Echolocation, also called bio sonar, is a biological active sonar used by several animal groups, both in the air and underwater. Echolocating animals emit calls and listen to the echoes of those calls that return from various objects near them. They use these echoes to locate and identify the objects. Echolocation is used for navigation, foraging, and hunting prey.
The especially long tails on the hindwings of the African moon moth, a Saturniid, oscillate in flight, deflecting the hunting bat's attack to the tails and thus enabling the moth to evade capture.
Animal navigation is the ability of many animals to find their way accurately without maps or instruments. Birds such as the Arctic tern, insects such as the monarch butterfly and fish such as the salmon regularly migrate thousands of miles to and from their breeding grounds, and many other species navigate effectively over shorter distances.
Manx shearwaters can fly straight home when released, navigating thousands of miles over land or sea.
The sandhopper, Talitrus saltator, uses the Sun and its internal clock to determine direction.
Rayleigh sky model shows how polarization of light can indicate direction to bees.
The homing pigeon can quickly return to its home, using cues such as the Earth's magnetic field to orient itself.
