hours from their targets inside Russia. General Ripper orders his executive officer, Group Captain Lionel Mandrake of the UK Royal Air Force, Ripper also issues Wing Attack Plan R to the patrolling aircraft, one of which is commanded by Major T. J. King Kong. Mandrake discovers that no war order has been issued by the Pentagon and tries to stop Ripper, Ripper tells Mandrake that he believes the Soviets have been using fluoridation of United States water supplies to pollute the precious bodily fluids of Americans. Mandrake now realizes that Ripper is insane. C, Muffley orders the Army chief to storm the base and arrest General Ripper. Turgidson attempts to convince Muffley to let the attack continue, instead, he brings Soviet ambassador Alexei de Sadeski into the War Room, to telephone Soviet premier Dimitri Kissov on the hot line. Muffley warns the Premier of the attack and offers to reveal the planes positions. The device cannot be dismantled or untriggered, as it is programmed to explode if any attempt is made. When the Presidents wheelchair-bound scientific advisor, former-Nazi Dr. Meanwhile, United States Army forces arrive at Burpelson, still sealed by Rippers order, Ripper kills himself, while Mandrake identifies Rippers CRM code from his desk blotter and relays this code to the Pentagon. Using the recall code, SAC successfully recalls all of the aircraft except one, Muffley discloses the planes target to help the Soviets find it, but Major Kong, his fuel dwindling, has selected a closer target. As the plane approaches the new target, the crew is unable to open the bomb bay doors. Major Kong enters the bay and repairs the broken electric wiring
25.
Rodeo
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Rodeo is a competitive sport that arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain, Mexico, and later Central America, the United States, Canada, South America, Australia and New Zealand. It was based on the skills required of the vaqueros and later, cowboys, in what today is the western United States, western Canada. Today it is an event that involves horses and other livestock, designed to test the skill and speed of the cowboys. American style professional rodeos generally comprise the events, tie-down roping, team roping, steer wrestling, saddle bronc riding, bareback bronc riding, bull riding. The events are divided into two categories, the rough stock events and the timed events. Depending on sanctioning organization and region, other such as breakaway roping, goat tying. American rodeo, particularly popular today within the Canadian province of Alberta and throughout the western United States, is the state sport of Wyoming, South Dakota. The iconic silhouette image of a Bucking Horse and Rider is a federal, the Legislative Assembly of Alberta has considered making American rodeo the official sport of that province. However, enabling legislation has yet to be passed, associations also exist for Native Americans and other minority groups. Rodeo has provoked opposition from animal rights and animal welfare advocates, the American rodeo industry has made progress in improving the welfare of rodeo animals, with specific requirements for veterinary care and other regulations that protect rodeo animals. However, rodeo is opposed by a number of animal welfare organizations in the United States, some local and state governments in North America have banned or restricted rodeos, certain rodeo events, or types of equipment. Internationally, rodeo is banned in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, the American English word rodeo is taken directly from Spanish rodeo, which roughly translates into English as round up. The yearly rodeos for separating the cattle were overseen by the Juez del Campo, the term was also used to refer to exhibitions of skills used in the working rodeo. This evolved from these yearly gatherings where festivities were held and horsemen could demonstrate their equestrian skills and it was this latter usage which was adopted into the cowboy tradition of the United States and Canada. The term rodeo was first used in English in approximately 1834 to refer to a cattle round-up, today the word is used primarily to refer to a public exhibition of cowboy skills, usually in the form of a competitive event. Many rodeo events were based on the tasks required by cattle ranching, the working cowboy developed skills to fit the needs of the terrain and climate of the American west, and there were many regional variations. The skills required to manage cattle and horses back to the Spanish traditions of the vaquero. Early rodeo-like affairs of the 1820s and 1830s were informal events in the western United States and northern Mexico with cowboys, following the American Civil War, rodeo competitions emerged, with the first held in Cheyenne, Wyoming in 1872
26.
Nuclear weapon
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A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from small amounts of matter. The first test of a bomb released the same amount of energy as approximately 20,000 tons of TNT. The first thermonuclear bomb test released the same amount of energy as approximately 10 million tons of TNT, a thermonuclear weapon weighing little more than 2,400 pounds can produce an explosive force comparable to the detonation of more than 1.2 million tons of TNT. A nuclear device no larger than traditional bombs can devastate a city by blast, fire. Nuclear weapons are considered weapons of destruction, and their use. Nuclear weapons have been used twice in nuclear warfare, both times by the United States against Japan near the end of World War II, the bombings resulted in the deaths of approximately 200,000 civilians and military personnel from acute injuries sustained from the explosions. The ethics of the bombings and their role in Japans surrender remain the subject of scholarly, since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, nuclear weapons have been detonated on over two thousand occasions for the purposes of testing and demonstration. Only a few nations possess such weapons or are suspected of seeking them, israel is also believed to possess nuclear weapons, though in a policy of deliberate ambiguity, it does not acknowledge having them. Germany, Italy, Turkey, Belgium and the Netherlands are nuclear weapons sharing states, south Africa is the only country to have independently developed and then renounced and dismantled its nuclear weapons. Modernisation of weapons continues to occur, all existing nuclear weapons derive some of their explosive energy from nuclear fission reactions. Weapons whose explosive output is exclusively from fission reactions are commonly referred to as bombs or atom bombs. This has long noted as something of a misnomer, as their energy comes from the nucleus of the atom. The latter approach is considered more sophisticated than the former and only the approach can be used if the fissile material is plutonium. A major challenge in all nuclear weapon designs is to ensure that a significant fraction of the fuel is consumed before the weapon destroys itself. The amount of energy released by fission bombs can range from the equivalent of just under a ton to upwards of 500,000 tons of TNT, all fission reactions necessarily generate fission products, the radioactive remains of the atomic nuclei split by the fission reactions. Many fission products are highly radioactive or moderately radioactive. Fission products are the radioactive component of nuclear fallout
27.
Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar
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The program ran from October 24,1957 to December 10,1963, cost US$660 million, and was cancelled just after spacecraft construction had begun. Other spacecraft under development at the time, such as Mercury or Vostok, were based on space capsules that returned on ballistic re-entry profiles, Dyna-Soar was more like the much later Space Shuttle. It could not only travel to distant targets at the speed of a ballistic missile. It could land at an airfield, rather than falling to earth. Dyna-Soar could also reach earth orbit, like Mercury or Gemini and these characteristics made Dyna-Soar a far more advanced concept than other human spaceflight missions of the period. Following World War II, many German scientists were taken to the United States by the Office of Strategic Servicess Operation Paperclip, among them was Dr. Walter Dornberger, the former head of Germanys wartime rocket program, who had detailed knowledge of Eugen Sängers Silbervogel project. Working for Bell, he attempted to create interest in a system in the USAF. The development of Dyna Soar can be traced back to the Silbervogel bomber project of World War II, the concept was a rocket-powered bomber that could travel vast distances by gliding to its target after being boosted to high speed and high altitude by A-4 or A-9 rockets. Essentially, these rockets would place the vehicle onto an exoatmospheric intercontinental ballistic missile-like trajectory, in this way, the vehicle would be bounced back into space again. This skip-glide method would repeat until the speed was low enough that the pilot of the vehicle would need to pick a landing spot and this use of hypersonic atmospheric lift meant that the vehicle could greatly extend its range over a ballistic trajectory using the same engines. In addition, an aircraft may be recoverable, acting as a manned bomber. On October 10,1957 ARDC headquarters consolidated Hywards, Brass Bell, the Dyna-Soar program was to be conducted in three stages, a research vehicle, a reconnaissance vehicle, and a vehicle that added strategic bombing capability. The first glide tests for Dyna-Soar I were expected to be carried out in 1963, followed by powered flights, reaching Mach 18, a robotic glide missile was to be deployed in 1968, with the fully operational weapons system expected by 1974. In March 1958, nine U. S. aerospace companies tendered for the Dyna-Soar contract, of these, the field narrowed to proposals from Bell and Boeing. Even though Bell had the advantage of six years worth of design studies, in late 1961, the Titan III was chosen as the launch vehicle. The Dyna-Soar was to be launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, the overall design of the X-20 Dyna-Soar was outlined in March 1960. It had a low-wing delta shape, with winglets for control rather than a conventional tail. The framework of the craft was to be made from the René41 super alloy, the bottom surface was to be made from molybdenum sheets placed over insulated René41, while the nose-cone was to be made from graphite with zirconia rods
28.
Cocoa Beach, Florida
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Cocoa Beach is a city in Brevard County, Florida. The population was 11,231 at the 2010 United States Census and it is part of the Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. The first non-native settlement in the area was by a family of freed slaves following the American Civil War. In 1888, a group of men from Cocoa bought the tract of land. At that time, Edwards total holdings included approximately 600 acres, prior to incorporation, the area was known as Oceanus. The Town of Cocoa Beach was established on June 5,1925, Cocoa Beachs first official meeting was held at the Cocoa Beach Casino on July 27,1925, and adopted the City Seal. Gus C. Edwards was elected as mayor and served as a commissioner along with J. A, a little less than a month later, plans for a pier became official. In 1935, the FDOT opened up what is now State Road A1A as a dirt road to Eau Gallie. In 1938, a Deputy Marshal was appointed to act in emergencies at night or at times for $. 25/hour. By 1939, the town had 49 residents, in 1940, the town requested that State Road 140 be routed on Orlando Avenue instead of Atlantic Avenue. In 1942, the prepared to receive men assigned to the newly opened Naval Air Station Banana River. Establishing regular garbage collection was discussed when the town discovered that the Air Station was having theirs collected, on May 1,1942, the German submarine U-109 torpedoed the La Paz off the shore of Cocoa Beach. The crew was able to beach it with the help of tugs, eventually it was returned to shipping. On May 3, the same U-boat sank the SS Laertes near the same spot, local boys were recruited for salvaging efforts and to rid the beach of subsequent debris. Shortly thereafter, the government realized the danger of back-lighting from the coast making easy targets of passing ships. During World War II, Cocoa Beach experienced money shortages for employees, in 1944, the town successfully fought a bill introduced in the Florida legislature which would have dissolved the city government. In 1947 a single officer was hired for $1/hour. The same year, the city constructed works for the distribution of potable water, in 1950, a volunteer fire department was created which used a second-hand vehicle
29.
LGM-30 Minuteman
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The LGM-30 Minuteman is a U. S. land-based intercontinental ballistic missile, in service with the Air Force Global Strike Command. As of 2016, the LGM-30G Minuteman III version is the only land-based ICBM in service in the United States, development of the Minuteman began in the mid-1950s as the outgrowth of basic research into solid fuel rocket motors which indicated an ICBM based on solids was possible. Such a missile could stand ready for extended periods of time with little maintenance, in comparison, existing U. S. missile designs using liquid fuels required a lengthy fueling process immediately before launch, which left them open to the possibility of surprise attack. This potential for immediate launch gave the missile its name, like the Revolutionary Wars Minutemen, Minuteman entered service in 1962 as a weapon tasked primarily with the deterrence role, threatening Soviet cities with a counterattack if the U. S. was attacked. However, with the development of the U. S, the Minuteman-II entered service in 1965 with a host of upgrades to improve its accuracy and survivability in the face of an anti-ballistic missile system the Soviets were known to be developing. Minuteman-III was the first multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle ICBM to be deployed, each missile can carry up to three nuclear warheads, which have a yield in the range of 300 to 500 kilotons. By February 2018 this will be reduced to 400 armed missiles, with 50 unarmed missiles in reserve, the Air Force plans to keep the missile in service until at least 2030. It is one component of the U. S. nuclear triad—the other two parts of the triad being the Trident submarine-launched ballistic missile, and nuclear weapons carried by long-range strategic bombers, Minuteman owes its existence largely to the efforts of then Air Force Colonel Edward N. Hall. Solid fuels were already used in rockets, but strictly for short-range uses. But Hall was convinced that they could be used for a true ICBM with 5,500 nautical miles range, to achieve the required energy, that year Hall began funding research at Boeing and Thiokol into the use of ammonium perchlorate composite propellant. Adapting a concept developed in the UK, they cast the fuel into large cylinders with a hole running along the inner axis. This allowed the fuel to burn along the length of the cylinder, rather than just the end as in earlier designs. The increased burn rate meant increased thrust, in comparison, older designs burned primarily from one end to the other, meaning that at any instant one small section of the fuselage was being subject to extreme loads and temperatures. Guidance of an ICBM is based not only on the direction the missile is travelling, too much thrust and the warhead will overshoot its target, too little and it will fall short. This appeared at first to be a problem, but in the end was solved in almost trivial fashion. A series of ports were added inside the nozzle that were opened when the guidance systems called for engine cut-off. The reduction in pressure was so abrupt that the last burning fuel ejected itself, the first to make use of these developments was not the Air Force, but the Navy. They had been involved in a joint program with the US Army to develop the liquid-fueled Jupiter missile and they felt that liquid fuels were too dangerous to use onboard ships, and especially submarines
30.
Lunar Orbiter program
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The Lunar Orbiter program was a series of five unmanned lunar orbiter missions launched by the United States from 1966 through 1967. Intended to help select Apollo landing sites by mapping the Moons surface, all five missions were successful, and 99% of the Moon was mapped from photographs taken with a resolution of 60 meters or better. The first three missions were dedicated to imaging 20 potential manned lunar landing sites, selected based on Earth-based observations and these were flown at low-inclination orbits. The fourth and fifth missions were devoted to broader scientific objectives and were flown in high-altitude polar orbits. Lunar Orbiter 4 photographed the entire nearside and 9% of the far side, all Lunar Orbiter craft were launched by an Atlas-Agena D launch vehicle. The Lunar Orbiters had an ingenious imaging system, which consisted of a camera, a film processing unit, a readout scanner. Both lenses, a 610 mm narrow angle high resolution lens, the axes of the two cameras were coincident so the area imaged in the HR frames were centered within the MR frame areas. The film was moved during exposure to compensate for the spacecraft velocity, the film was then processed, scanned, and the images transmitted back to Earth. During the Lunar Orbiter missions, the first pictures of Earth as a whole were taken, the first full picture of the whole Earth was taken by Lunar Orbiter 5 on 8 August 1967. A second photo of the whole Earth was taken by Lunar Orbiter 5 on 10 November 1967, the Boeing-Eastman Kodak proposal was announced by NASA on 20 December 1963. The main bus of the Lunar Orbiter had the shape of a truncated cone,1.65 m tall and 1.5 m in diameter at the base. The spacecraft was composed of three decks supported by trusses and an arch, four solar panels were mounted to extend out from this deck with a total span across of 3.72 m. Also extending out from the base of the spacecraft were a high gain antenna on a 1.32 m boom, above the equipment deck, the middle deck held the velocity control engine, propellant, oxidizer and pressurization tanks, Sun sensors, and micro-meteoroid detectors. The third deck consisted of a shield to protect the spacecraft from the firing of the velocity control engine. The nozzle of the engine protruded through the center of the shield, mounted on the perimeter of the top deck were four attitude control thrusters. Power of 375 W was provided by the four solar arrays containing 10,856 n/p solar cells which would run the spacecraft. The batteries were used during periods of occultation when no solar power was available. Propulsion for major maneuvers was provided by the velocity control engine
31.
Apollo program
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Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972. In these six spaceflights, twelve men walked on the Moon, Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, with the first manned flight in 1968. It achieved its goal of manned lunar landing, despite the setback of a 1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test. After the first landing, sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow-on landings with a plan for extended lunar geological and astrophysical exploration, Budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these. The crew returned to Earth safely by using the Lunar Module as a lifeboat for these functions, Apollo set several major human spaceflight milestones. It stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low Earth orbit, Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while the final Apollo 17 mission marked the sixth Moon landing and the ninth manned mission beyond low Earth orbit. The program returned 842 pounds of rocks and soil to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moons composition. The program laid the foundation for NASAs subsequent human spaceflight capability, Apollo also spurred advances in many areas of technology incidental to rocketry and manned spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers. The Apollo program was conceived during the Eisenhower administration in early 1960, while the Mercury capsule could only support one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would carry three astronauts. Possible missions included ferrying crews to a station, circumlunar flights. The program was named after the Greek god of light, music, and the sun by NASA manager Abe Silverstein, who later said that I was naming the spacecraft like Id name my baby. Silverstein chose the name at home one evening, early in 1960, in July 1960, NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L. Dryden announced the Apollo program to industry representatives at a series of Space Task Group conferences. Preliminary specifications were laid out for a spacecraft with a mission module cabin separate from the module. On August 30, a feasibility study competition was announced, and on October 25, meanwhile, NASA performed its own in-house spacecraft design studies led by Maxime Faget, to serve as a gauge to judge and monitor the three industry designs. In November 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president after a campaign that promised American superiority over the Soviet Union in the fields of space exploration and missile defense. Beyond military power, Kennedy used aerospace technology as a symbol of prestige, pledging to make the US not first but, first and, first if. Despite Kennedys rhetoric, he did not immediately come to a decision on the status of the Apollo program once he became president and he knew little about the technical details of the space program, and was put off by the massive financial commitment required by a manned Moon landing. On April 12,1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to fly in space, Kennedy was circumspect in his response to the news, refusing to make a commitment on Americas response to the Soviets
32.
NASA
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President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science. The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29,1958, disestablishing NASAs predecessor, the new agency became operational on October 1,1958. Since that time, most US space exploration efforts have led by NASA, including the Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station. Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, the agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches. NASA shares data with various national and international such as from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite. Since 2011, NASA has been criticized for low cost efficiency, from 1946, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics had been experimenting with rocket planes such as the supersonic Bell X-1. In the early 1950s, there was challenge to launch a satellite for the International Geophysical Year. An effort for this was the American Project Vanguard, after the Soviet launch of the worlds first artificial satellite on October 4,1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. This led to an agreement that a new federal agency based on NACA was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The Advanced Research Projects Agency was created in February 1958 to develop technology for military application. On July 29,1958, Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, a NASA seal was approved by President Eisenhower in 1959. Elements of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and the United States Naval Research Laboratory were incorporated into NASA, earlier research efforts within the US Air Force and many of ARPAs early space programs were also transferred to NASA. In December 1958, NASA gained control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA has conducted many manned and unmanned spaceflight programs throughout its history. Some missions include both manned and unmanned aspects, such as the Galileo probe, which was deployed by astronauts in Earth orbit before being sent unmanned to Jupiter, the experimental rocket-powered aircraft programs started by NACA were extended by NASA as support for manned spaceflight. This was followed by a space capsule program, and in turn by a two-man capsule program. This goal was met in 1969 by the Apollo program, however, reduction of the perceived threat and changing political priorities almost immediately caused the termination of most of these plans. NASA turned its attention to an Apollo-derived temporary space laboratory, to date, NASA has launched a total of 166 manned space missions on rockets, and thirteen X-15 rocket flights above the USAF definition of spaceflight altitude,260,000 feet. The X-15 was an NACA experimental rocket-powered hypersonic research aircraft, developed in conjunction with the US Air Force, the design featured a slender fuselage with fairings along the side containing fuel and early computerized control systems
33.
Aero Spacelines
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Aero Spacelines was formed with only one customer in mind. NASA required a way to transport outsized cargo from their suppliers manufacturing plants to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, the only viable means of transporting NASAs cargo was by air. However, due to the size of the components, no existing aircraft was capable of accomplishing the task. John M. Jack Conroy, an ex-United States Air Force pilot, and Lee Mansdorf and it was decided a company needed to be established to manufacture outsized aircraft. Conroy hired Robert W. Lillibridge as Vice President-Manufacturing and Engineering, financing was provided by venture capitalist William Ballon, a World War II combat veteran from the Army Air Corps. Once the company was established at Van Nuys Airport, California, subsequent versions of the Guppy series transported the S-IVB, the third stage of the Saturn booster from California to Florida. In 1967, Aero Spacelines encountered financial difficulties and was acquired by Unexcelled Inc and that corporation was sold to Tracor Aviation. Jack Conroy organized a new company, Conroy Aircraft, which built more airplanes for transporting oversized cargo, by November 1968, NASA had paid Aero Spacelines $11,591,633 in contracts. As of July 2012, one Super Guppy is still in operation, NASA uses it to transport its vehicles as needed, and leases it to third parties in the meantime. Aero Spacelines produced three Guppy aircraft models while it was in business, Pregnant Guppy Super Guppy Mini Guppy Airbus Beluga Boeing Dreamlifter Conroy Skymonster Pregnant Guppy, THE PLANE THAT WON THE SPACE RACE Bloom, Margy
34.
Aero Spacelines Pregnant Guppy
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The Aero Spacelines Pregnant Guppy was a large, wide-bodied cargo aircraft built in the United States and used for ferrying outsized cargo items, most notably NASAs components of the Apollo program. The Pregnant Guppy was the first of the Guppy line of aircraft produced by Aero Spacelines, the design also inspired similar designs such as the jet-powered Airbus Beluga, and the Boeing Dreamlifter designed to deliver Boeing 787 parts. In the late 1970s the Pregnant Guppy was advertised in government listing to make a bid to dispose, an ex Air Force pilot/private pilot and metallurgical engineer/entrepreneur by the name of Charles V. P. Balo won the government bid to scrap the plane. Ironic as it was years earlier when they were building the Guppy, parts of the Guppy are still in use today. The landing gear, for instance and the gear motor was being used by a private citizen for an off-road vehicle. In 1960, U. S. airlines were disposing of their obsolete piston-engined Boeing 377 Stratocruisers in favor of the newer jet-engined airliners. NASA was finding that barge transport of their large space program components from manufacturers on the West Coast to test and launch sites on the East Coast was slow. Conroy presented his plans for an extensively modified Stratocruiser to NASA, although NASA was lukewarm on the concept, Conroy mortgaged his house and founded Aero Spacelines International in order to build and operate the concept aircraft. Conversion work was undertaken by On Mark Engineering, the Pregnant Guppy was built from an ex-Pan Am airframe with a five-meter section from an ex-British Overseas Airways Corporation aircraft added immediately behind the wing. The wing, engines, tail, nose and cockpit were unchanged, the entire rear section was detachable to allow cargo to be loaded directly into the fuselage. The aircraft first flew on September 19,1962, piloted by Conroy, when Van Nuys traffic control realized that Conroy intended to take off, they notified police and fire departments to be on alert. However the huge aircraft performed flawlessly, the difference in handling being a slight decrease in speed caused by extra drag of the larger fuselage. Carrying the S-IV Saturn I rocket stage, the Guppy saved three weeks transit time versus barge, for a cost of $16.00 per mile, in summer 1963, the Pregnant Guppy commenced cargo flights for NASA. Among its early duties was transporting the first and second stages of the Gemini programs Titan II from the Martin Co. in Baltimore, the Pregnant Guppy was sold to American Jet Industries and registered N126AJ. Leon Yarzab was assigned as its chief mechanic and it was broken up at Van Nuys in 1979. All About Guppys, by Daren Savage and its a Plane, One mans obsession, it helped get us to the moon Tripp, Robert S. Spring 2002, American Heritage of Invention and Technology Boeing 377 Pregnant Guppy by Kenneth W. Shanaberger. The Plane That Won The Space Race by Margy Bloom, the Pregnant Guppy Historic Wings, Daily Stories
35.
Stanley Aviation
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Stanley Aviation is an aerospace company started by Robert M Stanley, the aviation pioneer, in Buffalo, New York in 1948. The company has acquired several other companies and has been most recently acquired by Eaton Corporation. Stanley is also noted for its design and production of military aircraft seats, originally located in Aurora. The companys exhibit collection of ejections seats was donated to the Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum, Denver, Colorado, section source, Stanley Aviation History Page 1948 - Robert M. Stanley, founder and Navy test pilot started his company. 1954 - awarded an ejection seat contracts, Stanley opened a new 75,000 sq ft plant in Aurora, CO, then expanded to 140,000 sq ft in the mid-1950s. 1964 - acquired the Gamah Corp. of Santa Monica, California that designed and manufactured flexible 0-ring couplings and related aerospace parts,1965 - GamahTMs products were licensed to Flight Refuelling Ltd. of Wimborne, England for the Concorde, Airbus and Tornado aircraft programs. Also, for US companies, Boeing, Douglas Aircraft, NASA,1977 - Mr. Stanley died in a plane crash on July 16,1977. This started the close-out of contracts id, brought to an end an era in the history of the Corporation, on July 21,1990, he was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame. 1981- Stanley Aviation was acquired by Flight Refuelling Limited, currently known as Cobham plc, a new group of products of aircraft fuel system and components were developed and sold. 1986 - Stanley Aviations name was kept and acquired two companies, Stang Manufacturing, Inc. and K&V Manufacturing to develop and sell aviation ground support equipment and this included engine shipping and handling equipment, aircraft towbars and special aircraft tooling. 1988 - Stanley Aviation also added sheet metal fabrication capabilities and new coupling devices for the C-17 program under the GamahTM product line and this included the Metal Seal coupling contract for the C-17 liquid oxygen and OBIGG systems, and self bonding/self locking/flexible couplings products for the C-17 Fuel System. 1990 - C-17 aircraft development further awarded Stanley a GSE towbar, 1991—An electronic controlled lift trailer for GSE program was completed and delivered in December. 1995 - Stanley was awarded a large contract for the Gulfstream V aircrafts ECS tube assemblies. 1995 - Stanley developed new technologies in aircraft Fluid Delivery Systems,2004 - A corporate realignment with Cobham plc expanded Stanley to include the EBU and Bleed Air Ducting division to handle an entire aircrafts fluid system requirements. 2005 - Eaton Corporation acquires Stanley Aviation as part of its acquisition of Cobhams aerospace business,2007 - Stanley Ejection Seats Collection Exhibit donated to the Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum. 2007 - Eaton Corporation closes Aurora location and moves the tube department to Tijuana,2009 - AGSE acquires Stanley Aviation from Eaton Corporation
36.
Ejection seat
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In aircraft, an ejection seat or ejector seat is a system designed to rescue the pilot or other crew of an aircraft in an emergency. In most designs, the seat is propelled out of the aircraft by a charge or rocket motor. The concept of an escape crew capsule has also been tried. Once clear of the aircraft, the ejection seat deploys a parachute, Ejection seats are common on certain types of military aircraft. A bungee-assisted escape from an aircraft took place in 1910, in 1916 Everard Calthrop, an early inventor of parachutes, patented an ejector seat using compressed air. The modern layout for a seat was first proposed by Romanian inventor Anastase Dragomir in the late 1920s. The design, featuring a parachuted cell, was tested on 25 August 1929 at the Paris-Orly Airport near Paris and in October 1929 at Băneasa. Dragomir patented his catapult-able cockpit at the French Patent Office, the design was perfected during World War II. The first ejection seats were developed independently during World War II by Heinkel, early models were powered by compressed air and the first aircraft to be fitted with such a system was the Heinkel He 280 prototype jet-engined fighter in 1940. At 2,400 m, Schenk found he had no control, jettisoned his towline, the He 280 was never put into production status and the first operational type built anywhere, to provide ejection seats for the crew was the Heinkel He 219 Uhu night fighter in 1942. In Sweden, a version using compressed air was tested in 1941, a gunpowder ejection seat was developed by Bofors and tested in 1943 for the Saab 21. The first test in the air was on a Saab 17 on 27 February 1944, and the first real use occurred by Lt. Bengt Johansson on 29 July 1946 after a mid-air collision between a J21 and a J22. As the first operational military jet in late 1944 to ever feature one, the lightweight Heinkel He 162A Spatz featured a new type of ejection seat, in this system, the seat rode on wheels set between two pipes running up the back of the cockpit. When lowered into position, caps at the top of the seat fitted over the pipes to close them, cartridges, basically identical to shotgun shells, were placed in the bottom of the pipes, facing upward. When fired, the gases would fill the pipes, popping the caps off the end, after World War II, the need for such systems became pressing, as aircraft speeds were getting ever higher, and it was not long before the sound barrier was broken. Manual escape at such speeds would be impossible, the United States Army Air Forces experimented with downward-ejecting systems operated by a spring, but it was the work of Sir James Martin and his company Martin-Baker that was to prove crucial. The first live flight test of the Martin-Baker system took place on 24 July 1946, shortly afterward, on 17 August 1946, 1st Sgt. Larry Lambert was the first live U. S. ejectee, Lynch demonstrated the ejection seat at the Daily Express Air Pageant in 1948, ejecting from a Meteor. W.52 experimental flying wing
37.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
38.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
39.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
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Smithsonian Institution
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The Smithsonian Institution, established in 1846 for the increase and diffusion of knowledge, is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States. Originally organized as the United States National Museum, that ceased to exist as an administrative entity in 1967. Additional facilities are located in Arizona, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York City, Texas, Virginia, more than 200 institutions and museums in 45 states, Puerto Rico, and Panama are Smithsonian Affiliates. The Institutions thirty million annual visitors are admitted without charge and its annual budget is around $1.2 billion with 2/3 coming from annual federal appropriations. Other funding comes from the Institutions endowment, private and corporate contributions, membership dues, and earned retail, concession, Institution publications include Smithsonian and Air & Space magazines. The British scientist James Smithson left most of his wealth to his nephew Henry James Hungerford, Congress officially accepted the legacy bequeathed to the nation, and pledged the faith of the United States to the charitable trust on July 1,1836. The American diplomat Richard Rush was dispatched to England by President Andrew Jackson to collect the bequest, Rush returned in August 1838 with 105 sacks containing 104,960 gold sovereigns. Once the money was in hand, eight years of Congressional haggling ensued over how to interpret Smithsons rather vague mandate for the increase, unfortunately, the money was invested by the US Treasury in bonds issued by the state of Arkansas which soon defaulted. The United States Exploring Expedition by the U. S. Navy circumnavigated the globe between 1838 and 1842, in 1846, the regents developed a plan for weather observation, in 1847, money was appropriated for meteorological research. The Institution became a magnet for young scientists from 1857 to 1866, the Smithsonian played a critical role as the U. S. partner institution in early bilateral scientific exchanges with the Academy of Sciences of Cuba. The Smithsonian Institution Building began construction in 1849, designed by architect James Renwick Jr. its interiors were completed by general contract Gilbert Cameron and the building opened in 1855. The Smithsonians first expansion came with construction of the Arts and Industries Building in 1881, Congress had promised to build a new structure for the museum if the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition generated enough income. It did, and the building was designed by architects Adolf Cluss and Paul Schulze, meigs of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The National Zoological Park opened in 1889 to accommodate the Smithsonians Department of Living Animals and this structure was designed by the D. C. architectural firm of Hornblower & Marshall. More than 40 years would pass before the museum, the Museum of History. It was designed by the firm of McKim, Mead & White. That same year, the Smithsonian signed an agreement to take over the Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration, the National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian American Art Museum opened in the Old Patent Office Building on October 7,1968. The first new building to open since the National Museum of Natural History was the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
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YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
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Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
