1.
North End, Halifax
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The North End of Halifax is a neighbourhood in Halifax, Nova Scotia occupying the northern part of Halifax Peninsula immediately north of Downtown Halifax. The northern part of the Halifax Peninsula comprises thin soil resulting from glacial deposits, the entire peninsula has no significant surface water, unlike the areas northeast and southwest of Halifax Harbour. Fort Needham is another glacial drumlin located in the heart of the North End, the neighbourhood referred to as the North End by Halifax residents was bounded on the east by The Narrows of Halifax Harbour and on the north by Bedford Basin. Its other boundaries as not as defined, but the western limit of the neighbourhood is generally agreed to be Windsor street. The northern boundary has steadily migrated toward the Bedford Basin since Halifaxs founding, the boundary originally ended at North Street, just as the South End ended at South Street. Another community further to the north was Richmond, and was located on the slope of Fort Needham. Further north of Richmond, at the end of the Campbell Road, was the community of Africville. By the end of the 19th century, the perception of the North End had come to generally include Richmond as well, following its total destruction in the Halifax Explosion, Richmond never again regained its individual identity. The area underwent significant redevelopment during the period and gradually became an extension of the original North End. Africville held out as a community until the 1960s when it was demolished by city authorities and its residents were relocated. With the removal of Africville, public perception of the boundary then extended to the shores of the Bedford Basin. The North End of Halifax began as an agricultural expansion north from central Halifax as German Foreign Protestant settlers arrived and it became the focus of industry in Halifax with the construction of the Nova Scotia Railway in the 1850s which located its terminal in the north end. Factories such as the Acadia Sugar Refinery, Hillis & Sons Foundry, wharves warehouses lined the waterfront, along with the citys prison at Rockhead and major defence installations such as HMC Dockyard and Stadacona. The North End is best known for the disaster of 6 December 1917, the explosions aftermath saw the area north of North Street razed and a new street grid was superimposed o the old street patterns. New residential construction saw the creation of the historic Hydrostone neighbourhood, today the memorial bells at Fort Needham, which were recovered from a church that didnt survive the event, may be heard in the carillon and monument to the disaster. The Memorial was designed by Nova Scotia architect Keith L. Graham, the Halifax Shipyard was built in 1918 beside the Naval Dockyard, further entrenching the industrial character of the North End. The Halifax North Memorial Public Library, also designed by Keith L. Graham, was opened in 1966 in memory of the victims of the explosion. Located on Göttingen Street, south of North Street, the library offers an environment as well as programs that strongly reflect the diverse make-up of the community
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Halifax Harbour
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Halifax Harbour is a large natural harbour on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, located in the Halifax Regional Municipality. The harbour is called Jipugtug by the Mikmaq first nation, anglicized as Chebucto and it runs in a northwest-southeast direction. Based on average vessel speeds, the harbour is located approximately one hours sailing time north of the Great Circle Route between the Eastern Seaboard and Europe. As such, it is the first inbound and last outbound port of call in eastern North America with transcontinental rail connections, the harbour is largely formed by a drowned glacial valley which succumbed to sea level rise since glaciation. The harbour includes the geographic areas, Northwest Arm Another drowned river valley now largely used by pleasure boats. The Narrows A constricted passage to Bedford Basin, Bedford Basin A sheltered bay and the largest part of the harbour. The harbour is home to small islands. The harbour limit is formed by the northern end of its largest island - McNabs Island. The largest island entirely within the limits is Georges Island. Several small islands are located in the Bedford Basin near Bedford, in the Northwest Arm, there is a small peninsula known as Deadmans Island, named for the burial location of War of 1812 prisoners of war. Just 200 m west of Deadmans Island is the equally small Melville Island, Melville Island forms the eastern boundary of Melville Cove and is also the location of the Armdale Yacht Club. Melville Cove is also the name of the adjacent residential community, although outside the defined harbour limits, Lawlor Island and Devils Island are also frequently included in descriptions of Halifax Harbour and the surrounding area. The harbour is marked by a network of buoys and lighthouses, starting with Sambro Island Lighthouse at the harbour approaches. Deep draught vessels must use the channel into the harbour. The west entrance point marking the beginning of the approach using this channel is located near Chebucto Head. Shallow draught vessels may use the Eastern Passage, which runs on the east side of McNabs Island, however, large vessels have compulsory pilotage, with harbour pilots boarding at the pilot station off Chebucto Head. There are strict security regulations relating to vessels navigating near RCN facilities and anchorages, but the new Intercolonial Railway took an indirect, southerly route for military and political reasons, and the national government made little effort to promote Halifax as Canadas winter port. Ignoring appeals to nationalism and the ICRs own attempts to promote traffic to Halifax, the war at last boosted Halifaxs harbor into prominence on the North Atlantic
4.
Halifax, Nova Scotia
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Halifax, legally known as the Halifax Regional Municipality, is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The municipality had a population of 403,131 in 2016, the regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996, Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, and the Municipality of Halifax County. Halifax is an economic centre in Atlantic Canada with a large concentration of government services. Agriculture, fishing, mining, forestry and natural gas extraction are major resource found in the rural areas of the municipality. Additionally, Halifax has consistently placed in the top 10 for business friendliness of North and South American cities, the first permanent European settlement in the region was on the Halifax Peninsula. The establishment of the Town of Halifax, named after the 2nd Earl of Halifax, the establishment of Halifax marked the beginning of Father Le Loutres War. The war began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports, by unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mikmaq, which were signed after Father Rales War. Cornwallis brought along 1,176 settlers and their families, St. Margarets Bay was first settled by French-speaking Foreign Protestants at French Village, Nova Scotia who migrated from Lunenburg, Nova Scotia during the American Revolution. The resulting explosion, the Halifax Explosion, devastated the Richmond District of Halifax, killing approximately 2,000 people, the blast was the largest artificial explosion before the development of nuclear weapons. Significant aid came from Boston, strengthening the bond between the two coastal cities, the municipal boundary thus now includes all of Halifax County except for several First Nation reserves. Since amalgamation, the region has officially been known as the Halifax Regional Municipality, on April 15,2014, the regional council approved the implementation of a new branding campaign for the region developed by the local firm Revolve Marketing. The campaign would see the region referred to in promotional materials simply as Halifax, mayor Mike Savage defended the decision, stating, Im a Westphal guy, Im a Dartmouth man, but Halifax is my city, we’re all part of Halifax. Because when I go and travel on behalf of this municipality, metropolitan Halifax is a term used to describe the urban concentration surrounding Halifax Harbour, including the Halifax Peninsula, the core of Dartmouth, and the Bedford-Sackville areas. It is the Statistics Canada population centre of Halifax, the dense urban core is centred on the Halifax Peninsula and the area of Dartmouth inside of the Circumferential Highway. The suburban area stretches into areas known as Mainland Halifax to the west, Cole Harbour to the east and this urban area is the most populous on Canadas Atlantic coast, and the second largest coastal population centre in the country after Vancouver, British Columbia. Halifax currently accounts for 40% of Nova Scotias population, and 15% of that of Atlantic Canada, Halifaxs urban core is home to a number of regional landmark buildings and retains significant historic buildings and districts. The downtowns office towers are overlooked by the fortress of Citadel Hill with its iconic Halifax Town Clock, Dalhousie Universitys campus is often featured in films and documentaries. Dartmouth also has its share of historic neighbourhoods and this has resulted in some modern high rises being built at unusual angles or locations
5.
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
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Dartmouth is a community and former city in the Halifax Regional Municipality of Nova Scotia, Canada. Dartmouth is located on the shore of Halifax Harbour. Dartmouth has been nicknamed the City of Lakes, after the number of lakes located within its boundaries. On April 1,1996, the government amalgamated all the municipalities within the boundaries of Halifax County into a single-tier regional government named the Halifax Regional Municipality. Dartmouth and its city of Halifax, the town of Bedford. The former city of Dartmouth forms part of the core of the larger regional municipality and is officially designated as part of the capital district by the Halifax Regional Municipality. The official place name did not change, due to the confusion with similar names, land use planning set out by the former City of Dartmouth. Today the same development planning for Downtown Dartmouth and the rest of the region is still in force, Father Le Loutres War began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports on June 21,1749. By unilaterally establishing Halifax, the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mikmaq, the British quickly began to build other settlements. To guard against Mikmaq, Acadian and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, Lunenburg, in 1750, the sailing ship Alderney arrived with 151 immigrants. Municipal officials at Halifax decided that new arrivals should be settled on the eastern side of Halifax Harbour. During the early years, there were 8 Acadian and Mikmaq raids on the new British settlement, the community was later given the English name of Dartmouth in honour of William Legge, 1st Earl of Dartmouth who was a former Secretary of State. By 1752,53 families consisting of 193 people lived in the community, Dartmouth was initially a sawmill and agricultural outpost of Halifax. In 1873, Dartmouth was incorporated as a town and a Town Hall was established in 1877, in 1955, the town was permanently linked to Halifax by the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge which led to rapid suburban growth. The Town of Dartmouth amalgamated with neighbouring villages into the City of Dartmouth in 1961. The A. Murray MacKay Bridge opened in 1970, furthering commercial and residential growth, the city was dissolved on April 1,1996, when its government was amalgamated into the Halifax Regional Municipality. Residents of Dartmouth are known as Dartmouthians, as a community, Dartmouth has often tended to distinguish itself from the community and former city of Halifax, even under the present municipal amalgamation. Dartmouth is also the Halifax Regional Municipalitys Public Works Eastern Region, today, Dartmouth is home to the shopping district of Dartmouth Crossing, as well as federal government offices, many located in the Queen Square building on Alderney Drive
6.
Suspension bridge
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A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders. The first modern examples of type of bridge were built in the early 19th century. Simple suspension bridges, which lack vertical suspenders, have a history in many mountainous parts of the world. This type of bridge has cables suspended between towers, plus vertical suspender cables carry the weight of the deck below, upon which traffic crosses. This arrangement allows the deck to be level or to arc upward for additional clearance, like other suspension bridge types, this type often is constructed without falsework. The suspension cables must be anchored at each end of the bridge, the main cables continue beyond the pillars to deck-level supports, and further continue to connections with anchors in the ground. The roadway is supported by vertical suspender cables or rods, called hangers, in the latter case there will be very little arc in the outboard main cables. The earliest suspension bridges were ropes slung across a chasm, with a deck possibly at the level or hung below the ropes such that the rope had a catenary shape. The Tibetan saint and bridge-builder Thangtong Gyalpo originated the use of chains in his version of simple suspension bridges. In 1433, Gyalpo built eight bridges in eastern Bhutan, the last surviving chain-linked bridge of Gyalpos was the Thangtong Gyalpo Bridge in Duksum en route to Trashi Yangtse, which was finally washed away in 2004. Gyalpos iron chain bridges did not include a deck bridge which is the standard on all modern suspension bridges today. Instead, both the railing and the layer of Gyalpos bridges used wires. The stress points that carried the screed were reinforced by the iron chains, before the use of iron chains it is thought that Gyalpo used ropes from twisted willows or yak skins. He may have also used tightly bound cloth, the first American iron chain suspension bridge was the Jacobs Creek Bridge in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, designed by inventor James Finley. Finleys bridge was the first to all of the necessary components of a modern suspension bridge. Finley patented his design in 1808, and published it in the Philadelphia journal, The Port Folio, in 1810. Early British chain bridges included the Dryburgh Abbey Bridge and 137 m Union Bridge, with rapidly increasing to 176 m with the Menai Bridge. The first chain bridge on the European continent was the Chain Bridge in Nuremberg, the Clifton Suspension Bridge is one of the longest of the parabolic arc chain type
7.
Annual average daily traffic
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Annual average daily traffic, abbreviated AADT, is a measure used primarily in transportation planning and transportation engineering. Traditionally, it is the volume of vehicle traffic of a highway or road for a year divided by 365 days. AADT is a useful and simple measurement of how busy the road is, newer advances from traffic data providers are now providing AADT by side of the road, by day of week and by time of day. One of the most important uses of AADT is for determining funding for the maintenance, in the United States the amount of federal funding a state will receive is related to the total traffic measured across its Highway network. Each year on June 15, every state in the United States submits a Highway Performance Monitoring System HPMS report, the HPMS report contains various information regarding the road segments in the state based on a sample of the road segments. In the report, the AADT is converted to Vehicle Miles Traveled, VMT is the AADT multiplied by the length of the road segment. To determine the amount of traffic a state has, the AADT cannot be summed for all road segments since an AADT is a rate, the VMT is summed and is used as an indicator of the amount of traffic a state has. For federal-funding, formulas are applied to include the VMT and other highway statistics, to measure AADT on individual road segments, traffic data is collected either by an automated traffic counter or hiring an observer to record traffic. There are two different techniques of measuring the AADTs for road segments, one technique is called continuous count data collection method. This is where sensors are embedded into a road and traffic data is measured all 365 days. The AADT would be the sum of the traffic for the entire year divided by 365 days. There is a problem calculating the AADT with this method. The continuous count equipment is not operating for the full 365 days due to being shut down for maintenance or repair, because of this, seasonal or day-of-week biases might skew the calculated AADT. In 1992, AASHTO released the AASHTO Guidelines for Traffic Data Programs, for every month and day-of-week, a Monthly Average Day of Week is calculated. Each day-of-weeks MADW is then calculated across months to calculate an Annual Average Day of Week, finally, the AADWs are averaged to calculate an AADT. The United States Federal Highway Administration has adopted this method as the method in the. While providing the most accurate AADT, installing and maintaining continuous count stations method is costly, most agencies are only able to monitor a very small percentage of the roadway using this method. Most AADTs are generated using data collection methods sometimes known as the coverage count data collection method
8.
Canadian dollar
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The Canadian dollar is the currency of Canada. It is abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or sometimes Can$ or C$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and it is divided into 100 cents. Canadas dollar is the fifth most held reserve currency in the world, accounting for approximately 2% of all global reserves, behind only the U. S. dollar, the euro, the yen and the pound sterling. In 1841, the Province of Canada adopted a new system based on the Halifax rating, the new Canadian pound was equal to four US dollars, making one pound sterling equal to 1 pound,4 shillings, and 4 pence Canadian. Thus, the new Canadian pound was worth 16 shillings and 5.3 pence sterling, the 1850s was a decade of wrangling over whether to adopt a sterling monetary system or a decimal monetary system based on the US dollar. In 1851, the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly passed an act for the purposes of introducing a sterling unit in conjunction with decimal fractional coinage. The idea was that the coins would correspond to exact amounts in relation to the U. S. dollar fractional coinage. This gold standard was introduced with the gold sovereign being legal tender at £1 = US$ 4.86 2⁄3, no coinage was provided for under the 1853 act. Sterling coinage was legal tender and all other silver coins were demonetized. The British government in principle allowed for a decimal coinage but nevertheless held out the hope that a unit would be chosen under the name of royal. However, in 1857, the decision was made to introduce a decimal coinage into the Province of Canada in conjunction with the U. S. dollar unit, in 1859, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with decimal denominations for the first time. In 1860, the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia followed the colony of Canada in adopting a system based on the U. S. dollar unit. In the following year, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with the shown in dollars. The U. S. dollar was created in 1792 on the basis of the weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. As such, the Spanish dollar was slightly more than the U. S. dollar, and likewise. In 1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were united in a called the Dominion of Canada. In 1871, Prince Edward Island went decimal within the U. S. dollar unit, however, the currency of Prince Edward Island was absorbed into the Canadian system shortly afterwards, when Prince Edward island joined the Dominion of Canada in 1873. The Canadian Parliament passed the Uniform Currency Act in April 1871, tying up loose ends as to the currencies of the various provinces, the gold standard was temporarily abandoned during the First World War and definitively abolished on April 10,1933
9.
Nova Scotia
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Nova Scotia is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province, with an area of 55,284 square kilometres, including Cape Breton, as of 2016, the population was 923,598. Nova Scotia is the second most-densely populated province in Canada with 17.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, Nova Scotia means New Scotland in Latin and is the recognized English language name for the province. In Scottish Gaelic, the province is called Alba Nuadh, which simply means New Scotland. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province in area after Prince Edward Island, the provinces mainland is the Nova Scotia peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, including numerous bays and estuaries. Nowhere in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km from the ocean, Nova Scotia has many ancient fossil-bearing rock formations. These formations are rich on the Bay of Fundys shores. Blue Beach near Hantsport, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, on the Bay of Fundys shores, has yielded an abundance of Carboniferous age fossils, wassons Bluff, near the town of Parrsboro, has yielded both Triassic and Jurassic age fossils. Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone, since the province is almost surrounded by the sea, the climate is closer to maritime than to continental climate. The winter and summer temperature extremes of the climate are moderated by the ocean. However, winters are cold enough to be classified as continental – still being nearer the freezing point than inland areas to the west. The Nova Scotia climate is in ways similar to the central Baltic Sea coast in Northern Europe. This is in spite of Nova Scotia being some fifteen parallels south, areas not on the Atlantic coast experience warmer summers more typical of inland areas, and winter lows a little colder. The province includes regions of the Mikmaq nation of Mikmaki, the Mikmaq people inhabited Nova Scotia at the time the first European colonists arrived. In 1605, French colonists established the first permanent European settlement in the future Canada at Port Royal, the British conquest of Acadia took place in 1710. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 formally recognized this and returned Cape Breton Island to the French, present-day New Brunswick then still formed a part of the French colony of Acadia. The British changed the name of the capital from Port Royal to Annapolis Royal, in 1749, the capital of Nova Scotia moved from Annapolis Royal to the newly established Halifax. In 1755 the vast majority of the French population were removed in the Expulsion of the Acadians
10.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
11.
Halifax Peninsula
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The Halifax Peninsula is a community and planning area located in the urban core of municipal Halifax, Nova Scotia. Halifax Peninsula is home to Downtown Halifax, the financial and economic heart of the municipality, the town of Halifax was founded by the British government under the direction of the Board of Trade and Plantations under the command of Governor Edward Cornwallis in 1749. Geographically, the Halifax Peninsula is a Canadian peninsula in central Nova Scotia, although now located entirely within HRM, the peninsula was the original host to the town and now former City of Halifax. The founding of the town sparked Father Le Loutres War, the original settlement was clustered in the southeastern part of the peninsula along The Narrows, between a series of forts and the harbour. After a protracted struggle between residents and the Executive Council, the city was incorporated to in 1841, at this time the Halifax Public Gardens and Victoria Park, Halifax were created, with many Victorian Era monuments. Builders such as George Lang created many landmark buildings, on 1 April 1996, the government of Nova Scotia formed Halifax Regional Municipality, a single-tier regional government governing all of Halifax County. Down the length of this isthmus is Joseph Howe Drive, generally considered to be the boundary between the Halifax Peninsula and Mainland Halifax, the Halifax Peninsula creates The Narrows, a constriction of Halifax Harbour to its east. The northern end of the rises to a glacial drumlin at Fort Needham. 60 m above sea level is located at Citadel Hill and immediately offshore to the east at Georges Island, the bedrock of this peninsula is Precambrian slate. Glaciers during the Pleistocene era converted the rock surface to an olive-colored loamy till, glaciation also removed reddish till from sedimentary rock to the north and redeposited it as a drumlin to form Citadel Hill. The stony loam to loam soils are mapped as Bridgewater series on olive till. Downtown Halifax North End Halifax West End, Halifax Quinpool district South End Halifax Spring Garden Convoy Place Hydrostone Mulgrave Park Westmount Africville Richmond
12.
Angus Lewis Macdonald
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Angus Lewis Macdonald PC QC, popularly known as Angus L. was a Canadian lawyer, law professor and politician from Nova Scotia. He served as the Liberal premier of Nova Scotia from 1933 to 1940 and he oversaw the creation of an effective Canadian navy and Allied convoy service during World War II. After the war, he returned to Nova Scotia to become premier again, in the election of 1945, his Liberals returned to power while their main rivals, the Conservatives, failed to win a single seat. The Liberal rallying cry, Alls Well With Angus L. was so effective that the Conservatives despaired of ever beating Macdonald and he died in office in 1954. Macdonalds more than 15 years as premier brought fundamental changes, under his leadership, the Nova Scotia government spent more than $100 million paving roads, building bridges, extending electrical transmission lines and improving public education. Macdonald dealt with the unemployment of the Great Depression by putting the jobless to work on highway projects. He felt direct government relief payments would weaken moral character, undermine self-respect, Macdonald was considered one of his provinces most eloquent political orators. He articulated a philosophy of provincial autonomy, arguing that poorer provinces needed a greater share of tax revenues to pay for health, education. He contended that Nova Scotians were victims of a policy that protected the industries of Ontario. It was no accident, Macdonald said, that Nova Scotia had gone from the richest province per capita before Canadian Confederation in 1867 to poorest by the 1930s, Macdonald was a classical liberal in the 19th-century tradition of John Stuart Mill. He believed in freedom and responsibility and feared that the growth of government bureaucracy would threaten liberty. For him, the role of the state was to provide basic services, Angus Lewis Macdonald was born August 10,1890, on a small family farm at Dunvegan, Inverness County, on Cape Breton Island. He was the child in a family of 14. His mother was from a prominent Acadian family on Prince Edward Island while his fathers family had emigrated to Cape Breton from the Scottish Highlands in 1810, the Macdonalds were devout Roman Catholics as well as ardent Liberal Party supporters. In 1905, when Macdonald was 15, the moved to the town of Port Hood. Macdonald attended the Port Hood Academy, midway through his university studies, he took another year off to earn money teaching. He completed his term on credit and was required to teach in the universitys high school during 1914–15 to pay off his debt. Macdonald did well at St. FX and he played rugby, joined the debating team, edited the student newspaper and, in his graduating year, won the gold medal in seven of his eight courses
13.
Lions Gate Bridge
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The term Lions Gate refers to The Lions, a pair of mountain peaks north of Vancouver. Northbound traffic on the heads in their general direction. A pair of cast concrete lions, designed by sculptor Charles Marega, were placed on side of the south approach to the bridge in January 1939. The total length of the bridge including the viaduct is 1,823 m. The length including approach spans is 1,517.3 m, the main span alone is 473 m, the height is 111 m. Prospect Point in Stanley Park offered a good high end to the bridge. The bridge has three lanes, the use of which is indicated by signals. The centre lane changes direction to accommodate for traffic patterns, the traffic volume on the bridge is 60,000 -70,000 vehicles per day. Trucks exceeding 13 tonnes are prohibited, as are vehicles using studded tires, the bridge forms part of Highways 99 and 1A. On March 24,2005, the Lions Gate Bridge was designated a National Historic Site of Canada, starting about 1890, bridge builders saw that a bridge across the first narrows was becoming a possibility. However, many saw it as necessary in order to open up development on the North Shore. The decision was put to the electorate of Vancouver in 1927, but the first plebiscite was defeated, however, he was able to convince the Guinness family to invest in the land on the north shore of Burrard Inlet. They purchased 4,700 acres of West Vancouver mountainside through a syndicate called British Pacific Properties Ltd, on December 13,1933, a second plebiscite was held and this time, it was passed by a 2 to 1 margin. The 1933 bylaw authorizing construction included a provision mandating that “no Asiatic person shall be employed in or upon any part of the undertaking or other works. ”The bridge was designed by the Montreal firm Monsarrat and Pratley, which was later responsible for the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge in Halifax, Nova Scotia using a similar design. Other companies involved in the construction of the include, Swan Wooster Engineering, Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas. Canron Western Constructors, Dominion Bridge Company, American Bridge Company, construction began on March 31,1937. After one and a half years and a cost of $5,873,837.17, on May 29,1939, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth presided over the official opening during a royal visit to Canada. A toll of 25 cents was charged for each car, on January 20,1955, the Guinness family sold the bridge to the province for $5,959,060, and on April1,1963 the toll was removed
14.
Dominion Bridge Company
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Dominion Bridge Company Limited was a Canadian steel bridge constructor originally based in Lachine, Quebec. From the core business of steel bridge component fabrication, the company diversified into related areas such as the fabrication of holding tanks for pulp mills and skyscraper framing. Other Canadian plants were located in Amherst, NS, Toronto, ON, Winnipeg, MB, Regina, SK, Saskatoon, SK, Calgary, AB, Edmonton, AB, Richmond, BC and Burnaby, BC. In the 1960s and 1970s, Dominion Bridge expanded internationally and renamed itself AMCA International and this name was later changed to United Dominion Industries. To keep name recognition alive, the continued to call its Canadian division Dominion Bridge. Between 1979-1988, the companys Lachine plant operated under the auspices of a subsidiary called Dominion Bridge-Sulzer Inc. which was co-owned by AMCA International, the Dominion Bridge facility in Burnaby, BC operated from 1930 until the mid-1970s at a 15-acre property located at 2400 Boundary Road. After being sold, this property was repurposed to become The Bridge Studios, in 1886, the company began to build a cantilevered bridge over the St. Lawrence River for the Canadian Pacific Railway. Because part of the lay in the reservation of the Kahnawake and Akwesasne Mohawks. The company planned to use them as unskilled labour but they climbed all over the bridge, without fear, and asked to become riveters. They proved to have an aptitude for the work and by the end of the project there were 70 iron and steel riveters in the Kahnawake band. In 1890 civil engineer for various railways James Ross replaced Job Abbott as president of the company, although credited to the drive of Ross, vice-president James Pawley Dawes lead the developed via joint-venture the St Lawrence Bridge Company to construct the Quebec Bridge. George Herrick Duggan joined the Engineering Department in 1886, becoming Chief Engineer in 1901, another notable employee was Philip Louis Pratley, a Persons of National Historic Significance. In 1898 the Dominion Bridge Company was awarded the contract to design and build the Alexandra Bridge, at the time of completion in 1901 the Alexandra Bridge was the fourth longest cantilever span in the world. This facility provided steel for the building of the Prince Edward Viaduct, with a lowest bid of $6,954,000, the company secured the contract to erect the steel superstructure of the Jacques Cartier Bridge linking Montreal to the South Shore on October 25,1925. The company also raised the Honoré Mercier Bridge as part of the same programme and it had built the original bridge between 1932 and 1934 using steel caissons assembled by Dufresne Engineering from plates manufactured at Dominions Lachine yards. The companys Canadian operations experienced a decline after work was completed on projects for Montreals Olympic Games in 1976. The Burnaby plant was shut down in the mid-1970s and the Toronto plant was closed in 1990, after the dissolution of Dominion Bridge-Sulzer Inc. and several buildings on the property of the Lachine plant were mothballed or torn down following the dissolution. Employment at the Lachine plant alone dropped from approximately 2,000 in the early 1970s to about 250 in 1990, in 1993, the Cedar Group acquired United Dominion Industries Dominion Bridge subsidiary, which was then a four-plant operation
15.
A. Murray MacKay Bridge
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The A. Murray MacKay Bridge, known locally as the new bridge, is a suspension bridge linking the Halifax Peninsula with Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, and opened on July 10,1970. It is one of two bridges crossing Halifax Harbour, the other, Angus L. Macdonald Bridge having been completed in 1955. The bridge carries on average 52,000 vehicle crossings per day, as of April 1,2011, the toll charge to cross for regular passenger vehicles is $1.00 cash or $0.80 with the MACPASS electronic toll system. Larger vehicles have higher tolls proportional to the number of axles, the Halifax-Dartmouth Bridge Commission is exploring the idea of moving entirely to electronic tolls to avoid handling tokens or cash. The A. Murray MacKay Bridge is the harbour bridge which permits semi-trailers. Pedestrians and bicycles are not permitted on the A. Murray MacKay Bridge, the bridge measures 1,200 m with the total of all suspended spans being 739.9 m in length, carrying four traffic lanes with posted speed limits of 70 kilometres per hour. It was designed with a maximum gradient of 4 percent. It is notable as having been the first bridge built in North America using a steel deck. Engineering of the bridge also employed the use of wind tunnel testing which considered the impact of winds on the structure both during construction and when complete. In 1970, a decision was made to finance the construction of the bridge with low-interest loans denominated in foreign currencies and that decision saved money in the short term and allowed the tolls to be kept low. At its peak, the Commissions debt amounted to nearly $125,000,000, the building of the MacKay Bridge, along with Highway 111, initiated a development boom in Dartmouth which eclipsed that created by the Macdonald Bridge during the 1950s and 1960s. Political controversy preceded construction of the MacKay Bridge when the city of Halifax expropriated residents from the community of Africville near the Halifax abutment. New highway interchanges were built with the end of Barrington Street, and an extension of Robie Street. Some CN railway trackage in the also had to be realigned. Following the death of former Nova Scotia premier Robert L, the appropriateness of a bridge being named after a living Bridge Commission chair during his tenure remains controversial. Halifax-Dartmouth Bridge Commission, information on A. Murray MacKay Bridge A. Murray MacKay Bridge at Structurae Google Maps Satellite view of the MacKay Bridge MarineTraffic
16.
Halifax Transit
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Halifax Transit is a Canadian public transport service operating buses and ferries in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Halifax Transit also operates Accessabus, a paratransit service for seniors. In 2nd quarter 2016 bus ridership was 3.96 million, ferry ridership 641,000, according to the 2011 census, Halifax has the 7th highest proportion of workers taking transit to work in a city in Canada. Halifax was among first cities in Canada to be served by a public transportation system, pre-dated only by Toronto, Montreal. The municipalitys first transit service came with establishment of the Dartmouth ferry service, in 1816 the sail powered ferry was replaced by a horse powered boat, and in 1830 with a steam ferry. While private omnibus services are known to have begun in the city at least as early as 1854, the street railway served Halifax until March 1949, when the war-worn trams were replaced by trackless electric trolley coaches. The bright yellow trolleys, operated by utility Nova Scotia Light and Power, plied city streets exclusively until 1963, the system became all-diesel on January 1,1970, the same day the City of Halifax took over the operation. Metro Transit, a transit agency serving all of the greater metropolitan area of Halifax-Dartmouth. Metro Transit expanded in 1994 with the absorption of the Dartmouth ferry services operated by the city of Dartmouth. Ownership of the service was transferred to the newly created Halifax Regional Municipality at amalgamation in 1996. The municipality announced on July 15,2014 that it was changing the name to Halifax Transit in reflection of the citys new brand. In January 2014, Halifax regional council approved a study to look at a major re-design of the transit system. The Moving Forward Together Plan was adopted in principal by Halifax Regional Council in April 2016, a review will be undertaken involving an outside consultant in 12–18 months to evaluate the results and suggest possible route optimization. There are 312 buses in the fleet, all of which will be low floor, Routes are numbered according to the region or type of service provided. Express routes, originally established as Metro Link express bus service operates Monday to Friday, the two express routes began service in August 2005. Regional Express Routes, formerly MetroX, is Halifax Transits rural express bus service, there are three routes which started operating in August 2009 running between Halifax and Tantallon, the Airport, and Porters Lake, respectively. All routes terminate at Scotia Square in downtown Halifax, are accessible and have facilities to carry bicycles. Rural routes provide some suburban and rural access to the regular
17.
Caisson (engineering)
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These are constructed such that the water can be pumped out, keeping the working environment dry. When piers are to be using an open caisson and it is not practical to reach suitable soil. These piles are connected by a foundation pad upon which the pier is erected. Shallow caissons may be open to the air, whereas pneumatic caissons, an airlock allows access to the chamber. Workers move mud and rock debris from the edge of the workspace to a water-filled pit, a crane at the surface removes the soil with a clamshell bucket. The water pressure in the tube balances the air pressure, with excess air escaping up the muck tube, the pressurized air flow must be constant to ensure regular air changes for the workers and prevent excessive inflow of mud or water at the base of the caisson. To install a caisson in place, it is brought down through soft mud until a foundation material is encountered. While bedrock is preferred, a stable, hard mud is used when bedrock is too deep. Caisson disease has been named since it appeared in construction workers when they left the atmosphere of the caisson. It is caused by the processes as decompression sickness in divers. Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, which was built with the help of caissons, barotrauma of the ears, sinus cavities and lungs and dysbaric osteonecrosis are other risks. Caissons have also used in the installation of hydraulic elevators where a single-stage ram is installed below the ground level. Caissons, codenamed Phoenix, were a part of the Mulberry harbours used during the World war II Allied invasion of Normandy. The four main types of caisson are box caisson, open caisson, compressed-air caisson, a box caisson is a prefabricated concrete box, it is set down on prepared bases. Once in place, it is filled with concrete to become part of the permanent works, hollow concrete structures are usually less dense than water so a box caisson must be ballasted or anchored to keep it from floating until it can be filled with concrete. Sometimes elaborate anchoring systems may be required, such as in tidal zones, adjustable anchoring systems combined with a GPS survey enable engineers to position a box caisson with pinpoint accuracy. An open caisson is similar to a box caisson, except that it not have a bottom face. It is suitable for use in soft clays, but not for where there may be large obstructions in the ground, a caisson is sunk by self-weight, concrete or water ballast placed on top, or by hydraulic jacks
18.
Reversible lane
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A reversible lane is a lane in which traffic may travel in either direction, depending on certain conditions. Typically, it is meant to improve traffic flow during rush hours, by having traffic lights. Reversible lanes are commonly found in tunnels and on bridges. The presence of lane controls allows authorities to close or reverse lanes when unusual circumstances require use of fewer or more lanes to maintain flow of traffic. Some more recent implementations of reversible lanes use a movable barrier to establish a separation between allowed and disallowed lanes of travel. Other systems use retractable cones or bollards which are built into the road, the two center lanes of the six-lane Golden Gate Bridge are reversible, they are southbound during morning rush hour and northbound at evening rush hour. Prior to the installation of a median barrier in January 2015. Many urban freeways have entirely separate carriageways to hold reversible lanes, generally, traffic flows in one direction or another in such a configuration, the carriageways are not split into two-lane roadways during non-rush periods. Typically, this sort of express lane will have fewer interchanges than the primary lanes, and many such roadways only provide onramps for inbound traffic, historically, the term suicide lane has also referred to a lane in the center of a highway meant for passing in both directions. Neither direction has the right-of-way, and both directions are permitted to use the lane for passing. In a similar layout, three lanes are striped with two in one direction and one in the other, but traffic in the direction with one lane is allowed to cross the centerline to pass, 2+1 roads have replaced some of these in Europe and North America. While this is also called a suicide lane, it is actually far safer. These roads are common in suburban areas and less common in rural areas. Many were divided highways before the median was demolished or otherwise filled with the turn lane, many four-lane streets with a center double yellow line are being phased out in favor of five-lane streets with center turn lanes, because the center lane allows for less disruption of traffic flow. For routes with moderate traffic, other movements involve downgrading four-lane undivided streets to three-lane streets with a center lane. This center lane can be used by vehicles like police cars, ambulance. U. S. Route 13 near the Greenville, NC city limits is an instance of a posted warning sign that states do not pass in center lane. Chain Bridge in Washington, D. C. Bailey Bridge, in Coquitlam, michigan State Highway 20, Mount Pleasant to Midland Trans-national The Peace Bridge between the U. S. and Canada, connecting Fort Erie, Ontario to Buffalo, New York
19.
Orthotropic deck
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An orthotropic bridge or orthotropic deck is one whose deck typically comprises a structural steel deck plate stiffened either longitudinally or transversely, or in both directions. This allows the deck both to directly bear vehicular loads and to contribute to the structures overall load-bearing behaviour. The orthotropic deck may be integral with or supported on a grid of deck framing members such as floor beams, Decks with different stiffnesses in longitudinal and transverse directions are called orthotropic. If the stiffnesses are similar in the two directions, then the deck is called isotropic, the steel deck-plate-and-ribs system may be idealized for analytical purposes as an orthogonal-anisotropic plate, hence the abbreviated designation “orthotropic. ”The stiffening elements can serve several functions simultaneously. They enhance the resistance of the plate to allow it to carry local wheel loads. They also increase the total area of steel in the plate. Finally, the increase the resistance of the plate to buckling. Resistance to use of an orthotropic deck relates mainly to its cost of fabrication, in addition, it must be prefabricated rather than assembled on site, which offers less flexibility than in-situ concrete decks. Orthotropic decks have been prone to problems and to delamination of the wearing surface. A German Engineer Dr. Cornelis of MAN Corporation was issued German patent No.847014 in 1948, mANs design manual was published in 1957 in German. In 1963 AISC published their manual based on North American design practices, thousands of orthotropic deck bridges are in existence throughout the world. Despite the savings and advantages, the US has only about 60 such bridge decks in use as of late 2005. About 25% of USA Orthotropic Steel Deck Bridges are in California, some very large cable-supported bridges, plus current record span would not be feasible without steel orthotropic decks. The longest or record span box girder, slant-leg bridges, arch bridges, movable bridges, the Millau Viaduct a cable-stayed bridge of Millau, France has the largest orthotropic steel deck area of any single bridge. The lower total weight of the superstructure allowed bridge launching from both ends of the Millau Viaduct. The Akashi-Kaikyō Bridges orthotropic deck allowed the Japanese to build the longest span at about 6000 ft or 50% longer than the Golden Gate Bridge. The form is widely used on bascule and other moveable bridges where significant savings in the cost of the mechanical elements can be made where a lighter deck is used. The El Ferdan Railway Bridge across the Suez Canal of Egypt is the record span bridge, the Erasmus Bridge has an orthotropic deck for both its cable-stayed bridge and bascule span
20.
Department of National Defence (Canada)
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The Department of National Defence, commonly abbreviated as DND, is a Canadian government department responsible for defending Canadas interests and values at home and abroad. National Defence is the largest department of the Government of Canada in terms of budget as well as staff and it also is the department with the largest number of buildings. The Department is headed by the Deputy Minister of National Defence, who is the Department’s senior civil servant, the Department of National Defence exists to aid the minister in carrying out his responsibilities within the Defence Portfolio, and provides a civilian support system for the Canadian Armed Forces. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces is a separate and distinct organization from, and is not part of. The Department of National Defence is currently headed by Deputy Minister John Forster, the Department of National Defence was established by the National Defence Act, which merged the Department of Militia and Defence, the Department of Naval Services, and the Air Board. The National Defence Act was passed by the Parliament of Canada on June 28,1922, the Minister of National Defence, as the member of cabinet responsible to Parliament for National Defence, heads the Defence Team. The Department of National Defence is headed by the Deputy Minister of National Defence, under the Deputy Minister are a variety of associate deputy and assistant deputy ministers who are responsible for various aspects of the department. The Deputy Minister is appointed by the Governor General on behalf of the Queen of Canada on the advice of the Prime Minister, there are also a variety of offices and support organizations which report to both the Chief of Defence Staff and the Deputy Minister. The Department is not responsible for all of these organizations itself, the Canadian Forces are a distinct and separate entity from the Department of National Defence
21.
CFB Halifax
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Canadian Forces Base Halifax is Canadas east coast navy base and home port to the Atlantic fleet, known as Maritime Forces Atlantic. HMC Dockyard Halifax was acquired by the Canadian government from the Royal Navy following the withdrawal of British military forces from Canada in 1906, while awaiting transfer to Canada, the dockyard fell into disrepair. The dockyard was formally taken over from the British government by Canada in 1910, the dockyard in 1910 comprised a Naval Hospital, a blacksmith shop, workshops, three slipways, five jetties, residences, coal and vitualling stores and 75 other miscellaneous buildings. During World War I, the dockyard underwent significant expansion, acting as headquarters for the Royal Canadian Navy, during the 1917 Halifax Explosion, the dockyard was severely damaged, with many of its buildings demolished. New ones were erected for the war effort. However, following the end of the war in 1918, the number of staff was reduced significantly. In 1939, the dockyards were extended to the north and south, with the onset of World War II, this was still not large enough and the lands of the French Cable Company in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia were acquired and integrated into the base. In 1942, the Royal Canadian Navy acquired the Army Ordnance Depot in Dartmouth, during the war, new construction replaced nearly every building that had existed prior to the war. HMC Dockyard encompassed 1,255 acres after all the acquisitions, in 1943, the dockyards lands were augmented with property in Renous, New Brunswick and another ammunition depot at Newcastle, New Brunswick. The Army Gun Wharf in Halifax became the depot and two communications stations were established, one at Albro and one at Newport Corners. The barracks building that became HMCS Scotian was erected during the war, in 1948, the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic was established on the premises of the dockyard. In the 1950s, an Underwater Training Unit, the School of ABCD Warfare, the dockyard maintained a 35-ton lift crane on Jetty 3, a 45-ton lift crane on Jetty 4 and a 50-ton lift crane on the Gun Wharf. In 1953, a defence base was constructed between Pier B and the yacht anchorage in the south end of Halifax. HMC Dockyard Halifax is located on the side of Halifax Harbour at the southern end of The Narrows. It hosts the headquarters of Maritime Forces Atlantic, the name for the Atlantic Fleet. The dockyard was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1923, Stadacona, referred to as HMCS Stadacona before 1968 and frequently referred to as Stad, is an adjunct to HMC Dockyard located west of the waterfront in the North End of the Halifax peninsula. Prior to the arrival of the French, the location that would become Quebec was the home of a small Iroquois village called Stadacona, after which the base is named. Stadacona contains the Canadian Forces Naval Engineering School, the Canadian Forces Naval Operations School, the hospital, the Canadian Forces Maritime Warfare Centre
22.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
23.
CBC News
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Founded in 1941, CBC News is the largest news broadcaster in Canada and has local, regional and national broadcasts and stations. It works closely with, but is separate from, Le Téléjournal, the distinctive music on all CBC television news programs was introduced in 2006. It was part of the rebranding of all news programming under the CBC News title. Most local newscasts on CBC Television are currently branded as CBC News, such as CBC News, CBC Radio News produces on-the-hour updates for the CBCs national radio stations and provides content for regional updates. The majority of news and information is aired on CBC Radio One, CBC News Online is the CBCs CBC. ca news website. Launched in 1996, it was named one of the most popular websites in Canada in 2012. The website provides regional, national, and international coverage, and arts and entertainment. Many reports are accompanied by podcasting, audio and video from the CBCs television, in November 2005, the CBC News Weather Centre was established to cover local and international weather, using in part data provided by Environment Canada. Claire Martin was hired to serve as the face of the Weather Centre. The weather section of CBC. ca has been phased out in favour of forecasts from The Weather Network, CBC News provides the following television programs. Several conservative outlets and politicians have accused the CBC of bias in its news coverage, including the National Post, former prime minister Stephen Harper and columnist Barbara Amiel. In 2009, CBC President Hubert Lacroix commissioned a study to determine whether its news was biased and he said, Our job — and we take it seriously — is to ensure that the information that we put out is fair and unbiased in everything that we do. The study, the methodology of which was not specified, was due to results in the fall of 2010. In April 2010, the Conservatives accused pollster Frank Graves of giving advice to the Liberal Party of Canada. Graves directed a number of public research projects on behalf of the CBC as well as other media organizations. An investigation conducted by the CBC ombudsman found no evidence to support these allegations and we believe that it is our obligation to report fairly and truthfully. The CBC sets out to maintain its accuracy, integrity and fairness in its journalism, as a Canadian institution and a press undertaking, CBC set out the Journalistic Standards and Practices and works in compliance with these principles. Balanced viewpoints must be presented through on-the-air discussions, as it is with other public and private journalistic undertakings, credibility in the eyes of the general population is seen as the corporations most valuable asset
24.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
25.
Barrington Street
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The civic numbers range from 950 to 4756 on the Halifax Peninsula street grid numbering system. Barrington Street is centrally located within the original Halifax street grid laid out in the 18th century and it remains one of the main streets of the city, home to numerous shops, office buildings, as well as Halifax City Hall. Barrington Street is part of the street grid laid out by engineer John Bruce. The streets were named after leading British statesmen, but the origin of the name Barrington Street is reportedly unclear. One account suggests the street is named after William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington, others say the street name is derived from a misspelling of the Earl of Harrington, the Secretary of State. Barrington Street sits halfway up the slope to Citadel Hill and has long been a street of Halifax. After the towns founding it became a street for promenading. In 1766 the eastern sidewalk was planked and became known as the mall until it fell into disrepair in the 1820s and was dismantled, by the 19th century, Barrington Street was the main commercial district in Halifax. Horse-drawn streetcars began operating on Barrington Street in 1866 and these were replaced by electric streetcars by 1896. The street saw big changes in the century, with massive demolition under the banner of urban renewal. A huge swath of the area, north of Duke Street, was cleared for the development of Scotia Square. The Birks Building at the George Street intersection, along with several adjacent smaller structures, were demolished in the early 1990s and this site is now under the ownership of the provincial government and remains one of the most prominent surface parking lots in the downtown core. Today, Barrington Street stretches the length of the Halifax peninsula, however, the Barrington Street name originally only applied to the length of the street within downtown proper. South of Spring Garden Road, the street was called Pleasant Street, north of downtown, it was originally called Lockman Street. The remainder was once called Campbell Road, the area between downtown and the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge changed drastically in the 20th century. In order to serve the bridge, hundreds of properties were demolished in this area, no shops front on this section of the street anymore. As the area is separated from downtown by the Cogswell Interchange, the construction of the multi-level Cogswell Interchange in 1970 separated Barrington Street into two discontinuous sections, the street now interchanges with itself at this point. That is, a driver heading south toward downtown who exits Barrington at the Cogswell Interchange will wind up on the section of Barrington Street
26.
Robie Street
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The street in most places is 4 lanes wide with a centre median from Gorsebrook Ave to Cunard Street. From Cunard to Almon Streets, it is a 2-lane street, public resistance prevented expansion to 4 lanes, it remains a major bottleneck for traffic in the afternoon going to the Macdonald Bridge via North Street. From Livingstone Street to Memorial Drive it is a 2 lane street, from Almon Street to the MacKay Bridge Ramps it is 4 lanes undivided. Massachusetts Avenue connects Robie Street from Livingstone Street to the MacKay Bridge, on the Halifax Peninsula street grid system the civic numbers range from 820 to 3899. The street was named for Simon Bradstreet Robie, a prominent Nova Scotia judge, there also streets named after Judge Robie in Truro and Amherst, Nova Scotia
27.
Quinpool District
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The Quinpool District refers to a commercial district of Halifax, Nova Scotia, encompassing the eastern portion of Quinpool Road as well as the streets directly north and south of it. Prominent landmarks on Quinpool Road include the Atlantica Hotel, the Oxford Theatre, the street is commercialised from Connaught Ave to the Willow Tree and comprises a popular shopping and dining centre for the local community. It is also part of the Nova Scotia provincial road system, meaning that the Province of Nova Scotia pays the Halifax Regional Municipality in part for snow clearing and maintenance. While the street is an important commercial district in Halifax, it forms a major boundary between the citys working class North End and wealthier South End, both physically and socially. Quinpool is also the heart of the middle class West End neighbourhood. The area was home to two longtime rival high schools, Queen Elizabeth High School and St. Patricks High School until their merger as Citadel High School in September 2007. St. Patricks High School has since renamed the Quinpool Education Centre, hosting a number of educational programs. The city has declared the building surplus and plans to dispose of it. The name Quinpool dates from at least 1808 and is believed to come from an Irish widow named Quinn who lived by a stretch of water in the Northwest Arm known as Quinns Pool. Deadmans Island Park Oxford Theatre Bens Bakery Quinpool Centre Saint Patricks High School Atlantica Hotel Queen Elizabeth High School Official website
28.
Nova Scotia Trunk 1
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Trunk 1 is a secondary highway in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. It is located in the part of the province and connects Bedford with Yarmouth via the Annapolis Valley. It was known for year as the Post Road. The route runs parallel to, and in places has been replaced by. Trunk 1 often forms the street in communities that Highway 101 bypasses. The highway is 323 km in length and hosts the Evangeline Trail scenic travelway for its entire length, just east of Windsor, between Garlands Crossing and Currys Corner, Trunk 1 and Trunk 14 are duplexed for about 2 km. In the Halifax Regional Municipality, Trunk 1 starts in Bedford at the intersection of Rocky Lake Drive and it is known as Sackville Drive and is the main street through the community of Lower Sackville. The road continues northwest through Middle Sackville, Upper Sackville, and Mount Uniacke to Windsor, Trunk 1 follows the west bank of the river through Hantsport. At Avonport, Trunk 1 turns west through the Annapolis Valley, following the bank of the Cornwallis River through Wolfville, New Minas. Bypassing the town of Berwick to the south, Trunk 1 meets the Annapolis River at Aylesford, the road crosses the Annapolis River at Annapolis Royal, and runs along the southern coast of the Annapolis Basin through Upper Clements and the former site of CFB Cornwallis. Trunk 1 joins up with Highway 101 at Deep Brook to cross the Bear River, then splits apart to loop through the village of Smiths Cove, across from the town of Digby. Trunk 1 joins up at the end of this loop. A new controlled-access segment of Highway 101 is proposed for this area, Trunk 1 is the oldest major road in the province of Nova Scotia. It began as a trail connecting Acadian communities but was expanded by the British as link between the garrison of Annapolis Royal and the capital of Halifax. It was upgraded to a road and became known in the 19th century as the Great Western Road connecting Halifax to its westward hinterland and it became known as the post road in the Annapolis Valley because of its use for mail delivery and stage coach service. The name the post road persists in some circles but today it is commonly nicknamed the old number one in contrast to the newer Highway 101. Old Windsor Highway and Rural Route 4 are also previous designations, a section of the road from its stage coach era was bypassed by later 19th century construction and been preserved at the Uniacke Estate Museum Park in Mount Uniacke, Nova Scotia. Eastern End 44°44′1. 3″N 63°39′20. 6″W Western End 43°49′59″N 66°7′12. 3″W History of Kings County, eaton Rambles, Joseph Howe List of Nova Scotia provincial highways
29.
Nova Scotia Trunk 2
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Trunk 2 is part of the Canadian province of Nova Scotias system of Trunk Highways. The route runs from Halifax to Fort Lawrence on the New Brunswick border, until the 1960s, Trunk 2 was the Halifax areas most important highway link to other provinces, and was part of a longer Highway 2 which ended in Windsor, Ontario. The controlled access Highways 102 and 104 now carry most arterial traffic in the area and this highway forms part of the Glooscap Trail signed tourist route. Trunk 2 begins at intersection of Lady Hammond Road and Windsor Street on the Halifax Peninsula in the Halifax Regional Municipality, the route heads north, following the Bedford Highway, which runs along the western shore of the Bedford Basin, to the former town of Bedford. At the north end of Bedford, Trunk 2 takes the Rocky Lake Drive northeast to Waverley where it turns north along the eastern shore of Lake Thomas. It passes through Fall River and continues along the shore of Fletchers Lake as it passes through Fletchers Lake. It enters Hants County at Enfield where it crosses to the west bank of the Shubenacadie River, in Truro, Trunk 2 follows Willow Street and then Prince Street West, then Juniper Street and Robie Street to the interchange with Highway 102 in Lower Truro. At the town of Parrsboro, Trunk 2 turns north through the Cobequid Hills to Newville Lake before turning northeast to reach the Southampton River, the section of Trunk 2 between Springhill and Little Forks was once Trunk 26 prior to 1938. Trunk 26 then turns left on Little Forks Rd and ends in Athol, at this time, Trunk 2 took a more westerly route, running through Athol and Nappan. This old alignment of Trunk 2 is currently Collector Highway 302, before the 1960s, Trunk 4 was co-signed with Trunk 2 from Amherst to Springhill
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Nova Scotia Trunk 3
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Nova Scotia Trunk 3 is an east-west trunk highway in Nova Scotia. The route runs from Halifax to Yarmouth, along the South Shore, Trunk 3s status as an important regional highway link has been superseded by the parallel Highway 103. The eastern terminus of Trunk 3 on provincial maps is at the Armdale Roundabout in Halifax, travelling inbound from the traffic circle along Quinpool Road, Trunk 3 continues to be marked with 3 INBOUND signs until just before Quinpool Roads intersection with Connaught Avenue. The sign 3 ENDS marks the eastern terminus of the route. Traveling outbound from the traffic circle Trunk 3 proceeds west using the name St. Margarets Bay Road and passes through Timberlea, the road follows the coast of St. Margarets Bay, passing through Hubbards. It crosses the isthmus of the Aspotogan Peninsula to reach Chester, west of Chester, Trunk 3 follows the shore of Mahone Bay to reach the town of the same name. The highway then turns southeast to the town of Lunenburg, enters the town following Maple Street, Falkland Street and Victoria Road, leaving Bridgewater to the southwest, Trunk 3 intersects Highway 103 at exit 14. Trunk 3 is no longer signed in some portions between Bridgewater and Barrington, as Highway 103 assumed some of its route in the 1970s. Trunk 3 re-appears as the street and approaches to some towns that Highway 103 has bypassed, including the Liverpool, Lockeport. At Barrington, Trunk 3 departs the 103, the highway closely follows the coast of the Barrington Passage and the Gulf of Maine to reach the Pubnico area, then continuing north along the coast to Argyle. The highway turns west through Tusket to reach its end at Yarmouth where it meets the Highway 101 and Trunk 1
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Nova Scotia Trunk 7
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Nova Scotia Trunk 7 is part of the Canadian province of Nova Scotias system of Trunk Highways. The route runs from Bedford to Antigonish, along the Eastern Shore, part of Trunk 7 is known as the Marine Drive. Through Downtown Dartmouth, it is known as Alderney Drive, which turns into Prince Albert Road past Sullivans Pond as it runs along the shore of Lake Banook. At Grahams Grove Park, Trunk 7 continues through the Micmac Parclo, on to Main Street, past Highway 111 and to the community of Westphal, bypassing most of Cole Harbour to the south. Just outside Dartmouth, three head towards the provinces Eastern Shore, Route 207 leads out of Cole Harbour. Near Preston, Route 107, a 100-series highway & bypass route, there are two junctions in Sheet Harbour. Route 224, which leads through the Musquodoboit Valley to Middle Musquodoboit and Truro, Trunk 7 continues along the coast, passing through Port Dufferin and Moser River. In Ecum Secum, Trunk 7 crosses into Guysborough County, in Sherbrooke, Trunk 7 crosses the St. Marys River and turns north, away from the ocean. The route follows the east bank of the valley, passing through Melrose. In Lochaber, Trunk 7 crosses into Antigonish County
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Nova Scotia Highway 101
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Highway 101 is an east-west highway in Nova Scotia that runs from Bedford to Yarmouth. The highway follows a 310 km route along the southern coast of the Bay of Fundy through the Annapolis Valley, between its western terminus at Yarmouth to Weymouth, the highway is 2-lane controlled access. Between Weymouth and Digby, the highway reverts to a 2-lane local road, from Digby to Grand Pre, the highway is 2-lane controlled access. From the Gasperaux River crossing near Grand Pre to 3 km west of Exit 6 the highway is a 4-lane expressway, heading east the highway is 2-lane controlled access until Exit 5. From Three Mile Plains to its terminus at Bedford, the highway is a 4-lane expressway. Some of the 2-lane controlled access sections of the highway are 3 or 4 lanes, one section of the 4-lane expressway near Hantsport is a short 5-lane section for about 2 km due to previous road configuration for a passing lane due to a steep hill. The provincial government named the highway the Harvest Highway on 7 December 2008 to recognize the important contributions of farmers in Nova Scotia, the highway was built largely to replace the Dominion Atlantic Railway service in the communities along its route. As a result, the highway serves as a B-Train route for the area
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Nova Scotia Highway 102
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Highway 102 is a north-south highway in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia that runs from Halifax to Onslow, immediately north of the town of Truro. It is the busiest highway in Atlantic Canada, in 2000, the section of Highway 102 between Fall River and Truro was redesignated as Veterans Memorial Highway. Between Fall River and Halifax it is known as Bicentennial Drive or the Bicentennial Highway, the numerical designation for both sections is 102. The highway follows a 102-kilometre route through the part of the province linking Highway 103, Highway 101, and Highway 118 to Highway 104. This three-lane northbound section is not a result of high traffic volumes, rather. Previously, the section from Fall River to near Enfield was a three-lane undivided section, when the highway was twinned, the three lanes were left in place for northbound traffic. Portions of Highway 102 south of the Halifax International Airport pass through several microclimates and are notorious for frequent variations in visibility due to fog caused by elevation changes. The highway parallels the route of its predecessor, Trunk 2, initially, some sections were controlled access two-lane, as well as four-lane. The route has changed somewhat, particularly during the mid-1970s when the last part to be constructed resulted in the bypass of Shubenacadie. The initial speed limit on the highway was 100 km/h until 1997, South of Highway 118 and north of Millbrook, the highway retains its original 100 km/h speed limit. From the 1970s to the early 1990s, Highway 102 was actively patrolled by the RCMP using aerial surveillance for speed limit violations, the aerial surveillance program was restarted in 2005. This portion of the highway was officially named Bicentennial Drive, but it has known as the Bicentennial Highway, often shortened to Bi-Hi. The proposed Highway 113 would create a new interchange between Larry Uteck Boulevard and Hammonds Plains Road, Highway 113 is intended to be a connector from Highway 102 to Highway 103, serving as a bypass to the heavily traveled Hammonds Plains Road. Highway 113 is not yet budgeted and in some opposition has been mounted due to the route proposed. Interchange for Larry Uteck Boulevard A new interchange at Larry Uteck Boulevard was opened in 2010 between Exits 2 and 3 and it has since been connected on the west side of the interchange to Kearney Lake Road. This is the first major interchange to be built on Highway 102 since the mid-1990s and is intended to serve the growing community of Bedford South. The interchange is based on the traditional diamond layout but uses instead of signalized intersections at the ramps for increased safety and capacity. As part of project, Larry Uteck Boulevard was extended to the new interchange
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Nova Scotia Highway 103
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Highway 103 is an east-west highway in Nova Scotia that runs from Halifax to Yarmouth. The highway follows a route of 294 km along the provinces South Shore region fronting the Atlantic coast, the route parallels its predecessor, local Trunk 3. The highway varies from 2-lane controlled access to 2-lane local secondary roads on the section between Yarmouth and Hebbville, east of Hebbville to Upper Tantallon, the highway is 2-lane controlled access, with the exception of a short 4-lane divided freeway near Chester. From Upper Tantallon, to the interchange with Highway 102 in Halifax, in 2013, Highway 103 was redesignated as the Fishermens Memorial Highway. In November 2006, construction was completed that twinned 15 kilometers of highway between Exit 3 and Exit 5, in 2009, it was considered Nova Scotias deadliest highway and was ranked the second most dangerous highway in Canada by the Canadian Automobile Association. In 2009 alone, ten died in automobile accidents on the highway, according to the Nova Scotia Department of Transportation. Between 2008 and 2012, there were 22 fatalities on the highway, on May 27,2007, six people were killed when a car collided with two motorcycles near Blockhouse. It has been considered one of the worst motor vehicle accidents in Nova Scotias history, on June 8,2008, three people were killed in a head-on collision near Tantallon. On December 14,2008, two people were killed and four were injured in a collision near Hubbards. On February 17,2009, one person was killed in a collision near Hubbards. On May 30,2011, one person was killed in a vehicle accident near Pubnico. On June 21,2011, one person was killed in a collision with a tractor trailer carrying 41,000 litres of fuel. On September 4,2011, one person was killed in a vehicle accident near Tantallon. On October 1,2011, two people were killed and one was left in critical condition due to a collision that occurred between Exits 7 and 8. On July 21,2012, one person was killed in an accident that occurred between Exit 5 and Exit 6. On November 12,2012, one person was killed near Liverpool when his car collided head-on with a five-tonne truck, on December 9,2012, a 17-year-old male was killed near Clyde River when the vehicle he was in rolled over and he was ejected. On June 2,2013, a 40-year-old male was killed near Lunenburg when his car collided with an 18-wheeler, two other people were taken to hospital with serious injuries. On October 27,2014, one person was killed when a car collided head-on with a truck near Oakhill
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Nova Scotia Highway 107
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It is 31 kilometres long, and is mostly two lanes and controlled access. The highways western end is at the Dartmouth intersection of Akerley Boulevard, from there it turns northeast to Highway 118, then southeast on Forest Hills Parkway Extension to Westphal. From there it runs along with Trunk 7 through the Sunset Acres, near Preston 107 breaks apart from 7 again, as it continues to the east bypassing Preston, Lake Echo, Porters Lake and Head of Chezzetcook before ending at Trunk 7 near Musquodoboit Harbour. This extension is known as the Burnside Expressway. Construction is expected to place within the next few years. This extension would allow commuters from Halifax/Burnside heading to Sackville to bypass the Bedford Bypass and Windmill Road and instead go up to Burnside Drive, Lake Echo Webcam on Highway 107
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