1.
Renaissance Revival architecture
–
The divergent forms of Renaissance architecture in different parts of Europe, particularly in France and Italy, has added to the difficulty of defining and recognizing Neo-Renaissance architecture. The movement grew from scientific observations of nature, in human anatomy. Neo-Renaissance architecture is formed by not only the original Italian architecture, in England the Renaissance tended to manifest itself in large square tall houses such as Longleat House. Often these buildings had symmetrical towers which hint at the evolution from medieval fortified architecture and this is particularly evident at Hatfield House built between 1607 and 1611, where medieval towers jostle with a large Italian cupola. If this were not confusing enough, the new Neo-Renaissance then frequently borrowed architectural elements from the succeeding Mannerist period, mannerism and Baroque being two very opposing styles of architecture. Mannerism was exemplified by the Palazzo del Te and Baroque by the Wurzburg Residenz, as a consequence a self-consciously Neo-Renaissance manner first began to appear circa 1840. By 1890 this movement was already in decline, the Hagues Peace Palace completed in 1913, in a heavy French Neo-Renaissance manner was one of the last notable buildings in this style. Charles Barry introduced the Neo-Renaissance to England with his design of the Travellers Club, the style is characterized by original Renaissance motifs, taken from such Quattrocento architects as Alberti. These motifs included rusticated masonry and quoins, windows framed by architraves and doors crowned by pediments, if a building were of several floors the uppermost floor usually had small square windows representing the minor mezzanine floor of the original Renaissance designs. However, the Neo-renaissance style later came to incorporate Romanesque and Baroque features not found in the original Renaissance architecture which was more severe in its design. Like all architectural styles the Neo-Renaissance did not appear overnight fully formed but evolved slowly, one of the very first signs of its emergence was the Würzburg Womens Prison, which was erected in 1809 designed by Peter Speeth. This building foreshadows similar effects in the work of the American architect Henry Hobson Richardson whose work in the Neo-Renaissance style was popular in the USA during the 1880s, richardsons style at the end or the revival era was a severe mix of both Romanesque and Renaissance features. This was exemplified by his Marshall Field Warehouse in Chicago, however, while the beginning of Neo-Renaissance period can be defined by its simplicity and severity, what came between was far more ornate in its design. This period can be defined by some of the opera houses of the Europe, such as Gottfried Sempers Burgtheater in Vienna. This ornate form of the Neo-Renaissance, originating from France, is known as the Second Empire style. By 1875 it had become the style in Europe for all public and bureaucratic buildings. In England, where Sir George Gilbert Scott designed the London Foreign Office in this style between 1860 and 1875, it also incorporated certain Palladian features. In Austria, it was pioneered by such names as Rudolf Eitelberger
Renaissance Revival architecture
–
Schwerin Palace in
Mecklenburg, Germany - Renaissance revival architecture for representation purposes. Completed in 1857.
Renaissance Revival architecture
–
Waddesdon Manor, seat of the
Rothschild family, 1874
Renaissance Revival architecture
–
Mentmore Towers English
Jacobethan Neo-Renaissance completed in 1854, derives motifs from
Wollaton Hall completed in 1588
Renaissance Revival architecture
–
Russia: The façade of the
Vladimir Palace in
Saint Petersburg (1867-1872) redolent of
Alberti 's designs.
2.
Neoclassical architecture
–
Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century. In its purest form, it is a style derived from the architecture of classical antiquity, the Vitruvian principles. In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro, Neoclassical architecture is still designed today, but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings. In Central and Eastern Europe, the style is referred to as Classicism. Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée, the many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullées ideas and Edmund Burkes conception of the sublime, the baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell, the book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book featured the work of Inigo Jones. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain, at the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic architect earl, Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladios Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and this severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of Englands finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk, the main block of this house followed Palladios dictates quite closely, but Palladios low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance. This classicising vein was also detectable, to a degree, in the Late Baroque architecture in Paris. This shift was even visible in Rome at the redesigned façade for S, by the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s, in France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden. A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire, in France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the Louis XVI style, and the second in the styles called Directoire or Empire. The Scottish architect Charles Cameron created palatial Italianate interiors for the German-born Catherine II the Great in St. Petersburg, indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved an audience in the 1760s
Neoclassical architecture
–
The
Cathedral of Vilnius
Neoclassical architecture
–
Woburn Abbey, an excellent example of English Palladianism, designed by
Burlington's student
Henry Flitcroft in 1746.
Neoclassical architecture
–
Altes Museum, built by
Karl Friedrich Schinkel in
Berlin.
Neoclassical architecture
–
Château de Malmaison, 1800, room for the
Empress Joséphine, on the cusp between
Directoire style and
Empire style
3.
Dusit Palace
–
Dusit Palace is a compound of royal residences in Bangkok, Thailand. Constructed over an area north of Rattanakosin Island between 1897 and 1901 by King Chulalongkorn. The palace covers an area of over 64,749 square metres and is dotted between gardens and lawns with 13 different royal residences. Dusit Palace is surrounded by Ratchwithi Road in the north, Sri Ayutthaya Road in the south, Rachasima Road in the west and U-Thong Nai Road on the east. Since 1782 and the foundation of Bangkok as the city of the Kingdom of Siam. The palace became the point of the city as well as a seat of the royal government. These changes were brought about as a means to modernize the palace as well as accommodate its growing population, as a result, the palace, particularly the Inner Court, became extremely overcrowded. The Grand Palace also became hot during the summer months. Epidemics once started, were liable to spread easily within its crowded compound, the king, who enjoyed taking long walks for exercise and pleasure, often felt unwell after prolonged stays inside the Grand Palace. Consequently, he took frequent trips into the country to take relief of this condition, Chulalongkorn got the idea of having a royal residence with spacious gardens on the outskirts of the capital from European monarchs during his trip to Europe in 1897. When he returned to Bangkok he began to build a new compound within walking distance of the Grand Palace. He began by acquiring several connect farmlands and orchards between Padung Krung Kasem and Samsen canals from funds of his Privy Purse, the king decided to name this area Suan Dusit meaning Celestial Garden. The first building within this area was a single story structure, used by the king, his consorts. In 1890 plans for a permanent set of residences are drawn up and constructions were begun under the supervision of Prince Narisara Nuvadtivongs, apart from the Prince all other members of the team were Europeans. Apart from taking his long walks, Chulalongkorn also indulge in a new, even before he took permanent residence at Dusit Palace, he would take his entourage cycling from the Grand Palace to the garden and back. With bicycling trips often taking up all day and this pathway connecting the Grand Palace to Dusit Palace eventually became the Rajadamnern Avenue. The palace expanded Bangkok northwards, while the avenue accommodated further growth, the garden became the setting of residential houses belonging to the kings consorts and children. Chulalongkorn lived at the palace until his death at the Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall on 23 October 1910 of kidney disease
Dusit Palace
–
Aerial view of Dusit Palace, situated in the southern part of
Dusit District of
Bangkok.
Dusit Palace
–
King
Chulalongkorn (Rama V) found the
Grand Palace too overcrowded and unhealthy, as a result he began construction on a new palace, which eventually became Dusit Palace.
Dusit Palace
–
The
Vimanmek Mansion, built in 1900, is entirely made of teak and was first situated at
Ko Sichang in
Chonburi Province, but was dismantled by the orders of the king and reconstructed at Dusit Palace in 1901.
Dusit Palace
–
The
Abhisek Dusit Throne Hall was built in 1904 as an audience hall and entertainment venue for the Dusit Palace complex.
4.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
5.
Thai baht
–
The baht is the currency of Thailand. It is subdivided into 100 satang, the issuance of currency is the responsibility of the Bank of Thailand. According to SWIFT, as of October 2014, the Thai baht ranked as the tenth most frequently used world payment currency, the Thai baht, like the pound, originated from a traditional unit of mass. These were pieces of solid silver cast to various weights corresponding to a system of units related by simple fractions and multiples. However, coins denominated in the old units were issued until 1910, until 27 November 1902, the baht was fixed on a purely silver basis, with 15 grams of silver to the baht. This caused the value of the currency to vary relative to currencies on a gold standard, in 1857, the values of certain foreign silver coins were fixed in law, with the one baht =0.6 Straits dollar and five baht = seven Indian rupees. Before 1880 the exchange rate was fixed at eight baht per pound sterling, falling to 10 to the pound during the 1880s. In 1902, the government began to increase the value of the baht by following all increases in the value of silver against gold but not reducing it when the silver price fell. Beginning at 21.75 baht = one pound sterling, the rose in value until, in 1908. This was revised to 12 baht in 1919 and then, after a period of instability, during World War II, the baht was fixed at a value of one Japanese yen. From 1956 until 1973, the baht was pegged to the U. S. dollar at a rate of 20.8 baht = one dollar. A strengthening US economy caused Thailand to re-peg its currency at 25 to the dollar from 1984 until 2 July 1997, the baht was floated and halved in value, reaching its lowest rate of 56 to the dollar in January 1998. It has since risen to about 30 per dollar, the baht was originally known to foreigners by the term tical, which was used in English language text on banknotes until 1925. Rama III was the first king to consider the use of a flat coin and he did so not for the convenience of traders, but because he was disturbed that the creatures living in the cowrie shells were killed. When he learned of the use of copper coins in Singapore in 1835, he contacted a Scottish trader. The name of the put on these first coins was Muang Thai. Cowrie shells from the Mekong River had been used as currency for small amounts since the Sukhothai period,1860, Thailand did not produce coins using modern methods. Instead, a so-called bullet coinage was used, consisting of bars of metal, thicker in the middle,1 gold baht was generally worth 16 silver baht
Thai baht
–
Baht banknotes and coins issued by the Bank of Thailand.
6.
Thai language
–
Thai, also known as Siamese or Central Thai, is the national and official language of Thailand and the native language of the Thai people and the vast majority of Thai Chinese. Thai is a member of the Tai group of the Tai–Kadai language family, over half of the words in Thai are borrowed from Pali, Sanskrit and Old Khmer. It is a tonal and analytic language, Thai also has a complex orthography and relational markers. Spoken Thai is mutually intelligible with Laotian, Thai is the official language of Thailand, natively spoken by over 20 million people. Standard Thai is based on the register of the classes of Bangkok. In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages, Isan, the language of the Isan region of Thailand, a collective term for the various Lao dialects spoken in Thailand that show some Siamese Thai influences, which is written with the Thai script. It is spoken by about 20 million people, Thais from both inside and outside the Isan region often simply call this variant Lao when speaking informally. Northern Thai, spoken by about 6 million in the independent kingdom of Lanna. Shares strong similarities with Lao to the point that in the past the Siamese Thais referred to it as Lao. Southern Thai, spoken by about 4.5 million Phu Thai, spoken by half a million around Nakhon Phanom Province. Phuan, spoken by 200,000 in central Thailand and Isan, Shan, spoken by about 100,000 in north-west Thailand along the border with the Shan States of Burma, and by 3.2 million in Burma. Lü, spoken by about 1,000,000 in northern Thailand, and 600,000 more in Sipsong Panna, Burma, nyaw language, spoken by 50,000 in Nakhon Phanom Province, Sakhon Nakhon Province, Udon Thani Province of Northeast Thailand. Song, spoken by about 30,000 in central and northern Thailand, Elegant or Formal Thai, official and written version, includes respectful terms of address, used in simplified form in newspapers. Rhetorical Thai, used for public speaking, religious Thai, used when discussing Buddhism or addressing monks. Royal Thai, influenced by Khmer, this is used when addressing members of the family or describing their activities. Most Thais can speak and understand all of these contexts, street and Elegant Thai are the basis of all conversations. Rhetorical, religious, and royal Thai are taught in schools as the national curriculum, many scholars believe that the Thai script is derived from the Khmer script, which is modeled after the Brahmic script from the Indic family. However, in appearance, Thai is closer to Thai Dam script, the language and its script are closely related to the Lao language and script
Thai language
–
Thai
7.
Bangkok
–
Bangkok is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon or simply Krung Thep. The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres in the Chao Phraya River delta in Central Thailand, over 14 million people live within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region, making Bangkok an extreme primate city, significantly dwarfing Thailands other urban centres in terms of importance. Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam—later renamed Thailand—during the late 19th century, the city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailands politics, economy, education, media and modern society. The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their headquarters in Bangkok. The city is now a regional force in finance and business. It is a hub for transport and health care, and has emerged as a regional centre for the arts, fashion. The city is known for its vibrant street life and cultural landmarks. The historic Grand Palace and Buddhist temples including Wat Arun and Wat Pho stand in contrast with other tourist attractions such as the scenes of Khaosan Road. Bangkok is among the top tourist destinations. It is named the most visited city in MasterCards Global Destination Cities Index, Bangkoks rapid growth amidst little urban planning and regulation has resulted in a haphazard cityscape and inadequate infrastructure systems. The city has turned to public transport in an attempt to solve this major problem. Five rapid transit lines are now in operation, with more systems under construction or planned by the national government and the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. The history of Bangkok dates at least back to the early 15th century, because of its strategic location near the mouth of the river, the town gradually increased in importance. Bangkok initially served as a customs outpost with forts on both sides of the river, and became the site of a siege in 1688 in which the French were expelled from Siam. After the fall of Ayutthaya to the Burmese Empire in 1767, the newly declared King Taksin established his capital at the town, in 1782, King Phutthayotfa Chulalok succeeded Taksin, moved the capital to the eastern banks Rattanakosin Island, thus founding the Rattanakosin Kingdom. The City Pillar was erected on 21 April, which is regarded as the date of foundation of the present city, Bangkoks economy gradually expanded through busy international trade, first with China, then with Western merchants returning in the early-to-mid 19th century. As the capital, Bangkok was the centre of Siams modernization as it faced pressure from Western powers in the late 19th century, Bangkok became the centre stage for power struggles between the military and political elite as the country abolished absolute monarchy in 1932
Bangkok
–
Clockwise from top:
Wat Benchamabophit (Marble Temple),
Giant Swing,
Wat Arun,
Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall, view over
Lumpini Park area at night, and
Wat Phra Kaeo
Bangkok
–
Map of 17th-century Bangkok, from
Simon de la Loubère 's Du Royaume de Siam
Bangkok
–
The city's ceremonial name (partially visible) is displayed in front of the Bangkok City Hall. On the building is the BMA seal bearing an image of Indra riding Erawan.
Bangkok
–
The Bangkok city proper is highlighted in this satellite image of the lower Chao Phraya delta. Notice the built-up urban area along the Chao Phraya River, which extends northward and southward into Nonthaburi and Samut Prakan Provinces.
8.
King Chulalongkorn
–
Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poraminthra Maha Chulalongkorn Phra Chunla Chom Klao Chao Yu Hua, or Rama V, was the fifth monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri. He was known to the Siamese of his time as Phra Phuttha Chao Luang and his reign was characterized by the modernization of Siam, governmental and social reforms, and territorial concessions to the British and French. As Siam was threatened by Western expansionism, Chulalongkorn, through his policies and acts, all his reforms were dedicated to ensuring Siams survival in the face of Western colonialism, so that Chulalongkorn earned the epithet Phra Piya Maharat. King Chulalongkorn was born on 20 September 1853 to King Mongkut and Queen Debsirindra, in 1861, he was designated Krommamuen Pikhanesuan Surasangkat. His father gave him an education, including instruction from European tutors such as Anna Leonowens. In 1866, he became a monk for six months at Wat Bawonniwet according to royal tradition. Both father and son fell ill of malaria, Mongkut died on 1 October 1868. Si Suriyawongse, the most powerful government official of the day, managed the succession of Chulalongkorn to the throne, the coronation was held on 11 November 1868. Chulalongkorns health improved, and he was tutored in public affairs, traveled to India and he was crowned king in his own right as Rama V on 16 November 1873. Si Suriyawongse then arranged for the Front Palace of King Pinklao to be bequeathed to King Pinklaos son, the young Chulalongkorn was an enthusiastic reformer. He visited Singapore and Java in 1870 and British India during 1870–1872 to study the administration of British colonies and he toured the administrative centres of Calcutta, Delhi, Bombay, and back to Calcutta in early-1872. This journey was a source of his ideas for the modernization of Siam. As regent, Si Suriyawongse wielded great influence, Si Suriyawongse continued the works of King Mongkut. He supervised the digging of several important khlongs, such as Padung Krungkasem and Damneun Saduak, and he was also a patron of Thai literature and performing arts. At the end of his regency, Si Suriyawonse was raised to Somdet Chao Phraya, Si Suriyawongse was the most powerful noble of the 19th century. His family, Bunnag, was a one, of Persian descent. It dominated Siamese politics since the reign of Rama I, Chulalongkorn then married four of his half-sisters, all daughters of Mongkut, Savang Vadhana, Saovabha, and Sunandha, and Sukumalmarsri. Chulalongkorns first reform was to establish the Auditory Office, solely responsible for tax collection, as tax collectors had been under the aegis of various nobles and thus a source of their wealth, this reform caused great consternation among the nobility, especially the Front Palace
King Chulalongkorn
–
Chulalongkorn the Great พระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว
King Chulalongkorn
–
King
Mongkut with Prince Chulalongkorn, both in naval uniforms.
King Chulalongkorn
–
Chulalongkorn was crowned as a king of Siam.
King Chulalongkorn
–
Photograph of the King with his sons in the United Kingdom in 1897. The King during his lifetime had 92 consorts who, among them, would produce 77 children.
9.
Chulalongkorn
–
Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poraminthra Maha Chulalongkorn Phra Chunla Chom Klao Chao Yu Hua, or Rama V, was the fifth monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri. He was known to the Siamese of his time as Phra Phuttha Chao Luang and his reign was characterized by the modernization of Siam, governmental and social reforms, and territorial concessions to the British and French. As Siam was threatened by Western expansionism, Chulalongkorn, through his policies and acts, all his reforms were dedicated to ensuring Siams survival in the face of Western colonialism, so that Chulalongkorn earned the epithet Phra Piya Maharat. King Chulalongkorn was born on 20 September 1853 to King Mongkut and Queen Debsirindra, in 1861, he was designated Krommamuen Pikhanesuan Surasangkat. His father gave him an education, including instruction from European tutors such as Anna Leonowens. In 1866, he became a monk for six months at Wat Bawonniwet according to royal tradition. Both father and son fell ill of malaria, Mongkut died on 1 October 1868. Si Suriyawongse, the most powerful government official of the day, managed the succession of Chulalongkorn to the throne, the coronation was held on 11 November 1868. Chulalongkorns health improved, and he was tutored in public affairs, traveled to India and he was crowned king in his own right as Rama V on 16 November 1873. Si Suriyawongse then arranged for the Front Palace of King Pinklao to be bequeathed to King Pinklaos son, the young Chulalongkorn was an enthusiastic reformer. He visited Singapore and Java in 1870 and British India during 1870–1872 to study the administration of British colonies and he toured the administrative centres of Calcutta, Delhi, Bombay, and back to Calcutta in early-1872. This journey was a source of his ideas for the modernization of Siam. As regent, Si Suriyawongse wielded great influence, Si Suriyawongse continued the works of King Mongkut. He supervised the digging of several important khlongs, such as Padung Krungkasem and Damneun Saduak, and he was also a patron of Thai literature and performing arts. At the end of his regency, Si Suriyawonse was raised to Somdet Chao Phraya, Si Suriyawongse was the most powerful noble of the 19th century. His family, Bunnag, was a one, of Persian descent. It dominated Siamese politics since the reign of Rama I, Chulalongkorn then married four of his half-sisters, all daughters of Mongkut, Savang Vadhana, Saovabha, and Sunandha, and Sukumalmarsri. Chulalongkorns first reform was to establish the Auditory Office, solely responsible for tax collection, as tax collectors had been under the aegis of various nobles and thus a source of their wealth, this reform caused great consternation among the nobility, especially the Front Palace
Chulalongkorn
–
Chulalongkorn the Great พระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว
Chulalongkorn
Chulalongkorn
–
King
Mongkut with Prince Chulalongkorn, both in naval uniforms.
Chulalongkorn
–
Chulalongkorn was crowned as a king of Siam.
10.
Mongkut
–
During his reign, the pressure of Western expansionism was felt for the first time in Siam. Mongkut embraced Western innovations and initiated the modernization of his country, Mongkut was also known for his appointing his brother, Prince Chutamani, as Second King, crowned in 1851 as King Pinklao. Mongkut himself assured the country that Pinklao should be respected with equal honor to himself, Mongkuts reign was also the time when the power of the House of Bunnag reached its zenith and became the most powerful noble family of Siam. Mongkut was the son of Prince Isarasundhorn, son of Phutthayotfa Chulalok. Mongkut was born in the Old Palace in 1804, where the first son had died shortly after birth in 1801 and he was followed by Prince Chutamani in 1808. In 1809, Prince Isarasundhorn was crowned as Buddha Loetla Nabhalai The royal family moved to the Grand Palace. Thenceforth until their own accessions as kings, the brothers were called Chao Fa Yai, in 1824, Mongkut became a Buddhist monk, following a Siamese tradition that men aged 20 should become monks for a time. The same year, his father died, by tradition, Mongkut should have been crowned the next king, but the nobility instead chose the influential Prince Jessadabodindra, son of a royal concubine rather than a queen. Perceiving the throne was irredeemable and to political intrigues, Mongkut retained his monastic status. Vajirayan became one of the members of the family who devoted their life to religion. He travelled around the country as a monk and saw the relaxation of the rules of Pali Canon among the Siamese monks he met, in 1829, at Phetchaburi, he met a monk named Buddhawangso, who strictly followed the canon. Vajirayan admired Buddhawangso for his obedience to the canon, and was inspired to pursue religious reforms, in 1833, he began a reform movement reinforcing the canon law that evolved into the Dhammayuttika Nikaya, or Thammayut sect. In 1836, Vajirayan arrived at Wat Bowonniwet in what is now Bangkoks central district, but was then the city proper, during this time, he discovered Western knowledge, studying Latin, English, and astronomy with missionaries and sailors. Vicar Pallegoix of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangkok lived nearby, Vajirayan admired Christian morals and achievements as presented by the vicar, but could make nothing of Christian doctrine. It was then he made the comment later attributed to him as king, What you teach people to do is admirable, but what you teach them to believe is foolish. King Mongkut would later be noted for his excellent command of English, although it is said that his brother, Vice-King Pinklao. Chulalongkorn also persuaded his fathers 47th child, Vajirañana, to enter the order, accounts vary about Nangklaos intentions regarding the succession. It is recorded that Nangklao verbally dismissed the royal princes from succession for various reasons, Prince Mongkut was dismissed for encouraging monks to dress in the Mon style
Mongkut
–
Mongkut พระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว
Mongkut
Mongkut
–
Mongkut observing precepts
Mongkut
–
Reliefs of King Mongkut's Privy seal and signature
11.
Grand Palace
–
The Grand Palace is a complex of buildings at the heart of Bangkok, Thailand. The palace has been the residence of the Kings of Siam since 1782. The king, his court and his government were based on the grounds of the palace until 1925. King Bhumibol Adulyadej, resided at Chitralada Royal Villa in the Dusit Palace, several royal ceremonies and state functions are held within the walls of the palace every year. The palace is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Thailand, construction of the palace began on May 6,1782, at the order of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok, the founder of the Chakri Dynasty, when he moved the capital city from Thonburi to Bangkok. Throughout successive reigns, many new buildings and structures were added, by 1925, the king, the Royal Family and the government were no longer permanently settled at the palace, and had moved to other residences. After the abolition of monarchy in 1932, all government agencies completely moved out of the palace. In shape, the complex is roughly rectangular and has a combined area of 218,400 square metres. It is situated on the banks of the Chao Phraya River at the heart of the Rattanakosin Island, today in the Phra Nakhon District. The Grand Palace is bordered by Sanam Luang and Na Phra Lan Road to the north, Maharaj Road to the west, Sanamchai Road to the east and Thai Wang Road to the south. Rather than being a structure, the Grand Palace is made up of numerous buildings, halls, pavilions set around open lawns, gardens. Its asymmetry and eclectic styles are due to its development, with additions. The Grand Palace is currently open to the public as a museum. The construction of the Grand Palace began on 6 April 1782, having seized the crown from King Taksin of Thonburi, King Rama I was intent on building a capital city for his new Chakri Dynasty. He decided to move the seat of power from the city of Thonburi, on the west side of the Chao Phraya river, the new capital city was turned into an artificial island when canals were dug along the east side. The island was given the name Rattanakosin, the previous royal residence was the Derm Palace, constructed for King Taksin in 1768. The new palace was built on a piece of land on the very west side of the island. This location was occupied by a Chinese community, whom King Rama I had ordered to relocate to an area south and outside of the city walls
Grand Palace
–
The Grand Palace from across the
Chao Phraya River
Grand Palace
–
Chakri Maha Prasat in the Grand Palace, completed in 1882
Grand Palace
–
The Grand Palace from across the Chao Phraya river, circa 1880
12.
Renaissance architecture
–
Stylistically, Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by Baroque architecture. Developed first in Florence, with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its innovators, the style was carried to France, Germany, England, Russia and other parts of Europe at different dates and with varying degrees of impact. Italy of the 15th century, and the city of Florence in particular, was home to the Renaissance, the scholarly approach to the architecture of the ancient coincided with the general revival of learning. A number of factors were influential in bringing this about, Italian architects had always preferred forms that were clearly defined and structural members that expressed their purpose. Many Tuscan Romanesque buildings demonstrate these characteristics, as seen in the Florence Baptistery, Italy had never fully adopted the Gothic style of architecture. In the 15th century, Florence, Venice and Naples extended their power through much of the area that surrounded them and this enabled Florence to have significant artistic influence in Milan, and through Milan, France. Successive Popes, especially Julius II, 1503–13, sought to extend the Pope’s temporal power throughout Italy, in the early Renaissance, Venice controlled sea trade over goods from the East. Trade brought wool from England to Florence, ideally located on the river for the production of fine cloth, by dominating Pisa, Florence gained a seaport, and also maintained dominance of Genoa. In this commercial climate, one family in particular turned their attention from trade to the business of money-lending. The Medici became the chief bankers to the princes of Europe, becoming virtually princes themselves as they did so, along the trade routes, and thus offered some protection by commercial interest, moved not only goods but also artists, scientists and philosophers. This commenced in the mid 15th century and gained momentum in the 16th century, the construction of the Sistine Chapel with its uniquely important decorations and the entire rebuilding of St Peters, one of Christendoms most significant churches, were part of this process. In wealthy republican Florence, the impetus for church-building was more civic than spiritual, the unfinished state of the enormous cathedral dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary did no honour to the city under her patronage. The dome inspired further religious works in Florence, through Humanism, civic pride and the promotion of civil peace and order were seen as the marks of citizenship. Some major ecclesiastical building works were commissioned, not by the church. During the Renaissance, architecture became not only a question of practice, printing played a large role in the dissemination of ideas. The first treatise on architecture was De re aedificatoria by Leon Battista Alberti in 1450 and it was to some degree dependent on Vitruviuss De architectura, a manuscript of which was discovered in 1414 in a library in Switzerland. De re aedificatoria in 1485 became the first printed book on architecture, Sebastiano Serlio produced the next important text, the first volume of which appeared in Venice in 1537, it was entitled Regole generali darchitettura. It is known as Serlios Fourth Book since it was the fourth in Serlios original plan of a treatise in seven books, in all, five books were published
Renaissance architecture
–
Tempietto di
San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 1502, by
Bramante. This small temple marks the place where
St Peter was put to death.
Renaissance architecture
–
Temple of Vesta,
Rome, 205 AD. As the most important temple of Ancient Rome, it became the model for Bramante's Tempietto.
Renaissance architecture
–
Renaissance
Renaissance architecture
–
The Romanesque Baptistery of Florence was the object of Brunelleschi's studies of perspective
13.
Carrara
–
Carrara is a city and comune in the Province of Massa and Carrara, notable for the white or blue-grey marble quarried there. It is on the Carrione River, some 100 kilometres west-northwest of Florence and its motto is Fortitudo mea in rota. There were known settlements in the area as early as the 9th century BC, the current town originated from the borough built to house workers in the marble quarries created by the Romans after their conquest of Liguria in the early 2nd century BC. Carrara has been linked with the process of quarrying and carving marble since the Roman Age, Marble was exported from the nearby harbour of Luni at the mouth of river Magra. The Bishops acquired it again in 1230, their ending in 1313. Later it was acquired by Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan, Carrara and Massa formed the Duchy of Massa and Carrara from the 15th to the 19th century. Under the last Malaspina, Maria Teresa, who had married Ercole III dEste, after the short Napoleonic rule of Elisa Bonaparte, it was given back to Modena. During the unification of Italy age, Carrara was the seat of a revolt led by Domenico Cucchiari. At the end of the 19th century Carrara became the cradle of anarchism in Italy, the quarry workers, including the stone carvers, had radical beliefs that set them apart from others. Ideas from outside the city began to influence the Carrarese, anarchism and general radicalism became part of the heritage of the stone carvers. According to a New York Times article of 1894 many violent revolutionists who had expelled from Belgium and Switzerland went to Carrara in 1885. Carrara has remained a hotbed of anarchism in Italy, with several organizations located openly in the city. The Anarchist marble workers were also the force behind organising labour in the quarries. They were also the protagonists of the Lunigiana revolt in January 1894. In 1929, the municipalities of Carrara, Massa and Montignoso were merged in a single municipality, in 1945 the previous situation was restored. Carrara is the birthplace of the International Federation of Anarchists, formed in 1968, as a titular Duke of Modena, the current holder of the title of Prince of Carrara would be Prince Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este. Ducal Palace, now the seat of the Fine Arts Academy, built over pre-existing Lombard fortification, it dates to the reign of Guglielmo Malaspina, becoming in 1448 the permanent seat of the dynasty. It includes two distinct edifices, the Castello Malaspiniano, dating to the 13th century, and the Renaissance palace, under the medieval loggia are exposed several ancient Roman findings
Carrara
–
The area around Carrara, seen from an aircraft flying at 10,000 metres. The town is at the top of the picture, nearest to the
marble quarries which are the white markings on the mountains.
Carrara
–
Façade of the Cathedral.
Carrara
–
Palazzo Cybo Malaspina
Carrara
–
A Carrara marble quarry
14.
Vajiravudh
–
King Vajiravudh is known for his efforts to create and promote Siamese nationalism. His reign was characterized by Siams movement further towards democracy and minimal participation in World War I, Prince Vajiravudh was born on 1 January 1880 to Chulalongkorn and one of his four queens, Saovabha. In 1888, upon coming of age, Vajiravudh received the title Krom Khun Thep Dvaravati, Prince Vajiravudh was first educated in the royal palace in Siamese and English. In 1895, his half-brother Crown Prince Vajirunhis died and Vajiravudh was appointed the new Crown Prince of Siam and he continued his education in Britain, at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst in 1898 and was commissioned briefly in the Durham Light Infantry upon graduation. He studied law and history at Christ Church, Oxford in 1899, however, he suffered from appendicitis that barred him from graduating in 1901. On behalf of his father, King Chulalongkorn, he attended the coronation of King Edward VII on 9 August 1902, Crown Prince Vajiravudh returned to Siam in 1902 and in 1904 became a temporary monk, in accordance with Siamese tradition. In 1906, his father Chulalongkorn travelled to Europe to seek treatment for his lung disease, one of Crown Prince Vajiravudhs accomplishments during this regency was his supervision of the construction of the equestrian statue of King Chulalongkorn. Chulalongkorn died on 23 October 1910, and Vajiravudh succeeded his father as king of Siam, even before his coronation, Vajiravudh initiated several reforms. He organized Siams defence and established military academies and he created the rank of general for the first time in Siam, with his uncle, Prince Bhanurangsi Savangwongse as the first Siamese general. His first act following his accession to the throne was to build the Royal Pages College and it was built as an all-boy boarding school in the same tradition as English public schools such as Eton and Harrow. The school was instead of a royal monastery, formerly a custom of Thai kings. Later he also raised the Civil Servant School to Chulalongkorn Academy for Civil Officials, both Vajiravudh College and Chulalongkorn University still benefit from the funds that King Vajiravudh set aside for the use of the two elite institutions. He also improved Siamese healthcare systems and set up some of the earliest public hospitals in Siam, Vajira Hospital in 1912, in 1911, he established the Boy Scouts in Siam, disbanded in the latter part of his reign. On 11 November 1911, Vajiravudhs coronation was held with visiting royals from Europe and Japan as guests, later that year, the first airplane was flown in Siam. The early years of Vajiravudhs administration were dominated by his two uncles, Prince Damrong and Prince Devawongse, both of them Chulalongkorns right hand men. However, the king disagreed with Prince Damrong, Minister of Interior, Vajiravudh reformed his fathers monthon system by imposing the paks or regions over the administrative monthons. Each pak was governed by an Uparaja directly responsible to the king, the Uparaja presided over the intendants of monthons in the region—thus concentrating local administrative powers in his hands—much to the dismay of Prince Damrong. Radicals expected a new constitution upon the coronation of Vajiravudh, in 1911, the Wuchang Uprising that led to the fall of Qing dynasty prompted Siamese radicals to act
Vajiravudh
–
Vajiravudh พระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว
Vajiravudh
Vajiravudh
–
Photograph of Palace Revolt of 1912 key plotters
Vajiravudh
–
The Siamese Expeditionary Force with the tricolour flag of Siam in
Paris, 1919.
15.
Siamese Revolution of 1932
–
The Siamese revolution of 1932 or the Siamese coup détat of 1932 was a crucial turning point in 20th-century Thai history. The revolution, a coup détat, was a bloodless transition on 24 June 1932. The revolution was brought about by a small group of military and civilians, who formed Siams first political party. It ended 150 years of absolutism under the Chakri Dynasty and almost 800 years of rule of kings over Thai history. It was a product of historical change as well as domestic social and political changes. It also resulted in the people of Siam being granted their first constitution, unlike other modern Southeast Asian states, Thailand was never formally colonised by colonial powers. Rama IV opened Siam to European trade and began the process of modernisation and his son, Rama V, consolidated state control over the Thai vassal states and created an absolute monarchy and a centralised state. However, the success of the Chakri monarchs also sowed the seeds for the 1932 revolution, modernisation mandated from above had created by the early 20th century a class of Western-educated Thais in the commoner and lower nobility classes. These were influenced by the ideals of the French and Russian revolutions and staffed the middle and this new elite would eventually form the Peoples Party that provided the nucleus of the 1932 revolution. Recent scholarship has begun raising alternative perspectives to modern Thai history that challenges the conventional perspectives of the 1932 Siamese Revolution, thongchai Winichakuls hypothesis on the emergence of the geo-body of Siam is widely accepted by scholars in Thai and Southeast Asian studies. The East now became increasingly described as barbaric, ignorant, or inferior, the mission to civilise the barbaric Asiatics became the raison dêtre for colonialism and imperialism. Thongchai further argues that the key strategies adopted by the Siamese state were similar to those adopted by Western colonial powers in administering their colonies. Space and power were essentially redefined by the Siamese state, autonomous and semi-autonomous muangsgs were brought under the direct control of the state by the beginning of the twentieth century. Cartography was introduced to define the borders, replacing the vague frontiers of the Mandala kingdoms. People were assigned to ethnic groups and these new perspectives created a politically dominant Siamese aristocracy that became increasingly powerful from the modernisation/self-colonisation process it initiated and directed. Thus they could no longer control events and political developments in Siam and were swept aside by activists who advocated democracy, since 1782 the Kingdom of Siam had been ruled by the House of Chakri, founded by King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke. The capital city, Bangkok, was founded by King Rama I. For over a century, the kings of Siam were able to protect the nation from neighbours and other nations, escaping colonialism from European powers such as Britain
Siamese Revolution of 1932
–
Soldiers waiting for orders in the Royal Plaza, 24 June 1932
Siamese Revolution of 1932
–
Prajadhipok, King of Siam in 1932, wanted a constitution but his plans were rejected by royal princes
Siamese Revolution of 1932
–
Prince
Paribatra Sukhumbhand, the
Interior Minister and a brother to the King
16.
National Assembly of Thailand
–
The National Assembly of Thailand was the bicameral legislative branch of the government of Thailand. The National Assembly was established in 1932 after the adoption of Thailands first constitution, the National Assembly convened in the Parliament House of Thailand, in the Dusit District in the capital Bangkok, Thailand. The National Assembly is defunct for a period as it was superseded by the National Legislative Assembly by the authority of the 2014 interim constitution of Thailand. This was a result of the 2014 Thai coup détat, prior to the assumption of power by the military junta in 2014, the National Assembly of the Kingdom of Thailand was a bicameral legislature composed of a Senate and a House of Representatives. Combined, the Assembly had 650 members,576 of which were elected, the majority of elections in Thailand follow the first-past-the-post system which is used in the elections for the 375 members of the House of Representatives and 76 members of the Senate. The remaining 125 members of the House are elected by party list proportional representation, the upper house is called the Senate of Thailand. The chamber is non-partisan and has limited legislative powers, the Senate is composed of 73 appointed members and the remainder elected, one representing each province. The senates term is six years and it forbids members from holding any additional office or membership in political parties. The lower house is called the House of Representatives of Thailand, the chamber is made up of 375 members from single constituency elections and 125 members from proportional representation by party lists, as codified in the 2007 Constitution of Thailand. Thailands proportional representation is parallel voting, AKA mixed member majoritarian and this is where the 125 seats are apportioned to political parties in accordance with the proportional representation popular vote each party receives. Every eligible voter in Thailand in an election has two votes. The first is for constituency MP, the second vote is for the party the voter prefers. The second category is added and the results divided into eight electoral areas. The other 375 seats are elected on a constituency basis. The Houses term is four years, however, a dissolution can happen at any time, the Vice President of the National Assembly of Thailand is also an ex officio position occupied by the President of the Senate of Thailand. Officers at the time of its dissolution were, The powers of the National Assembly are enshrined in Chapter 6, the main powers of the National Assembly are its legislative powers. If the bill is a money bill its introduction can only be made with the endorsement of the prime minister, the bill is then introduced to the House of Representative for debate, amendment, and vote. When the House of Representatives has considered the bill and passed a resolution approving it, the Senate must finish the consideration of such bill within 60 days, unless it is a money bill, when consideration must be finished within 30 days
National Assembly of Thailand
National Assembly of Thailand
–
National Assembly รัฐสภา (Ratthasapha)
National Assembly of Thailand
–
Parliament House of Thailand the meeting place for both the House and the Senate since 1974, currently there is a project to build a new, grander building.
National Assembly of Thailand
–
Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva and the
Cabinet answers questions in the
House of Representatives.
17.
Parliament House of Thailand
–
The Parliament House of Thailand currently houses the unicameral National Assembly of Thailand, the legislative branch of the Royal Thai Government. Under normal situation, the legislature is a body, consisting of two chambers, the upper house, and the lower house. The Parliament House of Thailand is located in the Dusit district in the capital Bangkok, after the first general election to the National Assembly in 1933, King Prajadhipok officially gave the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall to the new legislature. The Throne Hall was previously part of the Dusit Palace, throughout the years the composition of the National Assembly increased and the Throne Hall became too small to accommodate all the members and the parliaments support offices. Three attempts were made to build a new building, however failed because the government in power was terminated before a budget could be appropriated. The fourth attempt, however, was a success, King Bhumibol Adulyadej appropriated to the National Assembly royal land immediately north of the Throne Hall for the site of the new Parliament House. The construction began on 5 November 1970, with a budget of 51,027,360 baht and it also contain the offices of the President and Vice President of the National Assembly and the deputy presiding officers. The Second Building, a seven-story building contains the Secretariat and offices of the National Assembly as well as its Printing Press, the Third Building, a two-story building used as the Parliament club with facilities for Assembly members. The Parliament House was first used on 19 September 1974, as the Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall became a historic building. From then on the Parliament House became the building used for the National Assembly, only the State Opening is held in the Throne Hall. On July 29,2008, the National Assembly appropriated new funds to construct a new, as of December 2008 a site belonging to the Royal Thai Army has been found but has not yet been confirmed
Parliament House of Thailand
–
Exterior of the Parliament House of Thailand.
Parliament House of Thailand
–
Prime Minister
Abhisit Vejjajiva answering questions in the chamber in 2009.
Parliament House of Thailand
–
Debating chamber within the building
Parliament House of Thailand
–
Empty desks
18.
Galileo Chini
–
Galileo Chini was an Italian decorator, designer, painter, and potter. A prominent member of the Italian Art nouveau movement, he taught decorative arts at the Accademia di Belle Arti in Florence and his theatrical work included designing the sets for the European premiere of Puccinis opera Gianni Schicchi and the world premiere of his Turandot. He also created the sets for the premieres of Umberto Giordanos opera La cena delle beffe, storia della musica, Dalle antiche civiltà orientali alla musica elettronica, Casa Editrice Dr. Francesco Vallardi. Galileo Chini and the Brandini Chapel in Francesca Allegri and Massimo Tosi, Castelfiorentino, Terra darte, centro viario e spirituale sulla Francigena, lords of Things, The Fashioning of the Siamese Monarchys Modern Image
Galileo Chini
–
Galileo Chini photographed by Mario Nunes Vais circa 1904
19.
Chakri Dynasty
–
The Chakri dynasty is the current ruling royal house of the Kingdom of Thailand, while the Head of the house is the monarch. The royal house was founded by King Rama I, an Ayutthayan military leader of Sino-Mon descent, prior to the founding of the dynasty, King Rama I held for years the title Chakri, the title of the civil chancellor. In founding the dynasty, King Rama I himself chose Chakri as the name for the dynasty, the emblem of the dynasty is composed of the discus and the trident, the celestial weapons of god Vishnu and Shiva, whom the Thai sovereign is seen as an incarnation. The houses current dynastic seat is the Grand Palace in Bangkok, the present royal family of Thailand is descended from Prince Mahidol Adulyadej of Songkla and Srinagarindra forming the House of Mahidol. The Prince was a son of King Chulalongkorn and his wife Queen Savang Vadhana, the Prince was also the half-brother of both King Vajiravudh and King Prajadhipok. After the death of King Ananda Mahidol, King Bhumibol Adulyadej ascended the throne in 1946, in 1949 the King married his first cousin once removed, Mom Rajawongse Sirikit Kitiyakara. Bhumibol was succeeded by his son Maha Vajiralongkorn officially on 13 October 2016, but was proclaimed King on 1 December 2016
Chakri Dynasty
–
Photograph of Prince
Mahidol Adulyadej and
Mom Sangwal (later the
Princess Mother).
Chakri Dynasty
–
House of Chakri
Chakri Dynasty
–
The Chakri Mahaprasat, inside the
Grand Palace in Bangkok, the dynastic seat and official residence of the dynasty.
Chakri Dynasty
–
Phrabat Somdet Phra
Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I)
20.
Royal Plaza (Thailand)
–
The Royal Plaza, or formally Dusit Palace Plaza, and also known in Thailand as Equestrian Plaza, is a public square in Bangkok, Thailand. The plaza was the site for Peoples Party supporters demanding the constitution. The first permanent constitution was granted in the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall on 10 December 1932. Next to the plaza is Amporn Garden, the venue of the annual Red Cross Fair, Dusit Zoo is also located near the plaza. At the center of the plaza is the Equestrian Statue of King Chulalongkorn Rama V, the Equestrian Statue of King Chulalongkorn Rama V the Great was erected in 1908 two years before his death from a fund raised by the Thai people. The statue was cast in Paris by Georges Saulo, a French craftsman well known at that time, the remainder of the fund was spent by King Rama VI on the establishment of Chulalongkorn University, which was named after King Chulalongkorn, Rama V
Royal Plaza (Thailand)
–
The Royal Plaza, with King Rama V Equestrian Monument and Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall
21.
Ban Ki Moon
–
Ban Ki-moon is a South Korean diplomat who was the eighth Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 2007 to December 2016. Before becoming Secretary-General, Ban was a diplomat in South Koreas Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He entered diplomatic service the year he graduated university, accepting his first post in New Delhi. Ban was the minister of South Korea from January 2004 to November 2006. In February 2006 he began to campaign for the office of Secretary-General, Ban was initially considered to be a long shot for the office. As foreign minister of South Korea, however, he was able to travel to all the countries on the United Nations Security Council, on 13 October 2006, he was elected to be the eighth Secretary-General by the United Nations General Assembly. On 1 January 2007, he succeeded Kofi Annan, as Secretary-General, he was responsible for several major reforms on peacekeeping and UN employment practices. Ban was named the worlds 32nd most powerful person by the Forbes list of The Worlds Most Powerful People in 2013, in 2014, he was named the third most powerful South Korean after Lee Kun-hee and Lee Jae-yong. In 2016, Foreign Policy named Ban one of the Top 100 Global Thinkers for his achievement of making the Paris Agreement a legally binding treaty less than a year after it was adopted. António Guterres was appointed by the General Assembly on 13 October 2016 to be the successor of Ban Ki-moon as he stepped down on 31 December 2016. He was widely considered to be a candidate for the 2017 South Korean presidential election, before announcing, on February 1. Ban was born on 13 June 1944 in the farming village of Haengchi, Wonnam Township, in Eumseong County. His family then moved to the town of Chungju, where he grew up. During Bans childhood, his father had a business, but the warehouse went bankrupt. When Ban was six, his family fled to a mountainside for much of the Korean War. After the war ended, his family returned to Chungju, Ban has said that, during this time, he met American soldiers. In secondary school, Ban became a student, particularly in his studies of the English language. In 1962, Ban won an essay contest sponsored by the Red Cross, as part of the trip, Ban met U. S. President John F. Kennedy
Ban Ki Moon
–
Ban in April 2015
Ban Ki Moon
–
Ban Ki-moon with
U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in January 2006
Ban Ki Moon
–
Ban Ki-moon with the
President of Russia Vladimir Putin in
Moscow on 9 April 2008
Ban Ki Moon
–
U.S. President
George W. Bush talks with
United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon of
South Korea in October 2006. In their early meetings, Ban stressed the importance of confronting global warming.
22.
Hua Lamphong Railway Station
–
Bangkok Railway Station, unofficially known as Hua Lamphong Station, is the main railway station in Bangkok, Thailand. It is in the center of the city in the Pathum Wan District, the station is officially referred to by the State Railway of Thailand as Krungthep Station in Thai and Bangkok Station in English. Hua Lamphong is the name of the station, used by both foreign travellers and locals. The station is named as Hua Lamphong in travel guide books. In other areas of Thailand the station is referred to as Krungthep Station. In all documents published by the State Railway of Thailand the station is uniformly transcribed as Krungthep in Thai, the station was opened on June 25,1916 after six years construction. The site of the station was previously occupied by the national railways maintenance centre. At the nearby site of the railway station a pillar commemorates the inauguration of the Thai railway network in 1897. The station was built in an Italian Neo-Renaissance-style, with decorated wooden roofs, the architecture is attributed to Turin-born Mario Tamagno, who with countryman Annibale Rigotti was also responsible for the design of several other early 20th century public buildings in Bangkok. The pair designed Bang Khun Prom Palace, Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall in the Royal Plaza and Suan Kularb Residential Hall and Throne Hall in Dusit Garden, there are 14 platforms,26 ticket booths, and two electric display boards. Hua Lamphong serves over 130 trains and approximately 60,000 passengers each day, since 2004 the station has been connected by an underground passage to the MRT subway systems Hua Lamphong Station. The station is also a terminus of the Eastern and Oriental Express luxury trains, รายงานกองบัญชาการครั้งที่20 กล่าวด้วยการเดินรถไฟหลวงทางขนาดใหญ่ในกรุงสยามประจำพระพุทธศักราช2459, กรมรถไฟหลวง, โรงพิมพ์กรมรถไฟ,2460 งานฉลอง 50ปี กรมรถไฟหลวง, กรมรถไฟหลวง, โรงพิมพ์กรมรถไฟ,2490
Hua Lamphong Railway Station
–
Bangkok Railway Station สถานีรถไฟกรุงเทพ
Hua Lamphong Railway Station
–
The main
façade of the station
Hua Lamphong Railway Station
–
Station sign, Hua Lamphong
23.
Government House of Thailand
–
The Government House is the offices of the Prime Minister of Thailand and the appointed cabinet ministers. It also contains rooms and is used for state functions and receptions of foreign guests. It consists of several palace-like structures extending over 11 acres, initially intended as a family residence for one of the kings favorite generals, the building became the Prime Ministers seat in 1941. Prime Minister Plaek Pibulsonggram then assigned Italian sculptor and artist Corrado Feroci to complete the construction, the main building carries a golden dome housing a statue of Phra Phrom and its façade resembles that of the Ca dOro Palazzo in Venice. During the 2008 Thai political crisis, anti-government protesters besieged the Government House, after a court order, they had to move, but then attempted to block the government house once more and succeeded - the cabinet temporarily moved to Don Mueang International Airport. The protesters besieged Don Mueang International Airport soon after that, giving the cabinet nowhere to work, on 1 December 2008, after protesting for 3 months, the protesters decided to leave the government house as there were constant attacks of bombs, grenades and gunfire. Thai-Khu-Fah Building is an important building in Thai government house,10 Downing Street as a government house of United Kingdom. This building has two floors with a Neo-Venetian Gothic architecture combined with Byzantine arts and contains only one staircase. On the roof there is a shire for Lord Brahma. Downstairs are three lounges, first of which is the Golden Dome Room the south of the building for the visitors of the Prime Minister and this is a lounge for the visitors of the Deputy Prime Minister and other cabinet ministers. Furthermore, this building has a conference room for the Board of Committees conference which has the Prime Minister as the chairperson. The upper floor of the building is the Prime Ministers office, the officers office
Government House of Thailand
–
Government House of Thailand in 2009
Government House of Thailand
–
Venue of
APEC 2003
Government House of Thailand
–
Former Premier
Abhisit Vejjajiva (right) with guests in the Ivory Room
Government House of Thailand
–
Anti-government protesters during the
2008 Thai political crisis, August 2008
24.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
25.
List of Thai royal residences
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Royal residences of the Chakri Dynasty in Thailand include the Grand Palace, nineteen royal palaces and other palaces used by the king or other members of the royal family. The Bureau of the Royal Household administers and manages several current royal palaces, historical palaces from earlier periods exist mainly in the ruins of Ayutthaya and Sukhothai. This page lists current and former residences, arranged by type of residence. Dusit Palace Bangkok – Commissioned by King Chulalongkorn as a primary residence to the Grand Palace. Apart from Chitralada Villa, now mainly as a museum. Chitralada Villa – The de facto residence of King Bhumibol Adulyadej Vimanmek Mansion – Main residential building of the Dusit Palace complex. Klai Kangwon Palace Prachuap Khiri Khan – Commissioned by King Prajadhipok, bhubing Palace Chiang Mai – Winter residence of the king, open to the public when the royal family is not in residence. Its grounds are now the site of the Bangkok National Museum, Thammasat University, Bunditpatanasilpa Institute, the National Theatre, Rear Palace Bangkok – Residence of the Rear Palace or second vice king. It is now the site of Siriraj Hospital, nantha Utthayan Palace Bangkok – Built in the reign of King Mongkut, its location is now occupied by the Royal Thai Navy. Pathum Wan Palace Bangkok – Built in the reign of King Mongkut as a country residence and its location is now the site of CentralWorld. Saranrom Palace Bangkok – Served as temporary residence for some princes and it is now the site of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Saranrom Park. Samut Prakan Palace Samut Prakan – Was located opposite to Samut Prakan Station of the Paknam Railway, Chan Kasem Royal Palace Ayutthaya – The front palace of Ayutthaya, destroyed and abandoned following the Fall of Ayutthaya. Rebuilt and served as residence for King Mongkuts travels to Ayutthaya. Thak Phikun Palace Saraburi – Served as residence during royal pilgrimages to the Buddha footprint at Phra Phutthabat, Phra Nakhon Khiri Palace Phetchaburi – Served as country residence during the reigns of Kings Mongkut and Chulalongkorn, now the Phra Nakhon Khiri historical park. Si Tha Palace Saraburi – Royal residence of Pinklao, the second king, phaya Thai Palace Bangkok – Served as country residence of King Chulalongkorn and Queen Saovabha Phongsri, and later King Vajiravudh. Converted to a hotel, then a hospital, now within the grounds of Phramongkutklao Hospital, sanam Chandra Palace Nakhon Pathom – Country residence of King Vajiravudh. Later became a campus of Silpakorn University, now a museum, sichang Palace Chonburi – Served as a summer residence during the reign of King Chulalongkorn, now a research centre and museum of Chulalongkorn University. Royal palace at Khao Sattanat Ratchaburi – Served as a residence for King Chulalongkorn, now the site of Wat Khao Wang
List of Thai royal residences
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The
Grand Palace
List of Thai royal residences
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Vimanmek Mansion in Dusit Palace
List of Thai royal residences
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Phutthaisawan Hall of the former Front Palace
List of Thai royal residences
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Mrigadayavan Palace
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Chitralada Royal Villa
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Chitralada Royal Villa is a royal villa located within Dusit Palace. This villa was the unofficial permanent-residence of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit and he moved there after the death of his older brother, King Rama VIII in the Grand Palace. The palace grounds, which are surrounded by a moat and guarded by the guards, also contain the Chitralada School, initially established for the children of the royal family. Prince Dipangkorn Rasmijoti is a pupil in the Chitralada School, the school is considered the most exclusive in Thailand. The main building of the palace is a building, built in the reign of Rama VI. The palace was the residence of Rama VI, Chitralada School, was founded in 1958. A dairy farm and factories were built as the King is interested in agriculture, research centres on agricultural products were also founded to provide training for farmers. Chitralada is used as the brandname for many products from the palace, visitors need to obtain a pass to enter
Chitralada Royal Villa
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Chitralada Palace Moat
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Vimanmek Mansion
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The Vimanmek Mansion is a former royal villa in Bangkok, Thailand. It is in the Dusit Palace complex, near Dusit Zoo in Dusit District, in 1897 King Rama V paid a royal visit to Europe visiting many of the royal palaces. Upon his return he land for the construction of a garden which he named the Dusit Garden. Vimanmek Palace was constructed in 1900 by having the Munthatu Rattanaroj Residence in Chuthathuj Rachathan at Ko Sichang, Chonburi and it was the first permanent residence in the garden. Nails were used during in its construction, the interior decoration combines European neo-classical style with traditional Thai motifs and architecture and early-20th century modernisation. Vimanmek Mansion follows Victorian Style that is an influence from Europe Architecture applied with Thai Architecture, the material that was used to build the entire mansion was golden teak. The shape of the mansion was alphabet L in English,60 meters each long and 20 meter high and this mansion has three levels and the residence part is octagon shape and has four levels. The lowest level is made by brick and cement and all the levels are made by golden teak. The color of the roof is cream and red in Thai Architecture style, each room of the mansion has different colors, which are light blue, green, pink, ivory and peach, and each room shows belongings of King Rama V and other noblemen. The celebration for the completion of the 72 room Vimanmek Palace was held on 27 March 1901 and it was used as a royal palace by King Rama V for five years until the completion of Amphorn Satharn Villa in 1906. In 1932, Vimanmek Palace was used only as a place of the Bureau of the Royal Household. The palace is now a major tourist attraction and is the worlds largest golden teakwood mansion, many of the gifts and treasures that King Chulalongkorn collected on his European trip are now displayed in the museum
Vimanmek Mansion
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Vimanmek Palace, Bangkok
Vimanmek Mansion
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Museums
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Bang Pa-In Royal Palace
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Bang Pa-In Royal Palace, also known as the Summer Palace, is a palace complex formerly used by the Thai kings. It lies beside the Chao Phraya River in Bang Pa-In district, most of the present buildings were constructed between 1872 and 1889 by King Chulalongkorn. The palace remains largely open to visitors, as King Bhumibol Adulyadej and his family use it only rarely for banquets, queen Sunandha Kumariratana Official website at palaces. thai. net
Bang Pa-In Royal Palace
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Aisawan Dhiphya-Asana Pavilion
Bang Pa-In Royal Palace
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Ho Withun Thasana, or Sages' Lookout
Bang Pa-In Royal Palace
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Wehart Chamrunt, or Heavenly Light
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Klai Kangwon Palace
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Klai Kangwon Palace was the primary summer royal residence of King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand. It is in Hua Hin District in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, the palace was commissioned by King Prajadhipok in 1926. Prince Itthithepsan Kritakara served as the architect and oversaw the construction, the palaces main residence buildings are named Piam Suk, Pluk Kasem, Oep Prem, and Em Pridi
Klai Kangwon Palace
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Current
30.
Bhubing Palace
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Bhubing Rajanives Palace is a royal residence in Doi Buak Ha, Muang District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. It was built in 1961 to accommodate the family during state visits to Chiang Mai. There is also a guesthouse for receiving foreign dignitaries and it is built in the mountains overlooking Chiang Mai, to take advantage of the cool mountain air. The rose gardens are famous, with temperate plants grown here that are not commonly found in Thailand. The palace was built in central Thai architectural style called ruean mu, the upper floor is the royal residence while the ground floor houses the royal entourage. The building master plan was designed by Prince Samaichalerm Kridagara while the building was designed by Mom Rachawongse Mitrarun Kasemsri, construction of the palace was undertaken by the Crown Property Bureau, under the supervision of Prince Samaichalerm Kridagara, assisted by Mom Rachawongse Mitrarun Kasemsri and Pradit Yuwapukka. General Luang Kampanath Saenyakorn, the councillor, laid the foundation stones at 10,49 on 24 August 1961. Please do not enter flowers garden or pick the flowers It is prohibited to carry weapons No pets allowed Tickets sold from 08.30 a. m. –3.30 p. m. The admission fee is 50 baht for foreigners,20 baht for Thai adults and 10 baht for children, temporarily out of Golf cart service
Bhubing Palace
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Bhubing Palace
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