1.
North End, Halifax
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The North End of Halifax is a neighbourhood in Halifax, Nova Scotia occupying the northern part of Halifax Peninsula immediately north of Downtown Halifax. The northern part of the Halifax Peninsula comprises thin soil resulting from glacial deposits, the entire peninsula has no significant surface water, unlike the areas northeast and southwest of Halifax Harbour. Fort Needham is another glacial drumlin located in the heart of the North End, the neighbourhood referred to as the North End by Halifax residents was bounded on the east by The Narrows of Halifax Harbour and on the north by Bedford Basin. Its other boundaries as not as defined, but the western limit of the neighbourhood is generally agreed to be Windsor street. The northern boundary has steadily migrated toward the Bedford Basin since Halifaxs founding, the boundary originally ended at North Street, just as the South End ended at South Street. Another community further to the north was Richmond, and was located on the slope of Fort Needham. Further north of Richmond, at the end of the Campbell Road, was the community of Africville. By the end of the 19th century, the perception of the North End had come to generally include Richmond as well, following its total destruction in the Halifax Explosion, Richmond never again regained its individual identity. The area underwent significant redevelopment during the period and gradually became an extension of the original North End. Africville held out as a community until the 1960s when it was demolished by city authorities and its residents were relocated. With the removal of Africville, public perception of the boundary then extended to the shores of the Bedford Basin. The North End of Halifax began as an agricultural expansion north from central Halifax as German Foreign Protestant settlers arrived and it became the focus of industry in Halifax with the construction of the Nova Scotia Railway in the 1850s which located its terminal in the north end. Factories such as the Acadia Sugar Refinery, Hillis & Sons Foundry, wharves warehouses lined the waterfront, along with the citys prison at Rockhead and major defence installations such as HMC Dockyard and Stadacona. The North End is best known for the disaster of 6 December 1917, the explosions aftermath saw the area north of North Street razed and a new street grid was superimposed o the old street patterns. New residential construction saw the creation of the historic Hydrostone neighbourhood, today the memorial bells at Fort Needham, which were recovered from a church that didnt survive the event, may be heard in the carillon and monument to the disaster. The Memorial was designed by Nova Scotia architect Keith L. Graham, the Halifax Shipyard was built in 1918 beside the Naval Dockyard, further entrenching the industrial character of the North End. The Halifax North Memorial Public Library, also designed by Keith L. Graham, was opened in 1966 in memory of the victims of the explosion. Located on Göttingen Street, south of North Street, the library offers an environment as well as programs that strongly reflect the diverse make-up of the community
2.
Halifax, Nova Scotia
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Halifax, legally known as the Halifax Regional Municipality, is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The municipality had a population of 403,131 in 2016, the regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996, Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, and the Municipality of Halifax County. Halifax is an economic centre in Atlantic Canada with a large concentration of government services. Agriculture, fishing, mining, forestry and natural gas extraction are major resource found in the rural areas of the municipality. Additionally, Halifax has consistently placed in the top 10 for business friendliness of North and South American cities, the first permanent European settlement in the region was on the Halifax Peninsula. The establishment of the Town of Halifax, named after the 2nd Earl of Halifax, the establishment of Halifax marked the beginning of Father Le Loutres War. The war began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports, by unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mikmaq, which were signed after Father Rales War. Cornwallis brought along 1,176 settlers and their families, St. Margarets Bay was first settled by French-speaking Foreign Protestants at French Village, Nova Scotia who migrated from Lunenburg, Nova Scotia during the American Revolution. The resulting explosion, the Halifax Explosion, devastated the Richmond District of Halifax, killing approximately 2,000 people, the blast was the largest artificial explosion before the development of nuclear weapons. Significant aid came from Boston, strengthening the bond between the two coastal cities, the municipal boundary thus now includes all of Halifax County except for several First Nation reserves. Since amalgamation, the region has officially been known as the Halifax Regional Municipality, on April 15,2014, the regional council approved the implementation of a new branding campaign for the region developed by the local firm Revolve Marketing. The campaign would see the region referred to in promotional materials simply as Halifax, mayor Mike Savage defended the decision, stating, Im a Westphal guy, Im a Dartmouth man, but Halifax is my city, we’re all part of Halifax. Because when I go and travel on behalf of this municipality, metropolitan Halifax is a term used to describe the urban concentration surrounding Halifax Harbour, including the Halifax Peninsula, the core of Dartmouth, and the Bedford-Sackville areas. It is the Statistics Canada population centre of Halifax, the dense urban core is centred on the Halifax Peninsula and the area of Dartmouth inside of the Circumferential Highway. The suburban area stretches into areas known as Mainland Halifax to the west, Cole Harbour to the east and this urban area is the most populous on Canadas Atlantic coast, and the second largest coastal population centre in the country after Vancouver, British Columbia. Halifax currently accounts for 40% of Nova Scotias population, and 15% of that of Atlantic Canada, Halifaxs urban core is home to a number of regional landmark buildings and retains significant historic buildings and districts. The downtowns office towers are overlooked by the fortress of Citadel Hill with its iconic Halifax Town Clock, Dalhousie Universitys campus is often featured in films and documentaries. Dartmouth also has its share of historic neighbourhoods and this has resulted in some modern high rises being built at unusual angles or locations
3.
Suspension bridge
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A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders. The first modern examples of type of bridge were built in the early 19th century. Simple suspension bridges, which lack vertical suspenders, have a history in many mountainous parts of the world. This type of bridge has cables suspended between towers, plus vertical suspender cables carry the weight of the deck below, upon which traffic crosses. This arrangement allows the deck to be level or to arc upward for additional clearance, like other suspension bridge types, this type often is constructed without falsework. The suspension cables must be anchored at each end of the bridge, the main cables continue beyond the pillars to deck-level supports, and further continue to connections with anchors in the ground. The roadway is supported by vertical suspender cables or rods, called hangers, in the latter case there will be very little arc in the outboard main cables. The earliest suspension bridges were ropes slung across a chasm, with a deck possibly at the level or hung below the ropes such that the rope had a catenary shape. The Tibetan saint and bridge-builder Thangtong Gyalpo originated the use of chains in his version of simple suspension bridges. In 1433, Gyalpo built eight bridges in eastern Bhutan, the last surviving chain-linked bridge of Gyalpos was the Thangtong Gyalpo Bridge in Duksum en route to Trashi Yangtse, which was finally washed away in 2004. Gyalpos iron chain bridges did not include a deck bridge which is the standard on all modern suspension bridges today. Instead, both the railing and the layer of Gyalpos bridges used wires. The stress points that carried the screed were reinforced by the iron chains, before the use of iron chains it is thought that Gyalpo used ropes from twisted willows or yak skins. He may have also used tightly bound cloth, the first American iron chain suspension bridge was the Jacobs Creek Bridge in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, designed by inventor James Finley. Finleys bridge was the first to all of the necessary components of a modern suspension bridge. Finley patented his design in 1808, and published it in the Philadelphia journal, The Port Folio, in 1810. Early British chain bridges included the Dryburgh Abbey Bridge and 137 m Union Bridge, with rapidly increasing to 176 m with the Menai Bridge. The first chain bridge on the European continent was the Chain Bridge in Nuremberg, the Clifton Suspension Bridge is one of the longest of the parabolic arc chain type
4.
Nova Scotia
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Nova Scotia is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province, with an area of 55,284 square kilometres, including Cape Breton, as of 2016, the population was 923,598. Nova Scotia is the second most-densely populated province in Canada with 17.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, Nova Scotia means New Scotland in Latin and is the recognized English language name for the province. In Scottish Gaelic, the province is called Alba Nuadh, which simply means New Scotland. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province in area after Prince Edward Island, the provinces mainland is the Nova Scotia peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, including numerous bays and estuaries. Nowhere in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km from the ocean, Nova Scotia has many ancient fossil-bearing rock formations. These formations are rich on the Bay of Fundys shores. Blue Beach near Hantsport, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, on the Bay of Fundys shores, has yielded an abundance of Carboniferous age fossils, wassons Bluff, near the town of Parrsboro, has yielded both Triassic and Jurassic age fossils. Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone, since the province is almost surrounded by the sea, the climate is closer to maritime than to continental climate. The winter and summer temperature extremes of the climate are moderated by the ocean. However, winters are cold enough to be classified as continental – still being nearer the freezing point than inland areas to the west. The Nova Scotia climate is in ways similar to the central Baltic Sea coast in Northern Europe. This is in spite of Nova Scotia being some fifteen parallels south, areas not on the Atlantic coast experience warmer summers more typical of inland areas, and winter lows a little colder. The province includes regions of the Mikmaq nation of Mikmaki, the Mikmaq people inhabited Nova Scotia at the time the first European colonists arrived. In 1605, French colonists established the first permanent European settlement in the future Canada at Port Royal, the British conquest of Acadia took place in 1710. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 formally recognized this and returned Cape Breton Island to the French, present-day New Brunswick then still formed a part of the French colony of Acadia. The British changed the name of the capital from Port Royal to Annapolis Royal, in 1749, the capital of Nova Scotia moved from Annapolis Royal to the newly established Halifax. In 1755 the vast majority of the French population were removed in the Expulsion of the Acadians
5.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
6.
Halifax Peninsula
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The Halifax Peninsula is a community and planning area located in the urban core of municipal Halifax, Nova Scotia. Halifax Peninsula is home to Downtown Halifax, the financial and economic heart of the municipality, the town of Halifax was founded by the British government under the direction of the Board of Trade and Plantations under the command of Governor Edward Cornwallis in 1749. Geographically, the Halifax Peninsula is a Canadian peninsula in central Nova Scotia, although now located entirely within HRM, the peninsula was the original host to the town and now former City of Halifax. The founding of the town sparked Father Le Loutres War, the original settlement was clustered in the southeastern part of the peninsula along The Narrows, between a series of forts and the harbour. After a protracted struggle between residents and the Executive Council, the city was incorporated to in 1841, at this time the Halifax Public Gardens and Victoria Park, Halifax were created, with many Victorian Era monuments. Builders such as George Lang created many landmark buildings, on 1 April 1996, the government of Nova Scotia formed Halifax Regional Municipality, a single-tier regional government governing all of Halifax County. Down the length of this isthmus is Joseph Howe Drive, generally considered to be the boundary between the Halifax Peninsula and Mainland Halifax, the Halifax Peninsula creates The Narrows, a constriction of Halifax Harbour to its east. The northern end of the rises to a glacial drumlin at Fort Needham. 60 m above sea level is located at Citadel Hill and immediately offshore to the east at Georges Island, the bedrock of this peninsula is Precambrian slate. Glaciers during the Pleistocene era converted the rock surface to an olive-colored loamy till, glaciation also removed reddish till from sedimentary rock to the north and redeposited it as a drumlin to form Citadel Hill. The stony loam to loam soils are mapped as Bridgewater series on olive till. Downtown Halifax North End Halifax West End, Halifax Quinpool district South End Halifax Spring Garden Convoy Place Hydrostone Mulgrave Park Westmount Africville Richmond
7.
Angus Lewis Macdonald
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Angus Lewis Macdonald PC QC, popularly known as Angus L. was a Canadian lawyer, law professor and politician from Nova Scotia. He served as the Liberal premier of Nova Scotia from 1933 to 1940 and he oversaw the creation of an effective Canadian navy and Allied convoy service during World War II. After the war, he returned to Nova Scotia to become premier again, in the election of 1945, his Liberals returned to power while their main rivals, the Conservatives, failed to win a single seat. The Liberal rallying cry, Alls Well With Angus L. was so effective that the Conservatives despaired of ever beating Macdonald and he died in office in 1954. Macdonalds more than 15 years as premier brought fundamental changes, under his leadership, the Nova Scotia government spent more than $100 million paving roads, building bridges, extending electrical transmission lines and improving public education. Macdonald dealt with the unemployment of the Great Depression by putting the jobless to work on highway projects. He felt direct government relief payments would weaken moral character, undermine self-respect, Macdonald was considered one of his provinces most eloquent political orators. He articulated a philosophy of provincial autonomy, arguing that poorer provinces needed a greater share of tax revenues to pay for health, education. He contended that Nova Scotians were victims of a policy that protected the industries of Ontario. It was no accident, Macdonald said, that Nova Scotia had gone from the richest province per capita before Canadian Confederation in 1867 to poorest by the 1930s, Macdonald was a classical liberal in the 19th-century tradition of John Stuart Mill. He believed in freedom and responsibility and feared that the growth of government bureaucracy would threaten liberty. For him, the role of the state was to provide basic services, Angus Lewis Macdonald was born August 10,1890, on a small family farm at Dunvegan, Inverness County, on Cape Breton Island. He was the child in a family of 14. His mother was from a prominent Acadian family on Prince Edward Island while his fathers family had emigrated to Cape Breton from the Scottish Highlands in 1810, the Macdonalds were devout Roman Catholics as well as ardent Liberal Party supporters. In 1905, when Macdonald was 15, the moved to the town of Port Hood. Macdonald attended the Port Hood Academy, midway through his university studies, he took another year off to earn money teaching. He completed his term on credit and was required to teach in the universitys high school during 1914–15 to pay off his debt. Macdonald did well at St. FX and he played rugby, joined the debating team, edited the student newspaper and, in his graduating year, won the gold medal in seven of his eight courses
8.
Lions Gate Bridge
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The term Lions Gate refers to The Lions, a pair of mountain peaks north of Vancouver. Northbound traffic on the heads in their general direction. A pair of cast concrete lions, designed by sculptor Charles Marega, were placed on side of the south approach to the bridge in January 1939. The total length of the bridge including the viaduct is 1,823 m. The length including approach spans is 1,517.3 m, the main span alone is 473 m, the height is 111 m. Prospect Point in Stanley Park offered a good high end to the bridge. The bridge has three lanes, the use of which is indicated by signals. The centre lane changes direction to accommodate for traffic patterns, the traffic volume on the bridge is 60,000 -70,000 vehicles per day. Trucks exceeding 13 tonnes are prohibited, as are vehicles using studded tires, the bridge forms part of Highways 99 and 1A. On March 24,2005, the Lions Gate Bridge was designated a National Historic Site of Canada, starting about 1890, bridge builders saw that a bridge across the first narrows was becoming a possibility. However, many saw it as necessary in order to open up development on the North Shore. The decision was put to the electorate of Vancouver in 1927, but the first plebiscite was defeated, however, he was able to convince the Guinness family to invest in the land on the north shore of Burrard Inlet. They purchased 4,700 acres of West Vancouver mountainside through a syndicate called British Pacific Properties Ltd, on December 13,1933, a second plebiscite was held and this time, it was passed by a 2 to 1 margin. The 1933 bylaw authorizing construction included a provision mandating that “no Asiatic person shall be employed in or upon any part of the undertaking or other works. ”The bridge was designed by the Montreal firm Monsarrat and Pratley, which was later responsible for the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge in Halifax, Nova Scotia using a similar design. Other companies involved in the construction of the include, Swan Wooster Engineering, Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas. Canron Western Constructors, Dominion Bridge Company, American Bridge Company, construction began on March 31,1937. After one and a half years and a cost of $5,873,837.17, on May 29,1939, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth presided over the official opening during a royal visit to Canada. A toll of 25 cents was charged for each car, on January 20,1955, the Guinness family sold the bridge to the province for $5,959,060, and on April1,1963 the toll was removed
9.
Halifax Transit
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Halifax Transit is a Canadian public transport service operating buses and ferries in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Halifax Transit also operates Accessabus, a paratransit service for seniors. In 2nd quarter 2016 bus ridership was 3.96 million, ferry ridership 641,000, according to the 2011 census, Halifax has the 7th highest proportion of workers taking transit to work in a city in Canada. Halifax was among first cities in Canada to be served by a public transportation system, pre-dated only by Toronto, Montreal. The municipalitys first transit service came with establishment of the Dartmouth ferry service, in 1816 the sail powered ferry was replaced by a horse powered boat, and in 1830 with a steam ferry. While private omnibus services are known to have begun in the city at least as early as 1854, the street railway served Halifax until March 1949, when the war-worn trams were replaced by trackless electric trolley coaches. The bright yellow trolleys, operated by utility Nova Scotia Light and Power, plied city streets exclusively until 1963, the system became all-diesel on January 1,1970, the same day the City of Halifax took over the operation. Metro Transit, a transit agency serving all of the greater metropolitan area of Halifax-Dartmouth. Metro Transit expanded in 1994 with the absorption of the Dartmouth ferry services operated by the city of Dartmouth. Ownership of the service was transferred to the newly created Halifax Regional Municipality at amalgamation in 1996. The municipality announced on July 15,2014 that it was changing the name to Halifax Transit in reflection of the citys new brand. In January 2014, Halifax regional council approved a study to look at a major re-design of the transit system. The Moving Forward Together Plan was adopted in principal by Halifax Regional Council in April 2016, a review will be undertaken involving an outside consultant in 12–18 months to evaluate the results and suggest possible route optimization. There are 312 buses in the fleet, all of which will be low floor, Routes are numbered according to the region or type of service provided. Express routes, originally established as Metro Link express bus service operates Monday to Friday, the two express routes began service in August 2005. Regional Express Routes, formerly MetroX, is Halifax Transits rural express bus service, there are three routes which started operating in August 2009 running between Halifax and Tantallon, the Airport, and Porters Lake, respectively. All routes terminate at Scotia Square in downtown Halifax, are accessible and have facilities to carry bicycles. Rural routes provide some suburban and rural access to the regular
10.
CFB Halifax
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Canadian Forces Base Halifax is Canadas east coast navy base and home port to the Atlantic fleet, known as Maritime Forces Atlantic. HMC Dockyard Halifax was acquired by the Canadian government from the Royal Navy following the withdrawal of British military forces from Canada in 1906, while awaiting transfer to Canada, the dockyard fell into disrepair. The dockyard was formally taken over from the British government by Canada in 1910, the dockyard in 1910 comprised a Naval Hospital, a blacksmith shop, workshops, three slipways, five jetties, residences, coal and vitualling stores and 75 other miscellaneous buildings. During World War I, the dockyard underwent significant expansion, acting as headquarters for the Royal Canadian Navy, during the 1917 Halifax Explosion, the dockyard was severely damaged, with many of its buildings demolished. New ones were erected for the war effort. However, following the end of the war in 1918, the number of staff was reduced significantly. In 1939, the dockyards were extended to the north and south, with the onset of World War II, this was still not large enough and the lands of the French Cable Company in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia were acquired and integrated into the base. In 1942, the Royal Canadian Navy acquired the Army Ordnance Depot in Dartmouth, during the war, new construction replaced nearly every building that had existed prior to the war. HMC Dockyard encompassed 1,255 acres after all the acquisitions, in 1943, the dockyards lands were augmented with property in Renous, New Brunswick and another ammunition depot at Newcastle, New Brunswick. The Army Gun Wharf in Halifax became the depot and two communications stations were established, one at Albro and one at Newport Corners. The barracks building that became HMCS Scotian was erected during the war, in 1948, the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic was established on the premises of the dockyard. In the 1950s, an Underwater Training Unit, the School of ABCD Warfare, the dockyard maintained a 35-ton lift crane on Jetty 3, a 45-ton lift crane on Jetty 4 and a 50-ton lift crane on the Gun Wharf. In 1953, a defence base was constructed between Pier B and the yacht anchorage in the south end of Halifax. HMC Dockyard Halifax is located on the side of Halifax Harbour at the southern end of The Narrows. It hosts the headquarters of Maritime Forces Atlantic, the name for the Atlantic Fleet. The dockyard was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1923, Stadacona, referred to as HMCS Stadacona before 1968 and frequently referred to as Stad, is an adjunct to HMC Dockyard located west of the waterfront in the North End of the Halifax peninsula. Prior to the arrival of the French, the location that would become Quebec was the home of a small Iroquois village called Stadacona, after which the base is named. Stadacona contains the Canadian Forces Naval Engineering School, the Canadian Forces Naval Operations School, the hospital, the Canadian Forces Maritime Warfare Centre
11.
Halifax Harbour
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Halifax Harbour is a large natural harbour on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, located in the Halifax Regional Municipality. The harbour is called Jipugtug by the Mikmaq first nation, anglicized as Chebucto and it runs in a northwest-southeast direction. Based on average vessel speeds, the harbour is located approximately one hours sailing time north of the Great Circle Route between the Eastern Seaboard and Europe. As such, it is the first inbound and last outbound port of call in eastern North America with transcontinental rail connections, the harbour is largely formed by a drowned glacial valley which succumbed to sea level rise since glaciation. The harbour includes the geographic areas, Northwest Arm Another drowned river valley now largely used by pleasure boats. The Narrows A constricted passage to Bedford Basin, Bedford Basin A sheltered bay and the largest part of the harbour. The harbour is home to small islands. The harbour limit is formed by the northern end of its largest island - McNabs Island. The largest island entirely within the limits is Georges Island. Several small islands are located in the Bedford Basin near Bedford, in the Northwest Arm, there is a small peninsula known as Deadmans Island, named for the burial location of War of 1812 prisoners of war. Just 200 m west of Deadmans Island is the equally small Melville Island, Melville Island forms the eastern boundary of Melville Cove and is also the location of the Armdale Yacht Club. Melville Cove is also the name of the adjacent residential community, although outside the defined harbour limits, Lawlor Island and Devils Island are also frequently included in descriptions of Halifax Harbour and the surrounding area. The harbour is marked by a network of buoys and lighthouses, starting with Sambro Island Lighthouse at the harbour approaches. Deep draught vessels must use the channel into the harbour. The west entrance point marking the beginning of the approach using this channel is located near Chebucto Head. Shallow draught vessels may use the Eastern Passage, which runs on the east side of McNabs Island, however, large vessels have compulsory pilotage, with harbour pilots boarding at the pilot station off Chebucto Head. There are strict security regulations relating to vessels navigating near RCN facilities and anchorages, but the new Intercolonial Railway took an indirect, southerly route for military and political reasons, and the national government made little effort to promote Halifax as Canadas winter port. Ignoring appeals to nationalism and the ICRs own attempts to promote traffic to Halifax, the war at last boosted Halifaxs harbor into prominence on the North Atlantic
12.
Canadian dollar
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The Canadian dollar is the currency of Canada. It is abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or sometimes Can$ or C$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and it is divided into 100 cents. Canadas dollar is the fifth most held reserve currency in the world, accounting for approximately 2% of all global reserves, behind only the U. S. dollar, the euro, the yen and the pound sterling. In 1841, the Province of Canada adopted a new system based on the Halifax rating, the new Canadian pound was equal to four US dollars, making one pound sterling equal to 1 pound,4 shillings, and 4 pence Canadian. Thus, the new Canadian pound was worth 16 shillings and 5.3 pence sterling, the 1850s was a decade of wrangling over whether to adopt a sterling monetary system or a decimal monetary system based on the US dollar. In 1851, the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly passed an act for the purposes of introducing a sterling unit in conjunction with decimal fractional coinage. The idea was that the coins would correspond to exact amounts in relation to the U. S. dollar fractional coinage. This gold standard was introduced with the gold sovereign being legal tender at £1 = US$ 4.86 2⁄3, no coinage was provided for under the 1853 act. Sterling coinage was legal tender and all other silver coins were demonetized. The British government in principle allowed for a decimal coinage but nevertheless held out the hope that a unit would be chosen under the name of royal. However, in 1857, the decision was made to introduce a decimal coinage into the Province of Canada in conjunction with the U. S. dollar unit, in 1859, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with decimal denominations for the first time. In 1860, the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia followed the colony of Canada in adopting a system based on the U. S. dollar unit. In the following year, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with the shown in dollars. The U. S. dollar was created in 1792 on the basis of the weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. As such, the Spanish dollar was slightly more than the U. S. dollar, and likewise. In 1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were united in a called the Dominion of Canada. In 1871, Prince Edward Island went decimal within the U. S. dollar unit, however, the currency of Prince Edward Island was absorbed into the Canadian system shortly afterwards, when Prince Edward island joined the Dominion of Canada in 1873. The Canadian Parliament passed the Uniform Currency Act in April 1871, tying up loose ends as to the currencies of the various provinces, the gold standard was temporarily abandoned during the First World War and definitively abolished on April 10,1933
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