1.
Goof Troop
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Disneys Goof Troop is an animated comedy television series from The Walt Disney Company featuring Goofy as a father figure and bonding with his son Max, and Pete, as his neighbor. Created by Peter Montgomery, the series of 65 episodes ran in syndication from 1992 to 1993 on The Disney Afternoon. One Christmas special was produced, which ran in syndication on 1 November 1992. Goof Troop bears similarity to several early-1950s Goofy cartoon shorts which depicted Goofy as a father to a mischievous red-haired son, Goofy, a single father, moves back to his hometown of Spoonerville with his son, Max. J. and younger daughter Pistol. Max and P. J. become best friends and do everything together. A large portion of humor comes from the relatively normal Maxs personality sharply contrasting with his father, Goof Troop was originally previewed on The Disney Channel from April 20,1992 into July 12 of that year. Reruns of the series aired on The Disney Channel. Reruns were shown on Toon Disney until January 2005, the program made a return from September 2006 until August 2008, and the Christmas special still aired on Christmas in the United States. Goof Troop was adapted into the feature film A Goofy Movie and its sequel, A Goofy Movie 2. Both films are spin-offs of the series and take place a few years after the series, the two movies featured Bill Farmer, Rob Paulsen and Jim Cummings reprising their character roles from Goof Troop in these two movies, with Jason Marsden providing the voice of a now-teenager Max. Dana Hill, who provided the voice of Max, died on July 15,1996 at the age of 32, Petes wife Peg is a play on Peg Leg Pete, one of Petes names in the classic Disney shorts. Likewise, his daughter Pistol is a play on another such name, the town of Spoonerville is named after layout artist J. Michael Spooner, who designed many of the background layouts for the series. In Axed by Addition, Max uses the Doctor Howard, Doctor Fine and this line was from the Three Stooges short, Men in Black. Goofy is the father of Max Goof. This is mentioned briefly in one episode, where its said that Maxs mother is up there amongst the stars and it is a direct implication that she died in an undisclosed time. He and his son, Max, move next door to the Petes from their home in the city. Goofys biggest weaknesses are his short span, scatterbrain. He often drives his neighbor Pete up the wall, Goofy is very calm, lovable, and many times will turn the other cheek when Pete insults him, though occasionally, he does get angry and gets back at him when the offense goes too far
2.
Jason Marsden
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Jason Christopher Marsden is an American actor, voice actor, director and producer who has appeared in numerous voice roles in animated films, as well as various television series and video games. He played Alan Quartermaine, Jr. in the American daytime serial General Hospital and he continued this role for two years, while still attending elementary school. This was followed soon afterwards by the role of Eddie Munster in the TV series remake of The Munsters titled The Munsters Today, Marsden continued his career with many guest star appearances on prime time sitcoms. In 1990, he was the voice of Peter Pan in Peter Pan and the Pirates and he lent his voice to Thackery Binx as a black cat in Disneys Hocus Pocus and reprised the role in the Hocus Pocus Villain Spelltacular. His next roles included voicing Goofys son Max Goof in Disneys A Goofy Movie, as well as in the sequel An Extremely Goofy Movie and also had a role in White Squall. Some other on-camera roles were that of Rich Halke in Step by Step, which was from 1995 until the cancellation in 1998. On Boy Meets World he played a character where he used his name and was the best friend of Eric Matthews. He played the young Burt Ward/Robin in the 2002 television movie Return to the Batcave, The Misadventures of Adam, in 1999, he starred in Walt Disney Animation Studios Tarzan as a member of gorilla family. Since Step by Step, Marsden has provided voices for animated television shows. He appeared in a film, as the voice of Kovu in The Lion King II, Simbas Pride. He was the voice of Haku in the American dub of Sen to Chihiro no kamikakushi and he has also provided the voice of Richie Foley/Gear in the television series Static Shock. In Baldurs Gate II, Shadows of Amn, he voiced characters, most notably Lilarcor the talking sword. His first foray into directing was an episode of the Nickelodeon series The Journey of Allen Strange and he also directed, wrote, produced, and edited The Greatest Short Film Ever. in 2004. He has done voice work on the various DC Warner Bros. More recently, he played Impulse and The Atom in Young Justice and he also voiced for Tak in the game Tak and the Power of Juju along with Tak 2, The Staff of Dreams and Tak, The Great Juju Challenge. From late summer 2004 to early spring 2007, Marsden was the announcer for Toon Disney. He appeared in the film Fun with Dick and Jane as the cashier at the gas station, in 2013, he did the voice of Aye-Aye in The Legend of Korra. Marsden has been married to his wife Christy Hicks since October 2004, together they have a son and they currently live in Nashville, Tennessee
3.
Bill Farmer
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William Bill Farmer is an American voice actor and comedian, who is known for his role of being the current voice of the Disney character Goofy since 1987. He is also the current voice of Pluto and Horace Horsecollar, Farmer was born on November 14,1952 in Pratt, Kansas, as the second child in his family. His parents were of English and Welsh descent, farmers first job, at the age of 15, involved doing voices, especially those of Western stars like John Wayne or Walter Brennan. He and his friends would go through fast food drive-thrus. Bill attended the University of Kansas, and is a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity. In college, he work in radio and TV and then moved on to stand-up comedy as an impressionist until he moved out to Hollywood. In 1982, while he was still doing comedy, Farmer worked at a comedy club called the Comedy Corner in Dallas, Texas. He continued to work there until his move to Hollywood in 1986 and his decision to move to California came from a Dallas commercial agent who suggested that, given his talent for voices, he should try his luck in California. He was recently married, but he and his wife talked it over and she stayed back in Dallas while he commuted for a year after he got an apartment. Then four months after his moving out to Hollywood, his agent asked him if he could do any Disney characters and he asserts that voice acting is not about funny voices, but about acting. His mentor was the voice actor Daws Butler, the man behind many of Hanna-Barberas characters. He taught Farmer that when doing cartoon voices, youre not merely doing a voice, youre an actor. In 1987, he had a part as reporter Justin Ballard-Watkins in the film RoboCop. Farmers very first voice over audition was for Goofy, when he auditioned for the voice, he studied the way the original actor Pinto Colvig performed as Goofy in the 1930s and 1940s cartoons. He studied the hilarious laugh and the distinctive gawrsh and he inherited the voice of Goofy, around the same time Tony Anselmo inherited Donald Duck, and Wayne Allwine and Russi Taylor did likewise for Mickey and Minnie Mouse, respectively. He originated the voice of Horace Horsecollar in Disneys version of The Prince, Farmer also performed additional voices on The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse, and Astro Boy. Other significant characters he has played include Yosemite Sam, Sylvester, and Foghorn Leghorn in the movie Space Jam. He has also several guest voices, both on TV, including The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy and in video games, including the Destroy All Humans. and Bugs Bunny
4.
Rob Paulsen
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Robert Fredrick Rob Paulsen III is an American voice actor and singer who has done many voice roles in various films, television shows, and video games. In total, Paulsen has been the voice of over 250 different animated characters and he continues to play parts in dozens of cartoons as well as characters in animated feature movies. He began his career in 1983 with the mini-series G. I. Joe, A Real American Hero, where he played Snow Job, a few years later, his career launched into more roles such as Cobra Slavemaster and reprising Snow Job and Tripwire on G. I. During the 1980s, Paulsen also explored the field of action films. His first movie was Eyes of Fire in 1983 and he played supporting roles in Body Double, Stewardess School, Warlock, and Mutant on the Bounty. He appeared in television shows during time as well, such as MacGyver. He mentioned in an interview, regarding his role in Body Double, Paulsen became more prevalent in the world of advertising as well. In the 1980s, he had been the announcer for the sitcom Cheers and he appeared as the voice of Mr. He provided the voice of Dog in the Taco Bell kids meal commercials from 1996 to mid-1997, however, Paulsens most famous advertising role was in the original commercial of the now ubiquitous Got Milk. The famous commercial, Who shot Alexander Hamilton in that famous duel, aired in 1993, and launched the Got Milk. Campaign into a successful enterprise. Paulsen continues to be one of the most sought-after commercial voice actors in the industry and he can be currently heard as the voice of singing Mr. Mini-Wheat in the Mini-Wheats commercials in Canada. From 1987 to 1995, Paulsen voiced Raphael and various supporting characters in the original 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series, originally starting as a five-part miniseries, the series continued for ten seasons and 193 episodes. It was a success and became an instant pop culture symbol. Paulsen has said that Raphaels voice is similar to his natural voice. He returned to the franchise as Donatello for the new 2012 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series on Nickelodeon, in 1993, he starred as the title character in both Mighty Max and The Mask. Also at this time, he starred in what one of his most popular roles
5.
Pauly Shore
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Paul Montgomery Pauly Shore is an American actor, comedian, director, writer and producer. Shore is best known for his roles in comedy films in the 1990s including Encino Man, Son in Law. He also hosted a show on MTV in the late 1980s. Shores acting career has declined since the late 1990s, he has appeared only infrequently in a number of films and has primarily focused on stand-up comedy. Shore was born Paul Montgomery Shore, the son of Mitzi Shore, who founded The Comedy Store, and Sammy Shore, Shore was raised Jewish, and grew up in Beverly Hills, California. He graduated from Beverly Hills High School in 1986, inspired by his parents work in comedy and show business, a 17-year-old Shore made his stand-up debut at the Alley Cat Bistro in Culver City. Everyone else in school was filling out their SAT applications, but I just passed mine back, I knew I wasnt going to go to college. Shore was mentored by Sam Kinison and opened several of his sets, while touring the comedy club circuit, Shore cultivated an alter ego persona, The Weasel. The Weasel involved Shore speaking in a surfer parlance, heavily peppered with dudespeak slang such as edged, melons and grinding as well as his catchphrase, Hey, Shores big break came as an on-air MTV VJ, a position he held from 1989 to 1994. At the height of his MTV fame, Shore had his own show, Totally Pauly and he also released a music video, Lisa, Lisa, the One I Adore. In 1992, Shore starred in Encino Man, which was a modest hit, the films success propelled Shore to star in additional personalized vehicles, albeit less successful, Son in Law, In the Army Now, Jury Duty, and Bio-Dome. In 1997, Shore starred in the eponymous TV show Pauly, Shore makes a cameo appearance in the American rock band Limp Bizkit music video N2 Gether Now, as a pizza deliveryman, and a briefer appearance in Break Stuff. In 2003, Shore produced, wrote, directed and starred in Pauly Shore Is Dead, a semi-autobiographical mockumentary, in 2010, Shore starred in Adopted, which sees him traveling to Africa to adopt a child. In addition, he has several short films and multiple projects in the works such as his MTV pilot called The Shores. Official website Official website of Adopted Pauly Shore at the Internet Movie Database
6.
Bebe Neuwirth
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Beatrice Bebe Neuwirth is an American actress, singer and dancer. On television, she is known for her portrayal of Dr. Lilith Sternin, Dr. Frasier Cranes wife, the role won her two Emmy Awards. On stage, she is known for her Tony Award winning roles of Nickie in the revival of Sweet Charity, other Broadway musical roles include Morticia Addams in The Addams Family. Since 2014, she has starred as Nadine Tolliver in the CBS drama Madam Secretary, Neuwirth was born in Newark, New Jersey, the daughter of Sydney Anne Neuwirth, a painter, and Lee Paul Neuwirth, a mathematician. She has an older brother Peter, an actuary, Neuwirth made her Broadway debut in the role of Sheila in A Chorus Line in 1980. She later appeared in revivals of Little Me Sweet Charity, for which she won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical,1996 saw her play Velma Kelly in the Broadway revival of Chicago. That role brought her her greatest stage recognition to date, and several including the Tony Award, Drama Desk Award. Neuwirth would later return to the revival of Chicago in 2006. The show ran from May 7 through October 3,2004, here Lies Jenny was also presented by Neuwirth in San Francisco in 2005. In 2009, Neuwirth toured a cabaret show with pianist Scott Cady. The cabaret included music by Kurt Weill, Stephen Sondheim, Tom Waits, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, John Kander, in 2010, she returned to Broadway to create the role of Morticia Addams in the original production of The Addams Family opposite Nathan Lane. Her screen credits include Green Card, Bugsy, Say Anything, jumanji, Summer of Sam, Liberty Heights, Tadpole, The Associate, How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days, Malice, The Big Bounce, The Faculty and Woody Allens Celebrity. On television, from 1986 to 1993 Neuwirth played Dr. Lilith Sternin, from the fourth to the seventh season, Neuwirth portrayed Lilith in a regular recurring role, and she appeared on the show as a main star from season eight to the final season, season eleven. She auditioned for this role with her arm in a sling, following a fall a week earlier and she won two Emmy Awards for the role, in 1990 and 1991. She appeared as herself in episodes of Will and Grace, Strangers with Candy, in 2009, she co-starred as Ms. Kraft in the remake of Fame. She recently had a role as Caroline, the literary editor of Jonathan Ames. She is currently a member of the cast in Madam Secretary on CBS, in 1996, Neuwirth starred in a pilot for a TV series called Dear Diary for ABC which was not picked up. The producers had it edited slightly and put into a theater for a single weekend in November 1996
7.
Brad Garrett
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Brad Garrett is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice actor and professional poker player. He has appeared in television and film roles. Garrett was initially successful as a comedian in the early 1980s. Taking advantage of that success in the late 1980s, Garrett began appearing in television and film, in minor and his first major role was Robert Barone on the CBS series Everybody Loves Raymond. The series debuted September 13,1996 and ran for nine seasons, hood vs. Evil and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Out of the Shadows. Garrett also played the role of Eddie Stark on the Fox television series Til Death from 2006 to 2010. Garrett has won three Primetime Emmy Awards, with three other nominations and he is still prominent within stand-up comedy and is also a professional poker player. Garrett is recognized for his height of 68, and his deep voice. Garrett was born in Woodland Hills, California and he is the son of Barbara, a homemaker, and Albert Al Gerstenfeld, a hearing aid salesman. He is Jewish, and celebrates both Christmas and Hanukkah, Garrett has two older brothers, Jeff and Paul. He attended George Ellery Hale Middle School and graduated from El Camino Real High School, Garrett attended UCLA for less than two months before dropping out to pursue his comedy career. Garrett started out at various clubs in Los Angeles, including The Improv in Hollywood. In 1984, he became the first $100,000 grand champion winner in the category of the TV show Star Search. This led to his first appearance, at age 23, on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and his appearance with Carson brought Garrett a lot of national attention, and soon he was appearing as an opening act for such headliners as Diana Ross and Liza Minnelli. He also opened in Las Vegas for Frank Sinatra, David Copperfield, Smokey Robinson, Sammy Davis, Jr. the Beach Boys, The Righteous Brothers and Julio Iglesias. After achieving a measure of success with stand-up comedy, Garrett decided to change gears. From 1985-1986, he was the voice of Hulk Hogan for the cartoon series Hulk Hogans Rock n Wrestling, Funny Women Week during November sweeps. He also appeared for a week on the game show Super Password in 1987 and he also appeared on Hollywood Squares including a memorable moment when he impersonated Bill Cosby during a question about Jell-o
8.
Jim Cummings
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James Jonah Jim Cummings is an American voice actor and singer, who has appeared in almost 400 roles. He is known for voicing the character from Darkwing Duck, Dr. Robotnik from Sonic the Hedgehog. His other characters include Winnie the Pooh, Tigger, and the Tasmanian Devil and he has performed in numerous Disney and DreamWorks animations including Aladdin, The Lion King, Balto, Antz, The Road to El Dorado, Shrek, and The Princess and the Frog. He attended Immaculate Conception and St. Columba grade schools as well as Ursuline High School and he later married and moved to Anaheim, California, where he managed a video store in the early 1980s, before launching his voice-acting career in late 1984. Cummings has two daughters with Stephanie Cummings, as well as two children from a previous marriage. Some of Cummings earliest vocal work was at Disney, where he replaced Hal Smith as the voice of Winnie-the-Pooh in 1988 and he began voicing Tigger in 1990, taking over for Paul Winchell after Winchell died in 2005. In 1991, he ventured to Warner Bros, animation and began voicing Tasmanian Devil on the animated series Taz-Mania. When actor Jeremy Irons, the voice of Scar in The Lion King, developed vocal problems during recording of the song Be Prepared, bobcat, Lucky Piquel, Other Characters Boo to You Too. Additional Voices Fish Hooks, Scientist #2 Fosters Home for Imaginary Friends, frosty, Houngan, Sumo Santa Clive Barkers Jericho, Arnold Leach Crash Twinsanity, Skunk Disneys Dinosaur, Bruton Dr. B
9.
Disney Television Animation
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The Walt Disney Company first ventured into the television industry as early as 1950, beginning with the one-hour Christmas special, One Hour in Wonderland. However, one element was missing from Disneys expansion into television, until the early 80s, the studio had never produced its own original animated shows in-house, because Walt Disney felt it was economically impossible. Nearly all pre-1985 TV animation was wrap-around segments made to bridge the gaps on existing theatrical material on The Wonderful World of Disney. Osamu Tezuka met Walt at the 1964 Worlds Fair, at which time Disney said he hoped to make something just like Tezukas Astro Boy someday, the Walt Disney Television Animation department was started in November 1984 with Gary Krisel as president and Michael Webster as senior vice president. This was considered a move, because animated TV series were generally considered low-budget investments for most of the history of TV cartoons up through the 1980s. Many critics say that Disneys own animation studio had lost most of its luster during the period from Walt Disneys passing through the 1980s, however, the studio took a number of risks that paid off handsomely. The final result is a string of higher budgeted animated television productions which proved to be profitable ventures and raised the standard for the TV medium. With the hiring of a new CEO for Disney Production in 1984, Michael Eisner, the cartoon would be shop to all markets, networks, Disney Channel and syndication. Eisner held a meeting at his home in which he brought up the concept of doing a series on Gummi bear as his kids like the candy, Original the staff was told that they could not use the principal Disney cartoon characters in the new shows. The Disney television animation cycle began in mid-1985, with The Wuzzles and Disneys Adventures of the Gummi Bears, in 1987, Disney finally unveiled the newest series yet in its cycle, and the first in their successful long-time line of syndicated animated shows, DuckTales. The show was enough to spawn a feature film, DuckTales the Movie, Treasure of the Lost Lamp. 1990 release Treasure of the Lost Lamp was the first movie from TV Animations Disney MovieToon unit, DTVA hired a director of specials, Sharon Morrill, in 1993. The success of DuckTales also paved the way for a new wave of high-quality animated TV series, later, early that spring, Chip n Dale Rescue Rangers debuted on March 4,1989, and was paired with DuckTales in an hour-long syndicated show through the 1989-1990 television season. DuckTales was one of the early flagship cartoons in the series, Morrill was in charge of the first Aladdin DTV film launching Disney Video Premiere/Direct to Video unit. Three overseas Disney studios were set up to produce the animated television series. Disney Animation Australia was started in 1988, in 1989, the Brizzi brothers sold Brizzi Films to Disney Television Animation and was renamed Walt Disney Animation France. Also that year, Disney Animation Japan was started, Walt Disney Animation Canada was opened in January 1996 to tap Canadas animator pool and produce direct-to-video. As direct-to-video increased in importance, the studios moved to making feature films
10.
DisneyToon Studios
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DisneyToon Studios, originally Disney MovieToons and was also Disney Video Premieres, is an American animation studio which creates direct-to-video and occasional theatrical animated feature films. The studio is a division of Walt Disney Animation Studios, with both being part of The Walt Disney Studios itself a division of The Walt Disney Company. The studio has produced 47 feature films, beginning with DuckTales the Movie, Treasure of the Lost Lamp, its most recent is Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast. Disney MovieToons first feature production was in 1990 with DuckTales the Movie, Disney Television Animation hired a director of specials, Sharon Morrill, in 1993. Disney began producing direct-to-video sequels of Walt Disney Feature Animation films, with work handed out to both the Australian and Japanese animation units, the opening story was instead green lit for a direct-to-video release. Thus with The Return of Jafar and its success, the unit started. Then a second sequel, Aladdin and the King of Thieves, Morrill was in charge of the above first Aladdin DTV film launching Disney Video Premiere. Morrill expanded the DTV market making it important for Disney thus the overseas Disney studios were increasing assigned to these features. Morrill was promoted to president of Direct to Video by November 1997. WDT would be headed by Charles Hirschhorn as president and consist of Disney Telefilms and Disney TV animation group including Disney MovieToons, the unit released a short in 1997, Redux Riding Hood, under the WDTA name that was nominated for an 1998 Academy Award. Morrill continued to lead the division as vice president. With the split, both DisneyToon and Disney Television Animation were issuing direct to video features, Disney closed Disney Animation Japan, one of the two remaining internal overseas studios DisneyToon worked with, in early June 2004 with Poohs Heffalump Movie to be its final DTS work. By March 2005, Morrill was promoted to president of DisneyToon, on July 25,2005, Disney announced that it was closing DisneyToon Studios Australia in October 2006, after 17 years of existence, with its final feature being Cinderella III, A Twist in Time. While DCP eyed other potential franchises, DTS looked to the Seven Dwarfs for a male centric franchise to counterbalance the female centric Fairies by 2005. John Lasseter joining Disney with the purchase of Pixar Animation Studios made it clear that he disliked DisneyToons undercutting the value of the animated films with the sequel and prequel. Following complications relating to the production of Tinker Bell, the film of DCPs Fairies franchise. Thus, Sharon Morill, president of the studio, moved to a new position in the company, on June 22,2007, management of DisneyToon Studios was turned over to the control of Alan Bergman, president of Disney Studios, with input from Ed Catmull and Lasseter. As chief creative officer, Lasseter called for the cancellation of all films in production or development at DisneyToon Studios
11.
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment
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Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment is the home video distribution division of The Walt Disney Company. Disney began distributing videos under its own label in 1980 under the name Walt Disney Home Video, before Disney began releasing home video titles itself, it licensed some titles to MCA Discovision for their newly developed disc format, later called LaserDisc. According to the Blam Entertainment Group website, which has details of DiscoVision releases. One of these was the feature film Kidnapped, the others were compilations of Disney shorts. Disneys agreement with MCA ended in December 1981, in 1980, Disney established its own video distribution operation as part of Walt Disney Telecommunications and Non-Theatrical Company with Jim Jimirro as its first president. Home video was not considered to be a market by Disney at the time. WDTNT also handled the marketing of other ancillary items such as short 8 mm films for home use. Disneys first releases on tape were 13 titles that were licensed for rental to Fotomat on March 4,1980, initially in a four-city test, the agreement specified rental fees ranging from $7.95 to $13.95. Later, on December 30,1980, Mary Poppins was added to make 14 titles in all, from January 1 to March 31,1981, Disney had a License One — Get One Free promotion to encourage dealers to sign up. They also offered free use of a 7-minute Mickey Mouse Disco videocassette for customers who rented any title from an Authorized Rental Dealer from February through May 1981. Disney was unusual among the studios in offering a program for authorized rentals. Most of the studios involved in the videocassette market at the time were trying to find ways to stop dealers from renting out their movie tapes. Magnetic Video ceased doing business with Fotomat after Fotomat began renting Magnetic Video cassettes without authorization, disneys rental cassettes in blue cases looked completely different from sale cassettes, which were in white cases. In the late-1980s, Disney began seeking other outlets to distribute its video, and decided to ink deals with mass-merchant retailers such as Target, Caldor, in 1989, Disney sought to further control the distribution of its products by eliminating the use of rack jobbers. Around this time, the studio began partnering with major retailers for advertising campaigns, Buena Vista Home Video was incorporated on February 13,1987. In April 1996 due to ongoing post Disney-CC/ABC merger realignment, Buena Vista Home Video was transferred out of the Disney Television, Buena Vista Home Video was renamed Buena Vista Home Entertainment in 1997. The first of the Disney animated features canon to be released on videocassette was Dumbo on June 28,1981, the Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh was released for rental and sale at the same time. Alice in Wonderland was released on October 15,1981, for rental only, Fun and Fancy Free was released in 1982 as Fun and Fancy Free Featuring, Mickey and the Beanstalk, to popularize on the more well-known segment from the film
12.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
13.
Animation
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Animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and the illusion of change by means of the rapid display of a sequence of images that minimally differ from each other. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon, animators are artists who specialize in the creation of animation. Animation can be recorded with either analogue media, a book, motion picture film, video tape, digital media, including formats with animated GIF, Flash animation. To display animation, a camera, computer, or projector are used along with new technologies that are produced. Animation creation methods include the traditional animation creation method and those involving stop motion animation of two and three-dimensional objects, paper cutouts, puppets and clay figures, Images are displayed in a rapid succession, usually 24,25,30, or 60 frames per second. Computer animation processes generating animated images with the general term computer-generated imagery, 3D animation uses computer graphics, while 2D animation is used for stylistic, low bandwidth and faster real-time renderings. An earthen goblet discovered at the site of the 5, 200-year-old Shahr-e Sūkhté in southeastern Iran, the artifact bears five sequential images depicting a Persian Desert Ibex jumping up to eat the leaves of a tree. They may, of course, refer to Chinese shadow puppets, in the 19th century, the phenakistoscope, zoetrope and praxinoscope were introduced. A thaumatrope is a toy with a small disk with different pictures on each side. The phenakistoscope was invented simultaneously by Belgian Joseph Plateau and Austrian Simon von Stampfer in 1831, the phenakistoscope consists of a disk with a series of images, drawn on radi evenly space around the center of the disk. John Barnes Linnett patented the first flip book in 1868 as the kineograph, the first animated projection was created in France, by Charles-Émile Reynaud, who was a French science teacher. Reynaud created the Praxinoscope in 1877 and the Théâtre Optique in December 1888, on 28 October 1892, he projected the first animation in public, Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musée Grévin in Paris. This film is notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. His films were not photographed, they were drawn directly onto the transparent strip, in 1900, more than 500,000 people had attended these screenings. Stuart Blackton, who, because of that, is considered the father of American animation, in Europe, the French artist, Émile Cohl, created the first animated film using what came to be known as traditional animation creation methods - the 1908 Fantasmagorie. The film largely consisted of a figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects. There were also sections of live action in which the hands would enter the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto negative film, the author of the first puppet-animated film was the Russian-born director Wladyslaw Starewicz, known as Ladislas Starevich
14.
Coming of age
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Coming of age is a young persons transition from being a child to being an adult. The certain age at which this takes place changes in society. It can be a simple legal convention or can be part of a ritual or spiritual event, in the past, and in some societies today, such a change is associated with the age of sexual maturity, especially menarche and spermarche. In others, it is associated with an age of religious responsibility, particularly in western societies, modern legal conventions which stipulate points in late adolescence or early adulthood are the focus of the transition. In either case, many cultures retain ceremonies to confirm the coming of age, Coming of age is often a topic of fiction, in the form of a coming-of-age story. In written literature, a novel which deals with the psychological and moral growth often associated with coming of age is called a bildungsroman. Similar stories that are told in film are called coming-of-age films, turning 15, the age of maturity, as the Bahai faith terms it, is a time when a child is considered spiritually mature. Declared Bahais that have reached the age of maturity are expected to begin observing certain Bahai laws, such as obligatory prayer, theravada boys, typically just under the age of 20 years, undergo a Shinbyu ceremony, where they are initiated into the Temple as Novice Monks. They will typically stay in the monastery for between 3 days and 3 years, most commonly for one 3-month rainy season retreat, held annually from late July to early October. After living the monastic life for some time, the boy, now considered to have come of age. Confucianism had a ceremony called Guan Li for young men, at around the age of 20, they would receive their style name. In many Western Christian churches, a young person celebrates his/her Coming of Age with the Sacrament of Confirmation and this is usually done by the Bishop laying his hands upon the foreheads of the young person, and marking them with the seal of the Holy Spirit. In some denominations during this sacrament the child adopts a name which is added onto their Christian name. In Christian denominations that practice Believers Baptism, the ritual can be carried out after the age of accountability has arrived. Some traditions withhold the rite of Holy Communion from those not yet at the age of accountability, mid-teens in the United States, early teens in Ireland and Britain, has in some areas been abandoned in favour of restoring the traditional order of the three sacraments of initiation. These individuals are seen, according to some Christians, as existing in a perpetual state of innocence. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints sets the age for baptism at 8 years of age and calls this the age of accountability. All persons younger than 8 are considered innocent and incapable of sinning, the LDS Church considers mentally challenged individuals whose mental age is under 8 to be in a perpetual state of innocence, similar to other Christian churches
15.
A Goofy Movie
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A Goofy Movie is a 1995 American animated musical road comedy film, produced by DisneyToon Studios and Walt Disney Television Animation. The film features characters from The Disney Afternoon television series Goof Troop, directed by Kevin Lima, the films plot revolves around the father-son relationship between Goofy and Max as Goofy believes that hes losing Max. The film was released theatrically on April 7,1995 by Walt Disney Pictures to mixed reviews from critics, the film was dedicated to Pat Buttram, who died during production. A direct-to-video sequel called An Extremely Goofy Movie was released in February 2000, Goofy is the single father of a teenage boy named Max Goof in the town of Spoonerville, Ohio, though the two have a tense relationship. The performance succeeds in making Max a school celebrity and impressing his love interest, Roxanne, Roxanne speaks with Max and agrees to go with him to a party where Powerlines concert will be aired live. However, Mazur exaggerates these events to Goofy and forewarns him that Maxs actions may result in him facing capital punishment. Goofy decides to take Max on a trip to Lake Destiny, Idaho, following a map route he and his father took years ago. However, he is oblivious to what Max is planning to do with Roxanne, despite his sons objections, Goofy plans his own trip, with initially disastrous results. Max hurts his fathers feelings after his father humiliates him at a theme park. While camping, Pete and P. J. join them, following Petes advice to keep Max under control, Goofy takes his son fishing and performs the Perfect Cast fishing technique, luring Bigfoot to their camp. Pete and P. J. flee, leaving Goofy and Max to spend the night with Bigfoot, at night, while Goofy is still asleep, Max alters the map route to Los Angeles, where the concert is taking place. The next morning, Goofy decides to make Max the navigator of the trip, the two go to several locations that satisfy both of them. They stop by a motel where they meet Pete and P. J. again, when Pete overhears a conversation between Max and P. J. he tells Goofy that Max has tricked him in traveling to Los Angeles. The next day, Goofy and Max come to a junction, One leading to Idaho, Max chooses the route to California, making Goofy stop the car at the Grand Canyon and storm off in anger. With the brake loose, the car drives off on its own, Goofy and Max chase after it, Goofy reveals that no matter how old Max gets, he will always be his son and the two reconcile with each other. After learning that Max had promised Roxanne that he would be at the concert, the two nearly plummet down a waterfall to their deaths, but Max fortunately saves Goofy, using the Perfect Cast technique. Goofy and Max get to Los Angeles and they end up onstage and dance with Powerline, watched by Pete, P. J. Goofy and Max later return to Roxannes house in their damaged car. Max tells the truth to Roxanne, though she accepts it and admits she always had feelings for him, ever since he first said, thus, a relationship starts between them
16.
Goofy
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Goofy is a funny-animal cartoon character created in 1932 at Walt Disney Productions. Goofy is a tall, anthropomorphic dog with a Southern drawl, and typically wears a neck and vest, with pants, shoes, white gloves. Goofy is a friend of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck and is one of Disneys most recognizable characters. Goofy debuted in animated cartoons, starting in 1932 with Mickeys Revue as Dippy Dawg, later the same year, he was re-imagined as a younger dog, now called Goofy, in the short The Whoopee Party. During the 1930s he was used extensively as part of a trio with Mickey. Starting in 1939, Goofy was given his own series of shorts that were popular in the 1940s, Two Goofy shorts were nominated for an Oscar, How to Play Football and Aquamania. He also co-starred in a series with Donald, including Polar Trappers. Three more Goofy shorts were produced in the 1960s after which Goofy was only seen in television and he returned to theatrical animation in 1983 with Mickeys Christmas Carol. His last theatrical appearance was How to Hook Up Your Home Theater in 2007, Goofy has also been featured in television, most extensively in Goof Troop, as well as House of Mouse and Mickey Mouse Clubhouse. Originally known as Dippy Dawg, the character is commonly known simply as Goofy. In his 50s persona, Goofy was called George Geef, or G. G. Geef, in Goofy Gymnastics he fills out a coupon with the name James Boyd. Sources from the Goof Troop continuity give the full name as Goofy Goof, or G. G. Goof. In many other sources, both animated and comics, the surname Goof continues to be used, in other 2000s-era comics, the characters full name has occasionally been given as Goofus D. Dawg. Of Disney studio animators, Art Babbitt is most regarded for the creation of the Goofy character, Goofys wife has appeared—but always with her face unseen—in 1950s-produced cartoon shorts depicting the character as a family man. Goofys wife dies later on and Goofy states to his son Max in Goof Troop, in the European comic books, Goofy has an adventurer cousin called Arizona Goof, who is a spoof of the fictional archaeologist Indiana Jones. Along with ah-hyuck. that is followed by a hoo hoo hoo hoo. Pinto Colvig, who was a man of one voice, would incorporate the unique laugh. As such, he threatened constantly to terminate the series, Animation historian Michael Barrier is skeptical of Gablers claim, saying that his source did not correspond with what was written
17.
Max Goof
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Maximilian Max Goof is a fictional character who is the son of the popular Disney character Goofy. He first appeared in the 1992 television series Goof Troop as a preteen and he later appeared as a teenager in the spin-off movie A Goofy Movie and its direct-to-video sequel An Extremely Goofy Movie. He appeared as a child in the direct-to-video film Mickeys Once Upon a Christmas and as an adult in its sequel Mickeys Twice Upon a Christmas. He also appeared in the 2001 TV series House of Mouse as a parking valet. Max has also appeared as a character in video games such as Goof Troop for the Super NES, Disney Golf for the PlayStation 2. Max is one of the few Disney characters, aside from his best friend PJ and Huey, Dewey, and Louie, child or otherwise, who has actually aged in subsequent appearances. He is depicted as an 11-year-old in Goof Troop, then a 14 year old teenager in high school in A Goofy Movie, in House of Mouse, he is a teenager who is old enough to be employed as a parking valet. In Mickeys Once Upon a Christmas, he is a child who looks, in Mickeys Twice Upon a Christmas, he is a young adult who is returning home from college for the holidays. Max, much to his own dismay, takes after his father at times, whether it be mannerisms or occasionally being clumsy. He feels that he is much cooler than Goofy however, and is not as earnest and humble as his old man, in the Goof Troop show, there are times he would get suckered in by Pete and his get-rich-quick schemes, only to come around towards the end. It seems, personality wise, that PJ is more like Goofy at times, despite everything, Max loves his father, even if he does wish that Goofy would be a little more normal. In the Goof Troop television series, Max is voiced by Dana Hill, shaun Fleming voices young Max in Mickeys Once Upon a Christmas. Jason Marsden voices an older Max in all appearances after. In the Old Country his distant relative was mad scientist Dr. FrankenGoof, other relatives were Cave Goof, Sherriff Mopalong Goof, and Sir Goofy Knock Knees. In one episode of Goof Troop, Goofy says that Max was scared of the witch in Snow White, although not yet certain, there are rumors about the mystery of Maxs love life. As seen in A Goofy Movie, Max is trying to impress Roxanne and ends up with her, but in the later movie Mickeys Twice Upon a Christmas, he is seen with a girl named Mona. Max has a love for skateboarding, as shown in the Goof Troop episodes Leader of the Pack and Meanwhile, Back at the Ramp, the first appearance of Goofys son was in the 1951 theatrical short Fathers Are People. He is referred to as Goofy Jr or simply Junior and he later appeared in a few other shorts such as Fathers Lion, Fathers Day Off and Fathers Weekend and Aquamania
18.
X Games
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The X Games is an annual extreme sports event hosted, produced, and broadcast by ESPN. Coverage is also shown on ESPNs sister network, ABC, the inaugural X Games were held during the 1995 summer in Newport, Rhode Island. Participants compete to win bronze, silver, and gold medals, concurrent with competition is the X Fest sports and music festival, which offers live music, athlete autograph sessions, and interactive elements. The X Games gained media exposure due to their big name sponsors, top-tier athletes, as the Journal of Sport Management explains, Generation X and Generation Y are the two demographics most highly valued by marketers. This creates a broad approach on marketing towards that certain demographic, according to ESPN, in the Winter X Games inaugural year,1997,38,000 spectators attended the four-day event. In 1998, the attendance dropped to 25,000 spectators, but just two years later, a record attendance of 83,500 people attended the Winter X Games East Coast debut. The X Games and Winter X Games continue to grow with the popularity of action sports, as part of the X Games, there have been performances by various rock bands over the years, as well as a DJ being on-site at all events. The X Games have made it a point since its founding to stage an eco-friendly event, such measures include using biodiesel fuel in their vehicles and organizing recycling campaigns. The Winter X Games VIII in 2002 was the first time an X Games event was televised live and also had coverage by ESPNs flagship news program, SportsCenter. Viewership across the three networks that carried coverage of the event – ABC Sports, ESPN, and ESPN2 – exceeded 2001s household average by 30% according to Nielsen Media Research, the event also reached record highs in several demographic categories. To accommodate the live coverage, nighttime competitions were added. The 2002 Winter X Games was a year for ESPN. It was the first year that the games were held in Aspen Colorado at Buttermilk Mountain, the Games continued to add new events including the ski slopestyle event, ski superpipe event, snowboarding, skateboarding etc. Also in 2002, ESPN announced the establishment of the X Games Global Championship, the Global Championship featured two distinct venues hosting competitions in summer and winter action sports simultaneously. It consisted of six teams of the Worlds top athletes, grouped together by their region of origin, the winter sports were held in Whistler Blackcomb Resort in British Columbia, and the events included snowboarding and skiing. The Winter X Games are held in January or February and the Summer X Games are usually held in August, both in the United States. The location of the Winter X Games is in Aspen, Colorado, through 2019, while the location for the Summer X Games has been in Los Angeles, changing to Austin, Texas, in June 2014. The X Games also has international competitions and demos around the world that are held at varying times throughout the year, the games are shown live on television
19.
Pete (Disney)
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Pete is an anthropomorphic cartoon character created in 1925 by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. He is a character of The Walt Disney Company and often appears as a nemesis and he was originally an anthropomorphic bear but with the advent of Mickey Mouse in 1928, he was defined as a cat. Pete is the oldest continuing Disney character, having debuted three years before Mickey Mouse in the cartoon Alice Solves the Puzzle, Petes final appearance during this era was The Lone Chipmunks, which was the final installment of a three-part Chip an Dale series. He also appeared in the short films Mickeys Christmas Carol, The Prince and the Pauper, Mickey, Donald, Goofy, The Three Musketeers, Pete has also made many appearances in Disney comics, and often appeared as Sylvester Shysters dimwitted sidekick in the Mickey Mouse comic strip. In the Italian comic production he has come to be the character in comics from time to time. He reprises this incarnation in 1999s Mickeys Once Upon a Christmas, Pete also appears in House of Mouse as the greedy property owner whos always trying devious ways and loop holes to get the club shut down. On some occasions, Pete has even played a sympathetic character and he seems to have lost much of his antagonistic demeanor in his Mickey Mouse Clubhouse appearances and is today a largely friendly character, although his antics can occasionally prove an annoyance. Comic book stories have depicted Pete as being descended from a line of villains, highwaymen. Even historical figures such as Attila the Hun, Blackbeard, and Antonio López de Santa Anna, Billy The Kid, and Cao Cao have been included among his ancestors. His mother is only as Maw Pete and was mentioned in the story Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold by Carl Barks and Jack Hannah as a resident of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Her first actual appearance however was in The River Pirates by Carl Fallberg, the same story introduced Lil Pete, Black Petes fraternal twin brother who seems to be afflicted with dwarfism. In December 1998, the Mickey Mouse comic strip introduced an older sister of Pete, petula is the television host of the cooking show Petulas Pantry. She finds time, however, to revenge against Mickey for condemning her baby brother to life imprisonment. Better-known and more enduring as characters are two figures created by Romano Scarpa for Italian Disney comics, the first, Trudy Van Tubb, was introduced in Topolino e la collana Chirikawa. This female partner of Pete was presented as an acquaintance of his. However, Trudy soon became Petes girlfriend, his partner-in-crime and roommate—whenever they hold out of prison. Their relationship seems to have evolved to a long-standing common-law marriage and this is occasionally used in contrast to Mickeys eternal engagement to Minnie Mouse and Goofys determination to remain a bachelor. Trudy and Pete also have two hellion nephews named Pierino and Pieretto who often serve as foils for Mickey or Mickeys nephews Morty, the second to be introduced is a cousin, the criminal scientist Portis
20.
Blimp
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A blimp, or non-rigid airship, is an airship without an internal structural framework or a keel. Unlike semi-rigid and rigid airships, blimps rely on the pressure of the gas inside the envelope. The term is also used to refer to the tethered craft properly known as moored balloons. While often very similar in shape, moored balloons have no propulsion and are tethered to the ground, since blimps keep their shape with internal overpressure, typically the only solid parts are the passenger car and the tail fins. A non-rigid airship that uses heated air instead of a gas as a lifting medium is called a hot-air airship. Volume changes of the gas due to temperature changes or to changes of altitude are compensated for by pumping air into internal ballonets to maintain the overpressure. Without sufficient overpressure, the blimp loses its ability to be steered and is slowed due to increased drag, the propeller air stream can be used to inflate the ballonets and so the hull. In some models, such as the Skyship 600, differential ballonet inflation can provide a measure of pitch trim control, the engines driving the propellers are usually directly attached to the gondola, and in some models are partly steerable. Blimps are the most commonly built airships because they are easy to build. However, because of their hull, their size is limited. A blimp with too long a hull may kink in the middle when the overpressure is insufficient or when maneuvered too fast and this led to the development of semi-rigids and rigid airships. Modern blimps are launched somewhat heavier than air, in contrast to historic blimps, the missing lift is provided by lifting the nose and using engine power, or by angling the engine thrust. Some types also use steerable propellers or ducted fans, operating in a state heavier than air avoids the need to dump ballast at lift-off and also avoids the need to lose costly helium lifting gas on landing. The origin of the word blimp has been the subject of some confusion, ege notes two possible derivations, Colloquially always were referred to as Blimps. Over the years several explanations have been advanced about the origin of this word, the most common is that in the military vernacular the Type B was referred to as limp bag, which was simply abbreviated to blimp. The onomatopoeic derivation, as the sound the airship makes when one taps the envelope with a finger, has recorded in the British Aeronautical Journal. A1943 etymology published in the New York Times supports the British origin during the First World War when the British were experimenting with lighter-than-air craft. Topping researched the origins of the word and concluded that the British had never had a Type B, limp designation, the B-class blimps were patrol airships operated by the United States Navy during and shortly after World War I
21.
Pat Benatar
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Patricia Mae Andrzejewski, known professionally by her stage name Pat Benatar, is an American coloratura mezzo-soprano singer, actress, songwriter, and four time Grammy Award winner. Other popular singles include Heartbreaker, Treat Me Right, Fire and Ice, Promises in the Dark, Shadows of the Night, Benatars recordings were heavily played in the early days of MTV, she was the second artist to be played there, performing You Better Run. Patricia Mae Andrzejewski was born in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, New York City and her mother, Mildred, was a beautician, and her father, Andrew Andrzejewski, was a sheet-metal worker. Her father was of Polish descent and her mother was of German, English and her family moved to North Hamilton Avenue in Lindenhurst, New York, a village in the Long Island town of Babylon. She became interested in theater and began voice lessons, singing her first solo at the age of eight, at Daniel Street Elementary School, a song called It Must Be Spring. Benatar trained as a coloratura with plans to attend the Juilliard School, in 1971, Benatar quit her job to pursue a singing career after being inspired by a Liza Minnelli concert she saw in Richmond. She got a job as a waitress at a flapper-esque nightclub named The Roaring Twenties and got a gig singing in the lounge band Coxons Army. The band was the subject of a never-aired PBS special, its bassist Roger Capps was later the original bass player for the Pat Benatar Band, in 1975 Benatar performed at an amateur night at the comedy club Catch a Rising Star in New York. Her rendition of Judy Garlands Rock-a-Bye Your Baby With a Dixie Melody earned her a call back by club owner Rick Newman, who became her manager. The couple moved to New York following Dennis discharge from the army, Halloween 1977 proved a pivotal night in Benatars early, spandexed stage persona. She entered a Halloween contest at the Cafe Figaro in Greenwich Village dressed as a character from the film Cat-Women of the Moon, later that evening, she went onstage at Catch a Rising Star still in costume. Between appearances at Catch a Rising Star, she recorded commercial jingles for Pepsi Cola and she headlined New York Citys Tramps nightclub for four days in the spring of 1978, where her performance was heard by representatives from several record companies. She was signed to Chrysalis Records by co-founder Terry Ellis the following week, Benatar and Dennis divorced shortly after. Benatars debut album In the Heat of the Night was released in August 1979, mike Chapman produced three tracks on the album, while engineer Peter Coleman oversaw the rest. The album also featured two songs written by Roger Capps and Benatar, and I Need a Lover written by John Mellencamp and Dont Let It Show written by Alan Parsons, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in December 1980. In Canada it was certified 4x platinum where it peaked at number 3 on the RPM albums chart If You Think You Know How to Love Me was the first single to be released on September 14,1979. Benatars second single Heartbreaker was released on October 26,1979 and became a hit, a third single We Live for Love, which was written by her future husband Neil Giraldo, was released in February 1980, and reached US #27. Hit Me With Your Best Shot was her first single to break the US Top 10, the album also featured a changed-tempo cover of Kate Bushs Wuthering Heights
22.
John Avila
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John Avila is a Mexican American bassist and music producer, best known for being in the new wave band Oingo Boingo from 1984 to 1995. Avila co-founded the music group Food for Feet in 1981, in 1984, he joined Oingo Boingo, replacing bassist Kerry Hatch. He played with Boingo until 1995, Avila has worked with many other musical acts including Psychotic Aztecs and Neville Staple in his backing band The Hitmen. Avila owns and operates the studio, Brandos Paradise. He is currently the player in the Los Angeles-based multi-media group the Mutaytor. Avilas website John Avilas basses at Vigier
23.
Nowhere to Run (song)
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Nowhere to Run is a 1965 pop single by Martha and the Vandellas for the Gordy label and is one of the groups signature songs. The song, written and produced by Motowns main production team of Holland–Dozier–Holland, depicts the story of a trapped in a bad relationship with a man she cannot help. Included on their album, Dance Party, Nowhere to Run hit number eight on the Billboard Pop Singles chart. It also charted in the UK peaking at number twenty-six on the chart, the single release was backed with Motoring. This version was ranked #358 on Rolling Stones list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, the Dynamic Superiors gave the song a disco cover in 1977. The alternative history video game Wolfenstein, The New Order, features a English/German version of the song by the all female group Die Partei Damen. Lead vocals by Martha Reeves Background vocals by Rosalind Ashford & Betty Kelly Written by Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier and Edward Holland, Jr
24.
Pressure Drop (song)
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Pressure Drop is a song recorded in 1969 by The Maytals for producer Leslie Kong. The song appears on their 1970 album Monkey Man and From the Roots, Pressure Drop helped launch the bands career outside Jamaica when the song was featured in the soundtrack to the 1972 film The Harder They Come, which introduced reggae to much of the world. In 2004, Rolling Stone rated the song No.453 in its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and this song has been covered often, most notably by The Specials, Keith Richards, Izzy Stradlin and the Ju Ju Hounds, and The Clash. Pressure Drop refers to the barometric pressure and this song predates modern weather forecasting, and at that time in the context of this song, island populations relied on the simple but reliable instrument to predict adverse weather. The liquid barometer displays pressure as a measure of the fluid in a tube. A rapid drop in air pressure indicates the severity of the approaching storm, attention to pressure changes could spell the difference between life and death for an island dweller. Pressure drop is used as a poetic device in this song. The song was featured in the 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto, in an interview in 2016, songwriter Frederick Toots Hibbert said that Pressure Drop was a song about karmic justice. It’s a song about revenge, but in the form of karma, if you do bad things to innocent people, the title was a phrase I used to say. If someone done me wrong, rather than fight them like a warrior, I’d say, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
25.
The Specials
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The Specials, also known as The Special AKA, are an English 2 Tone and ska revival band formed in 1977 in Coventry. Their music combines a danceable ska and rocksteady beat with punks energy, lyrically they present a more focused and informed political and social stance than most other ska groups. The band wore mod-style 1960s period rude boy outfits, in 1980, the song Too Much Too Young, the lead track on their The Special AKA Live. EP, reached No.1 in the UK, in 1981, the unemployment-themed single Ghost Town also hit No.1 in the UK Singles Chart. After seven consecutive UK Top 10 singles between 1979 and 1981, three members of the abruptly left to form Fun Boy Three. Continuing on as The Special AKA, a substantially revised Specials line-up issued new material through 1984, afterwards, founder and songwriter Jerry Dammers dissolved the band and pursued political activism. The group reformed in 1993, and have continued to perform, the group was formed in 1977 by songwriter/keyboardist Dammers, vocalist Tim Strickland, guitarist/vocalist Lynval Golding, drummer Silverton Hutchinson and bassist Horace Panter. Strickland was replaced by Terry Hall shortly after the bands formation, the band was first called the Automatics, then the Coventry Automatics. Vocalist Neville Staple and guitarist Roddy Byers joined the band the year. Joe Strummer of the Clash had attended one of their concerts and this performance gave the Special AKA a new level of national exposure, and they briefly shared the Clashs management. The Specials began at the time as Rock Against Racism. According to Dammers, anti-racism was intrinsic to the formation of the Specials, in that the band was formed with the goal of integrating black and white people. Many years later Dammers stated, Music gets political when there are new ideas in music. punk was innovative, so was ska, and that was why bands such as the Specials, the record became a Top 10 hit that summer. The band had begun wearing mod/rude boy/skinhead-style two-tone tonic suits, along with elements of late 1960s teen fashions. Changing their name to the Specials, they recorded their eponymous album in 1979. Horn players Dick Cuthell and Rico Rodriguez were featured on the album, the Specials led off with Dandy Livingstones Rudy, A Message to You and also had covers of Prince Buster and Toots & the Maytals songs from the late 1960s. In 1980, the EP Too Much Too Young was a No.1 hit in the UK Singles Chart, despite controversy over the songs lyrics, which reference teen pregnancy and promote contraception. Female backing vocalists on the Specials first two albums included, Chrissie Hynde, Rhoda Dakar, and Belinda Carlisle, Jane Wiedlin
26.
Shake Your Groove Thing
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Shake Your Groove Thing is a song by disco duo Peaches & Herb. The single reached No.5 on the U. S. Billboard Hot 100 and it also reached No.2 for four weeks on the Billboard Disco chart in 1978. The song spent 22 weeks on the American charts, and became a Gold record, the song was their first return to the charts in seven years. During the hiatus, the third Peaches, Linda Peaches Green, was chosen, as well as in an advertisement campaign by Intel in the late 1990s. It has also appeared in Grand Theft Auto, Episodes from Liberty City on the radio station K109 The Studio. In 1996, Filipino singer Regine Velasquez covered the song for her album Retro, in 1997, Intel used this song in an advert for the Pentium MMX. Alvin and the Chipmunks released two different cover versions, the first was with Drew Seeley for their 2008 album Undeniable which also appeared in the 2011 Alvin and the Chipmunks, Chipwrecked video game. The second was with The Chipettes for the 2009 film Alvin, the Best of Peaches & Herb. Hot Dance/Disco 1978–2003, Record Research Inc,2004, ISBN 978-0898201567 Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
27.
Peaches & Herb
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Peaches & Herb are an American vocalist duo, once comprising Herb Fame and Francine Peaches Hurd Barker. Herb has remained a constant in Peaches & Herb since its creation in 1966, Herb Fame, sang in church and neighborhood groups as a child. Francine Peaches Barker, using the stage name Francine Day, started a singing trio initially dubbed The Darlettes, having produced two releases for the trio, McCoy decided to record Feemster/Fame and Hurd/Day together at Kapraliks suggestion. The new duo, christened Peaches & Herb, had a string of singles and albums over the next two years such as Lets Fall in Love, Close Your Eyes, For Your Love. Despite burgeoning success and an image as the Sweethearts of Soul. Marlene Mack, who had sung on the Jaynetts hit Sally Go Round the Roses and had recorded as Marlina Mars, replaced Barker on stage, during this period, the semi-retired Peaches also worked as a solo artist using her married name, Francine Barker. She released three singles in total on the Columbia Records label, including Angels in the Sky and Mister DJ. Fame retired the act in 1970 when, for reasons, he enrolled in the police academy of Washington, D. C. Peaches & Herb lay dormant until Fame decided to re-enter the music business in 1976, in his search for a new Peaches, Herb again enlisted the assistance of Van McCoy, who suggested that Linda Greene would be suitable for the position. Fame met Greene and concurred, thereby leading to formation of the most successful of the Peaches & Herb incarnations to date, lindas early musical training was at The Sewell Music Conservatory. Fame and Greene recorded seven albums altogether, including one album released only in Argentina and their first album, Peaches & Herb, was recorded for MCA Records and produced by Van McCoy, but it generated only one charted hit, Were Still Together. Peaches & Herb signed with MVP/Polydor and under the management of Paul J. Cohn, released 2 Hot, the albums first single, Shake Your Groove Thing, went gold and peaked at #5 on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1979. The follow-up single, viewed as the secret weapon by producer/songwriter Freddie Perren, was the triple platinum hit Reunited. This song, evoking the 1960s Peaches & Herb hit United, reached #1 on both the Hot 100, the Billboard R&B chart, and in Canada, Reunited was nominated for a Grammy Award for Song of the Year in 1980. Subsequent releases with Polydor produced several hits, including the lasting wedding staple. After changing labels again to the Entertainment Company, Fame and Greene released their album in 1983. Scoring only one hit, Greene and Fame decided to make no more albums. Once again, Fame returned to law enforcement and joined the U. S. Marshals Service in 1986 as a court security officer at the U. S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims
28.
You Make Me Feel Like Dancing
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You Make Me Feel Like Dancing is a song by the British singer Leo Sayer, taken from his 1976 album Endless Flight. The song reached number one on the U. S. Billboard Hot 100 chart, making it his first number-one single in the United States, Billboard ranked it as the No.13 song of 1977. Songwriters Sayer and Vini Poncia won a Grammy Award for the song in 1978 in the category Best R&B Song, in Australia, a live performance from the TV show Countdown is frequently used in place of a music video. On February 13,2012, the TV One original series Unsung aired an episode on Ray Parker Jr. in which he claimed that he was the original writer. Allegedly, he was playing the song on the piano, after the song came out by Sayer, Parker, Jr. could not claim copyright infringement seeing as he failed to make the tape. Leo Sayer - vocals John Barnes - clavinet Larry Carlton, Ray Parker, a cover by Carmen Carter & Donnie McClurkin featured in the 2000 Walt Disney Pictures direct-to-video animated film An Extremely Goofy Movie. A cover version sung by actress Anne Hathaway was included on the soundtrack for the 2004 film Ella Enchanted, adapted from the novel of the same name. A cover was performed by Hot Buttered Rum String Band on their live release Live in The Northeast, in 2008, The Wiggles sang the song as the title work of their DVD You Make Me Feel Like Dancing, with Leo Sayer guest starring. In 1977, the cast performed the song during a medley on an episode of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour, the 1977 comedy film Slap Shot features the song in an early scene. The song is featured in the 1978 film An Unmarried Woman, in episode 3F21 of The Simpsons, a teenaged Homer and his friend Barney alternate singing the chorus of this song into hairbrushes in Homers room. Fringe - Season Three, Episode 11, Recipsrocity, Dr. Walter Bishop and Agent Astrid Farnsworth are in Dr. Bishops lab examining the body of a shapeshifter, the song is featured in several scenes in the 1996 film To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday. It was featured in the 2000 film Charlies Angels, Song is featured in film Hardcore Henry. It was also used in film Bride and Prejudice in the trailer Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
29.
The Partridge Family
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The Partridge Family is an American musical-sitcom starring Shirley Jones and featuring David Cassidy. Jones plays a mother, and Cassidy plays the oldest of her five children who embark on a music career. It ran from September 25,1970, until March 23,1974, on the ABC network as part of a Friday-night lineup, the family was loosely based on the real-life musical family The Cowsills, a popular band in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Through the efforts of precocious 10-year-old Danny they find a manager, Reuben Kincaid, after more persuading, Shirley agrees that the family can go on tour. They acquire an old bus, a 1957 Chevrolet Series 6800 Superior, for touring, paint it with Mondrian-inspired patterns. Subsequent episodes usually feature the band performing in various venues or in their garage, the shows often contrast suburban life with the adventures of a show-business family on the road. After the first season, more of the action takes place in their hometown than on tour. Created for television by Bernard Slade, the executive producer was Bob Claver. The show was inspired by and loosely based on The Cowsills, Shirley Jones had already been signed as mother Shirley Partridge and star of the show. The pilot was filmed in December 1969 and this unaired pilot differs from the pilot broadcast in 1970. In the unaired pilot, Shirleys name is Connie and she has a boyfriend played by Jones real-life husband at the time, Jack Cassidy, Laurie mentions her late father once getting drunk at a Christmas party, and the family has a different address and live in Ohio. The unaired pilot is unavailable on home video, the show proved popular, but the fame had its toll on several, if not most, of the starring cast. In the midst of his rise to fame, David Cassidy soon felt stifled by the show, in May 1972, he appeared nude on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine in a cropped Annie Leibovitz photo. He used the article to get away from his clean image. Among other things, the article mentions Cassidy was riding around New York in the back of a car stoned, shortly after the series ended, scriptwriter Roberta Tatum launched a lawsuit against Screen Gems concerning the creation of the show. Tatum claimed that she had submitted a similar premise to Screen Gems prior to 1970 called Bakers Half-Dozen, the matter was resolved out of court, with Tatum receiving a reported $150,000 from Screen Gems. Arte Johnson, Harvey Lembeck, Harry Morgan, Slim Pickens, Richard Pryor, Barbara Rhoades, William Schallert, Nita Talbot, Larry Wilcox, Dick Wilson, and William Windom. Others would later become famous in other roles, such as Meredith Baxter, Richard Bull, Bert Convy, Farrah Fawcett, Norman Fell, Anthony Geary, country singer Johnny Cash made a cameo appearance in the pilot episode
30.
Knock on Wood (song)
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Knock On Wood is a 1966 hit song written by Eddie Floyd and Steve Cropper and originally performed by Floyd. His recording peaked at number 28 on the Billboard Hot 100, the song was written in the Lorraine Motel Memphis, Tennessee now The National Civil Rights Museum. The song has frequently covered, first by Otis Redding. The American Breed covered it on their 1967 debut album, The American Breed, there have also been charting singles by David Bowie, Amii Stewart, Razzy Bailey, Eric Clapton, Michael Bolton and Safri Duo featuring Clark Anderson. The German techno band Scooter made a half-cover of the song, entitled The Avengers Back, the song is also featured in the movie Satisfaction, as performed by Justine Bateman and the Mystery. David Bowies 1974 single is taken from the live album David Live, panic in Detroit was not on the album but was from the same concert. It was added to the 2005 release of that album and it was Stewarts debut single and reached number one in the U. S. charts in April 1979, it also made it to the soul singles and disco charts, becoming the best-known version of the song. This recording was co-produced by Simon May and it reached the Top 10 twice in the UK, first in 1979 and again in a remixed version in 1985. James & Bobby Purify released a version of the song on their 1967 album, the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band released a version of the song on their 1968 album, Together. Victor Wood on his album of the same title, larry Carlton covered this song for his album, Discovery in 1986. In 1984, a version by Razzy Bailey made number 29 on Hot Country Songs and it was Baileys last top 40 country hit. Eric Clapton covered this song in his album Behind the Sun in 1985, in August 2007, Australian soul singer Guy Sebastian recorded a tribute version of Knock on Wood at Ardent Studios in Memphis, Tennessee for his album of soul classics The Memphis Album. Steve Cropper played on and produced this track with many of the members of the Stax House Band including Donald Duck Dunn, Lester Snell. Archie Bell & The Drells added the song to their 1968 studio album Tighten Up, actor Emma Stone sings this song in one of the final scenes of the 2010 film Easy A. Wilson Pickett on his album The Wicked Pickett. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
31.
Right Back Where We Started From
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Right Back Where We Started From is a song written by Pierre Tubbs and J. Vincent Edwards which was first recorded in the middle of 1975 by Maxine Nightingale for whom it was an international hit. In 1989, a remake by Sinitta, then 25, reached #4 in the UK Singles Chart, Edwards also had to convince Nightingale to accept a royalty payment rather than a one-time session fee equivalent to $45 US. Right Back Where We Started From would ultimately be released in Nightingales real name, Nightingale herself had opined to Rolling Stone that Edwards vocal on the demo was pretty horrendous. In the WFMU interview, Edwards identified other players on the session as drummer Pete Kircher and keyboardist Dave Rowberry, also Tubbs played guitar, me stress, it was a demo session that this multi million selling thing came out of, it wasnt lets go and remake it. It was the demo session. Multi million selling recording, I would think, cost less than a £100 if you put the tracks into the pudding. United Artists issued Right Back Where We Started From in the US in January 1976, Right Back Where We Started From also appeared on Billboards Adult Contemporary and Black Singles charts at #5 and #46, respectively. Following the singles US success Nightingale completed a Right Back Where We Started From album with Tubbs producing, the VHS release of Slap Shot replaced Right Back. - plus all the songs featured in the theatrical release - with generic musical tracks. Starting in the decade, copies of the movie shown on broadcast TV had the original music back in the film. Maxine Nightingales Right Back Where We Started From is also featured on the soundtrack of the films The World Is Full of Married Men, Slums of Beverly Hills, Whatever Happened to Harold Smith. Starsky and Hutch, Yours, Mine and Ours, The Family Stone, College Road Trip, An Extremely Goofy Movie, Rugrats in Paris and it was certified silver by the BPI. Right Back Where We Started From was prominently featured in the 1977 film Slap Shot making the song a favorite of ice hockey fans, the VHS release of Slap Shot replaced Right Back. - plus all the songs featured in the theatrical release - with generic musical tracks. Starting in the decade, copies of the movie shown on broadcast TV had the original music back in the film. Maxine Nightingales Right Back Where We Started From is also featured on the soundtrack of the films The World Is Full of Married Men, Slums of Beverly Hills, Whatever Happened to Harold Smith. Starsky and Hutch, Yours, Mine and Ours, The Family Stone, College Road Trip, An Extremely Goofy Movie, Rugrats in Paris, celly Campello included a Portuguese rendering of the song, Vamos começar tudo outra vez, on her 1976 eponymous album. Anita Sarawak recorded the song for her 1976 album Sophisticated Lady, birgitta Wollgård recorded the song for her 1978 album Ställd Mot Väggen
32.
Cleopatra (band)
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Cleopatra were a R&B/pop girl group from the UK whose members were sisters Cleo, Yonah, and Zainam Higgins. Their debut single, Cleopatras Theme entered the UK Singles Chart at number 3, and they parted ways with their record label after the release of their second album. The first time the girls stepped on stage they were known as Cleopatra and they later dropped that name and became known as the band Cleopatra. Their debut single was Cleopatras Theme, which was taken from their debut album Comin Atcha. and they performed at the 1999 BRIT Awards and were nominated for Best British Newcomer. Madonna signed Cleopatra to her Maverick label and introduced them to the United States at Nickelodeons 11th Annual Kids Choice Awards and it was released shortly afterwards, reaching number 26 on the Billboard Hot 100, and number 16 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The video was popular, peaking at number 4 on the TRL Top 10 countdown. Their debut album Comin Atcha entered the US top 30 in July 1998, the group filmed a live show for a 60-minute Disney Channel special, Cleopatra in Concert, where they performed their biggest hits aboard the Disney cruise ship, Disney Magic. The show also contained a look into the lives of the three sisters over a four-day Bahamas cruise. Cleopatra were invited to support the Spice Girls on the UK leg of their sell out Spiceworld Tour playing to 150,000 fans at Wembley Stadium. They were also invited to perform at the Vatican Christmas Carol Concert, by request of Pope John Paul II, backed by a 100-piece orchestra, they sang O Come All Ye Faithful and Silent Night. The performance was released on DVD in 2004 as All-Star Christmas - From the Vatican. They covered the Bee Gees song Ive Gotta Get a Message to You, renaming it Gotta Get a Message to You and they were also asked to record a cover of the disco song Right Back Where We Started From for An Extremely Goofy Movie by Disney. Cleopatra moved onto their second album Steppin Out, working with top producers, including Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, Dallas Austin, Daryl Simmons, Cutfather & Joe. They shot their album cover with photographer Markus Klinko and they toured the US in 2000 promoting the lead single from Steppin Out, U Got It. They promoted the single on television programs including The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Also as the new spokeswomen for cosmetics firm, Covergirl, they sang the tune for their new make-up line Triple Lipstick television advertisement. The advert, narrated by Cleo, was filmed on Miamis South Beach in 2000 and they then moved on to tour Japan and promoted their Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis produced Japanese single Yes, The Partys Going Right. They were invited to perform a mini-concert for the Sultan of Brunei, the label wanted Cleo as a solo artist, and this led to the groups parting ways with Warner
33.
McDonald's
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McDonalds is an American hamburger and fast food restaurant chain. It was founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard. In 1948, they reorganized their business as a hamburger stand, the first McDonalds franchise using the arches logo opened in Phoenix, Arizona in 1953. Businessman Ray Kroc joined the company as an agent in 1955. Based in Oak Brook, Illinois, McDonalds confirmed plans to move its headquarters to Chicago by early 2018. Today, McDonalds is one of the worlds largest restaurant chains, McDonalds primarily sells hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken products, french fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, milkshakes, wraps, and desserts. In response to changing tastes, the company has expanded its menu to include salads, fish, wraps, smoothies. A McDonalds restaurant is operated by either a franchisee, an affiliate, the McDonalds Corporation revenues come from the rent, royalties, and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. According to a BBC report published in 2012, McDonalds is the second largest private employer,1.5 million of whom work for franchises. The business began in 1940, with a restaurant opened by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, the first McDonalds with the arches opened in Phoenix, Arizona in March 1953. The original mascot of McDonalds was a man with a hat on top of a hamburger-shaped head whose name was Speedee. In 1962, the Golden Arches replaced Speedee as the company symbol, a new mascot, Ronald McDonald was introduced in 1965. The clown-like man having puffed out costume legs served advertising aimed at children. On May 4,1961, McDonalds first filed for a U. S. trademark on the name McDonalds with the description Drive-In Restaurant Services, on September 13,1961, the company filed for a trademark on a new logo—an overlapping, double-arched M symbol. By September 6,1962, this M-symbol was temporarily disfavored, although the Golden Arches logo appeared in various forms, the present version as a letter M did not appear until November 18,1968, when the company applied for a U. S. trademark. Kroc later purchased the McDonald brothers equity in the company and led its expansion. Kroc was also noted for aggressive business practices, compelling the McDonald brothers to leave the fast-food industry, Kroc and the McDonald brothers feuded over control of the business, as documented in Krocs autobiography. The San Bernardino restaurant was demolished in 1976 and the site was sold to the Juan Pollo restaurant chain and this area now serves as headquarters for the Juan Pollo chain, as well as a McDonalds and Route 66 museum
34.
Happy Meal
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A Happy Meal is a form of kids meal sold at the fast-food chain McDonalds since June 1979. A toy is included with the food, both of which are contained in a box or paper bag with the McDonalds logo. The packaging and toy are frequently part of a marketing tie-in to a television show, film. The Happy Meal contains an item, a side item. The choice of items changes from country to country, and may depend on the size of the restaurant, in most countries, McDonalds has introduced a healthy option to the Happy Meal. Children have always been able to milk with their Happy Meal and the chain added fruit juice drink instead of a soft drink. The Mighty Kids Meal is a meal from McDonalds designed for preteens, who are older than those who eat a Happy Meal. The concept is similar to the Happy Meal, in that it provides a burger or Chicken McNuggets, french fries, apple slices, a drink and a toy. McDonalds began offering the Mighty Kids Meal on March 30,2001, as a response to Burger Kings Big Kids Meal and its advertising campaign involved kids being put in infantile situations, to represent that the regular Happy Meal was for younger kids. In the UK it was called the Happy Meal Extra, Meal was a promotion for adults introduced in 2004, and lasted from May 11 to June 7. Meal featured a Dasani water bottle, a salad, a pedometer instead of a toy, in some regions different names are used. In French Canada, it is called Joyeux Festin, in Latin America and Puerto Rico it is known as Cajita Feliz. In Brazil it is known as McLanche Feliz, in Japan, it was called Okosama Lunch from 1987 to 1988, then Okosama Set from 1988 to 1995, before being renamed to Happy Set. In Germany, it was known as Juniortüte until 1999, in the mid-1970s, Yolanda Fernández de Cofiño began working with her husband operating McDonalds restaurants in Guatemala. She created what she called the Menu Ronald, which offered a hamburger, small fries, the concept was eventually brought to the attention of McDonalds management in Chicago. The company gave the development of the product to Bob Bernstein, founder and CEO of Bernstein-Rein, Bernstein came up with the Happy Meal. In 1977, the McDonalds restaurant owner clients who regularly met with Bernstein were looking for ways to create an experience for families with kids. Bernstein reasoned that if kids could get a packaged meal all their own instead of just picking at their parents food and he had often noticed his young son at the breakfast table poring over the various items on cereal boxes and thought, Why not do that for McDonalds
35.
Rotten Tomatoes
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Rotten Tomatoes is an American review aggregator website for film and television. The company was launched in August 1998 by Senh Duong and since January 2010 has been owned by Flixster, in February 2016, Rotten Tomatoes and its parent site Flixster were sold to Comcasts Fandango. Warner Bros. retained a minority stake in the merged entities, since 2007, the websites editor-in-chief has been Matt Atchity. The name, Rotten Tomatoes, derives from the practice of audiences throwing rotten tomatoes when disapproving of a stage performance. From early 2008 to September 2010, Current Television aired the weekly The Rotten Tomatoes Show, featuring hosts, a shorter segment was incorporated into the weekly show, InfoMania, which ended in 2011. In September 2013, the website introduced TV Zone, a section for reviewing scripted TV shows, Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12,1998, as a spare-time project by Senh Duong. His goal in creating Rotten Tomatoes was to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the U. S. As a fan of Jackie Chans, Duong was inspired to create the website after collecting all the reviews of Chans movies as they were being published in the United States, the first movie whose reviews were featured on Rotten Tomatoes was Your Friends & Neighbors. The website was an success, receiving mentions by Netscape, Yahoo. and USA Today within the first week of its launch. They officially launched it on April 1,2000, in June 2004, IGN Entertainment acquired rottentomatoes. com for an undisclosed sum. In September 2005, IGN was bought by News Corps Fox Interactive Media, in January 2010, IGN sold the website to Flixster. The combined reach of both companies is 30 million unique visitors a month across all different platforms, according to the companies, in May 2011, Flixster was acquired by Warner Bros. In early 2009, Current Television launched the version of the web review site. It was hosted by Brett Erlich and Ellen Fox and written by Mark Ganek, the show aired every Thursday at 10,30 EST on the Current TV network. The last episode aired on September 16,2010 and it returned as a much shorter segment of InfoMania, a satirical news show that ended in 2011. By late 2009, the website was designed to enable Rotten Tomatoes users to create, one group, The Golden Oyster Awards, accepted votes of members for different awards, as if in parallel to the better-known Oscars or Golden Globes. When Flixster bought the company, they disbanded the groups, announcing, in the meantime, please use the Forums to continue your conversations about your favorite movie topics. As of February 2011, new community features have been added, for example, users can no longer sort films by fresh ratings from rotten ratings, and vice versa
36.
Leap Year Day
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February 29, also known as leap day or leap year day, is a date added to most years that are divisible by 4, such as 2008,2012,2016,2020, and 2024. A leap day is added in various solar calendars, including the Gregorian calendar standard in most of the world, lunisolar calendars instead add a leap or intercalary month. In the Gregorian calendar, years that are divisible by 100, thus,1700,1800, and 1900 did not contain a leap day, neither will 2100,2200, and 2300. Conversely,1600 and 2000 did and 2400 will, Years containing a leap day are called leap years. Years not containing a leap day are called common years, February 29 is the 60th day of the Gregorian calendar, in such a year, with 306 days remaining until the end of the year. In the Chinese calendar, this day will only occur in years of the monkey, dragon, a leap day is observed because a complete revolution around the Sun takes approximately 6 hours longer than 365 days. A leap day compensates for this lag, realigning the calendar with the Earths position in the Solar System, otherwise, although most modern calendar years have 365 days, a complete revolution around the Sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours. An extra 24 hours thus accumulates every four years, requiring that a calendar day be added to align the calendar with the Suns apparent position. A solar year is slightly shorter than 365 days and 6 hours. The currently accepted figure is 365 days,5 hours,48 minutes,45 seconds. Adding a calendar day every four years, therefore, results in an excess of around 44 minutes for those four years, to compensate for this, three days are removed every 400 years. The Gregorian calendar reform implements this adjustment by making an exception to the rule that there is a leap year every four years. Instead, a year divisible by 100 is not a year unless that year is also divisible by 400. This means that the years 1600,2000, and 2400 are leap years, while the years 1700,1800,1900,2100,2200,2300, the Gregorian calendar repeats itself every 400 years, which is exactly 20,871 weeks including 97 leap days. Over this period, February 29 falls on Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday 13 times each,14 times each on Friday and Saturday, the calendar of the Roman king Numa Pompilius had only 355 days which meant that it would quickly become unsynchronized with the solar year. An earlier Roman solution to this problem was to lengthen the calendar periodically by adding days to February. February consisted of two parts, each with an odd number of days, the first part ended with the Terminalia on the 23rd, which was considered the end of the religious year, and the five remaining days formed the second part. To keep the calendar year roughly aligned with the solar year, the second part of February was incorporated in the intercalary month as its last five days, with no change either in their dates or the festivals observed on them
