1.
Chicago
–
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
2.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Nonprofit organization
–
A nonprofit organization is an organization whose purpose is something other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. This is known as the non-distribution constraint, the decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on. The terms nonprofit and not-for-profit are not consistently differentiated across jurisdictions, in laymans terms they are usually equivalent in concept, although in various jurisdictions there are accounting and legal differences. The nonprofit landscape is varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do make up an often high-profile or visible aspect of the sector, overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. e. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving its members. Many NPOs use the model of a bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit. Although NPOs are permitted to generate revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors, many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and executives who work with or without compensation. In some countries, where there is a fee, in general. The extent to which an NPO can generate surplus revenues may be constrained or use of surplus revenues may be restricted. Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization, they may be organized as a corporation or as a trust. Their goal is not to be successful in terms of wealth, NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. Some of the above must be expressed in the charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the authority at each particular jurisdiction. While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose, most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes
4.
Law libraries
–
A law library is a library designed to assist law students, lawyers, judges and their law clerks, and anyone else who wishes to determine the state of the law. Law libraries can be classified as a type of special library because of their focus on providing specialized resources on the law, most law schools around the world have a law library, or in some universities, at least a section of the university library devoted to law. Law libraries can also be found in courts, government departments, private law firms and these countries include but are not limited to Australia, Canada, India, and New Zealand. Law libraries in these countries can be found in law schools, courts, government, private law firms, the largest law library in the United Kingdom is the Bodleian Law Library with a collection of over 550,000 volumes. Outside of England, the largest law library in the British Commonwealth is Osgoode Hall Law Schools at York University in Canada, the earliest common law law libraries were founded in the late 15th century in London and include Grays Inn and Lincolns Inn. The largest law libraries in the world are found in the United States, the worlds largest law library is the Law Library of Congress, which holds over 2.9 million volumes. The worlds largest academic law library is the library of Harvard Law School, by way of contrast, the largest law library in the United Kingdom is the Bodleian Law Library with a collection of over 550,000 volumes. Broadly speaking, there are three categories of law libraries in the United States, every law school accredited by the American Bar Association houses a law library. Public law libraries are available in states, often in the local courthouses. A typical law library holds a number of works not seen in other libraries, including a full set of United States Reports. Most academic law library websites also contain legal research guidelines on numerous legal topics that are available to the public, a number of law libraries have therefore reduced the availability of printed works that can easily be found on the Internet, and have increased their own Internet availability. On the other hand, some university law libraries retain extensive historical collections going back to the earliest English reports, many law libraries also participate in the Federal Depository Library Program which provides access to government information and documents to the public at no cost. This is particularly true of law school libraries as the library at any accredited law school is eligible to become a depository library under the Program. Most law libraries are members of the American Association of Law Libraries, as of 2010, the Association has over 5,000 member libraries. Another important association for law libraries is the Special Libraries Association, some law school libraries are kept in the same building as the general library, but many are either in the law schools building, or in a separate facility altogether. S. The ABA also requires a collection to meet the academic needs of the students and research. The ABA also requires that the library have sufficient staff and facilities to attend to the needs of the institution, many academic law librarians participate in the AALL and specifically the Academic Law Libraries special interest section. Public law libraries are available in states, and many courthouses also have a law library
5.
Law library
–
A law library is a library designed to assist law students, lawyers, judges and their law clerks, and anyone else who wishes to determine the state of the law. Law libraries can be classified as a type of special library because of their focus on providing specialized resources on the law, most law schools around the world have a law library, or in some universities, at least a section of the university library devoted to law. Law libraries can also be found in courts, government departments, private law firms and these countries include but are not limited to Australia, Canada, India, and New Zealand. Law libraries in these countries can be found in law schools, courts, government, private law firms, the largest law library in the United Kingdom is the Bodleian Law Library with a collection of over 550,000 volumes. Outside of England, the largest law library in the British Commonwealth is Osgoode Hall Law Schools at York University in Canada, the earliest common law law libraries were founded in the late 15th century in London and include Grays Inn and Lincolns Inn. The largest law libraries in the world are found in the United States, the worlds largest law library is the Law Library of Congress, which holds over 2.9 million volumes. The worlds largest academic law library is the library of Harvard Law School, by way of contrast, the largest law library in the United Kingdom is the Bodleian Law Library with a collection of over 550,000 volumes. Broadly speaking, there are three categories of law libraries in the United States, every law school accredited by the American Bar Association houses a law library. Public law libraries are available in states, often in the local courthouses. A typical law library holds a number of works not seen in other libraries, including a full set of United States Reports. Most academic law library websites also contain legal research guidelines on numerous legal topics that are available to the public, a number of law libraries have therefore reduced the availability of printed works that can easily be found on the Internet, and have increased their own Internet availability. On the other hand, some university law libraries retain extensive historical collections going back to the earliest English reports, many law libraries also participate in the Federal Depository Library Program which provides access to government information and documents to the public at no cost. This is particularly true of law school libraries as the library at any accredited law school is eligible to become a depository library under the Program. Most law libraries are members of the American Association of Law Libraries, as of 2010, the Association has over 5,000 member libraries. Another important association for law libraries is the Special Libraries Association, some law school libraries are kept in the same building as the general library, but many are either in the law schools building, or in a separate facility altogether. S. The ABA also requires a collection to meet the academic needs of the students and research. The ABA also requires that the library have sufficient staff and facilities to attend to the needs of the institution, many academic law librarians participate in the AALL and specifically the Academic Law Libraries special interest section. Public law libraries are available in states, and many courthouses also have a law library
6.
Democratic society
–
Democracy, in modern usage, is a system of government in which the citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives from among themselves to form a governing body, such as a parliament. Democracy is sometimes referred to as rule of the majority, Democracy was originally conceived in Classical Greece, where political representatives were chosen by a jury from amongst the male citizens, rich and poor. The English word dates to the 16th century, from the older Middle French, in the 5th century BC, to denote the political systems then existing in Greek city-states, notably Athens, the term is an antonym to aristocracy, meaning rule of an elite. While theoretically these definitions are in opposition, in practice the distinction has been blurred historically, the political system of Classical Athens, for example, granted democratic citizenship to free men and excluded slaves and women from political participation. In 1906, Finland became the first government to harald a more inclusive democracy at the national level. Democracy contrasts with forms of government where power is held by an individual, as in an absolute monarchy, or where power is held by a small number of individuals. Nevertheless, these oppositions, inherited from Greek philosophy, are now ambiguous because contemporary governments have mixed democratic, oligarchic, and monarchic elements. Karl Popper defined democracy in contrast to dictatorship or tyranny, thus focusing on opportunities for the people to control their leaders, No consensus exists on how to define democracy, but legal equality, political freedom and rule of law have been identified as important characteristics. These principles are reflected in all eligible citizens being equal before the law, other uses of democracy include that of direct democracy. In some countries, notably in the United Kingdom which originated the Westminster system, in the United States, separation of powers is often cited as a central attribute. In India, parliamentary sovereignty is subject to the Constitution of India which includes judicial review, though the term democracy is typically used in the context of a political state, the principles also are applicable to private organisations. Majority rule is listed as a characteristic of democracy. Hence, democracy allows for political minorities to be oppressed by the tyranny of the majority in the absence of legal protections of individual or group rights. An essential part of a representative democracy is competitive elections that are substantively and procedurally fair, i. e. just. It has also suggested that a basic feature of democracy is the capacity of all voters to participate freely and fully in the life of their society. While representative democracy is sometimes equated with the form of government. Many democracies are constitutional monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, the term democracy first appeared in ancient Greek political and philosophical thought in the city-state of Athens during classical antiquity. The word comes from demos, common people and kratos, strength, led by Cleisthenes, Athenians established what is generally held as the first democracy in 508–507 BC
7.
Copyright Act of 1976
–
The Copyright Act of 1976 is a United States copyright law and remains the primary basis of copyright law in the United States, as amended by several later enacted copyright provisions. It became Public Law number 94-553 on October 19,1976, before the 1976 Act, the last major revision to statutory copyright law in the United States occurred in 1909. In deliberating the Act, Congress noted that extensive technological advances had occurred since the adoption of the 1909 Act, television, motion pictures, sound recordings, and radio were cited as examples. The Act was designed in part to address intellectual property questions raised by new forms of communication. Aside from advances in technology, the main impetus behind the adoption of the 1976 Act was the development of. While the U. S. became a party to the UCC in 1955, barbara Ringer, the US Register of Copyrights, took an active role in drafting a new copyright act. In the years following the United States adoption of the UCC, Congress commissioned multiple studies on a revision of copyright law. A draft of the bill was introduced in both the House and Senate in 1964, but the version of the Act was revised multiple times between 1964 and 1976. The bill was passed as S.22 of the 94th Congress by a vote of 97-0 in the Senate on February 19,1976, S.22 was passed by a vote of 316-7 in the House of Representatives on September 22,1976. The final version was adopted into law as title 17 of the United States Code on October 19,1976 when Gerald Ford signed it, the law went into effect on January 1,1978. At the time, the law was considered to be a compromise between publishers and authors rights. Barbara Ringer called the new law a balanced compromise that comes down on the authors and creators side in almost every instance, the law was almost exclusively discussed in publishers and librarians journals, with little discussion in the mainstream press. The other intent of the extension was to protect rights for life plus 50 years—the most common term internationally. Further extensions of both term and scope have been desired by some, as outlined in this Time magazine article, the 1976 Act, through its terms, displaces all previous copyright laws in the United States insofar as those laws conflict with the Act. Those include prior federal legislation, such as the Copyright Act of 1909, an eighth category, architectural works, was added in 1990. The wording of section 102 is significant mainly because it effectuated a major change in the mode of United States copyright protection. If no notice of copyright was affixed to a work and the work was, in fact, published in a sense, the 1909 Act provided no copyright protection. Under the 1976 Act, however, section 102 says that copyright protection extends to original works that are fixed in a medium of expression
8.
Federal Register
–
The Federal Register, abbreviated FR or sometimes Fed. Reg. is the journal of the federal government of the United States that contains government agency rules, proposed rules. It is published daily, except on federal holidays, the Federal Register is compiled by the Office of the Federal Register and is printed by the Government Publishing Office. There are no restrictions on the Federal Register, as a work of the U. S. government. In essence, the Federal Register is a way for the government to announce changes to government requirements, policies, the notice and comment process, as outlined in the Administrative Procedure Act, gives the people a chance to participate in agency rulemaking. Publication of documents in the Federal Register also constitutes constructive notice, the Federal Register is the main source for the U. S. Both proposed and final rules are published in the Federal Register, a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the government agency. The United States Government Manual is published as an edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities, to purchase current or back print copies of the Federal Register, one may contact the U. S. Government Publishing Office. In each issue of the Federal Register, there is a subscription page, currently, a years subscription rate within the U. S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages, virtually every law library associated with an American Bar Association–accredited law school will also have a set, as will federal depository libraries. The Federal Register has been online since 1994. Federal depository libraries within the U. S. also receive copies of the text, outside the U. S. some major libraries may also carry the Federal Register. To help federal agencies manage their dockets, the Federal Docket Management System was launched in 2005 and is the side of regulations. gov. In April 2009, Citation Technologies created a free, searchable website for Federal Register articles dating from 1996 to the present. GovPulse. us, a finalist in the Sunlight Foundations Apps for America 2, provides a web 2.0 interface to the Federal Register, including sparklines of agency activity, on July 25,2010, the Federal Register 2.0 website went live. The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse. us, the Government Publishing Office and the National Archives, on August 1,2011, the Federal Register announced a new application programming interface to facilitate programmatic access to the Federal Register content
9.
H. W. Wilson Company
–
The H. W. Wilson Company, Inc. was founded in 1898 and is located in The Bronx, New York. It provides print and digital content aimed at patrons of public school, college, the company also provides indexing services that include text, retrospective, abstracting and indexing, as well other types of databases. Image gallery indexing includes art museum and cinema, the company also indexed reference monographs. An online retrieval system with features, including language translation, is also available. The company merged with EBSCO Publishing in June 2011, grey House Publishing currently publishes print editions of H. W. Wilson products under license. The H. W. Wilson Company was founded in 1889 by Halsey William Wilson, together with his roommate, Henry S. Morris, Wilson started a book selling business serving educators and students at the university. When it was time for Morris to graduate, he sold his share of the business to Wilson, the H. W. Wilson Companys first original reference title was the Cumulative Book Index, first published in 1898. This was followed by the Readers Guide to Periodical Literature in 1901, in 1911, Wilson relocated the company to White Plains, New York, to be nearer to its main markets. By 1917, demand for more specialized indexes had grown to the point where the company had to move again, Wilson bought a five-story building in The Bronx on the banks of the Harlem River. The buildings distinctive lighthouse was added in 1929, on June 2,2011, H. W. Wilson Company merged with EBSCO Publishing. Staff at the Dublin office of the went to the Labour Court in Ireland. The company also published some print references, such as Facts About the Presidents, Famous First Facts, the John Cotton Dana Award, sponsored by H. W. Award winners receive a cash development grant of $5,000 from the H. W. Wilson Foundation, the awards are presented at a reception hosted by H. W. Wilson Company, held during the American Library Associations annual conference. H. W. Wilson Companys applied sciences indexing encompasses services under the title Applied Science & Technology and these are abstracts, full text, and retrospective. Broad subject coverage includes the scientific disciplines and their respective sub disciplines in abstracts or full text. For example, topical coverage includes acoustics, environmental and earth sciences, engineering, geological sciences, food industry, plastics, textile industry, transportation, the retrospective indexing of Applied Science and Technology covers more than 1,350 periodicals from 1913 to 1983. H. W. Wilson Companys indexing pertaining to art encompasses Art Abstracts, Art Full Text, Art Index and it includes 304 full-text journals that focus on fine art, decorative art, commercial art, photography, folk art, film, architecture and other areas. WilsonWeb is an online based information retrieval system that offers an interface, multiple modes, interactive help messages
