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Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
2.
Nonprofit organization
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A nonprofit organization is an organization whose purpose is something other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. This is known as the non-distribution constraint, the decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on. The terms nonprofit and not-for-profit are not consistently differentiated across jurisdictions, in laymans terms they are usually equivalent in concept, although in various jurisdictions there are accounting and legal differences. The nonprofit landscape is varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do make up an often high-profile or visible aspect of the sector, overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. e. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving its members. Many NPOs use the model of a bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit. Although NPOs are permitted to generate revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors, many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and executives who work with or without compensation. In some countries, where there is a fee, in general. The extent to which an NPO can generate surplus revenues may be constrained or use of surplus revenues may be restricted. Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization, they may be organized as a corporation or as a trust. Their goal is not to be successful in terms of wealth, NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. Some of the above must be expressed in the charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the authority at each particular jurisdiction. While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose, most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes
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Education
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Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has an effect on the way one thinks, feels. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy, in most regions education is compulsory up to a certain age. Etymologically, the education is derived from the Latin ēducātiō from ēducō which is related to the homonym ēdūcō from ē-. Education began in prehistory, as trained the young in the knowledge. In pre-literate societies this was achieved orally and through imitation, story-telling passed knowledge, values, and skills from one generation to the next. As cultures began to extend their knowledge beyond skills that could be learned through imitation. Schools existed in Egypt at the time of the Middle Kingdom, plato founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in Europe. The city of Alexandria in Egypt, established in 330 BCE, there, the great Library of Alexandria was built in the 3rd century BCE. European civilizations suffered a collapse of literacy and organization following the fall of Rome in CE476, after the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centres of advanced education, some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europes modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous, founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university. The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek, around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to spread more quickly. The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of education in philosophy, religion, arts, the Enlightenment saw the emergence of a more secular educational outlook in Europe. In most countries today, full-time education, whether at school or otherwise, is compulsory for all children up to a certain age, formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system, such choices include curriculum, organizational models, design of the physical learning spaces, student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more
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Health care
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It includes the work done in providing primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care, as well as in public health. Access to healthcare varies across countries, groups, and individuals, largely influenced by social, countries and jurisdictions have different policies and plans in relation to the personal and population-based health care goals within their societies. Healthcare systems are organizations established to meet the needs of target populations. Their exact configuration varies between national and subnational entities, in some countries and jurisdictions, healthcare planning is distributed among market participants, whereas in others, planning occurs more centrally among governments or other coordinating bodies. Healthcare can contribute to a significant part of a countrys economy. In 2011, the healthcare industry consumed an average of 9.3 percent of the GDP or US$3,322 per capita across the 34 members of OECD countries.1 years, a gain of 10 years since 1970. The USA ranges only on place 26 among the 34 OECD member countries, all OECD countries have achieved universal health coverage, except Mexico and the USA. Healthcare is conventionally regarded as an important determinant in promoting the general physical and mental health, an example of this was the worldwide eradication of smallpox in 1980, declared by the WHO as the first disease in human history to be completely eliminated by deliberate health care interventions. The delivery of health care depends on groups of trained professionals and paraprofessionals coming together as interdisciplinary teams. Healthcare can be defined as public or private. Primary care refers to the work of professionals who act as a first point of consultation for all patients within the health care system. Depending on the nature of the condition, patients may then be referred for secondary or tertiary care. Primary care is used as the term for the health care services which play a role in the local community. It can be provided in different settings, such as Urgent care centres which provide services to patients same day with appointment or walk-in bases, consequently, a primary care practitioner must possess a wide breadth of knowledge in many areas. The International Classification of Primary Care is a tool for understanding and analyzing information on interventions in primary care by the reason for the patient visit. Common chronic illnesses usually treated in primary care may include, for example, hypertension, diabetes, asthma, COPD, depression and anxiety, back pain, Primary care also includes many basic maternal and child health care services, such as family planning services and vaccinations. Physicians in this model bill patients directly for services, either on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis. Examples of direct primary care practices include Foundation Health in Colorado, the World Health Organization attributes the provision of essential primary care as an integral component of an inclusive primary health care strategy
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Environmental protection
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Environmental protection is a practice of protecting the natural environment on individual, organisation controlled or governmental levels, for the benefit of both the environment and humans. Due to the pressures of over consumption, population and technology and this has been recognized, and governments have begun placing restraints on activities that cause environmental degradation. Since the 1960s, activity of environmental movements has created awareness of the environmental issues. There is no agreement on the extent of the impact of human activity and even scientific dishonesty occurs. For instance, in India, Environment Improvement Trust has been working for environment & forest protection since 1998, a group of Green Volunteers get a goal of Green India Clean India concept. CA Gajendra Kumar Jain an Chartered Accountant is founder of Environment Improvement Trust in Sojat city a small village of State of Rajasthan in India, in developing countries, such as throughout Latin America, these agreements are more commonly used to remedy significant levels of non-compliance with mandatory regulation. The challenges that exist with these agreements lie in establishing baseline data, targets, due to the difficulties inherent in evaluating effectiveness, their use is often questioned and, indeed, the whole environment may well be adversely affected as a result. The key advantage of their use in developing countries is that their use helps to build environmental management capacity and this approach ideally supports a better exchange of information, development of conflict-resolution strategies and improved regional conservation. Many of the resources are especially vulnerable because they are influenced by human impacts across many countries. As a result of this, many attempts are made by countries to develop agreements that are signed by multiple governments to prevent damage or manage the impacts of human activity on natural resources. This can include agreements that impact factors such as climate, oceans, rivers and these agreements have a long history with some multinational agreements being in place from as early as 1910 in Europe, America and Africa. Some of the most well-known international agreements include the Kyoto Protocol, discussion concerning environmental protection often focuses on the role of government, legislation, and law enforcement. However, in its broadest sense, environmental protection may be seen to be the responsibility of all the people, decisions that impact the environment will ideally involve a broad range of stakeholders including industry, indigenous groups, environmental group and community representatives. Gradually, environmental decision-making processes are evolving to reflect this broad base of stakeholders and are becoming more collaborative in many countries, many constitutions acknowledge the fundamental right to environmental protection and many international treaties acknowledge the right to live in a healthy environment. Also, many countries have organizations and agencies devoted to environmental protection, there are international environmental protection organizations, such as the United Nations Environment Programme. Tanzania is recognised as having some of the greatest biodiversity of any African country, almost 40% of the land has been established into a network of protected areas, including several national parks. In year 1948, Serengeti was officially established as the first national park for wild cats in East Africa, in 1998 Environment Improvement Trust start working for environment & forest protection in India from a small city Sojat. Founder of Environment Improvement Trust is CA Gajendra Kumar Jain working with volunteers, division of the biosphere is the main government body that oversees protection
6.
Peace Corps
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The Peace Corps is a volunteer program run by the United States government. The work is related to social and economic development. Each program participant, a Peace Corps Volunteer, is an American citizen, typically with a college degree, Volunteers work with governments, schools, non-profit organizations, non-government organizations, and entrepreneurs in education, business, information technology, agriculture, and the environment. After 24 months of service, volunteers can request an extension of service, from 1961 to 2015, nearly 220,000 Americans have joined the Peace Corps and served in 141 countries. The Peace Corps shows the willingness of Americans to work at the level in order to help underdeveloped countries meet their needs. The Peace Corps has affected the way people of other countries view Americans, how Americans view other countries, following the end of World War II, various members of the United States Congress proposed bills to establish volunteer organizations in developing countries. In that calling, these men would follow the work done by the religious missionaries in these countries over the past 100 years. In 1952 Senator Brien McMahon proposed an army of young Americans to act as missionaries of democracy, privately funded nonreligious organizations began sending volunteers overseas during the 1950s. The President, knowing how I felt, asked me to introduce legislation for all three, I introduced the first Peace Corps bill in 1957. It did not meet with much enthusiasm, Some traditional diplomats quaked at the thought of thousands of young Americans scattered across their world. Many senators, including liberal ones, thought it silly and an unworkable idea, now, with a young president urging its passage, it became possible and we pushed it rapidly through the Senate. It is fashionable now to suggest that Peace Corps Volunteers gained as much or more and that may be true, but it ought not demean their work. They touched many lives and made them better, Only in 1959, however, did the idea receive serious attention in Washington when Congressman Henry S. Reuss of Wisconsin proposed a Point Four Youth Corps. In 1960, he and Senator Richard L. Neuberger of Oregon introduced identical measures calling for a study of the ideas advisability and practicability. Both the House Foreign Affairs Committee and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee endorsed the study, in this form it became law in June 1960. He later dubbed the proposed organization the Peace Corps, a brass marker commemorates the place where Kennedy stood. In the weeks after the 1960 election, the group at Colorado State University. Kennedys opponent, Richard M. Nixon, predicted it would become a cult of escapism, others doubted whether recent graduates had the necessary skills and maturity
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Corporation for National and Community Service
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The agencys mission is to support the American culture of citizenship, service, and responsibility. While a government agency, CNCS acts much like a foundation and is the nation’s largest annual grant maker supporting service and volunteering. CNCS, formerly known as the Corporation for National Service or CNS, was created as an independent agency of the United States government by the National and Community Service Trust Act of 1993. Currently, CNCS delivers several programs that are designed to help address poverty, the environment, education. The programs include, AmeriCorps is a service program designed to engage Americans in a variety of service. Programs under the AmeriCorps umbrella include AmeriCorps National and AmeriCorps State programs, National Civilian Community Corps, on April 21,2009, the Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act was signed into law which reauthorized and dramatically expanded the AmeriCorps volunteer service program. The new law would more than triple the number of available AmeriCorps volunteer slots from then current 75,000 to 250,000 by fiscal year 2017 with 50% of these positions becoming full-time. Formerly known as Serve America, Learn and Serve America engages students in community-based organizations, in 2011 the United States House Appropriations Committee eliminated the entire budget for the Learn and Serve America program. 1990, President George H. W. Bush signs the National and Community Service Act of 1990 into law and this legislation created the new independent federal agency called the Commission on National and Community Service. It is modeled on the Depression-era Civilian Conservation Corps and the United States military,2002, President George W. Bush creates the USA Freedom Corps. Past CEOs of CNCS include, C
8.
Senior Corps
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Senior Corps is a United States government agency under the authority of the Corporation For National and Community Service. Its stated mission is to aid to senior citizens in communities while promoting a sense of community. There are about 400,000 members nationwide, Senior Corps is for people age 55+ who want to share their experiences with others who are most in need of mentors, coaches or a companion. First operational on August 28,1965, the Foster Grandparents program enables seniors to interact with and support young children, thus acting as foster grandparents. Open to seniors 55 and over, the goal is to provide grandparents who will give emotional support to victims of abuse, tutor, mentor. Additionally, an income-eligible Foster Grandparent participant will receive a small stipend to offset any incurred costs. Much like the Foster Grandparents program, RSVP seeks to provide a way in which citizens can give back to their community. Flexible in nature, RSVP allows participants to choose how and when they work, open to seniors 55 and over, the programs goals are wide and varied, and include tutoring children, building homes, helping immunize children, relief services, and aid to community organizations. Volunteers are given an orientation, on-the-job training from the placement agency or organization. One of the more widespread RSVP programs is a telephone reassurance service, RSVP volunteers contact other seniors by phone to ensure their well-being and provide friendly chat. The Senior Companions program is aimed at helping citizens who need assistance to live independently, such as adults with disabilities or those with terminal illnesses. Participants provide both emotional and physical support by assisting with simple house chores, providing transportation, offering companionship, a senior companion must be 55 years of age and able to give between 15 and 40 hours of service per week. Senior Corps was formed from a merge of its constituent programs, Foster Grandparents, RSVP, the three were originally mandated under the Domestic Volunteer Service Act of 1973 with similar aims. When the Corporation for National and Community Service was formed by then-president Bill Clinton in 1993, the three national Senior Corps programs – Foster Grandparents, RSVP, and Senior Companions – have unique histories, and each was developed to meet a specific need. But all were crafted on the belief that older adults are valuable resources to their communities. The Foster Grandparent Program was piloted on August 28,1965, the program quickly revealed the positive impact these thriving older Americans have on exceptional and special needs children and grew in scope. In 1968, the Senior Companion Program began as part of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, five years later, President Richard Nixon asked Congress to expand the role of low-income older volunteers who provide personal services to others. Seven months later, the Senior Companion Program was signed into law, in the 1980s the Foster Grandparent Program was championed by First Lady Nancy Reagan
9.
Learn and Serve America
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Learn and Serve America was a United States government program under the authority of the Corporation For National and Community Service. Its mission was to provide opportunities for students nationwide to participate in learning projects. It sponsored the President’s Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll, Learn and Serve Americas budget was primarily distributed to K-12 and higher education institutions, as well as community organizations, upon request, in the form of grants. Learn and Serve America also oversaw the Presidential Freedom Scholarships, the Presidential Volunteer Service Awards, Learn and Serve America provided leadership and support to the National Service-Learning Clearinghouse. Learn and Serve America grew from Serve America, a program created under the National, when the Corporation for National and Community Service was created in 1993, Serve America was reformed as Learn and Serve America. Http, //www. nationalservice. gov/pdf/factsheet_lsa. pdf Learn and Serve America was reauthorized in the 2009 Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act, in 2011 the United States House Appropriations Committee eliminated the entire budget for the Learn and Serve America program. Service-learning National service Learn and Serve Americas home page
10.
Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
11.
National Civilian Community Corps
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National Civilian Community Corps, or AmeriCorps NCCC is an AmeriCorps program that engages 18- to 24-year-olds in team-based national and community service in the United States. National Civilian Community Corps teams complete about four different six- to eight-week-long projects during their 10-month term of service, each team is made up of eight to twelve Corps Members and one Team Leader. Corps Members and Team Leaders are representative of all colors, creeds, states, each campus serves as a training center and hub for a multi-state region. Members are required to complete a minimum of 1,700 hours of service, including 80 independent service hours, though members complete an average of 1,850 service hours per term. The mission of the NCCC program is “To strengthen communities and develop leaders through team-based national and community service. ”While serving in AmeriCorps NCCC, Corps Members receive, Living allowance of approx. A Segal AmeriCorps Education Award can be used to pay education costs at qualified institutions of education, for educational training. The award amount for full-time AmeriCorps programs, including NCCC, is currently $5,775 based on the value of the Pell Grant. The award can be accessed in full or in part, much of the Fiscal Year 2006 and 2007 funding issued to NCCC was directly specified as being intended for hurricane relief in the Katrina impacted upper-gulf region. In 2007, in response to pressures, the Corporation for National and Community Service announced the closure of the Charleston, SC and Washington. Sixty percent of the remaining NCCC will be deployed to the Gulf Coast to aid with Hurricane Katrina relief until at least 2010, in 2008 the National Civilian Community Corps opened a new campus in Vinton, Iowa. This was followed in July 2009 by the opening of a new campus in Vicksburg, in 2012, the Federal Emergency Management Agency and The Corporation for National and Community Service created FEMA Corps. FEMA Corps, a track of the AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps program, is a service program dedicated to disaster response. FEMA Corps is described as a dedicated, trained, and reliable disaster workforce, Members serve full-time for ten months on federal disaster response and recovery efforts. The first 231 members of the FEMA Corps class were inducted on September 30,2012, Members serve on teams of 8 to 12 people, and follow the traditional NCCC model of serving, living, and traveling together. Members receive a living stipend of about of $3,000 over their ten months of service, and housing, food. Members also receive an award of at least $5,730 after successfully completing 10 months of service. Before starting project work, members go through team building exercises, physical training, during this time, members also receive extensive training in first aid/CPR and disaster relief through the Red Cross. They are also trained on how to use different tools and other equipment they might need throughout their projects, projects fall into one or more of five areas, disaster response, infrastructure improvement, environmental stewardship and conservation, energy conservation, and urban and rural development
12.
Cost of living
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Cost of living is the cost of maintaining a certain standard of living. Changes in the cost of living over time are often operationalized in a cost of living index, cost of living calculations are also used to compare the cost of maintaining a certain standard of living in different geographic areas. Differences in cost of living between locations can also be measured in terms of purchasing power parity rates, employment contracts, pension benefits, and government entitlements such as Social Security can be tied to a cost-of-living index, typically to the consumer price index. A COLA adjusts salaries based on changes in a cost-of-living index and they may also be tied to a cost-of-living index that varies by geographic location if the employee moves. Annual escalation clauses in employment contracts can specify retroactive or future percentage increases in worker pay which are not tied to any index, cost-of-living allowance is equal to the nominal interest minus the real interest rate. When cost-of-living adjustments, negotiated wage settlements and budgetary increases exceed CPI, however, CPI is based on the retail pricing of a basket of goods and services. Most purchases of that same basket require the use of after-tax dollars—dollars that were subject to the highest marginal tax rate. Consequently, the COLA will necessarily have to exceed the CPI inflation rate to maintain purchasing power and they include food, drink, clothing, household supplies and personal care items, home rents, transport, utility bills, private schools, domestic help and recreational costs. The survey itself is a tool designed to calculate cost-of-living allowances and build compensation packages for expatriates. The survey incorporates easy-to-understand comparative cost of living indices between cities, the survey allows city-to-city comparisons, but for the purpose of this report all cities are compared to a base city of New York City, which has an index set at 100. The survey has been carried out for more than 30 years, the most recent survey was published in March 2017. Singapore, remains the most expensive city in the world for the year running. Sydney and Melbourne have both cemented their positions as top-ten staples, with Sydney becoming the fifth most expensive, asia is home to more than five most expensive cities in the top twenty but also home to eight cheapest cities of the cheapest ten. Stipends or extra pay provided to employees who are being temporarily relocated may also be called cost-of-living adjustments or cost-of-living allowances, such adjustments are intended to offset changes in welfare due to geographic differences in the cost of living. Such adjustments might more accurately be described as a per diem allowance or tied to a specific item, employees who are being permanently relocated are less likely to receive such allowances, but may receive a base salary adjustment to reflect local market conditions. For example, service members stationed in Japan receive a cost of living allowance of between $300 and $700 per month, in addition to their base pay
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Higher education
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Higher education, post-secondary education, or third level education is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completion of secondary education. Tertiary education at non-degree level is referred to as further education or continuing education as distinct from higher education. The right of access to education is mentioned in a number of international human rights instruments. In Europe, Article 2 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950, in the days when few pupils progressed beyond primary education, the term higher education was often used to refer to secondary education, which can create some confusion. Higher education includes teaching, research, exacting applied work, within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level, and beyond that, graduate-level. The latter level of education is referred to as graduate school. Higher education is important to national economies, both as an industry, in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy. College educated workers have commanded a measurable wage premium and are less likely to become unemployed than less educated workers. However, the admission of so many students of average ability to higher education inevitably requires a decline in academic standards. There is some question as to whether advanced mathematical skills or talent are in fact necessary for such as history, English, philosophy. In contrast, the higher education and training that takes place at vocational universities and schools usually concentrates on practical applications. Requirements for admission to such high-level graduate programs is extremely competitive, in the United States, there are large differences in wages and employment associated with different degrees. Medical doctors and lawyers are generally the highest paid workers, and have among the lowest unemployment rates and it may encompass using insights to conceive, model and scale an appropriate solution to a problem or objective. Engineering disciplines include, aerospace, biological, civil, chemical, computer, electrical, industrial, examples are painting, sculpture, and drawing, etc. Higher educational institutions in these arts include Film schools and Art schools, Higher vocational education and training takes place at the non-university tertiary level. Such education combines teaching of practical skills and theoretical expertise. Higher education differs from other forms of education such as that offered by institutions of vocational education. Higher vocational education might be contrasted with education in a broader scientific field
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Health
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Health is the level of functional and metabolic efficiency of a living organism. In humans it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt, other definitions have been proposed, among which a recent definition that correlates health and personal satisfaction. The definition of health has evolved over time, although this definition was welcomed by some as being innovative, it was also criticized as being vague, excessively broad, and was not construed as measurable. For a long time it was set aside as an impractical ideal, just as there was a shift from viewing disease as a state to thinking of it as a process, the same shift happened in definitions of health. Again, the WHO played a role when it fostered the development of the health promotion movement in the 1980s. This brought in a new conception of health, not as a state, the 1984 WHO revised definition of health defined it as the extent to which an individual or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment. Health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living, it is a concept, emphasizing social and personal resources. Thus, health referred to the ability to maintain homeostasis and recover from insults, since the late 1970s, the federal Healthy People Initiative has been a visible component of the United States’ approach to improving population health. Progress has been limited for many objectives, leading to concerns about the effectiveness of Healthy People in shaping outcomes in the context of a decentralized and uncoordinated US health system. Healthy People 2020 gives more prominence to health promotion and preventive approaches, a new expanded digital interface facilitates use and dissemination rather than bulky printed books as produced in the past. The impact of changes to Healthy People will be determined in the coming years. Systematic activities to prevent or cure health problems and promote health in humans are undertaken by health care providers. Applications with regard to animal health are covered by the veterinary sciences, studies have shown that high levels of stress can affect human health. Generally, the context in which an individual lives is of importance for both his health status and quality of their life. The concept of the field, as distinct from medical care. The report identified three interdependent fields as key determinants of an individuals health, the maintenance and promotion of health is achieved through different combination of physical, mental, and social well-being, together sometimes referred to as the health triangle. The WHOs 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion further stated that health is not just a state, Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities. Health and illness can co-exist, as people with multiple chronic diseases or terminal illnesses can consider themselves healthy
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South Dakota
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South Dakota is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes, South Dakota is the 17th most expansive, but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2,1889, Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of about 171,000, is South Dakotas largest city. South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, the state is bisected by the Missouri River, dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves, known to residents as East River and West River. Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the states population, West of the Missouri, ranching is the predominant agricultural activity, and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending. Most of the Native American reservations are located in West River, the Black Hills, a group of low pine-covered mountains sacred to the Sioux, are located in the southwest part of the state. Mount Rushmore, a major tourist destination, is located there, South Dakota experiences a temperate continental climate, with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west. The ecology of the state features species typical of a North American grassland biome, humans have inhabited the area for several millennia, with the Sioux becoming dominant by the early 19th century. In the late 19th century, European-American settlement intensified after a rush in the Black Hills. Encroaching miners and settlers triggered a number of Indian wars, ending with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, historically dominated by an agricultural economy and a rural lifestyle, South Dakota has recently sought to diversify its economy in areas to attract and retain residents. South Dakotas history and rural character still strongly influence the culture of the state, South Dakota is situated in the north-central United States, and is considered a part of the Midwest by the U. S. Census Bureau, it is also part of the Great Plains region. The culture, economy, and geography of western South Dakota have more in common with the West than the Midwest, South Dakota has a total area of 77,116 square miles, making the state the 17th largest in the Union. Black Elk Peak, formerly named Harney Peak, with an elevation of 7,242 ft, is the states highest point, while the shoreline of Big Stone Lake is the lowest, with an elevation of 966 ft. South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota, to the south by Nebraska, to the east by Iowa and Minnesota, the geographical center of the U. S. is 17 miles west of Castle Rock in Butte County. The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located between Allen and Kyle,1,024 mi from the nearest coastline, the Missouri River is the largest and longest river in the state. Other major South Dakota rivers include the Cheyenne, James, Big Sioux, Eastern South Dakota has many natural lakes, mostly created by periods of glaciation. Additionally, dams on the Missouri River create four large reservoirs, Lake Oahe, Lake Sharpe, Lake Francis Case, South Dakota can generally be divided into three regions, eastern South Dakota, western South Dakota, and the Black Hills. The Missouri River serves as a boundary in terms of geographic, social, at times the Black Hills are combined with the rest of western South Dakota, and people often refer to the resulting two regions divided by the Missouri River as West River and East River
16.
Volunteering
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Volunteering is generally considered an altruistic activity where an individual or group provides services for no financial gain to benefit another person, group or organization. Volunteering is also renowned for skill development and is intended to promote goodness or to improve human quality of life. Volunteering may have benefits for the volunteer as well as for the person or community served. It is also intended to make contacts for possible employment, many volunteers are specifically trained in the areas they work, such as medicine, education, or emergency rescue. Others serve on a basis, such as in response to a natural disaster. The verb was first recorded in 1755 and it was derived from the noun volunteer, in C.1600, one who offers himself for military service, from the Middle French voluntaire. In the non-military sense, the word was first recorded during the 1630s, the word volunteering has more recent usage—still predominantly military—coinciding with the phrase community service. In a military context, an army is a military body whose soldiers chose to enter service. Such volunteers do not work for free and are given regular pay, during this time, America experienced the Great Awakening. People became aware of the disadvantaged and realized the cause for movement against slavery, younger people started helping the needy in their communities. In 1851, the first YMCA in the United States was started, followed seven years later by the first YWCA. During the American Civil War, women volunteered their time to sew supplies for the soldiers and the Angel of the Battlefield Clara Barton and a team of volunteers began providing aid to servicemen. Barton founded the American Red Cross in 1881 and began mobilizing volunteers for disaster relief operations, the Salvation Army is one of the oldest and largest organizations working for disadvantaged people. Though it is a charity organization, it has organized a number of volunteering programs since its inception, prior to the 19th century, few formal charitable organizations existed to assist people in need. The Great Depression saw one of the first large-scale, nationwide efforts to coordinate volunteering for a specific need, after World War II, people shifted the focus of their altruistic passions to other areas, including helping the poor and volunteering overseas. A major development was the Peace Corps in the United States in 1960, when President Lyndon B. Johnson declared a War on Poverty in 1964, volunteer opportunities started to expand and continued into the next few decades. The process for finding volunteer work became more formalized, with more volunteer centers forming and new ways to find work appearing on the World Wide Web. According to the Corporation for National and Community Service, about 64.5 million Americans, or 26.5 percent of the adult population and this calculates at about 125–150 hours per year or 3 hours per week at a rate of $22 per hour
17.
City Year
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City Year is an education-focused organization founded in 1988 dedicated to helping students and schools succeed. City Year partners with schools in 27 urban, high-poverty communities across the U. S. and through international affiliates in the U. K. and Johannesburg. City Year corps members focused their efforts on community rehabilitation, beautification of neighborhoods, since then, more than 900,000 AmeriCorps members have contributed upwards of 1.2 billion hours of public service. City Year, along with thousands of other organizations, is a member of the AmeriCorps network. In early 2005, City Year opened its first international site in South Africa, a second international affiliate, City Year London based in London, England, followed in 2010. In 2009 Michael Brown, co-founder and current Chief Executive Officer, announced In School and On Track, City Year AmeriCorps members commit to a ten-month service year, performing a combination of service, leadership development, and civic engagement. To respond to the challenges facing public education, City Year AmeriCorps members work in schools full-time providing academic support and these school partnerships work within a framework known as Whole School, Whole Child. This program has several components, aimed at improving school attendance, student behavior and these three factors, called the ABCs, are prominent early warning indicators of students at risk of dropping out of high school. According to the study, a student who exhibits even one of these indicators as early as sixth grade has a 25% chance of graduating with their peers. Reaching those same students at the time, with the correct intervention. The study also shows that students who reach tenth grade on-track have a 75% of graduating, in the 2014 -2015 academic year, more than 2,800 City Year AmeriCorps members served approximately 175,000 students in 264 schools nationwide. City Year serves in 28 cities within the United States, with two international affiliates, *Highlighted entries are international locations City Year AmeriCorps members represent a diverse array of racial, ethnic, religious, and educational backgrounds. Approximately 80% of the members are recent college graduates and nearly 10% are recent high school graduates. AmeriCorps members begin their year in the summertime, undergoing several weeks of intensive training before the beginning of the school year. During this training, corps members are oriented to City Year culture and they are assigned to serve on a team at a particular school, where they will work for the duration of their service year. Like other AmeriCorps members, City Year corps members receive a living allowance. City Year AmeriCorps also receive insurance benefits and qualify for a post-service education award through AmeriCorps. Additionally, City Year has local partnerships in all cities that offer benefits like public transit passes, City Year is a highly selective program
18.
YMCA
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The Young Mens Christian Association is a worldwide organisation based in Geneva, Switzerland, with more than 57 million beneficiaries from 125 national associations. It was founded on 6 June 1844 by George Williams in London and aims to put Christian principles into practice by developing a body, mind. These three angles are reflected by the different sides of the triangle—part of all YMCA logos, from its inception, it grew rapidly and ultimately became a worldwide movement founded on the principles of Muscular Christianity. YMCAs continue to be religious organisations, many national or local organisations de-emphasise this aspect, the different local YMCAs are voluntarily affiliated through their national organisations. The national organisations in turn are part of both an Area Alliance and the World Alliance of YMCAs, the World Alliances main motto is empowering young people. It was associated with industrialisation and the movement of people to cities to work. The YMCA combined preaching in the streets and the distribution of religious tracts with a social ministry, philanthropists saw them as places for wholesome recreation that would preserve youth from the temptations of alcohol, gambling, and prostitution and that would promote good citizenship. The YMCA was founded by George Williams, a London draper and he and his colleagues were concerned about the lack of healthy activities for young men in major cities, the options available were usually taverns and brothels. By 1851, there were YMCAs in the United Kingdom, Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. In 1855,99 YMCA delegates from Europe and North America met in Paris at the First World Conference of YMCAs and they discussed joining together in a federation to enhance cooperation amongst individual YMCA societies. This marked the beginning of the World Alliance of YMCAs, the conference adopted the Paris Basis, a common mission for all present and future national YMCAs. Its motto was taken from the Bible, That they all may be one, in 1865 The Fourth World Conference of YMCAs, held in Germany, affirmed the importance of developing the whole individual in body, mind, and spirit. The concept of work through sports, a new concept for the time, was also recognised as part of this muscular Christianity. Today the YMCA is more focused on inspiring youths and their families to exercise, in 1878, World Alliance of YMCAs offices were established in Geneva, Switzerland. Later, in 1900, North American YMCAs, in collaboration with the World Alliance, set up centres to work with emigrants in European ports, as millions of people were leaving for the USA. In 1885, Camp Baldhead, the first residential camp in the United States and North America, was established by A. Sanford and Sumner F. Dudley, both of whom worked for the YMCA. The camp, originally located near Orange Lake in New Jersey, moved to Lake Wawayanda in Sussex County the following year, by 1910, the YMCA was an early influence upon scouting, including the Boy Scouts of America and German Scouting. Edgar M. Robinson, a Chicago-area YMCA administrator, briefly left the YMCA to become the BSAs first director, the Blue Ridge Association for Christian Conferences and Training was formed in 1907, and shortly thereafter built the Blue Ridge Assembly conference centre
19.
International Rescue Committee
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The International Rescue Committee is a global humanitarian aid, relief and development nongovernmental organization. Founded in 1933 at the request of Albert Einstein, the IRC offers emergency aid and long-term assistance to refugees, the IRC is currently working in over 40 countries and 22 U. S. cities where it resettles refugees and helps them become self-sufficient. The President of the International Rescue Committee is former British Foreign Secretary David Miliband and its purpose was to aid victims of state oppression and persecution. After the Nazis took power in 1933, the organisation moved its headquarters to Paris, the KPO consisted of the right opposition - communists who had been purged by Stalin in 1929 because of their support for Nikolai Bukharin. Among those purged was Jay Lovestone, the head of the American Communist Party. It was Lovestone who formed an American section of the International Relief Association in 1933, among those who joined him was Albert Einstein. Its purpose was to assist Germans suffering under Adolf Hitlers government - particularly supporters of the right opposition, later, refugees from Mussolinis Italy and Francos Spain were assisted. In 1940, European exiles and American liberals close to Eleanor Roosevelt and its representative in Marseilles Varian Fry was instrumental in helping many individuals escape Vichy and the Nazis to safety in the U. S. and elsewhere. Over 2,000 political, cultural, union and academic leaders were rescued in thirteen months, Fry, also worked closely with British intelligence, helping to establish escape routes for British servicemen. - financed largely by the National War Fund, in 1945, at the end of World War II, the IRC initiated emergency relief programs, established hospitals and children’s centers, and started refugee resettlement efforts in Europe. With the descent of the Iron Curtain in 1946, the IRC initiated a resettlement program for East European refugees, in 1950, the IRC intensified its aid in Europe with Project Berlin, which provided food to the people of West Berlin amid increased Soviet oppression. After the war, the Committees European representatives focused on rebuilding the German SPD as a bulwark against the Communists, leo Cherne, an IRC board member since 1946, was elected IRC Chairman in 1951. He would hold the position for 40 years, also in the 1950s, the IRC began relief and resettlement programs for refugees displaced by the North Vietnamese defeat of the French and by the Soviet forces’ crushing of the Hungarian revolution. In 1960, an IRC resettlement program began for Cuban refugees fleeing the Castro dictatorship, IRC operations were extended to Africa in 1962 when 200,000 Angolans fled to Zaire. Also that year, the IRC began aiding Chinese fleeing to Hong Kong from the mainland, at the turn of the decade, the IRC launched emergency relief programs for Afghan refugees fleeing to Pakistan. Eight years later, the IRC started community rehabilitation activities in Afghanistan for tens of thousands of returning refugees, during the 1982 war in Lebanon, the IRC assisted Palestinian and Lebanese refugees. Spanish Refugee Aid, which served the survivors of the Spanish Civil War in France and that same year, the IRC initiated health and community development projects in El Salvador for displaced victims of the civil war. Partnering with the Polish trade union movement Solidarity in 1987, the IRC began a health program in Poland
20.
Girl Scouts of the USA
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Girl Scouts of the United States of America, commonly referred to as simply Girl Scouts, is a youth organization for girls in the United States and American girls living abroad. Founded by Juliette Gordon Low in 1912, it was organized after Low met Robert Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting, in 1911. Upon returning to Savannah, Georgia, she telephoned a distant cousin, saying, Ive got something for the girls of Savannah, and all of America, and all the world, and were going to start it tonight. Girl Scouts achievements are recognized with various awards, including the Girl Scout Gold, Silver. Girl Scout membership is organized according to grade, with designed for each level. GSUSA is a member of the World Association of Girl Guides, a 1994 Chronicle of Philanthropy poll showed Girl Scouts ranked by the public as the eighth most popular charity/non-profit in America among more than 100 charities. It describes itself as the preeminent organization dedicated solely to girls. Girl Scouting in the United States of America began on March 12,1912 and it has since grown to 3.7 million members. Low, who had met Baden-Powell in London while she was living in the United Kingdom, dreamed of giving the United States, from its inception, the Girl Scouts has been organized and run exclusively by women, for girls and women. Juliette Gordon Low was the granddaughter of Juliette Magill Kinzie and John Harris Kinzie, whose family was one of the earliest settlers of Chicago. Juliette Kinzie wrote about her experiences in the Northwest Territory in her book Wau-Bun, some of what her granddaughter, Juliette Gordon Low, knew firsthand about her grandmothers experiences on the frontier were incorporated into the beginnings and traditions of Girl Scouts. The early home of Juliette Lows grandparents can be visited May 15 through October 15 in Portage, in late 1912, Low proposed that the Camp Fire Girls merge with the Girl Guides but was rejected in January 1913 as Camp Fire was then the larger group. Next, Low attempted to merge her organization with the Girl Scouts of America which was founded in Des Moines and she thought their similarities would make this easier but Lisetor-Lane felt Daisy copycatted her organization and threatened to sue. Lisetor-Lane later claimed Lows organization was luring members away but the GSAs growth was limited by a lack of resources which led to its eventual demise. The Girl Guides of America in 1913 changed its name to Girl Scouts of the United States and moved its headquarters to Washington, in 1915 the organization was incorporated and the national headquarters was moved to New York City. The name reached its current form, Girl Scouts of the United States of America, the organization was given a congressional charter on March 16,1950. Within months, members were hiking through the woods in knee-length blue uniforms, playing basketball on a curtained-off court, in 1916, Low established an aviation badge—even before women could vote. By 1920, there were nearly 70,000 members, by 1923 the organization had branches in every state in the union, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico, and a total membership of 125,738
21.
Boy Scouts of America
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The BSA was founded in 1910 and, since then, more than 110 million Americans have been participants in BSA programs at some time. The BSA is part of the international Scout Movement and became a member organization of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922. In order to further these activities, the BSA has four high-adventure bases, Northern Tier, Philmont Scout Ranch, Sea Base. The traditional Scouting divisions are Cub Scouting for boys ages 7 to 10½ years, Boy Scouting for boys ages 10½ to 18, Learning for Life is a non-traditional subsidiary that provides in-school and career education. Units are led entirely by volunteers appointed by the chartering organization, the progressive movement in the United States was at its height during the early 20th century. With the migration of families from farms to cities, there were concerns among some people that men were no longer learning patriotism and individualism. The YMCA was a promoter of reforms for young men with a focus on social welfare and programs of mental, physical, social. In 1907, Robert Baden-Powell, founded the Scouting movement in England using elements of Setons works among other influences, several Scout programs for boys started independently in the US. Many of these Scout programs in the US merged with the BSA.52 In 1909, Chicago publisher W. D. Boyce was visiting London, Boyce was lost on a foggy street when an unknown Scout came to his aid, guiding him to his destination. The boy then refused Boyces tip, explaining that he was a Boy Scout and was doing his daily good turn. Interested in the Boy Scouts, Boyce met with staff at the Boy Scouts Headquarters and, by some accounts, upon his return to the US, Boyce incorporated the Boy Scouts of America on February 8,1910. Edgar M. Robinson and Lee F. Hanmer became interested in the nascent BSA, Robinson enlisted Seton, Beard, Charles Eastman, and other prominent leaders in the early youth movements. Former president Theodore Roosevelt, who had complained of the decline in American manhood. The current mission statement of the BSA is to young people to make ethical and moral choices over their lifetimes by instilling in them the values of the Scout Oath. The BSA holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code, on behalf of the BSA, Paul Sleman, Colin H. Livingstone, Ernest S. Martin, and James E. West successfully lobbied Congress for a charter for the BSA which President Woodrow Wilson signed on June 15,1916. The special recognition neither implies nor accords Congress any special control over the BSA, in the BSA, Scouting is considered to be one movement with four main programs, Cub Scouting is available to boys from first to fifth-grade or 7 to 11 years. Boy Scouting is the program of the BSA generally for boys ages 11 to 18
22.
Boys & Girls Clubs of America
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Boys & Girls Clubs of America is a national organization of local chapters which provide after-school programs for young people. BGCA is tax-exempt and partially funded by the federal government, the Clubs former president, Roxanne Spillett, received a base salary in 2011 of $455,829 with an additional $116,000 bonus and $1.2 million in deferred compensation and retirement. The first Boys Club was founded in 1860 in Hartford, Connecticut by three women, Elizabeth Hamersley and sisters Mary and Alice Goodwin, in 1906,53 independent Boys Clubs came together in Boston to form a national organization, the Federated Boys Clubs. In 1931, the organization renamed itself Boys Clubs of America, as of 2010, there are over 4,000 autonomous local clubs, which are affiliates of the national organization. In total these clubs serve over four million boys and girls, Clubs can be found in all fifty states as well as locations in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and US military bases. In total, Boys & Girls Clubs of America employ about 50,000 staff members, the Chronicle of Philanthropy ranked Boys & Girls Clubs of America number one among youth organizations for the 13th consecutive year, and number 12 among all nonprofit organizations. The Boys & Girls Clubs of America is the charity of Major League Baseball. Denzel Washington, a club member, has been the spokesperson for Boys & Girls Clubs of America since 1993. As of 2012, Boys & Girls Clubs of America served some 4 million youth through club membership and these people came together in 1956 to create the Boys Clubs of America, Herbert Hoover, 31st president of the United States William E. Hall, U. S. Medal of Honor recipient Albert L. Cole, CEO. of Readers Digest James A. Farley, United States Postmaster General Albert C
23.
Camp Fire
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Camp Fire, formerly Camp Fire USA, is a secular co-ed inclusive youth development organization. Camp Fire was the first nonsectarian, multicultural organization for girls in America and its programs emphasize camping and other outdoor activities for youth. Camp Fire Girls, as it was known at the time, was created as the organization to the Boy Scouts of America. The organization changed its name in 1975 to Camp Fire Boys, in 2001, the name Camp Fire USA was adopted, and in 2012 it became Camp Fire. The pageants organizer, William Chauncey Langdon, promised the girls that they, too, would have a role in the pageant. Langdon consulted with Mrs. Charles Farnsworth, preceptress of Horace Mann School near Thetford, both approached Luther Halsey Gulick M. D. about creating a national organization for girls. Gulick introduced the idea to friends, among them G. Stanley Hall, Ernest Thompson Seton, after many discussions and help from Gulick and his wife Charlotte, Langdon named the group of Thetford girls the Camp Fire Girls. In 1907, the Gulicks had established Camp WoHeLo, a camp for girls, on Lake Sebago, near South Casco, there were seventeen WoHeLo maidens at the camp in the summer of 1910. Both the Vermont group and the Maine group would lead to the creation of the organization formally organized as Camp Fire Girls in 1912. On March 22,1911 Dr. Gulick organized a meeting To consider ways, on April 10,1911 James E. Grace Seton quit the group over the reject of her committees draft of a handbook followed by Linda Beard in September 1911 over difference with the Gulicks. However, there was a meeting held by Lina Beard on February 7,1912 in Flushing. Camp Fire Girls of America was incorporated in Washington, D. C, as a national agency on March 17,1912. In late 1912, Juliette Gordon Low proposed that the Camp Fire Girls merge with her group, Girl Guides of America, by December 1913, Camp Fire Girls membership was an estimated 60,000, many of whom began attending affiliated summer camps. The Bluebird program was introduced that year for younger girls, offering exploration of ideas and creative play built around family, in 1989 the Bluebirds became Starflight. The first official Camp Fire handbook was published in 1914, the first local Camp Fire council was formed in 1918 in Kansas City, Mo. Later in 1977 Kansas City would become the headquarters for Camp Fire. Camp Fire celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1960 with the She Cares, during the project, Camp Fire planted more than two million trees, built 13,000 bird houses, and completed several other conservation-oriented tasks
24.
Habitat for Humanity
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Habitat for Humanity International, generally referred to as Habitat for Humanity or simply Habitat, is an international, non-governmental, and nonprofit organization, which was founded in 1976. Habitat has been devoted to building simple, decent, and affordable housing, a self-described Christian housing ministry, the international operational headquarters are located in Americus, Georgia, United States, with the administrative headquarters located in Atlanta. There are five area offices located around the world, United States and Canada, Africa and the Middle East, Asia-Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, and Latin America, community-level Habitat offices act in partnership with and on behalf of Habitat for Humanity International. In the United States, these offices are called Habitat affiliates, outside the United States. Each affiliate and national office is a run, nonprofit organization. The mission statement of Habitat for Humanity is Seeking to put God’s love into action, Habitat for Humanity brings people together to build homes, communities, homes are built using volunteer labor and Habitat makes no profit on the sales. In some locations outside the United States, Habitat for Humanity charges interest to protect against inflation and this policy has been in place since 1986. Habitat has helped more than 4 million people construct, rehabilitate or preserve more than 800,000 homes since its founding in 1976, Habitat for Humanity traces its origins to the time Millard Fuller spent at Koinonia Farm in 1965. Every affiliate follows a policy of family selection. Neither race nor religion is a factor in choosing the families who receive Habitat houses, the applicants are required to sign release forms authorizing Habitat for Humanity to perform this background check. This ensures that Habitats risk is reasonable when selling a home, there are typically a First and a Second Mortgage. The Second Mortgage is put in place to protect any equity that is left that is not captured in the first mortgage, the homeowners pay down the first mortgage, and after a stated period of time of living in the same home, the Second Mortgage is forgiven. However, The Right of First Refusal stays in force until the mortgage is paid in full and this sweat equity acts as the down payment on the home. Every hour spent earning this sweat equity must be approved and signed off on by an official Habitat for Humanity representative, sweat equity has no monetary value and cannot be refunded. Once construction on the home is finished and the equity is completed in full. With monthly payments that do not exceed 30% of the monthly income. Mortgage payments from homeowners are deposited into a locally administered Fund for Humanity, in an effort to discourage predatory lenders from targeting Habitat homeowner families, mortgage agreements require the Habitat for Humanity affiliate the right of first refusal. Until the mortgage is paid in full, a Habitat home has no equity, should a homeowner family decide to sell their home during the period of their mortgage, the affiliate will buy it back at market value
25.
American Red Cross
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The American Red Cross, also known as the American National Red Cross, is a humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance, disaster relief and education in the United States. It is the designated US affiliate of the International Federation of Red Cross, the group was issued a corporate charter by the United States Congress under Title 36 of the United States Code, Section 3001. It is governed by volunteers and supported by community donations, income from health and safety training and products, the group is headquartered in Washington, D. C. In 2016, the Board Chair was Bonnie McElveen-Hunter and the President, ARC was established in Washington, D. C. on May 21,1881, by Clara Barton. Barton organized a meeting on May 12 of that year at the home of Senator Omar D. Conger, fifteen people were present at this first meeting, including Barton, Conger and Representative William Lawrence. The first local chapter was established in 1881 at the English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Dansville at Dansville, jane Delano founded the American Red Cross Nursing Service on January 20,1910. Clara Barton founded the American chapter after learning of the Red Cross in Geneva, in 1869, she went to Europe and became involved in the work of the International Red Cross during the Franco-Prussian War. She determined to bring the organization to America, Barton became President of the American branch of the society, known as the American National Red Cross in May 1881 in Washington. The first chapters opened in upstate New York, where she had connections, ultimately, John D. Rockefeller, Lars Kovala and three others donated money to help create a national headquarters near the White House. Barton led one of the groups first major efforts, a response to the September 4–6,1881 Great Fire of 1881 in the Thumb region of Michigan. Over 5,000 people were left homeless, the next major disaster was the Johnstown Flood, which occurred on May 31,1889. Over 2,209 people died and thousands more were injured in or near Johnstown, Barton was unable to build up a staff she trusted and her fundraising was lackluster. She was forced out in 1904, professional social work experts took control and made the group a model of Progressive Era scientific reform. New leader Mabel Thorp Boardman constantly consulted with government officials, military officers. William Howard Taft was especially influential and they imposed an ethos of managerialism, transforming the agency from Bartons cult of personality to an organizational humanitarianism ready for expansion. ARC is a network of more than 650 chapters and 36 blood service regions. S. military service personnel. ARC is the largest supplier of blood and blood products to more than 3,000 hospitals and assists victims of international disasters, in 2006 the organization had over $6 billion in total revenues. Revenue from blood and blood products alone were over $2 billion, in 2007, U. S. legislation clarified the role for the Board of Governors and that of the senior management in the wake of difficulties following Hurricane Katrina
26.
Student Conservation Association
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In 1955, Elizabeth Titus Putnam of Vassar College wrote her senior thesis, A Proposed Student Conservation Corps. In 1957, the Student Conservation Program had two programs in Grand Teton National Park and Olympic National Park. In 1964, the Student Conservation Program incorporated as the Student Conservation Association, since then, the organization has grown tremendously and currently places more than 4,000 volunteers annually in public lands and urban green spaces. The crews are divided into frontcountry and backcountry crews, with crews being based within one mile of a road and most likely having easier access to showers, stores. Backcountry crews are more isolated and provide a completely different experience. The projects performed by the crews vary, the Conservation Crews typically do trail work, usually trail construction or erosion control, depending on the needs of the park. Other projects may include restoration of tourist-impacted areas and invasive species removal, the projects last from 21–30 days with a 4-5 day recreational trip at the end. The program had been free to students except for the cost of transportation to the meeting location. As of Spring 2016, students are charged a flat $500 fee, also, students provide most of their own necessary outdoor gear. Expenses are shared between the SCA, agency partners, and individual donors, financial assistance is available to cover transportation costs, and SCA can provide gear to those needing it. Once at their worksite, the work eight hours a day. The crews are led usually by two trained, experienced crew leaders, men and women over the age of 21, most crew leaders are college students or teachers, though there are leaders in their 60s. The sponsoring organization such as the Park Service or Bureau of Land Management provides instruction and tools, on days off, they may undertake an ambitious hike or just relax around camp. At the end of their project, all crews take a short recreation trip to enjoy the area. An online application as well as a catalog of conservation crew work sites is available on the SCA website, SCA begins reviewing applications in January and offers of placement are sent out beginning in April. Community programs are offered in the cities, Houston, Stamford, Seattle, Edmonds, Oakland, Washington. Baltimore, Chicago, Detroit, Manchester, Milwaukee, New Jersey, Philadelphia, Camden, New Jersey, Anchorage, Alaska, New York City, New York, Seattle, the Conservation Leadership Corps program takes place year-round in regional offices. The format of the CLC program varies from region to region, all students successfully completing the CLC program will have the opportunity to participate in a summer Conservation Crew and will have their airfare covered by their regional office
27.
Reading Partners
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In the 2014-15 school year, Reading Partners will serve a total of over 8,500 students in 160 elementary schools. Teachers refer students struggling with reading to the campus Reading Partners program, tutoring sessions focus on building students’ reading skills in five critical areas of literacy, phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension. Reading Partners’ curricular materials consist of three key components, each of which different levels of reading ability with curriculum-based, logically sequenced materials. Upon entry into Reading Partners, every student is assessed using the Rigby PM Ultra Benchmarking Kit, Reading Partners began at Belle Haven Elementary School in Menlo Park when members of the community joined together to help students struggling with reading skills. At the time, fewer than 1 in 5 students at Belle Haven could read at grade level, originally called YES Reading, the organization changed its name to Reading Partners in 2008. From 2008 to 2016, the program expanded from serving 20 elementary schools in California to over 250 schools in 10 states and the District of Columbia
28.
Teach For America
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The organization aims to accomplish this by recruiting and selecting college graduates from top universities around the United States to serve as teachers. The selected members, known as members, commit to teaching for at least two years in a public or public charter K–12 school in one of the 52 low-income communities that the organization serves. TFA was founded by Wendy Kopp based on her 1989 Princeton University undergraduate thesis, members of the founding team include value investor Whitney Tilson, former U. S. Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service, Douglas Shulman, and Knowledge Is Power Program President and CEO, since the first corps was established in 1990, more than 42,000 corps members have completed their commitment to Teach For America. In September 2015, the reached a milestone of 50,000 corps members and alumni. The first 10 years of the organization are chronicled in Kopps book One Day, All Children, The Unlikely Triumph of Teach For America and What I Learned Along the Way. In January 2011, Wendy Kopp released her book, A Chance To Make History. Teach For America recruits recent college graduates and professionals to teach for two years in urban and rural throughout the United States. Corps members do not have to be certified teachers, although certified teachers may apply, uncertified corps members receive alternative certification through coursework taken while completing the program. All corps members are required to attend a summer training program to prepare for their commitment. Teach For America teachers are placed in schools in urban areas such as New York City and Houston, as well as in rural places such as eastern North Carolina. They then serve for two years and are placed in schools with other Teach For America corps members. Teach For America teachers are full-fledged faculty members at their schools, receiving the school district salary. They do not automatically join a union, but are not prohibited from doing so and they may join union strikes even if they are not union members, at the cost of losing pay. As of early 2015, Teach For America reported 88% of its first-year teachers return for a second year. The organization also reported more than 11,000 of its more than 37,000 alumni at the time were still teaching. Additionally, the organization reported that 84% of its alumni were working full-time in roles impacting education or low-income communities and this includes more than 900 school leaders, more than 100 elected union leaders, and 250 school system leaders. Teach For Americas geographical impact has grown significantly over the past 25 years, originally serving only six regions, Teach For America is active in 52 regions as of the 2015–16 school year
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Public Allies
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Public Allies is an American nonprofit organization that operates an AmeriCorps program and is dedicated to young-adult leadership development. Its mission is to create a just and equitable society and the leadership to sustain it. Public Allies was founded in 1992 by Vanessa Kirsch and Katrina Browne, recent college graduates who wanted to challenge the notion that their generation was apathetic and uncaring. The first Public Allies program was launched in Washington, D. C. with 14 Allies, with funding from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and Surdna Foundation. Its first year, the program received a demonstration grant from the Commission for National and Community Service. In 1993, Public Allies Chicago was launched with 30 Allies under the leadership of founding Executive Director Michelle Obama and she served as Chicago director until 1996, and then as a national board member from 1997 to 2001. Also in 1993, President Bill Clinton named Public Allies as a model for national service. In 1994, Public Allies, along with Habitat for Humanity and YouthBuild, were among the first recipients of AmeriCorps grants, which allowed for expansion to Delaware, Milwaukee, and North Carolina. In 1995, Public Allies opened a site Silicon Valley and San Francisco, followed by Cincinnati, New York and Los Angeles, and Eagle Rock, Colorado. Additional sites include Connecticut, Arizona and Pittsburgh, Miami, New Mexico, and San Antonio, Indianapolis and Maryland, Central Florida and the Twin Cities, and Detroit and Iowa. In 2014, Adren O. Wilson, Ph. D. was appointed CEO, replacing Paul Schmitz, Public Allies has about 6,000 alumni. The Public Allies logo draws on Native American tradition to illustrate the impact individuals can have on their world, the handprint depicted in the logo represents the mark that people leave on their communities and on the people they touch in the course of their lives. The red swirl stands for the energy and idealism that drive people to serve their communities, Public Allies mission is to create a just and equitable society and the diverse leadership to sustain it. There are 23 Public Allies sites nationwide,20 of which are operated in partnership with a nonprofit organization or university. More than 80% of Allies come from the communities in which they serve, Public Allies has employed three main strategies to deliver its mission, 1) Paid apprenticeship and leadership program in partnership with AmeriCorps, 2) Alumni engagement, and 3) Advocacy. Public Allies combines a 10-month nonprofit apprenticeship program with a community-centered, values-based approach to leadership development. For four days each week, Allies serve at a nonprofit. All members also engage in a number of community service projects, Public Allies continues to develop the leadership practice and impact of the Alumni of its AmeriCorps Apprenticeship Program and those whove worked at Public Allies
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Community service
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Community service is a non-paying job performed by someone or a group of people for the benefit of the public or its institutions. Performing community service is not the same as volunteering, since it is not always performed on a voluntary basis and it may be performed for a variety of reasons, It may be required by a government as a part of citizenship requirements, generally in lieu of military service. It may be required as a substitution of, or in addition to and it may be mandated by schools to meet the requirements of a class, such as in the case of service-learning or to meet the requirements of graduation. In the UK, it has made a condition of the receipt of certain benefits. In Sweden its a suspended sentence called samhällstjänst, some educational jurisdictions in the United States require students to perform community service hours to graduate from high school. In some high schools in Washington, for example, students must finish 200 hours of community service to get a diploma, if a student in high school is taking an AVID course, community service is often needed. Whether American public schools could require volunteer hours for high school graduation was challenged in Immediato v. Rye Neck School District, many other high schools do not require community service hours for graduation, but still see an impressive number of students get involved in their community. For example, in Palo Alto, California, students at Palo Alto High School log about 45,000 hours of community service every year. As a result, the schools College and Career Center awards about 250–300 students the Presidents Volunteer Service Award every year for their hard work, though not technically considered a requirement, many colleges include community service as an unofficial requirement for acceptance. However, some colleges prefer work experience over community service, some schools also offer unique “community service” courses, awarding credit to students who complete a certain number of community service hours. Some academic honor societies, along with some fraternities and sororities in North America, require community service to join, many student organizations exist for the purpose of community service, the largest of which is Alpha Phi Omega. Community service projects are also done by sororities and fraternities, beginning in the 1980s, colleges began using service-learning as a pedagogy. A partnership of college began in 1985 with the initiative of boosting community service in their colleges. This alliance called Campus Compact, led the way for other schools to adopt service-learning courses and activities. Service-learning courses vary widely in time span, quality, and in the balance of “service”, reflection is simply a scheduled consideration of one’s own experiences and thoughts. This can take many forms, including journals, blogs, service-learning courses present learning the material in context, meaning that students often learn effectively and tend to apply what was learned. As the book Where’s the Learning in Service-Learning, thus, students are interested and motivated to learn the materials to resolve their questions. Community service learning strives to connect or re-connect students with serving their community after they finish their course and it creates a bridge for the lack of community service found among college-age people in the United States
31.
Activism
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Activism consists of efforts to promote, impede, or direct social, political, economic, and/or environmental reform or stasis with the desire to make improvements in society. One can also express activism through different forms of art, daily acts of protest such as not buying clothes from a certain clothing company because they exploit workers is another form of activism. One view holds that acknowledging privileges and oppressions on a daily basis ranks as a form of activism, research has begun to explore how activist groups use social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action. The Online Etymology Dictionary records the English words activism and activist from 1920, Activists can function in roles as public officials, as in judicial activism. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. introduced the term judicial activism in a January 1946 Fortune magazine article titled The Supreme Court,1947, some activists try to persuade people to change their behavior directly, rather than to persuade governments to change or not to change laws. Other activists try to persuade people to remain the same, in an effort to counter change, the cooperative movement seeks to build new institutions which conform to cooperative principles, and generally does not lobby or protest politically. Activism is not always an action by Activists, every year more than 100 environmental activists are killed, in 2014116 environmental activists were assassinated, in 2015185 activists were killed around this planet. Since the 1990s, the Internet has been a tool used by activists for mobilization and communication of causes, specific platforms like MoveOn. org, founded in 1998, allow individuals to establish petitions and movements for social change. Protesters in Seattle in 1999 used email to organize protests against the WTO Ministerial Conference, throughout the 2000s, protesters continued to use social media platforms to generate interest. The power of Internet Activism came into a lens with the Arab Spring protests. They use different means to political persecution, such as Tor Browser. The activism industry consists of organizations and individuals engaged in activism, Activism is often done full-time, as part of an organizations core business. Many organizations in the industry are either non profit organizations or non-governmental organizations. Most activist organizations do not manufacture goods, the term activism industry has often been used to refer to outsourced fundraising operations. However, activist organizations engage in activities as well. Lobbying, or the influencing of decisions made by government, is another activist tactic, many groups, including law firms, have designated staff assigned specifically for lobbying purposes. In the United States, lobbying is regulated by the federal government, many government systems encourage public support of non-profit organizations by granting various forms of tax relief for donations to charitable organizations. Governments may attempt to deny these benefits to activists by restricting the political activity of tax-exempt organizations, randy Shaw, The Activists Handbook, A Primer for the 1990s and Beyond
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Pete Hoekstra
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Pieter Pete Hoekstra is a Dutch-American politician who is a former member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Michigans 2nd congressional district from 1993 to 2011. Hoekstra is a member of the Republican Party, born in Groningen, Netherlands, Hoekstra is a graduate of Hope College and the University of Michigans Ross School of Business. In 1992, Hoekstra ran for the U. S. House, defeating 13-term incumbent Guy Vander Jagt in the Republican primary, and Democratic opponent John H. Miltner, in the general election. After the appointment of Congressman Porter Goss as Director of the CIA, Hoekstra became the Chairman of the House Intelligence Committee and he was a candidate for Governor of Michigan in Michigans 2010 gubernatorial election, but came in second to Rick Snyder in the Republican primary. Hoekstra was also a candidate for the United States Senate in 2012 and he won the Republican primary with 54% of the vote, but later lost to Democratic incumbent Debbie Stabenow in the general election. Born Pieter Hoekstra in Groningen, Netherlands, he moved to America with his parents at the age of three. He received a B. A. in political science from Hope College in 1975 and he then joined office furniture maker Herman Miller and remained there for 15 years, eventually becoming vice president of marketing. In 1992, Hoekstra made his first bid for office in the 2nd District. The district, previously the 9th, had represented for 26 years by Guy Vander Jagt. Hoekstra rode his bicycle across the district, charging that Vander Jagt had served in Congress for too long and he scored a monumental upset, winning by almost six percent. Hoekstra later defeated Democrat John H. Miltner and Libertarian Dick Jacobs in the general election, Hoekstra continued to ride his bicycle across the district every summer, and biked across the state for his gubernatorial campaign. Hoekstra had promised to serve six terms in the House when he was first elected. However, in 2003, Hoekstra announced he would break his self-imposed term limit and run for a term in 2004. In 2006, Hoekstras Leadership PAC raised nearly $160,000 in Political Action Contributions from such diverse contributors as the Teamsters, Michigan Credit Union League, Hoekstra faced no significant opposition in the Republican primary or in the general election and went on to secure his seventh term. Shortly after the primary, he was named chairman of the Intelligence Committee, succeeding Porter Goss, in November he was opposed by the Democratic candidate Kimon Kotos, who was also his 2004 opponent. Hoekstra defeated Kotos 183,518 votes to 87,361 votes, Hoekstra ran for re-election in 2008 against Fred Johnson, Associate Professor of History at Hope College. He beat Johnson by 215,471 to 119,959 votes, Hoekstra has a conservative voting record, consistent with the conservative nature of the 2nd congressional district. However, he opposes amending the Constitution to prohibit flag desecration, on June 22,2006, Hoekstra made headlines by announcing at a press conference in the Capitol that weapons of mass destruction had been located in Iraq in the form of 500 chemical weapons
