1.
Independent American Party
–
The Independent American Party is a paleoconservative political party in the United States. It began as the Utah Independent American Party, the partys first platform was based on Bensons beliefs. These 15 principles for the role of government, taken from his speech, are held as the IAPs basis for recruiting. The IAP is a third party outside the mainstream of American politics. The IAP began as an offshoot of the American Party, a political group founded in 1969 to support Governor George C. In 1998 three options were presented to party members, to remain affiliated with the national American Party, taxpayers Party, or create a national Independent American Party. On May 16,1998, the Utah IAP held a straw vote favoring the formation of a national Independent American Party. A committee of six people was selected to initiate the organization, and by November 7,1998, in January 1999, the national IAP began holding semi-annual National Conferences. The national chairman attended a number of state and national conventions of other like-minded third parties across the nation to build ties, the IAP website grew and attracted individual members in about forty states. In 2001, the IAP grew from one party to three organized state parties - Minnesota, Tennessee, and Utah - and twelve prospective state parties. Area coordinators were assigned to each of four regions of the country, the IAP adopted its first National Platform in August 2002 and ended the year with three organized and 18 prospective state parties. In 2003 the party changed the structure of its positions from the traditional chair, vice chair, secretary and treasurer. Each vice-chair was to be a leader over a geographical area, by 2004, the party involvement dwindled, and it did not have ballot status in any state. However, in 2012, the party gained ballot access in New Mexico and it nominated Jon Barrie for the United States Senate. He received 28,199 votes, or 3. 63%, however, Barrie left the party after the election and joined the Constitution Party. During the early stages of the Bundy standoff in April 2014, the IAP distanced itself from the groups anti-government extremism and invited Cliven Bundy to speak at the IAP summit in August 2014. The IAP espouses The Proper Role of Government as expressed by Ezra Taft Benson, according to the IAP, This talk is the heart, soul and spirit of our Party. If you read this you know who we are
Independent American Party
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Independent American Party
2.
Independence Party of America
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The Independence Party of America was a political party in the United States, founded on September 23,2007 as a coalition of existing state parties bearing the Independence Party name. Its National Chairman was Frank MacKay, chairman of the Independence Party of New York, dean Barkley, a former United States Senator and Independence Party of Minnesota activist, agreed to play an advisory role with the new party. The Independence Party of Minnesota voted to affiliate with the new party at its state convention on January 26,2008. The Reform Party of Pennsylvania affiliated on October 22,2007, the partys website was defunct in April 2013. A long-standing feud in the party involved John Blare, of the Reform Party of California, on December 4,2009, a New York Federal judge heard MacKay v Crews on the question of who are the legal Reform Party officers. On December 16,2009 the judge ruled in favor of David Collisons faction
Independence Party of America
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Independence Party of America
3.
United States Independence Party
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The organization was the successor to the Municipal Ownership League, under whose colors Hearst had run for Mayor of New York in 1905. Following its second-place finish in a race for Governor of Massachusetts in 1907, the party set its sights on the Presidency, the party garnered 83,000 votes in the 1908 election, however, and immediately dissolved as a national force. The Independence League of New York continued to nominate candidates for office in New York state until the election of 1914. In 1905 millionaire newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst made a run for Mayor of New York City under the banner of the Municipal Ownership League. Hearst ran on a ticket in opposition to incumbent Tammany Hall Democrat George B. McClellan, Jr. and Republican William Mills Ivins, Sr, in the wake of the defeat the Municipal Ownership League was replaced by a new political organization with a name less socialistically-oriented name, the Independence League of New York. In 1906, Hearst again ran for office, this time going to defeat in the race for Governor of New York on a Democratic-Independence League fusion ticket. Parallel Independence Leagues were active at the time in several other states, including California. In the latter state party nominee Thomas L. Hisgen garnered a number of votes in the 1907 election for governor. Prospects seemed bright for a new political organization to replace the Democrats as the chief opposition party in the United States. The gathering was convened on July 27,1908, in a hall bedecked with patriotic red-white-and-blue bunting, the first person nominated was former Congressman Milford W. Howard of Fort Payne, Alabama, placed into consideration by a long-winded speech which drew catcalls. The Howard nomination was followed by a speech by Rev. Roland D. Sawyer of Massachusetts and this was followed by the nomination of Georgian John Temple Graves, the editor of a Hearst newspaper. I intend, if I am allowed to finish, to nominate Mr. William J. Bryan, the hall broke into a wild uproar, a dozen delegates vainly struggling in the main aisle in an attempt to reach Mr. Sheppard. Canes and fists were shaken at him furiously, while howls of execration went up from all sides of the hall. Only after a period of tumult was order restored and Sheppard ruled out of order on the grounds of having nominated an individual who was not a member of the Independence Party. An announcement shortly followed that Sheppard had been removed as a member of the National Committee of the Independence Party, with the nominations finally complete, convention voting ensued. The first ballot saw a tally of 396 votes for Hisgen,213 for Graves,200 for Howard,71 for Reuben R. Lyon, a second ballot brought Hisgen to the doorstep of nomination, gathering 590 votes, compared to 189 for Graves and 109 for Howard. Only in the morning hours of Wednesday, July 29 did Hisgen go over the top
United States Independence Party
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Millionaire publisher William Randolph Hearst was the financial angel of the Independence Party, an organization represented in this contemporary cartoon as his fawning puppet.
4.
Vacaville, California
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Vacaville is a city located in Solano County in Northern California. The town is nearly halfway between Sacramento and San Francisco on I-80 and it sits approximately 35 miles from Sacramento, and 55 miles from San Francisco. As of the 2010 census, Vacaville had a population of 92,428, the city was originally laid out on land deeded by Manuel Cabeza Vaca to William McDaniel in August 1850. Its original plot was recorded on December 13,1851, the city was a Pony Express stop and was home to many large produce companies and local farms which flourished due to the Vaca Valleys rich soil, including The Nut Tree. There are a number of rare and endangered species in the Vacaville area, to this day Trifolium amoenum can still be found in Lagoon Valley Regional Park. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 28.6 square miles. 99. 26% of the area is land and 0. 74% is water, excluding the Putah South Canal and minor local creeks, the only significant body of water within the city is the 105-acre Lagoon Valley Lake. The unincorporated communities of Allendale and Elmira are generally considered to be part of greater Vacaville, Vacaville has a typical Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Characteristic of inland California, summers can get quite hot, autumns are warm in the early part but quickly cool down as the wet season approaches. Winters can be cool, and often foggy, but are mild compared to other regions, spring is a rather pleasant season with fairly mild temperatures and not so much rain. The greater majority of precipitation falls in the autumn, winter, according to National Weather Service records, average January temperatures in Vacaville are a maximum of 55.4 °F and a minimum of 36.7 °F. Average July temperatures are a maximum of 95.2 °F, there are an average of 87.7 days with highs of 90 °F or higher. There are an average of 30.7 days with lows of 32 °F or lower, the record high temperature was 116 °F on July 23,2006. The record low temperature was 14 °F on December 26,1924, average annual precipitation is 24.55 inches. There are an average of 57 days with measurable precipitation, the wettest year was 1983 with 48.90 inches and the driest year was 2012 with 5 inches. The most precipitation in one month was 19.83 inches in January 1916, the most precipitation in 24 hours was 6.10 inches on February 27,1940. Snowfall is rare in Vacaville, but light measurable amounts have occurred, the 2010 United States Census reported that Vacaville had a population of 92,428. The population density was 3,233.5 people per square mile
Vacaville, California
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Vacaville Skyline. Sacramento skyline seen 30 miles distant.
Vacaville, California
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Vacaville Hills
Vacaville, California
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Vacaville Hills during summer
Vacaville, California
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Aerial view of Vacaville
5.
Zip Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
Zip Code
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A 1963 U.S. Post Office sign encouraging the use of ZIP codes
Zip Code
Zip Code
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"Use Zip code" labels were also used to promote the use of a ZIP code.
Zip Code
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USA postage stamp, 1973: "It all depends on ZIP code".
6.
Racial segregation
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Racial segregation is the separation of humans into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life. As a result, the act of separating oneself from other people on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds does not constitute segregation. Segregation may be maintained by means ranging from discrimination in hiring and in the rental, in the United States, segregation was mandated by law in some states and came with anti-miscegenation laws. Segregation, however, often allowed close contact in hierarchical situations, Segregation can involve spatial separation of the races, and mandatory use of different institutions, such as schools and hospitals by people of different races. Wherever there have been multiracial communities, there has been racial segregation, only areas with extensive miscegenation, or mixing, such as Hawaii and Brazil, despite some social stratification, seem to be exempt. Following its conquest of Ottoman controlled Algeria in 1830, for well over a century France maintained colonial rule in the territory which has described as quasi-apartheid. Camille Bonora-Waisman writes that, n contrast with the Moroccan and Tunisian protectorates and this internal system of apartheid met with considerable resistance from the Muslims affected by it, and is cited as one of the causes of the 1954 insurrection and ensuing independence war. In fifteenth-century north-east Germany, people of Wendish, i. e. Slavic, according to Wilhelm Raabe, down into the eighteenth century no German guild accepted a Wend. The ban on marriage was a part of the Nuremberg Laws. At first the laws were aimed primarily at Jews but were extended to Gypsies, Negroes. Aryans found guilty could face incarceration in a camp, while non-Aryans could face the death penalty. To preserve the purity of the German blood, after the war began. In an effort to split Polish identity they attempted to establish ethnic divisions of Kashubians and Gorals, based on these groups alleged Germanic component. During the 1930s and 1940s, Jews in Nazi-controlled states were made to wear yellow ribbons or stars of David, Jewish doctors were not allowed to treat Aryan patients nor were Jewish professors permitted to teach Aryan pupils. In addition, Jews were not allowed to use any public transportation, besides the ferry, after Kristallnacht, the Jews were fined 1,000,000 marks for damages done by the Nazi troops and SS members. Jews and Roma were subjected to genocide as undesirable racial groups in the Holocaust, the Nazis established ghettos to confine Jews and sometimes Romas into tightly packed areas of the cities of Eastern Europe, turning them into de facto concentration camps. The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of these ghettos, with 400,000 people, the Łódź Ghetto was the second largest, holding about 160,000. Between 1939 and 1945, at least 1.5 million Polish citizens were transported to the Reich for forced labour, although Nazi Germany also used forced laborers from Western Europe, Poles, along with other Eastern Europeans viewed as racially inferior, were subject to deeper discriminatory measures
Racial segregation
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Nur für Deutsche ("Only for Germans") on the tram number 8 in German-occupied
Kraków, Poland.
Racial segregation
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German warning in occupied Poland 1939 – "No entrance for Poles!"
Racial segregation
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Young Polish girl wearing Letter "P" patch.
7.
Political spectrum
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A political spectrum is a system of classifying different political positions upon one or more geometric axes that symbolize independent political dimensions. Most long-standing spectra include a wing and left wing, which originally referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament after the Revolution. According to the simplest left–right axis, communism and socialism are usually regarded internationally as being on the left, liberalism can mean different things in different contexts, sometimes on the left, sometimes on the right. Those with an intermediate outlook are classified as centrists or moderates, politics that rejects the conventional left–right spectrum is known as syncretic politics. Political scientists have noted that a single left–right axis is insufficient for describing the existing variation in political beliefs. As seen from the Speakers seat at the front of the Assembly, the aristocracy sat on the right, originally, the defining point on the ideological spectrum was the Ancien Régime. The Right thus implied support for aristocratic or royal interests, and the church, while The Left implied support for republicanism, secularism, and civil liberties. Because the political franchise at the start of the revolution was relatively narrow, the original Left represented mainly the interests of the bourgeoisie and their political interests in the French Revolution lay with opposition to the aristocracy, and so they found themselves allied with the early capitalists. However, this did not mean that their interests lay with the laissez-faire policies of those representing them politically. As capitalist economies developed, the aristocracy became less relevant and were replaced by capitalist representatives. This evolution has often pulled parliamentary politicians away from laissez-faire economic policies, for almost a century, social scientists have considered the problem of how best to describe political variation. In 1950, Leonard W. Submitting the results to factor analysis and this system was derived empirically, rather than devising a political model on purely theoretical grounds and testing it, Fergusons research was exploratory. As a result of method, care must be taken in the interpretation of Fergusons three factors, as factor analysis will output an abstract factor whether an objectively real factor exists or not. Although replication of the Nationalism factor was inconsistent, the finding of Religionism and Humanitarianism had a number of replications by Ferguson, shortly afterward, Hans Eysenck began researching political attitudes in Great Britain. He believed that there was something similar about the National Socialists on the one hand. Submitting this value questionnaire to the process of factor analysis used by Ferguson. Such analysis produces a factor whether or not it corresponds to a real-world phenomenon, Eysencks dimensions of R and T were found by factor analyses of values in Germany and Sweden, France, and Japan. According to Eysenck, members of both ideologies were tough-minded, in this context, Eysenck carried out studies on nazism and communist groups, claiming to find members of both groups to be more dominant and more aggressive than control groups
Political spectrum
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A multi-axis political chart, contrasting between libertarian and authoritarian socialism.
8.
Right-wing
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Hierarchy and inequality may be viewed as natural results of traditional social differences or the competition in market economies. The term right-wing can generally refer to the conservative or reactionary section of a party or system. The original Right in France was formed as a reaction against the Left, and comprised those politicians supporting hierarchy, tradition, the use of the expression la droite became prominent in France after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the Ultra-royalists. The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms right, from the 1830s to the 1880s, there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy, moving away from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism. This general economic shift toward capitalism affected centre right movements such as the British Conservative Party, in the United States, the Right includes both economic and social conservatives. The nobility, members of the Second Estate, generally sat to the right, in the successive legislative assemblies, monarchists who supported the Ancien Régime were commonly referred to as rightists because they sat on the right side. A major figure on the right was Joseph de Maistre, who argued for a form of conservatism. Throughout the 19th century, the line dividing Left and Right in France was between supporters of the republic and supporters of the monarchy. In British politics, the right and left came into common use for the first time in the late 1930s in debates over the Spanish Civil War. The meaning of right-wing varies across societies, historical epochs, and political systems, according to The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, in liberal democracies, the political Right opposes socialism and social democracy. Right-wing parties include conservatives, Christian democrats, classical liberals, nationalists and, on the far Right, Roger Eatwell and Neal OSullivan divide the Right into five types, reactionary, moderate, radical, extreme, and new. Chip Berlet argues that each of these styles of thought are responses to the left, including liberalism and socialism, the reactionary right looks toward the past and is aristocratic, religious and authoritarian. Often the moderate right promotes nationalism and social welfare policies, radical right is a term developed after World War II to describe groups and ideologies such as McCarthyism, the John Birch Society, Thatcherism, and the Republikaner Party. Eatwell stresses that use has major typological problems and that the term has also been applied to clearly democratic developments. The radical right includes right-wing populism and various other subtypes, Eatwell argues that the extreme right has four traits, 1) anti-democracy, 2) nationalism, 3) racism, and 4) the strong state. The New Right consists of the conservatives, who stress small government, free markets. Other authors make a distinction between the centre-right and the far right, parties of the centre-right generally support liberal democracy, capitalism, the market economy, private property rights, and a limited welfare state. They support conservatism and economic liberalism, and oppose socialism and communism, typical examples of leaders to whom the far right label is often applied are Francisco Franco in Spain and Augusto Pinochet in Chile
Right-wing
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5 May 1789: Opening of the Estates-General in Versailles in 1789; the conservatives sat on the right
9.
Far-right politics
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Far-right politics are right-wing politics further on the right of the left-right spectrum than the standard political right. Far-right politics often involve a focus on tradition, real or imagined, as opposed to policies, right-wing populism, a political ideology often combines laissez-faire, nationalism, ethnocentrism and anti-elitism is often described as far-right. Right-wing populism often involves appeals to common man and opposition to immigration, far-right politics include but are not limited to aspects of authoritarianism, anti-communism, and nativism. Claims that superior people should proportionally have greater rights than people are sometimes associated with the far right. The far right has historically favoured an elitist society based on its belief in the legitimacy of the rule of a supposed superior minority over the inferior masses. However, right-wing populist ideologies which are described by commentators as far-right often use appeals to the common man as opposed to the appeals of the elites. Far-right politics sometimes involves anti-immigration and anti-integration stances towards groups that are deemed inferior, hence, far right politics is associated with Othering. According to Christina Liang, this field is especially peculiar about its terminology. Each label carries with it a specific understanding of family of political parties as well as a particular set of assumptions regarding their origins. In an extensive survey of the literature, academic Cas Mudde found 26 definitions of right-wing extremism that contained 57 different ideological features, there is also debate about how appropriate the labels fascist or neo-Fascist are. Mudde lists nativism, authoritarianism, and populism as core elements of populist radical right political parties, in the United States, the term hard right and Alt-right have been used to describe groups such as the Tea Party movement and the Patriot movement. The term has also used to describe ideologies such as Paleoconservatism, Dominion Theology. The German political scientist Klaus von Beyme describes three phases in the development of far-right parties in Western Europe after World War II. From 1945 to the mid-1950s, far-right parties were marginalised, and their ideologies were discredited due to the recent existence and defeat of Nazism. Thus in the immediately following World War II, the main objective of far-right parties was survival. From the mid-1950s to the 1970s, the so-called populist protest phase emerged with sporadic electoral success, the most common demand-side theories are the social breakdown thesis, the relative deprivation thesis, the modernisation losers thesis and the ethnic competition thesis. The rise of political parties has also been viewed as a rejection of post-materialist values on the part of some voters. This theory which is known as the reverse post-material thesis blames both left-wing and progressive parties for embracing a post-material agenda that alienates traditional working class voters, another study argues that individuals who join far-right parties determine whether those parties develop into major political players or whether they remain marginalized
Far-right politics
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Far-right nationalists on a rally in
Tallinn,
Estonia in 2015
Far-right politics
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An
English Defence League demonstration in Newcastle, England. The placard reads "Shut down the Mosque".
Far-right politics
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Members of Ukraine's far-right
Svoboda openly display the black and red flags of
UPA and portraits of
Stepan Bandera, Kiev, 14 October 2012
Far-right politics
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Supporters of the historic Russian far-right monarchist and
antisemitic ultranationalist
Black Hundreds movement marching in 1905.
10.
Purple
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Purple is a color intermediate between blue and red. It is similar to violet, but unlike violet, which is a color with its own wavelength on the visible spectrum of light, purple is a composite color made by combining red. According to surveys In Europe and the U. S. purple is the color most often associated with royalty, magic, mystery, when combined with pink, it is associated with eroticism, femininity and seduction. Purple was the color worn by Roman magistrates, it became the color worn by the rulers of the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. Similarly in Japan, the color is associated with the Emperor. The first recorded use of the purple in the English language was in the year 975 AD. In heraldry, the word purpure is used for purple, in the traditional color wheel used by painters, violet and purple are both placed between red and blue. Purple occupies the space closer to red, between crimson and violet, violet is closer to blue, and is usually less saturated than purple. While the two look similar, from the point of view of optics there are important differences. There is no such thing as the wavelength of purple light, monochromatic violet light cannot be produced by the red-green-blue color system, the method used to create colors on a television screen or computer display. This means that when light strikes the eye, the S-cone should be stimulated strongly. The resulting color has the same hue as pure violet, however, one curious psychophysical difference between purple and violet is their appearance with an increase in luminance. Violet, as it brightens, looks more and more blue, the same effect does not happen with purple. This is the result of what is known as the Bezold–Brücke shift, while the scientific definitions of violet and purple are clear, the cultural definitions are more varied. The color known in antiquity as Tyrian purple ranged from crimson to a deep bluish-purple, in France, purple is defined as a dark red, inclined toward violet. The color called purple by the French, pourpre, contains red and half the amount of blue of the color called purple in the United States. In German, this color is sometimes called Purpurrot to avoid confusion, Purple first appeared in prehistoric art during the Neolithic era. These works have been dated to between 16,000 and 25,000 BC, as early as the 15th century BC the citizens of Sidon and Tyre, two cities on the coast of Ancient Phoenicia, were producing purple dye from a sea snail called the spiny dye-murex
Purple
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Purple is the color of royalty. A ticket for the coronation of
Elizabeth II (1953)
Purple
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Purple
Purple
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In Catholicism purple is a
liturgical color representing piety
Purple
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Purple has become a popular color for
neckties; it is less aggressive than red, but more active than blue.
11.
California State Senate
–
The California State Senate is the upper house of the California State Legislature. The legislative body consists of 40 members, with each member representing approximately 931,000 people, due to the states large population and relatively small legislature, the State Senate has the largest population per representative ratio of any state legislative house. Each member roughly represents a population equivalent to the state of Delaware, the State Senate convenes at the California State Capitol in Sacramento. In the current session, Democrats control 27 seats, comprising a two-thirds supermajority of the chamber, prior to 1968, state senate districts were drawn so that each county had at most one state senator. This led to the situation of a populous county such as Los Angeles County being accorded the same number of senators as less populous counties such as Humboldt County. In Reynolds v. Sims, the United States Supreme Court compelled all states to draw up districts with equal population, as such, boundaries were changed to provide more equitable representation. The Lieutenant Governor is the ex officio President of the Senate, the President pro tempore is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full senate. Other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their party caucuses according to each partys strength in the chamber. The current president pro tem is Democrat Kevin de León, the minority leader is Republican Jean Fuller. The red tones of the California State Senate Chamber are based on the British House of Lords, the dais rests along a wall shaped like an E, with its central projection housing the rostrum. Along the cornice appears a portrait of George Washington and the Latin quotation, almost every decorating element is identical to the Assembly Chamber. The Secretary, the Sergeant-at-Arms, and the Chaplain are not members of the Legislature
California State Senate
California State Senate
–
California State Senate
12.
California State Assembly
–
The California State Assembly is the lower house of the California State Legislature. It consists of 80 members, with each member representing at least 465,000 people, members of the assembly are generally referred to using the titles assemblyman, assemblywoman, or assemblymember. The State Assembly convenes at the California State Capitol in Sacramento, in the current session, the Democrats control 55 seats, forming a supermajority of the chamber. The Speaker presides over the State Assembly in the leadership position, controlling the flow of legislation. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full assembly, other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses according to each partys strength in the chamber. The current Speaker is Democrat Anthony Rendon, the majority leader is Democrat Ian Calderon, while the minority leader is Republican Chad Mayes. The chambers green tones are based on the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, the dais rests along a wall shaped like an E, with its central projection housing the rostrum. Along the cornice appears a portrait of Abraham Lincoln and a Latin quotation, almost every decorating element is identical to the Senate Chamber. According to Article 4, Section 2 of the California Constitution, the Chief Clerk, the Sergeant-at-Arms, and the Chaplain are not members of the Legislature. The Sergeant-at-Arms protects the members of the California State Assembly and this position has existed since December 15,1849, when Samuel N. Houston became the Assemblys first Sergeant-at-Arms. The Chief Clerk, the acting Chief Sergeant-at-Arms, and the Chaplains are not members of the Legislature
California State Assembly
California State Assembly
–
California State Assembly
13.
Politics of California
–
The recent and current politics of the U. S. state of California are complex and involve a number of entrenched interests. Members of the Big Five meet in private to discuss bills pending in the legislature, because the party caucus leaders in Californias legislature also control the partys legislative campaign funds, the leaders wield tremendous power over their caucus members. They are thus able to some influence in their caucuss votes in Big Five meetings. Only the Democratic Party and Republican Party currently have representation in the State Legislature, however, for a brief period around the turn of the 21st century, one member of the Green Party was a member of the State Assembly, representing the eastern San Francisco Bay Area. Local elections in California at the county and city level are officially non-partisan, the two major political parties in California that currently have representation in the State Legislature and U. S. Congress are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. There are four parties that qualify for official ballot status, the American Independent Party, Green Party, Libertarian Party. Additionally, the constitution establishes mandatory funding levels for some agencies, programs. This issue came to the forefront when Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and the California Legislature attempted to cut spending to close the states budget deficits during the 2000s. A failure to pass a budget until almost three months after the constitutional deadline, northern Californias inland areas, the Central Valley, and Southern California outside Los Angeles County are mostly Republican areas. Coastal California, including areas as the San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles County. As most of the population is in Los Angeles County and the San Francisco Bay Area, California was a Republican stronghold in presidential elections from 1952 until 1992. During this period, the Republicans won California in every election except the election of 1964, in these years, the GOP regularly nominated Californians as presidential candidates, Richard Nixon in 1960 and 1972, and Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984. Since then however, the Democrats have carried the rich state since 1992. Among the states divisive issues are water and water rights, resulting in the California Water Wars, lacking reliable dry season rainfall, water is limited and available surface sources are extensively developed through dams, canals, and pipelines. The principal water sources are runoff from wet season rains and higher altitude snowpack, wells. Waste water reclamation in California is already routine, most water is in the north of the State, while agriculture, the largest user of stored water in California, is most prevalent in the central and southern areas. Additionally, the majority of the population is in the south. Water viewed as excess by the south is viewed by the north as environmentally essential for agriculture, fisheries, high land prices mean that ordinary people keep a large proportion of their net worth in land
Politics of California
–
California
14.
List of political parties in California
–
The recent and current politics of the U. S. state of California are complex and involve a number of entrenched interests. Members of the Big Five meet in private to discuss bills pending in the legislature, because the party caucus leaders in Californias legislature also control the partys legislative campaign funds, the leaders wield tremendous power over their caucus members. They are thus able to some influence in their caucuss votes in Big Five meetings. Only the Democratic Party and Republican Party currently have representation in the State Legislature, however, for a brief period around the turn of the 21st century, one member of the Green Party was a member of the State Assembly, representing the eastern San Francisco Bay Area. Local elections in California at the county and city level are officially non-partisan, the two major political parties in California that currently have representation in the State Legislature and U. S. Congress are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. There are four parties that qualify for official ballot status, the American Independent Party, Green Party, Libertarian Party. Additionally, the constitution establishes mandatory funding levels for some agencies, programs. This issue came to the forefront when Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and the California Legislature attempted to cut spending to close the states budget deficits during the 2000s. A failure to pass a budget until almost three months after the constitutional deadline, northern Californias inland areas, the Central Valley, and Southern California outside Los Angeles County are mostly Republican areas. Coastal California, including areas as the San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles County. As most of the population is in Los Angeles County and the San Francisco Bay Area, California was a Republican stronghold in presidential elections from 1952 until 1992. During this period, the Republicans won California in every election except the election of 1964, in these years, the GOP regularly nominated Californians as presidential candidates, Richard Nixon in 1960 and 1972, and Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984. Since then however, the Democrats have carried the rich state since 1992. Among the states divisive issues are water and water rights, resulting in the California Water Wars, lacking reliable dry season rainfall, water is limited and available surface sources are extensively developed through dams, canals, and pipelines. The principal water sources are runoff from wet season rains and higher altitude snowpack, wells. Waste water reclamation in California is already routine, most water is in the north of the State, while agriculture, the largest user of stored water in California, is most prevalent in the central and southern areas. Additionally, the majority of the population is in the south. Water viewed as excess by the south is viewed by the north as environmentally essential for agriculture, fisheries, high land prices mean that ordinary people keep a large proportion of their net worth in land
List of political parties in California
–
California
15.
Elections in California
–
Elections in California are held to fill various local, state and federal seats. In California, regular elections are held every year, however. Special elections may be held to fill vacancies at other points in time, recall elections can also be held. Additionally, statewide initiatives, legislative referrals and referenda may be on the ballot, every four years, the United States holds an indirect election for President and Vice President. In such elections, voters cast their votes for a slate of representatives who have pledged to cast their votes for a particular presidential and vice presidential candidate in the Electoral College. During the election, the voters of the state select the slate of electors on the ballot by voting for the ticket that they are pledged to, the slate of electors pledged to the ticket with the most votes statewide gets to vote in the Electoral College. Although, the electors are not obligated to vote for the candidates they are pledged to, the number of electors the state is allocated is equal to the number representatives in Congress that the state has. California has an election every four years and, in 2003. Primary elections were held in March or June until 2008, when they were held in February, general elections, which cover statewide issues, are held in November. On a county-by-county basis, elections also cover municipal issues, in addition, a special election can occur at any time. In this system voters may vote for any candidate in the primary, elections for President, Vice President, political party state central committees, and county central committees are party-nominated. Candidates may qualify in one of two ways, by payment of a fee, or by the collection of registered voters signatures on an in-lieu-of-filing-fee petition, candidates must also file a candidate intention statement with the Secretary of State, as well as nomination forms with their home county. However, Audie Bock, a member of the Green Party, was elected in 1999 during what is known as special election musical chairs, local elections in California at the county and city level are officially non-partisan and political party affiliations are not included on local election ballots. A ballot proposition is a law that is submitted to the electorate for approval in a direct vote. It may take the form of an amendment or an ordinary statute. A ballot proposition may be proposed by the State Legislature or by a signed by members of the public under the initiative system. November 6,2018, United States gubernatorial elections, 2018#California See lists on the side for past election results. S
Elections in California
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Elections in California
16.
Political party
–
A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. The party agrees on some proposed policies and programmes, with a view to promoting the good or furthering their supporters interests. While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are many differences. Many political parties have a core, but some do not. In many democracies, political parties are elected by the electorate to run a government, many countries, such as Germany and India, have several significant political parties, and some nations have one-party systems, such as China and Cuba. The United States is in practice a two-party system, but with smaller parties also participating. Its two most important parties are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, the first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles, emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late 17th century England. The leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government in the period 1721–1742, as the century wore on, the factions slowly began to adopt more coherent political tendencies as the interests of their power bases began to diverge. The Whig partys initial base of support from the aristocratic families widened to include the emerging industrial interests. A major influence on the Whigs were the political ideas of John Locke. They acted as a united, though unavailing, opposition to Whig corruption and they finally regained power with the accession of George III in 1760 under Lord Bute. Out of this chaos, the first distinctive parties emerged, the first such party was the Rockingham Whigs under the leadership of Charles Watson-Wentworth and the intellectual guidance of the political philosopher Edmund Burke. A coalition including the Rockingham Whigs, led by the Earl of Shelburne, took power in 1782, the new government, led by the radical politician Charles James Fox in coalition with Lord North, was soon brought down and replaced by William Pitt the Younger in 1783. It was now that a genuine two-party system began to emerge, by the time of this split the Whig party was increasingly influenced by the ideas of Adam Smith, founder of classical liberalism. As Wilson and Reill note, Adam Smiths theory melded nicely with the political stance of the Whig Party. The modern Conservative Party was created out of the Pittite Tories of the early 19th century, in the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results, following this disaster Robert Peel set about assembling a new coalition of forces. However, a consensus reached on these issues ended party politics in 1816 for a decade, Party politics revived in 1829 with the split of the Democratic-Republican Party into the Jacksonian Democrats led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whig Party, led by Henry Clay
Political party
–
In A Block for the Wigs (1783),
James Gillray caricatured Fox's return to power in a coalition with North. George III is the blockhead in the center.
Political party
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Charles Stewart Parnell, leader of the
Irish Parliamentary Party.
Political party
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A poster for the
European Parliament election 2004 in Italy, showing party lists
17.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
18.
List of Governors of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
List of Governors of Alabama
–
Incumbent
Robert J. Bentley since January 17, 2011
List of Governors of Alabama
–
Flag of the Governor
List of Governors of Alabama
–
William Wyatt Bibb
List of Governors of Alabama
19.
George Wallace
–
Wallace has the third longest gubernatorial tenure in post-Constitutional U. S. history, at 16 years and four days. He remains the last third-party candidate to receive pledged electoral college votes from any state and he eventually renounced segregationism but remained a social conservative. Wallace, the first of four children, was born in Clio in Barbour County in southeastern Alabama, to George Corley Wallace Sr. and his wife and he was the third of five generations to bear the name George Wallace. Since his parents disliked the designation Junior, he was called George C. to distinguish him from his father, George, and his grandfather, a physician. Wallaces father left college to pursue a life of farming when food prices were high during World War I, like his parents, George Wallace was a Methodist. From age ten, Wallace was fascinated with politics, in 1935, he won a contest to serve as a page in the Alabama Senate and confidently predicted that he would one day be governor. Wallace became a successful boxer in high school, then went directly to law school in 1937 at the University of Alabama School of Law in Tuscaloosa. He was a member of the Delta Chi fraternity and it was at the University of Alabama that he crossed paths with Frank M. Johnson Jr. who was a much more liberal politician in relation to social issues and issues of race. Wallace also knew George Sparks, who became a conservative governor and these men had an effect on his personal politics reflecting ideologies of both leaders later during his time in office. After receiving an LL. B. degree in 1942, he entered pilot training in the United States Army Air Corps. He failed to complete the course, however, and as a staff sergeant flew B-29 combat missions over Japan in 1945 and he served with the XX Bomber Command under General Curtis LeMay, who would be his running mate in the 1968 presidential race. Wallace nearly died of meningitis while serving in the Army. Left with partial hearing loss and permanent nerve damage, Wallace was medically discharged early with a disability pension, in 1938, at age 19, Wallace contributed to his grandfathers successful campaign for probate judge. Late in 1945, he was appointed as one of the assistant attorneys general of Alabama, at the time, he was considered a moderate on racial issues. Wallace considered it an infringement on states rights, the Dixiecrats carried Alabama in the 1948 general election, having rallied behind Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina. In his 1963 inaugural speech as governor, Wallace excused his failure to walk out of the 1948 convention on political grounds, in 1952, he became the Circuit Judge of the Third Judicial Circuit in Alabama. Here he became known as the fighting little judge, a nod to his past boxing association and he gained a reputation for fairness regardless of the race of the plaintiff. He was the first judge in Alabama to call me Mister in a courtroom, on the other hand, Wallace issued injunctions to prevent the removal of segregation signs in rail terminals, becoming the first Southern judge to do so
George Wallace
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Wallace announces he is a presidential candidate on a third party ticket, February 8, 1968
George Wallace
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Wallace standing against desegregation while being confronted by Deputy U.S. Attorney General
Nicholas Katzenbach at the
University of Alabama in 1963.
George Wallace
–
Academics
20.
Alabama
–
Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the U. S. states. At nearly 1,500 miles, Alabama has one of the nations longest navigable inland waterways, Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State, the state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, the oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U. S. suffered economic hardship, like other southern states, Alabama legislators disenfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, in the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo. The word Alabama is believed to have come from the Alabama language, the words spelling varies significantly among historical sources. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. Sources disagree on the words meaning, some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba and amo. The meaning may have been clearers of the thicket or herb gatherers, the state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language, an 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant Here We Rest. This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek, experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization, trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period and continued until European contact. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no links to Mesoamerican culture
Alabama
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One of the entrances to
Russell Cave in Jackson County. Charcoal from indigenous camp fires in the cave has been dated as early as 6550 to 6145 BC.
Alabama
Alabama
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The
Moundville Archaeological Site in Hale County. It was occupied by Native Americans of the
Mississippian culture from 1000 to 1450 AD.
Alabama
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The main house, built in 1833, at
Thornhill in Greene County. It is a former
Black Belt plantation.
21.
United States presidential election, 1968
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The United States presidential election of 1968 was the 46th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5,1968. The Republican nominee, former Vice President Richard Nixon, won the election over the Democratic nominee, analysts have argued the election of 1968 was a major realigning election as it permanently disrupted the New Deal Coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years. The 1968 Democratic National Convention was a scene of violent confrontations between police and anti-war protesters as the Democrats split into multiple factions, Richard Nixon ran on a campaign that promised to restore law and order to the nations cities and provide new leadership in the Vietnam War. A year later, he would popularize the term silent majority to describe those he viewed as being his target voters, Nixon won the popular vote by a narrow margin of 0.7 percentage points, but won easily in the Electoral College, 301–191. The election also featured a third party effort by former Alabama Governor George Wallace. He carried five states in the Deep South and ran well in some ethnic enclave industrial districts in the North. This was the first election after the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and it was the last election in which New York had the most votes in the electoral college. After the 1970 census, California gained the most electoral votes and has remained the most populous state since then, in the election of 1964, incumbent Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson won the largest popular vote landslide in U. S. Presidential election history over Republican Barry Goldwater, despite making significant achievements, his popular support would be short-lived. At the same time, the country endured large-scale race riots in the streets of its cities, along with a generational revolt of young people. The most important reason for the decline of President Johnsons popularity was the Vietnam War. By late 1967, over 500,000 American soldiers were fighting in Vietnam, draftees made up 42 percent of the military in Vietnam, but suffered 58% of the casualties as nearly 1000 Americans a month were killed and many more were injured. Though a U. S. military victory, Tet led many Americans to ponder whether the war was winnable or worth it, in addition, voters felt they could not trust their governments assessment and reporting of the war effort. The Pentagon called for sending several hundred thousand soldiers to Vietnam. The Secret Service also prevented Johnson from appearing at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Vice President Hubert Humphrey Senator Robert F. Kennedy from New York Senator Eugene McCarthy from Minnesota Senator George McGovern from South Dakota President Lyndon B. As a result, it was assumed when 1968 began that President Johnson would run for another term. Despite growing opposition to Johnsons policies in Vietnam, it appeared that no prominent Democratic candidate would run against a president of his own party. Even Senator Robert F. Kennedy from New York, a critic of Johnsons policies with a large base of support
United States presidential election, 1968
–
All 538 electoral votes of the
Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win
United States presidential election, 1968
United States presidential election, 1968
United States presidential election, 1968
–
Senator
Robert F. Kennedy from
New York (Assassinated June 6, 1968)
22.
Richard M. Nixon
–
Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U. S. president to resign from office. He had previously served as a U. S, Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, after completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government and he subsequently served on active duty in the U. S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 and his pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president and he waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His administration generally transferred power from Washington D. C. to the states and he imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race and he was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U. S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, the scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9,1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, in retirement, Nixons work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a stroke on April 18,1994. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9,1913 in Yorba Linda, California and his parents were Hannah Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith, Nixons upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers, Harold, Donald, Arthur, four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England, Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Nixons early life was marked by hardship, and he quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood, We were poor. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the moved to Whittier
Richard M. Nixon
–
Richard Nixon
Richard M. Nixon
–
The infant Richard stands outside the Nixons' Yorba Linda Home (early 1914), looking toward what is today the
Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum
Richard M. Nixon
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Nixon (second from right) makes his newspaper debut in 1916, contributing five cents to a fund for war orphans.
Donald is to the left of his brother.
Richard M. Nixon
–
Nixon at
Whittier High School in 1930.
23.
Hubert H. Humphrey
–
Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th Vice President of the United States under President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1965 to 1969. Humphrey twice served in the United States Senate, representing Minnesota from 1949 to 1964 and 1971 to 1978 and he was the nominee of the Democratic Party in the 1968 presidential election, losing to the Republican nominee Richard M. Nixon. Born in Wallace, South Dakota in 1911, Humphrey attended the University of Minnesota before earning his pharmacist license from the Capitol College of Pharmacy in 1931. He helped run his fathers pharmacy until 1937 when he returned to academia, graduating with a degree from Louisiana State University in 1940. He returned to Minnesota during World War II and became a supervisor for the Works Progress Administration and he was then appointed state director of the Minnesota war service program before becoming the assistant director of the War Manpower Commission. In 1943, Humphrey became a professor of Political Science at Macalester College, Humphrey helped found the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party in 1944, and in 1945, became the DFL candidate for mayor of Minneapolis for a second time, winning with 61% of the vote. Humphrey served as mayor from 1945 to 1948, he was reelected and he served three terms in the Senate from 1949 to 1964 and was the Democratic Majority Whip from 1961 to 1964. Humphrey ran for two failed Presidential campaigns in the 1952 and 1960 Democratic primaries, after Johnson made the surprise announcement that he would not seek reelection in March 1968, Humphrey launched his campaign for the presidency the following month. Humphreys main Democratic challengers were anti-Vietnam War Senators Eugene McCarthy and Robert F. Kennedy, Humphreys delegate strategy succeeded in clinching the nomination, choosing Senator Edmund Muskie as his running mate. On November 5,1968, Humphrey lost to former Vice President Richard Nixon in the general election, Humphrey then returned to teaching in Minnesota before returning to the Senate in 1971. He became the first Deputy President pro tempore of the United States Senate, Humphrey died of bladder cancer at his home in Waverly, Minnesota, and is buried at the Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis. He was succeeded by his wife of forty-one years Muriel Humphrey as interim Senator for Minnesota, Humphrey was born in a room over his fathers drugstore in Wallace, South Dakota. In the late 1920s, an economic downturn hit Doland. After his son graduated from Dolands high school, Hubert Humphrey Sr. left Doland and opened a new drugstore in the town of Huron, South Dakota. Because of the financial struggles, Humphrey had to leave the University of Minnesota after just one year. He earned a license from the Capitol College of Pharmacy in Denver, Colorado. Both father and son were innovative businessmen in finding ways to attract customers, to supplement their business, a sign featuring a wooden pig was hung over the drugstore to tell the public about this unusual service. Farmers got the message, and it was Humphreys that became known as the farmers drugstore, Humphrey himself later wrote that we made Humphreys Sniffles, a substitute for Vicks Nose Drops
Hubert H. Humphrey
–
Humphrey during the 1960s
Hubert H. Humphrey
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Humphrey working as a pharmacist in his father's pharmacy.
Hubert H. Humphrey
–
Humphrey at the
1948 Democratic National Convention, in
Philadelphia.
Hubert H. Humphrey
–
Senator Humphrey
24.
American Party (1969)
–
The American Party of the United States is a conservative party in the United States. The party adheres to its Permanent Principles, which were established in 1969, the party began as part of the American Independent Party, supporters of George Wallaces 1968 campaign for the presidency. In 1969, the AIP became the American Party at a convention attended by representatives from 37 states, following the 1972 election, the American Party split from the American Independent Party. Both of the parties have nominated candidates for the presidency and other offices, in New York, the American Party ran a state ticket in 1974 under the name of Courage Party, because a state law there prohibits the use of the word American on the ballot. The American Party won its strongest finish in the 1972 presidential election, in 1990, a small number of members of the party began the Christian Party, whose membership reportedly grew at a faster rate, but nothing came of it. The American Party has failed to achieve status in any state since 1996. The partys website disappeared sometime in 2008, in 2010 the Ohio party endorsed several Libertarian Party candidates. In 2015, the party created a new website, a Twitter account, electoral History of the American Party Sources for table, Ohio Elects the President, pp. 143–174. American Party history at OurCampaigns. com James T. Havel, the American Party of the United States
American Party (1969)
–
American Party
25.
Constitution Party (United States)
–
The Constitution Party is a national political party in the United States. The idea that the principles and intents of the US Constitution are relevant in human relations was the origin of the 1991 founding, founding members included 2016 US Presidential candidate Darrell Castle and former US Office of Economic Opportunity Secretary Howard Phillips. There are 7 Guiding Principles for Constitution Party candidates and platforms, the party applies these quotes as evidence of their views of the Constitution, and how the US is founded on Christian principles, while maintaining their support of the No Religious Test Clause. As of October 2016, the Constitution Party has 18 members elected to city council seats, in terms of registered members, the party ranks fifth among national parties in the United States. The party was founded as the U. S, taxpayers Party by Howard Phillips in 1991. Phillips was also the candidate in the 1992,1996 and 2000 presidential elections. The partys name was changed to the Constitution Party in 1999, however, the party absorbed the American Independent Party, which was founded for George Wallaces 1968 presidential campaign. The Constitution Party claims to be the home of the Tea Party. In 2006, Rick Jore, of the then recently disaffiliated Constitution Party of Montana, was elected to the Montana House of Representatives with 56. 2% of the vote, the following table displays select Constitution Party state affiliate parties, chapters, and organizations. Constitution PartyAll affiliates state in their platforms support for strict adherence to the Declaration of Independence, many also specifically add their home state constitutions to the mix. In January 2013, Oregon re-affiliated with the national party, the Constitution Party of Montana re-affiliated with the national party in 2011. According to the party website, since November 2012, the Alaskan Independence Party has not been an affiliate, the Nebraska state affiliate of the Constitution Party is called the Nebraska Party. The party had candidates for statewide offices placed on ballots from 2002 to 2008, the stated mission of the Nebraska Party is. To restore economic prosperity to all Nebraskans, to restore the Christian Principles of our Forefathers, the Nebraska Party is founded on the principles of the Democrat-Republican Party, which was established in the early 1800s by Thomas Jefferson. The Democrat-Republican Party, now the Nebraska Party, represents the people, the Constitution Party branches in North Carolina and several other states adhere to what they proclaim as the Seven Essential Core Values. These core values are defined as, the Sanctity of Life, Religious Freedom, Traditional Family, Private Property Rights, Pro-Second Amendment, National Sovereignty, the party claims to be the states only truly 100% Pro-Life political party. The origins of the party can be traced to October 2000. The 1964 Constitution Party presidential nominee, Joseph B, lightburn, was a neighbor of Donnellans in Jane Lew, where he owned a local general store
Constitution Party (United States)
–
"Taxpayers Party" redirects here. For the New York party, see
Taxpayers Party of New York.
Constitution Party (United States)
–
CPWVa symbol
26.
Donald Trump
–
Donald John Trump is the 45th and current President of the United States. Prior to entering politics he was a businessman and television personality, Trump was born and raised in Queens, New York City, and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He then took charge of The Trump Organization, the estate and construction firm founded by his paternal grandmother, which he ran for four. During his real career, Trump has built, renovated, and managed numerous office towers, hotels, casinos. Besides real estate, he started several ventures and has lent the use of his name for the branding of various products. He owned the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015, and he hosted The Apprentice, as of 2017, Forbes listed him as the 544th wealthiest person in the world with a net worth of $3.5 billion. Trump first publicly expressed interest in running for office in 1987. He won two Reform Party presidential primaries in 2000, but withdrew his candidacy early on, in June 2015, he launched his campaign for the 2016 presidential election and quickly emerged as the front-runner among 17 candidates in the Republican primaries. His final opponents suspended their campaigns in May 2016, and in July he was nominated at the Republican National Convention along with Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate. His campaign received unprecedented media coverage and international attention, many of the statements he made at rallies, in interviews, or on social media were controversial or false. Trump won the election on November 8,2016, in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton. His political positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist, protectionist, Trump was born on June 14,1946 at the Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, Queens, New York City. He was the fourth of five born to Frederick Christ Fred Trump. His siblings are Maryanne, Fred Jr. Elizabeth, and Robert, Trumps ancestors originated from the village of Kallstadt, Palatinate, Germany on his fathers side, and from the Outer Hebrides isles of Scotland on his mothers side. All his grandparents, and his mother, were born in Europe and his mothers grandfather was also christened Donald. On a visit to his village, he met Elisabeth Christ. He died from the flu pandemic of 1918 and Elizabeth incorporated the family real estate business, Elizabeth Trump and Son, which would later become The Trump Organization. Trumps father Fred was born in the Bronx, and worked with his mother since he was 15 as a real estate developer, primarily in the New York boroughs of Queens and he eventually built and sold thousands of houses, barracks and apartments
Donald Trump
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Donald Trump
Donald Trump
Donald Trump
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The Trump Organization owns, operates, develops and invests in real estate around the world such as
Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago.
Donald Trump
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Trump Tower, at 725
Fifth Avenue, in
Midtown Manhattan
27.
Mike Pence
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Michael Richard Mike Pence is an American politician, lawyer, and the 48th Vice President of the United States. He previously served as the 50th Governor of Indiana from 2013 to 2017, born and raised in Columbus, Indiana, Pence graduated from Hanover College and earned a law degree from the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law before entering private practice. After losing two bids for a U. S. congressional seat in 1988 and 1990, he became a conservative radio and he served as the chairman of the House Republican Conference from 2009 to 2011. Pence positioned himself as an ideologue and supporter of the Tea Party movement, noting he was a Christian, a conservative. Pence signed bills intended to restrict abortions, including one that prohibited abortions if the reason for the procedure was the race, gender. He later signed an additional bill acting as an amendment intended to protect LGBT people. Michael Richard Mike Pence was born June 7,1959, in Columbus, Indiana, one of six children of Nancy Jane and Edward J. Pence and his family were Irish Catholic Democrats. He was named after his grandfather, Richard Michael Cawley, who emigrated from County Sligo, Ireland, to the United States through Ellis Island and became a bus driver in Chicago and his maternal grandmothers parents were from Doonbeg, County Clare. Pence graduated from Columbus North High School in 1977 and he earned a BA degree in history from Hanover College in 1981, and a JD degree from the Indiana Universitys Robert H. McKinney School of Law in Indianapolis in 1986. While at Hanover, Pence joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity, after graduating from Hanover, Pence was an admissions counselor at the college from 1981 to 1983. In his childhood and early adulthood, Pence was a Roman Catholic, kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. While in college, Pence became an evangelical, born-again Christian, after graduating from law school in 1986, Pence was an attorney in private practice. He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in 1988 and in 1990. He became the president of the Indiana Policy Review Foundation, a self-described free-market think tank in 1991, Pence left the Indiana Policy Review Foundation in 1993, a year after beginning to host The Mike Pence Show, a talk radio program based in WRCR-FM in Rushville, Indiana. Pence called himself Rush Limbaugh on decaf since he considered himself politically conservative while not as outspoken as Limbaugh, the show was syndicated by Network Indiana and aired weekdays 9 a. m. to noon on 18 stations throughout the state, including WIBC in Indianapolis. From 1995 to 1999, Pence also hosted a political talk show from Indianapolis. In 1988, Pence ran for Congress against Democratic incumbent Phil Sharp and he ran against Sharp again in 1990, quitting his job in order to work full-time in the campaign, but once again was unsuccessful. During the race, Pence used political donations to pay the mortgage on his house, his credit card bill, groceries, golf tournament fees
Mike Pence
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Mike Pence
Mike Pence
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Governor Mike Pence speaking at the 2015
Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in National Harbor, Maryland on February 27, 2015.
Mike Pence
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Mike Pence at the
Indianapolis 500 Festival Parade, 2015
28.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883. The Republicans supported the pietistic Protestants who demanded Prohibition, nevertheless, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers
Republican Party (United States)
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Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican U.S. President (1861–1865).
Republican Party (United States)
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Theodore Roosevelt,
26th President of the United States (1901–1909)
Republican Party (United States)
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Dwight Eisenhower,
34th President of the United States (1953–1961)
Republican Party (United States)
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Richard Nixon,
37th President of the United States (1969–1974)
29.
United States Air Force
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The United States Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U. S. military to be formed, the U. S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, the U. S. Air Force provides air support for surface forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field. As of 2015, the service more than 5,137 military aircraft,406 ICBMs and 63 military satellites. It has a $161 billion budget with 313,242 active duty personnel,141,197 civilian employees,69,200 Air Force Reserve personnel, and 105,500 Air National Guard personnel. According to the National Security Act of 1947, which created the USAF and it shall be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained offensive and defensive air operations. The stated mission of the USAF today is to fly, fight, and win in air, space and we will provide compelling air, space, and cyber capabilities for use by the combatant commanders. We will excel as stewards of all Air Force resources in service to the American people, while providing precise and reliable Global Vigilance, Reach and it should be emphasized that the core functions, by themselves, are not doctrinal constructs. The purpose of Nuclear Deterrence Operations is to operate, maintain, in the event deterrence fails, the US should be able to appropriately respond with nuclear options. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. Nuclear strike is the ability of forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level, post-conflict, regeneration of a credible nuclear deterrent capability will deter further aggression. Finally, the Air Force regularly exercises and evaluates all aspects of operations to ensure high levels of performance. Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations, the Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. The Air Force continues to pursue safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons consistent with operational requirements, adversaries, allies, and the American people must be highly confident of the Air Forces ability to secure nuclear weapons from accidents, theft, loss, and accidental or unauthorized use. This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission, positive nuclear command, control, communications, effective nuclear weapons security, and robust combat support are essential to the overall NDO function. OCA is the method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source
United States Air Force
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First
F-35 Lightning II of the
33rd Fighter Wing arrives at
Eglin AFB
United States Air Force
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Seal of the Department of the Air Force (
United States Air Force portal)
United States Air Force
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U.S. Air Force airmen from the 720th STG jumping out of a
C-130J Hercules aircraft during water rescue training in the
Florida panhandle
United States Air Force
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Combat Controllers participating in
Operation Enduring Freedom provide air traffic control to a
C-130 taking off from a remote airfield.
30.
Curtis E. LeMay
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Curtis Emerson LeMay was a general in the United States Air Force and the vice presidential running mate of American Independent Party candidate George Wallace in the 1968 presidential election. Curtis LeMay is credited with designing and implementing an effective, but also controversial, during the war, he was known for planning and executing a massive fire bombing campaign against cities in Japan and a crippling minelaying campaign in Japans internal waterways. After the war, he initiated the Berlin airlift, then reorganized the Strategic Air Command into an instrument of nuclear war. He served as Chief of Staff of the U. S. Air Force from 1961 until his retirement in 1965, LeMay was born in Columbus, Ohio, on November 15,1906. LeMay was of English and distant French Huguenot heritage and his father, Erving Edwin LeMay, was at times an ironworker and general handyman, but he never held a job longer than a few months. His mother, Arizona Dove LeMay, did her best to hold her family together, with very limited income, his family moved around the country as his father looked for work, going as far as Montana and California. Eventually they returned to his city of Columbus. LeMay attended Columbus public schools, graduating from Columbus South High School, working his way through college, he graduated with a bachelors degree in civil engineering. While at Ohio State he was a member of the National Society of Pershing Rifles and he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Air Corps Reserve in October 1929. He received a commission in the United States Army Air Corps in January 1930. While finishing at Ohio State, he took flight training at Norton Field in Columbus, on June 9,1934, he married Helen Estelle Maitland, with whom he had one child, Patricia Jane LeMay Lodge, known as Janie. LeMay became a pilot and, while stationed in Hawaii. In August 1937, as navigator under pilot and commander Caleb V, in 1940 he was navigator for Haynes on the prototype Boeing XB-15 heavy bomber, flying a survey from Panama over the Galapagos islands. War brought rapid promotion and increased responsibility, when his crews were not flying missions, they were subjected to relentless training, as LeMay believed that training was the key to saving their lives. You train as you fight, was one of his cardinal rules, throughout his career, LeMay was widely and fondly known among his troops as Old Iron Pants, and the Big Cigar. He took this unit to England in October 1942 as part of the Eighth Air Force, in September 1943, he became the first commander of the newly formed 3d Air Division. He personally led several missions, including the Regensburg section of the Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission of August 17,1943. In that mission, he led 146 B-17s to Regensburg, Germany, beyond the range of escorting fighters, the heavy losses in veteran crews on this and subsequent deep penetration missions in the autumn of 1943 led the Eighth Air Force to limit missions to targets within escort range
Curtis E. LeMay
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Curtis LeMay
Curtis E. LeMay
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LeMay became known for his massive
incendiary attacks against Japanese cities during the war using hundreds of planes flying at low altitudes.
Curtis E. LeMay
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Colonel Curtis LeMay officially congratulates a bomber crew of the 306th Bomb Group in front of their B-17 Flying Fortress at Chelveston Airfield, England, 2 June 1943.
Curtis E. LeMay
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A "LeMay Bombing Leaflet" from the war, which warned Japanese civilians that "Unfortunately, bombs have no eyes. So, in accordance with America's humanitarian policies, the American Air Force, which does not wish to injure innocent people, now gives you warning to evacuate the cities named and save your lives."
31.
Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront
Connecticut
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Bear Mountain, highest peak in Connecticut
Connecticut
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Flag
Connecticut
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Lake Mcdonough reservoir as seen from the Tunxis Trail Overlook Spur trail, Barkhamsted
Connecticut
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New Haven
32.
Arkansas
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Arkansas is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Its name is of Siouan derivation from the language of the Osage denoting their related kin, the states diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U. S. Interior Highlands, to the forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States, the capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state, a hub for transportation, business, culture, and government. The northwestern corner of the state, such as the Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area, is a population, education, the largest city in the eastern part of the state is Jonesboro. The largest city in the part of the state is Pine Bluff. The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15,1836, in 1861 Arkansas withdrew from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. Upon returning to the Union in 1868, the state would continue to suffer due to its reliance on slavery. White rural interests continued to dominate the politics until the Civil Rights Movement. Arkansas began to diversify its economy following World War II and relies on its service industry, aircraft, poultry, steel, tourism, cotton, and rice. The culture of Arkansas is observable in museums, theaters, novels, television shows, restaurants, wright, and physicist William L. McMillan, who was a pioneer in superconductor research, have all lived in Arkansas. The name Arkansas derives from the root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains, the word Arkansas itself is a French pronunciation of a Quapaw word, akakaze, meaning land of downriver people or the Sioux word akakaze meaning people of the south wind. In 2007, the legislature passed a non-binding resolution declaring the possessive form of the states name to be Arkansass which has been followed increasingly by the state government. Arkansas borders Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, Oklahoma to the west, Missouri to the north, as well as Tennessee, the United States Census Bureau classifies Arkansas as a southern state, sub-categorized among the West South Central States. The state line along the Mississippi River is indeterminate along much of the border with Mississippi due to these changes. Arkansas can generally be split into two halves, the highlands in the northwest half and the lowlands of the southeastern half, the highlands are part of the Southern Interior Highlands, including The Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains. The southern lowlands include the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Arkansas Delta and this dual split can yield to general regions named northwest, southwest, northeast, southeast, or central Arkansas
Arkansas
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View from the
Ozark Highlands Scenic Byway in
Boxley Valley
Arkansas
Arkansas
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The Ozarks: bend in the Buffalo River from an overlook on the Buffalo River Trail near Steel Creek
Arkansas
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The flat terrain and rich soils of the Arkansas Delta near
Arkansas City are in stark contrast to the northwestern part of the state.
33.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
Louisiana
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Louisiana entrance sign off
Interstate 20 in
Madison Parish east of
Tallulah.
Louisiana
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Flag
Louisiana
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Aerial view of Louisiana wetland habitats.
Louisiana
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A field of yellow wildflowers in
Saint Bernard Parish, Louisiana
34.
Mississippi
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Mississippi /ˌmɪsᵻˈsɪpi/ is a state in the southern region of the United States, with part of its southern border formed by the Gulf of Mexico. Its western border is formed by the Mississippi River, the state has a population of approximately 3 million. It is the 32nd most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States, located in the center of the state, Jackson is the state capital and largest city, with a population of approximately 175,000 people. The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, before the American Civil War, most development in the state was along riverfronts, where slaves worked on cotton plantations. After the war, the bottomlands to the interior were cleared, by the end of the 19th century, African Americans made up two-thirds of the Deltas property owners, but timber and railroad companies acquired much of the land after a financial crisis. Clearing altered the Deltas ecology, increasing the severity of flooding along the Mississippi, much land is now held by agribusinesses. The states catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States, since the 1930s and the Great Migration, Mississippi has been majority white, albeit with the highest percentage of black residents of any U. S. state. From the early 19th century to the 1930s, its residents were mostly black, whites retained political power through Jim Crow laws. In 2010, 37% of Mississippians were African Americans, the highest percentage of African Americans in any U. S. state, since gaining enforcement of their voting franchise in the late 1960s, most African Americans support Democratic candidates in local, state and national elections. Conservative whites have shifted to the Republican Party, African Americans are a majority in many counties of the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta, an area of historic settlement during the plantation era. Since 2011 Mississippi has been ranked as the most religious state in the country, the states name is derived from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary. Settlers named it after the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi, in addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake, Mississippi is entirely composed of lowlands, the highest point being Woodall Mountain, in the foothills of the Cumberland Mountains,807 feet above sea level. The lowest point is sea level at the Gulf coast, the states mean elevation is 300 feet above sea level. Most of Mississippi is part of the East Gulf Coastal Plain, the coastal plain is generally composed of low hills, such as the Pine Hills in the south and the North Central Hills. The Pontotoc Ridge and the Fall Line Hills in the northeast have somewhat higher elevations, yellow-brown loess soil is found in the western parts of the state. The northeast is a region of black earth that extends into the Alabama Black Belt. The coastline includes large bays at Bay St. Louis, Biloxi, the northwest remainder of the state consists of the Mississippi Delta, a section of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain
Mississippi
Mississippi
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Flag
Mississippi
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Bottomland hardwood swamp near
Ashland, Mississippi
Mississippi
–
Jackson, Mississippi
35.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
Georgia (U.S. state)
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A girl spinner in a Georgia cotton mill, 1909.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Flag
Georgia (U.S. state)
–
Road to
Brasstown Bald
Georgia (U.S. state)
–
Jekyll Island
36.
Tennessee
–
Tennessee is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States, Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, Tennessees capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 654,610. Memphis is the states largest city, with a population of 655,770, the state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1,1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war. Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia and this sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century. This city was established to house the Manhattan Projects uranium enrichment facilities, helping to build the worlds first atomic bomb, Tennessees major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi in present-day Monroe County, the town was located on a river of the same name, and appears on maps as early as 1725. The meaning and origin of the word are uncertain, some accounts suggest it is a Cherokee modification of an earlier Yuchi word. It has been said to mean meeting place, winding river, according to ethnographer James Mooney, the name can not be analyzed and its meaning is lost. The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, the spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlakes Draught of the Cherokee Country in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created Tennessee County, the county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new out of the Southwest Territory. Other sources differ on the origin of the nickname, according to the Columbia Encyclopedia. Tennessee ties Missouri as the state bordering the most other states, the state is trisected by the Tennessee River. The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet, Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessees eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River
Tennessee
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Monument near the ancient site of Tanasi in Monroe County
Tennessee
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Flag
Tennessee
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View from atop
Mount Le Conte in the
Great Smoky Mountains National Park, April 2007
Tennessee
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Autumn in Tennessee. Roadway to Lindsey Lake in
David Crockett State Park, located a half mile west of
Lawrenceburg
37.
Fats Everett
–
Robert Ashton Fats Everett was an American Democratic Congressman from Tennessee from February 1,1958 until his death in Nashville, Tennessee in 1969. Everett was a native of Obion County, Tennessee, being born on a farm near Union City and he was a 1936 graduate of Murray State College. Elected to the Obion County Court in 1936, Everett was then elected, during World War II, he served in the United States Army from 1942 to 1945. After the war he was an assistant to Senator Thomas Stewart from 1945 to 1949. Afterwards, he became secretary of the Tennessee County Services Association. In 1958, Everett entered the contest for the Eighth Congressional District seat of Jere Cooper and he won the special election and served the balance of Coopers term and five subsequent terms, serving from February 1,1958 until his death in the first month of his seventh term. Like the voters of his district, he was predominantly a conservative, Everett died in Nashville, Tennessee on January 26,1969. He is interred at East View Cemetery in Union City, there is a statue of him at the Obion County Court House in Union City, Tennessee. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Fats Everett at Find a Grave This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
Fats Everett
–
Robert Ashton "Fats" Everett
38.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
Democratic Party (United States)
–
Andrew Jackson was the first Democratic
President of the United States
Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party (United States)
–
The three leaders of the Democratic party during the first half of the 20th century: President
Woodrow Wilson (nominated in 1912 and '16) Sec. of State
William J. Bryan (nominated in 1896, 1900 and 1908),
Josephus Daniels,
Breckinridge Long,
William Phillips, and
Franklin D. Roosevelt (nominated for VP in 1920 and for president in 1932, 36,'40 and 44)
Democratic Party (United States)
–
John F. Kennedy,
35th President of the United States (1961–1963)
39.
Ed Jones (US politician)
–
Representative from the state of Tennessee from 1969 to 1989. He was also the Tennessee Commissioner of Agriculture from 1949 to 1953 and he was inducted into the Tennessee Agricultural Hall of Fame in 2011. Jones was a native of Yorkville, Tennessee, born April 20,1912, he was the first of three boys born to Will Jones and Sibbie Hortense Pipkin. He graduated from the University of Tennessee Junior College in 1932 and his father was a laborer who worked odd jobs for local farmers. He instilled a work ethic in Jones from an early age, requiring him to work after school. When Jones father was unable to pay his bills, he began doing odd jobs for Dr. Finis Ewing Wyatt. Ed Jones was a farmer and remained so throughout his lifetime - even during his 20 years in Congress. In the late 1990s, Jones was diagnosed with Alzheimers and died on December 11,1999, in Dyer, in 1934, he took a job as an dairy inspector for the state of Tennessee. He remained as inspector until 1941 when he began working as a supervisor for the Tennessee Dairy Products Association, in 1944, Jones became an agricultural agent for the Illinois Central Railroad, a job he held until 1969, except for four years when he was Commissioner of Agriculture. This public role was pivotal in helping to make him a figure in West Tennessee. He was appointed Commissioner of Agriculture of Tennessee in 1949 by Governor Gordon Browning and he is the youngest person to serve as Commissioner. His challenges included the transition of Tennessee agriculture from small farms to commercial business operations. In 1961 President John F. Kennedy appointed him chairman of the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service state committee for Tennessee and he held that position until his election to Congress in 1969. In March 1969 Jones won the Democratic nomination for an election to replace Robert Fats Everett, Congressman from the Eighth District in Northwest Tennessee. The other two candidates almost split the vote evenly in the March 25 contest, Jones won with a plurality and was sworn in as soon as the results were certified. However, he was never again to face an election nearly this close, Jones was re-elected to a full term with less opposition in 1970. In 1972 his district was renumbered the Seventh District due to Tennessee losing a district after the 1970 census, Jackson, which had been the base of its own district represented by fellow Democrat Ray Blanton, was added to Jones new district. The resulting district was, if anything, even more Democratic than his previous district, to avoid a primary election, Blanton ran, unsuccessfully, for the United States Senate against Republican Howard Baker
Ed Jones (US politician)
–
Ed Jones
40.
Eagle
–
Eagle is a common name for many large birds of prey of the family Accipitridae, it belongs to several groups of genera that are not necessarily closely related to each other. Most of the 60 species of eagles are from Eurasia and Africa, outside this area, just 14 species can be found – two in North America, nine in Central and South America, and three in Australia. Eagles are large, powerfully built birds of prey, with heavy heads, most eagles are larger than any other raptors apart from some vultures. The smallest species of eagle is the South Nicobar serpent eagle, the largest species are discussed below. Like all birds of prey, eagles have large, hooked beaks for ripping flesh from their prey, strong, muscular legs. The beak is typically heavier than that of most other birds of prey, Eagles eyes are extremely powerful, having up to 3.6 times human acuity for the martial eagle, which enables them to spot potential prey from a very long distance. This keen eyesight is primarily attributed to their extremely large pupils which ensure minimal diffraction of the incoming light, the female of all known species of eagles is larger than the male. Eagles normally build their nests, called eyries, in trees or on high cliffs. Many species lay two eggs, but the older, larger chick frequently kills its younger sibling once it has hatched, the dominant chick tends to be a female, as they are bigger than the male. The parents take no action to stop the killing, due to the size and power of many eagle species, they are ranked at the top of the food chain as apex predators in the avian world. The type of prey varies by genus, the snake and serpent eagles of the genera Circaetus, Terathopius, and Spilornis predominantly prey on the great diversity of snakes found in the tropics of Africa and Asia. The eagles of the genus Aquila are often the top birds of prey in open habitats, where Aquila eagles are absent, other eagles, such as the buteonine black-chested buzzard-eagle of South America, may assume the position of top raptorial predator in open areas. Many other eagles, including the species-rich Spizaetus genus, live predominantly in woodlands and these eagles often target various arboreal or ground-dwelling mammals and birds, which are often unsuspectingly ambushed in such dense, knotty environments. Hunting techniques differ among the species and genera, with some individual eagles having engaged in quite varied techniques based their environment, most eagles grab prey without landing and take flight with it, so the prey can be carried to a perch and torn apart. The bald eagle is noted for having flown with the heaviest load verified to be carried by any flying bird, golden and crowned eagles have killed ungulates weighing up to 30 kg and a martial eagle even killed a 37 kg duiker, 7–8 times heavier than the preying eagle. It has been observed that most birds of prey look back over their shoulders before striking prey, all hawks seem to have this habit, from the smallest kestrel to the largest Ferruginous – but not the Eagles. Among the eagles are some of the largest birds of prey, only the condors and it is regularly debated which should be considered the largest species of eagle. They could be measured variously in total length, body mass, different lifestyle needs among various eagles result in variable measurements from species to species
Eagle
–
Eagle
Eagle
–
Golden eagle
Eagle
–
Martial eagle in Namibia.
Eagle
–
Philippine eagle, Pithecophaga jefferyi in Southern Philippines.
41.
Compass rose
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It is also the term for the graduated markings found on the traditional magnetic compass. The modern compass rose has eight principal winds, 8-point compass roses us the eight principal winds—that is, the four cardinal directions plus the four intercardinal or ordinal directions, at angles of difference of 45°. 16-point compass roses are constructed by bisecting the angles of the winds to come up with intermediate compass points, known as half-winds. The names of the half-winds are simply combinations of the winds to either side. 32-point compass roses are constructed by bisecting these angles, and coming up with quarter-winds at 11 1⁄4° angles of difference, north-by-east is one quarter wind from North towards East, Northeast-by-north is one quarter wind from Northeast toward North. Naming all 32 points on the rose is called boxing the compass, the 32-point rose has the uncomfortable number of 11 1⁄4° between points, but is easily found by halving divisions and may have been easier for those not using a 360° circle. Using gradians, of which there are 400 in a circle, linguistic anthropological studies have shown that most human communities have four points of cardinal direction. The names given to these directions are usually derived from either locally-specific geographic features or from celestial bodies or from atmospheric features, most mobile populations tend to adopt sunrise and sunset for East and West and the direction from where different winds blow to denote North and South. The ancient Greeks originally maintained distinct and separate systems of points, the four Greek cardinal points were based on celestial bodies and used for orientation. The four Greek winds were confined to meteorology, nonetheless, both systems were gradually conflated, and wind names came to eventually denote cardinal directions as well. To restore balance, Timosthenes of Rhodes added two more winds to produce the classical 12-wind rose, and began using the winds to denote geographical direction in navigation, eratosthenes deducted two winds from Aristotles system, to produce the classical 8-wind rose. The Romans adopted the Greek 12-wind system, and replaced its names with Latin equivalents, e. g. Septentrio, Subsolanus, Auster, Favonius, uniquely, Vitruvius came up with a 24-wind rose. According to the chronicler Einhard, the Frankish king Charlemagne himself came up with his own names for the classical 12 winds and he named the four cardinal winds on the roots Nord, Ost, Sund and Vuest. Intermediate winds were constructed as simple compound names of these four and these Carolingian names are the source of the modern compass point names found in nearly all modern west European languages. The following table gives an equivalence of the classical 12-wind rose with the modern compass directions. The sidereal compass rose demarcates the compass points by the position of stars in the night sky, arab navigators in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, who depended on celestial navigation, were using a 32-point sidereal compass rose before the end of the 10th century. The other thirty points on the rose were determined by the rising and setting positions of fifteen bright stars. Reading from North to South, in their rising and setting positions, the true position of these stars is only approximate to their theoretical equidistant rhumbs on the sidereal compass
Compass rose
–
Early 32-wind compass rose, shown as a mere collection of color-coded rhumblines, from a Genoese nautical chart (c. 1325)
Compass rose
–
A common compass rose as found on a
nautical chart showing both
true north and
magnetic north with
magnetic variation. Also notice the correspondence between the thirty-two point rose (inner circle) and the modern 0-360° graduation.
Compass rose
–
First ornate compass rose depicted on a chart, from the
Catalan Atlas (1375), with the
Pole Star as north mark.
42.
Governor of South Carolina
–
The Governor of the State of South Carolina is the head of state for the State of South Carolina. Under the South Carolina Constitution, the governor is also the head of government, the governor is the ex officio commander-in-chief of the National Guard when not called into federal use. The governors responsibilities include making yearly State of the State addresses to the South Carolina General Assembly, submitting an executive budget, there are three legal requirements set forth in Section 2 of Article IV of the South Carolina Constitution. Be at least 30 years of age, citizen of the United States and a resident of South Carolina for 5 years preceding the day of election. Watkins, which reaffirmed that religious tests for public offices violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and this requirement, however, has still not been removed from the Constitution of South Carolina. Section 3 of Article IV states that no person shall be elected governor for more than two successive terms, for clarification, a person can hold an unlimited amount of terms as governor as long as such person does not serve more than two consecutive terms. Since Henry McMaster assumed the office of governor after Nikki Haley resigned, he is eligible to serve the remainder of Haleys term, according to the South Carolina Constitution, the Governor, Exercises supreme executive authority. Appoints directors to 14 cabinet agencies, but most appointments are shared with the General Assembly, serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the South Carolina National Guard. Serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the South Carolina State Guard, which is an auxiliary of the National Guard organized for in-state homeland defense, grants reprieves and commutes death sentences to life imprisonment. Calls the General Assembly to a session in extraordinary circumstances. Adjourns the General Assembly as he shall think proper, Exercises veto and a Line-item veto power on budget bills. Declares a state of emergency and oversees relief in the event of a disaster, declares public schools and government offices closed during civil or weather emergencies. Serves as the ex officio chair of the board of trustees of all state universities, submits a budget proposal to the General Assembly every January. Delivers a state of the address, from time to time, to the General Assembly. Appoints United States Senators in cases of vacancy to serve until the next election, appoints county Sheriffs in cases of vacancy to serve until the next election. During impeachment or when the governor is temporarily disabled or absent from office, if the governor elect is unable to fulfill the duties of the office of the governor, the lieutenant governor will become governor when the incumbent governors term expires. Should the Lieutenant Governorship become vacant, the President Pro Tempore will immediately become Lieutenant Governor, should the Governor be unable to fulfill his duties, the Lieutenant Governor must become Governor. If he refuses, he must resign as Lieutenant Governor, likewise, this applies to the President Pro Tempore and the Speaker of the House
Governor of South Carolina
–
Incumbent
Nikki Haley since January 12, 2011
Governor of South Carolina
–
Seal of the Governor
Governor of South Carolina
–
Outer part of the governor's office in the
South Carolina State House in
Columbia
43.
South Carolina House of Representatives
–
The South Carolina House of Representatives is the lower house of the South Carolina General Assembly, the upper house being the South Carolina Senate. It consists of 124 Representatives elected to two terms at the same time as US Congressional elections. Unlike many legislatures, seating on the floor is not divided by party and this is a legacy of the original apportionment of the chamber. Until 1964, each county was a district, with the number of representatives determined by the countys population. 21 were members of the Union Reform Party of South Carolina, two of the Union Reform members from Chesterfield were later replaced by Republicans from a resolution passed in the House. All 33 were members of the Conservative Party of South Carolina, the origins of the southern strategy, two-party competition in South Carolina, 1950–1972. Reynolds, John S. Reconstruction in South Carolina, the Post and Courier The State South Carolina House of Representatives 2007 seating chart Project Vote Smart – State House of South Carolina links to each Representative
South Carolina House of Representatives
–
South Carolina House of Representatives
South Carolina House of Representatives
44.
Dillon County, South Carolina
–
Dillon County is a county located in the U. S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 32,062. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 407 square miles. It is the fifth-smallest county in South Carolina by area, the population density was 76 people per square mile. There were 12,679 housing units at a density of 31 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 47% White, 49% Black or African American,2. 21% Native American,0. 34% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 99% from other races, and 0. 70% from two or more races. 1. 75% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,25. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the family size was 3.24. In the county, the population was out with 29. 10% under the age of 18,9. 50% from 18 to 24,27. 50% from 25 to 44,22. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 87.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.60 males, the median income for a household in the county was $26,630, and the median income for a family was $32,690. Males had an income of $26,908 versus $18,007 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,272, about 19. 40% of families and 24. 20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33. 30% of those under age 18 and 26. 60% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 32,062 people,11,923 households, the population density was 79.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 13,742 housing units at a density of 33.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 48. 0% white,46. 1% black or African American,2. 5% American Indian,0. 2% Asian,1. 5% from other races, and 1. 6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2. 6% of the population, in terms of ancestry,13. 5% were American,6. 5% were English, and 5. 4% were Irish. The average household size was 2.65 and the family size was 3.20
Dillon County, South Carolina
–
Location in the state of
South Carolina
45.
John C. West
–
John Carl West, Sr. was an American Democratic Party politician who served as the 109th Governor of South Carolina from 1971 to 1975. From 1977 to 1981, he was the U. S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia, West was born in Camden, South Carolina. He was reared in the Kershaw County farming community of Charlotte Thompson, in May 1923, his father, along with seventy-six other persons, was killed in a fire at the nearby Cleveland School. His mother and maternal grandmother escaped unharmed from the fire, West was hence reared by his determined single mother. In 1942, he married his sweetheart, Lois Rhame. The couple had three children, a daughter and two sons, Shelton, Douglas, and John, Jr, following the war, West earned a law degree in 1948 from the University of South Carolina in the capital city of Columbia. From 1948 to 1952, he served on the South Carolina Highway Commission, from 1955 to 1967, West served in the state senate from Kershaw County. At the time he was a segregationist but felt uncomfortable denying basic rights to African Americans, West was the 80th Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina, having served from 1967 to 1971. The GOP had also made a presidential bid in the state in 1960. In the 1970 gubernatorial election, in which McNair was constitutionally barred from seeking a full term. Representative Albert W. Watson, a Democrat-turned-Republican who carried Thurmonds backing, Watson finished with 45.9 percent of the ballots cast. A former state legislator, Alfred W. Bethea of Dillon, as governor, West was known for his accessibility with the media and his openness with legislators. In carrying out his duties, he kept an eye on history. He worked to increase employment opportunities in the state, the Orangeburg Times and Democrat wrote that Wests greatest single success was in the field of economic growth. With the states growing income and new jobs, the trend of out-migration. was halted. Under West, South Carolina in October 1971 held its first ever integrated state fair in Columbia, on March 28,1973, the South Carolina Legislature ratified an amendment to the state constitution that allowed restaurants to serve mixed drinks. S. and Saudi Arabia. He began by setting up visits by members of Congress, including Senator Jacob Javits, to them to see firsthand the problems. In a five-point formula for potential peace in the region, Carter endorsed the creation of a Palestinian state, an issue still opposed by conservatives and defenders of Israel
John C. West
–
John C. West
46.
Albert Watson (South Carolina)
–
Albert William Watson was a Democrat-turned-Republican state and U. S. representative from South Carolina. He is best known for his losing 1970 campaign for governor, Albert William Watson was born in 1922 to Claude Watson, Sr. and his wife in Sumter in central South Carolina. His family moved and he was reared near the capital of Columbia in Lexington County. He subsequently enrolled at the former North Greenville Junior College in Greenville, during World War II, Watson served as a weather specialist in the United States Army Air Corps, the forerunner of the Air Force. In 1950, he graduated from the University of South Carolina School of Law, in 1954, he was elected from Richland County to the South Carolina House of Representatives, which he served from 1955 to 1958 and again from 1961 to 1962. In 1958, Watson lost the Democratic primary for lieutenant governor to Burnet Maybank, in 1961, Watson returned to the state House for a final two-year term. In 1948, Watson married the former Lillian Audrey Williams, a Southern Baptist deacon, Watson had a twin brother, Allan R. Watson, who was a Baptist minister and served as the pastor of churches in Florida and Alabama. He preached at the White House in September 1969, a second brother, Claude Watson, Jr. of Columbia, died in 2003. In 1962, Watson first ran for South Carolinas 2nd congressional district seat in the U. S. House to fill the opening created when fellow Democrat John J. Riley died on New Years Day. His wife, Corinne Boyd Riley, had won an election to serve out the remainder of the term. After securing the Democratic nomination, Watson faced Floyd Spence, a state representative from neighboring Lexington County. The ensuing general election was far closer than expected, with Watson winning by five percentage points. He received crucial support from his mentor, U. S, the Columbia-based district had been one of the first areas in the state to come under Republican influence, it had voted for Richard Nixon in 1960. Like Thurmond, Watson was an open and unashamed segregationist, both supported Barry Goldwaters campaign for President. While Watson headed the South Carolina Democrats for Goldwater organization, Thurmond went as far as switching parties and becoming a Republican on September 17,1964. Partly because of his support for Goldwater, Watson was reelected without opposition as Goldwater carried South Carolina, the House Democratic Caucus stripped Watson of his seniority for supporting Goldwater. Another Deep South congressman, John Bell Williams of Mississippi, lost his seniority for supporting Goldwater as well, declaring he would not sit around and be bullied by northern liberals, Watson resigned from Congress on February 1,1965. He then announced that he would run in the election for his old seat on June 15
Albert Watson (South Carolina)
–
Albert William Watson, Sr.
47.
United States House of Representatives
–
The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
United States House of Representatives
–
United States House of Representatives
United States House of Representatives
–
Seal of the House
United States House of Representatives
–
Republican
Thomas Brackett Reed, occasionally ridiculed as "Czar Reed", was a U.S. Representative from
Maine, and
Speaker of the House from 1889 to 1891 and from 1895 to 1899.
United States House of Representatives
–
House Speaker
Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader
Steny Hoyer, and Education and Labor Committee Chairman
George Miller confer with President
Barack Obama at the
Oval Office in 2009.
48.
Justice of the peace
–
A justice of the peace is a judicial officer, of a lower or puisne court, elected or appointed by means of a commission to keep the peace. In past centuries the term commissioner of the peace was used with the same meaning. Depending on the jurisdiction, such justices dispense summary justice or merely deal with local administrative applications in common law jurisdictions, some jurisdictions have varying forms of training for JPs. In 1195, Richard I of England and his Minister Hubert Walter commissioned certain knights to preserve the peace in unruly areas and they were responsible to the King for ensuring that the law was upheld and preserving the Kings peace. Therefore, they were known as keepers of the peace, the title justice of the peace derives from 1361, in the reign of Edward III. The peace to be guarded is the sovereigns, the maintenance of which is the duty of the Crown under the royal prerogative, Justices of the peace still use the power conferred or re-conferred on them since 1361 to bind over unruly persons to be of good behaviour. The bind over is not a punishment, but a preventive measure, the justices alternative title of magistrate dates from the 16th century, although the word had been in use centuries earlier to describe some legal officials of Roman times. Being an unpaid office, undertaken voluntarily and sometimes more for the sake of renown or to confirm the justices standing within the community, the justices of the peace conducted arraignments in all criminal cases, and tried misdemeanours and infractions of local ordinances and bylaws. The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 stripped the power to appoint normal JPs from those municipal corporations that had it and this was replaced by the present system, where the Lord Chancellor nominates candidates with local advice, for appointment by the Crown. Until the introduction of elected county councils in the 19th century, JPs, in quarter sessions, also administered the county at a local level. Women were not allowed to become JPs in the United Kingdom until 1919, the first woman being Ada Summers, the Mayor of Stalybridge, emily Murphy of Edmonton, Canada, preceded her by some three and a half years. Now in the UK, 50% of JPs are women, in special circumstances, a justice of the peace can be the highest governmental representative, so in fact gubernatorial, in a colonial entity. This was the case in the Tati Concessions Land, a concession in the Matabele kingdom. Criteria for appointment vary widely, depending on the state, for example, in Queensland, a justice of the peace must complete an exam prior to being eligible for appointment, whereas in Victoria, a person need only prove good character by way of references. Generally speaking, a justice of the peace cannot act in relation to a document which is to be used in a foreign country. One exception to this, however, is that countries in the Commonwealth frequently accept documents so certified, documents which are to be used in a foreign country that does not provide for a foreign JP to witness them should be dealt with by a notary public. This is the same for all countries where the office of justice of the peace exists, notaries public are often solicitors or barristers, and the best way to locate one is to contact your local law society. Some justices are appointed as justice of the peace, usually in remote aboriginal communities, in Queensland, a lawyer may be appointed as a Justice of the Peace without further education or qualification and has the full powers of a JP
Justice of the peace
49.
Phillips County, Arkansas
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Phillips County is a county located in the eastern part of the U. S. state of Arkansas, in what is known as the Arkansas Delta along the Mississippi River. As of the 2010 census, the population was 21,757, the county seat is Helena-West Helena. This lowland area was developed for plantations in the antebellum area and is still largely rural. The Helena-West Helena, AR Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Phillips County, because of the white mob action, the deaths were classified as lynchings by the Equal Justice Institute in its 2015 report. Phillips County thus ranks as the county with the highest number of lynchings in U. S. history. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 727 square miles. 63. 1% were Black or African American,35. 0% White,0. 3% Asian,0. 2% Native American,0. 4% of some other race and 0. 9% of two or more races. As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 26,445 people,9,711 households, the population density was 38 people per square mile. There were 10,859 housing units at a density of 16 per square mile. 1. 44% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the family size was 3.29. In the county, the population was out with 32. 20% under the age of 18,9. 40% from 18 to 24,23. 20% from 25 to 44,21. 20% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33 years, for every 100 females there were 84.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.70 males, the median income for a household in the county was $22,231, and the median income for a family was $26,570. Males had an income of $24,675 versus $17,520 for females. The per capita income for the county was $12,288, about 28. 70% of families and 32. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 45. 50% of those under age 18 and 26. 20% of those age 65 or over. For the period 2000-2009, the Helena-West Helena statistical area lost 20. 89% of its population, School districts serving Phillips County include the Helena-West Helena School District, the Marvell–Elaine School District, and the Barton–Lexa School District. Previously the Lake View School District served a portion of the county, on July 1,2004, the Lake View district merged into the Barton–Lexa district
Phillips County, Arkansas
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Phillips County courthouse in Helena-West Helena
Phillips County, Arkansas
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Townships in Phillips County, Arkansas as of 2010
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Winthrop Rockefeller
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Winthrop Rockefeller was an American politician and philanthropist, who served as the first Republican Governor of Arkansas since Reconstruction. He was a member of the Rockefeller family. Winthrop Rockefeller was born in New York, to philanthropists John Davison Rockefeller Jr. and he had one elder sister named Abby, three elder brothers John III, Nelson, and Laurance, and a younger brother named David. Nelson served as Governor of New York and Vice President of the United States, Winthrop attended Yale University but was ejected as a result of misbehavior before earning his degree. Prior to attending Yale, he graduated from the Loomis Chaffee School in Windsor, in early 1941, he enlisted in the Army. As a soldier of the 77th Infantry Division, he fought in World War II and he earned a Bronze Star with Oak Leaf Clusters and a Purple Heart for his actions aboard the troopship USS Henrico, after a kamikaze attack during the invasion of Okinawa. His image appears in the Infantry Officer Hall of Fame at Fort Benning, on February 14,1948, Winthrop married actress Jievute Bobo Paulekiute. She was previously married to Boston Brahmin socialite John Sears Jr, the wedding took place in Florida, and at the reception, a choir sang Negro spirituals. On September 17,1948, she gave birth to their son, the couple separated in 1950 and divorced in 1954. On June 11,1956, Rockefeller wed the Seattle-born socialite Jeanette Edris and she had two children, Bruce and Ann Bartley, from a previous marriage. Winthrop and Jeanette had no children together and divorced shortly after he left the governorship in 1971, as the states First Lady, Jeanette Rockefeller took a special interest in mental health issues. Rockefeller moved to central Arkansas in 1953 and established Winrock Enterprises, remmel polled 37 percent of the vote in the gubernatorial general election against Democrat Orval Eugene Faubus. It was a showing for a Republican candidate in Arkansas, compared to previous races in the 1940s. Twelve years later, Rockefeller would build upon Remmels race and win the governorship for the Republican Party, in 1955, Faubus named Rockefeller chairman of the Arkansas Industrial Development Commission. Rockefeller initiated a number of philanthropies and projects and he financed the building of a model school at Morrilton and led efforts to establish a Fine Arts Center in Little Rock. He also financed the construction of medical clinics in some of the states poorest counties and these philanthropic activities continue to this day through the Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation. In 1960, Rockefeller did not seek the governorship but instead raised funds for the Republican nominee, Henry M. Britt, a lawyer from Hot Springs. Britt lost in every county and barely polled 30 percent of the vote in his loss to Faubus
Winthrop Rockefeller
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Winthrop Rockefeller
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New York
Indiana
