1.
San Diego Comic-Con
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San Diego Comic-Con International is a multi-genre entertainment and comic convention held annually in San Diego, California. The name, as given on its website, is Comic-Con International, San Diego and it is a four-day event held during the summer at the San Diego Convention Center in San Diego. On the Wednesday evening prior to the opening of the event, there is a preview for professionals, exhibitors. Comic-Con International also produces two other conventions, WonderCon, held in Los Angeles, and the Alternative Press Expo and it is also the home of the Will Eisner Awards. In 2010, it filled the San Diego Convention Center to capacity with more than 130,000 attendees, the convention was founded in 1970 by Shel Dorf, Richard Alf, Ken Krueger, Mike Towry, Barry Alfonso, Bob Sourk, and Greg Bear. Detroit, Michigan-born, comics fan Shel Dorf, had, in the mid-1960s, mounted the Detroit Triple-Fan Fairs, one of the first commercial comics-fan conventions. When he moved to San Diego, California, in 1970, he organized a convention on March 21,1970. Dorf went on to be associated with the convention as president or manager, variously, Alf co-chaired the first convention with Krueger and became chairman in 1971. Following the initial gathering, Dorfs first three-day San Diego comics convention, other locations in the conventions early years included the El Cortez Hotel, the University of California, San Diego, and Golden Hall, before being moved to the San Diego Convention Center in 1991. I was quietly walking the floor stunned and in awe of just how much bigger it really was, the convention is organized by a panel of 13 board members,16 to 20 full-time and part-time workers, and 80 volunteers who assist via committees. Comic Con International is an organization, and proceeds of the event go to funding it, as well as the Alternative Press Expo. The convention logo was designed by Richard Bruning and Josh Beatman in 1995, in September 2010, the convention announced that it would stay in San Diego through 2015. In 2015, working with Lionsgate, a channel was created to host Comic-Con related content. According to the San Diego Convention and Visitors Bureau, the convention has a regional economic impact of $162.8 million. Along with panels, seminars, and workshops with comic book professionals, there are previews of upcoming feature films, like most comic-book conventions, Comic-Con features a large floorspace for exhibitors. These include media companies such as studios and TV networks, as well as comic-book dealers. And like most comics conventions, Comic-Con includes an area, as well as the Artists Alley where comics artists can sign autographs. Despite the name, artists alleys can include writers and even models, academics and comic industry professionals annually hold the Comics Arts Conference at Comic-Con, presenting scholarly studies on comics as a medium
2.
Winnipeg
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Winnipeg is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada. It is located near the centre of North America and is 110 kilometres from the U. S. border. It is also the place of the confluence of the Red, the city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg, the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water. The region was a centre for aboriginal peoples long before the arrival of Europeans. French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738, a settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812, the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873. As of 2011, Winnipeg is the seventh most populated municipality in Canada, being located very far inland, the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C and average July highs of 26 °C. Known as the Gateway to the West, Winnipeg is a railway, Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games. It is home to professional sports franchises, including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, the Winnipeg Jets, Manitoba Moose. Winnipeg lies at the confluence of the Assiniboine and the Red River of the North and this point was at the crossroads of canoe routes travelled by First Nations before European contact. Winnipeg is named after nearby Lake Winnipeg, the name is a transcription of the Western Cree words for muddy or brackish water. Estimates of the date of first settlement in this area are varied, in 1805, Canadian colonists observed First Nations peoples engaged in farming activity along the Red River. The practice quickly expanded, driven by the demand by traders for provisions, the rivers provided an extensive transportation network linking northern First Peoples with those to the south along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. The Ojibwe made some of the first maps on birch bark, sieur de La Vérendrye built the first fur trading post on the site in 1738, called Fort Rouge. French trading continued at this site for decades before the arrival of the British Hudsons Bay Company after France ceded the territory following its defeat in the Seven Years War. Many French and later British men who were trappers married First Nations women, their mixed-race children hunted, traded and they gradually developed as an ethnicity known as the Métis because of sharing a traditional culture. Lord Selkirk was involved with the first permanent settlement, the purchase of land from the Hudsons Bay Company, the North West Company built Fort Gibraltar in 1809, and the Hudsons Bay Company built Fort Douglas in 1812, both in the area of present-day Winnipeg. The two companies competed fiercely over trade, the Métis and Lord Selkirks settlers fought at the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816. In 1821, the Hudsons Bay and North West Companies merged, Fort Gibraltar was renamed Fort Garry in 1822 and became the leading post in the region for the Hudsons Bay Company
3.
Manitoba
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Manitoba is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada. It is one of the three provinces and Canadas fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.3 million people. Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres with a varied landscape. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years, in the late 17th century, fur traders arrived in the area when it was part of Ruperts Land and owned by the Hudsons Bay Company. In 1869, negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba led to an uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada. The rebellions resolution led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province, Manitobas capital and largest city, Winnipeg, is Canadas eighth-largest census metropolitan area. Winnipeg is the seat of government, home to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, four of the provinces five universities and all four of its professional sports teams are in Winnipeg. The name Manitoba is believed to be derived from the Cree, the name derives from Cree manitou-wapow or Ojibwa manidoobaa, both meaning straits of Manitou, the Great Spirit, a place referring to what are now called The Narrows in the centre of Lake Manitoba. It may also be from the Assiniboine for Lake of the Prairie, the lake was known to French explorers as Lac des Prairies. Thomas Spence chose the name to refer to a new republic he proposed for the south of the lake. Métis leader Louis Riel also chose the name, and it was accepted in Ottawa under the Manitoba Act of 1870 and it adjoins Hudson Bay to the northeast, and is the only prairie province to have a saltwater coastline. The Port of Churchill is Canadas only Arctic deep-water port and the shortest shipping route between North America and Asia, Lake Winnipeg is the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. Hudson Bay is the worlds second-largest bay, Manitoba is at the heart of the giant Hudson Bay watershed, once known as Ruperts Land. It was a area of the Hudsons Bay Company, with many rivers. The province has a saltwater coastline bordering Hudson Bay and more than 110,000 lakes, Manitobas major lakes are Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnipegosis, and Lake Winnipeg, the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. Some traditional Native lands and boreal forest on Lake Winnipegs east side are a proposed UNESCO World Heritage Site. Manitoba is at the centre of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, with a volume of the water draining into Lake Winnipeg. This basins rivers reach far west to the mountains, far south into the United States, major watercourses include the Red, Assiniboine, Nelson, Winnipeg, Hayes, Whiteshell and Churchill rivers
4.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
5.
Venice, Los Angeles
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Venice is a residential, commercial and recreational beachfront neighborhood on the Westside of the Californian city of Los Angeles. Venice was founded in 1905 as a resort town. It was an independent city until 1926, when it merged with Los Angeles, today, Venice is known for its canals, beaches, and the circus-like Ocean Front Walk, a two-and-a-half-mile pedestrian-only promenade that features performers, mystics, artists and vendors. Venice, originally called Venice of America, was founded by tobacco millionaire Abbot Kinney in 1905 as a resort town,14 miles west of Los Angeles. He and his partner Francis Ryan had bought two miles of oceanfront property south of Santa Monica in 1891 and they built a resort town on the north end of the property, called Ocean Park, which was soon annexed to Santa Monica. After Ryan died, Kinney and his new partners continued building south of Navy Street, tourists, mostly arriving on the Red Cars of the Pacific Electric Railway from Los Angeles and Santa Monica, then rode the Venice Miniature Railway and gondolas to tour the town. But the biggest attraction was Venices mile-long gently sloping beach, cottages and housekeeping tents were available for rent. The population soon exceeded 10,000, the town drew 50,000 to 150,000 tourists on weekends. Attractions on the Kinney Pier became more amusement-oriented by 1910, when a Venice Miniature Railway, Aquarium, Virginia Reel, Whip, Racing Derby, and other rides and game booths were added. Since the business district was allotted only three streets, and the City Hall was more than a mile away, other competing business districts developed. Unfortunately, this created a political climate. Kinney, however, governed with a hand and kept things in check. When he died in November 1920, Venice became harder to govern, with the amusement pier burning six weeks later in December 1920, and Prohibition, the towns tax revenue was severely affected. The Kinney family rebuilt their amusement pier quickly to compete with Ocean Parks Pickering Pleasure Pier, when it opened it had two roller coasters, a new Racing Derby, a Noahs Ark, a Mill Chutes, and many other rides. By 1925 with the addition of a coaster, a tall Dragon Slide, Fun House. Several hundred thousand tourists visited on weekends, in 1923 Charles Lick built the Lick Pier at Navy Street in Venice, adjacent to the Ocean Park Pier at Pier Avenue in Ocean Park. Another pier was planned for Venice in 1925 at Leona Street, for the amusement of the public, Kinney hired aviators to do aerial stunts over the beach. One of them, movie aviator and Venice airport owner B. H. DeLay and he also initiated the first aerial police in the nation, after a marine rescue attempt was thwarted
6.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
7.
Stephen Moyer
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Stephen Moyer is an English film and television actor and director who is best known as vampire Bill Compton in the HBO series True Blood. Moyers first television role was in 1993 as Philip Masefield in the TV adaptation of the play Conjugal Rites and this was followed by the television film Lord of Misrule, filmed in Fowey, Cornwall, which also featured Richard Wilson, Emily Mortimer and Prunella Scales. In 1997, Moyer made his big-screen debut landing the role in the film adaptation of the long-running comic strip Prince Valiant by Hal Foster, working alongside Ron Perlman. Moyer was born in Brentwood, Essex and he attended St Martins School, a comprehensive school in Hutton, Essex, and graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. He became Brentwood Theatres first patron in October 2007, especially supporting their Reaching Out, after graduating from LAMDA, Moyer worked in theatre for five years. He worked with the National Theatre Wales, the Royal Shakespeare Company and he then made the transition to television and film. In August 2009, Moyer became engaged to actress Anna Paquin and they had been dating since filming the series pilot in 2007. The couple married on 21 August 2010 at a residence in Malibu. Moyer and Paquin have a son, Charlie, and a daughter, Poppy, the family resides in Venice, Los Angeles. Moyer also has a son, Billy, born in 2000 and daughter, Lilac, Moyer has dealt with alcoholism in the past. He has been sober for 14 years and has said that the addiction stemmed from his roots in British theater, at a CLARE Foundation dinner he stated, “There’s this rush that happens from doing our job, this whirring buzz, and you want to continue that buzz. He now works with CLARE Foundation to help others with rehabilitation, stephen Moyer at the Internet Movie Database allstephenmoyer. com simplymoyer. com
8.
Wellington
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Wellington is the capital and second most populous urban area of New Zealand, with 405,000 residents. It is at the tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range. Wellington is the population centre of the southern North Island and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region. It is the worlds windiest city, with a wind speed of over 26 km/h. Situated near the centre of the country, Wellington was well placed for trade. In 1839 it was chosen as the first major planned settlement for British immigrants coming to New Zealand, the settlement was named in honour of the Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo. As the nations capital since 1865, the New Zealand Government and Parliament, Supreme Court, despite being much smaller than Auckland, Wellington is also referred to as New Zealands cultural capital. The city is home to the National Archives, the National Library, architectural sights include the Government Building—one of the largest wooden buildings in the world—as well as the iconic Beehive. Wellington plays host to artistic and cultural organisations, including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. It has an urban culture, with many cafés, restaurants. One of the worlds most liveable cities, the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world, Wellingtons economy is primarily service-based, with an emphasis on finance, business services, and government. It is the centre of New Zealands film and special effects industries, Wellington ranks as one of New Zealands chief seaports and serves both domestic and international shipping. The city is served by Wellington International Airport, the third busiest airport in the country, Wellingtons transport network includes train and bus lines which reach as far as the Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa, and ferries connect the city to the South Island. Wellington takes its name from Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo, his title comes from the town of Wellington in the English county of Somerset. One of the founders of the settlement, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, reported that the settlers took up the views of the directors with great cordiality, in Māori, Wellington has three names. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is signed by raising the index, middle and ring fingers of one hand, palm forward, to form a W, and shaking it slightly from side to side twice. The citys location close to the mouth of the narrow Cook Strait leads to its vulnerability to strong gales, legends recount that Kupe discovered and explored the district in about the 10th century. The earliest date with hard evidence for Maori living in New Zealand is about 1280, European settlement began with the arrival of an advance party of the New Zealand Company on the ship Tory on 20 September 1839, followed by 150 settlers on the Aurora on 22 January 1840
9.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
10.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
11.
Jane Campion
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Dame Elizabeth Jane Campion DNZM is a New Zealand screenwriter, producer, and director. Campion was born in Wellington, New Zealand, the daughter of Edith, an actress, writer, and heiress, and Richard M. Campion. Her maternal great-grandfather was Robert Hannah, the manufacturer of Antrim House. Her father was from a family of Exclusive Brethren, with her older sister, Anna, born a year and half before her, and brother, Michael, born seven years after, Campion grew up in the world of New Zealand theatre. Her parents founded the New Zealand Players theatre group, while initially rejecting the idea of a career in theatre or acting, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology from Victoria University of Wellington in 1975. In 1976 Campion attended Chelsea Art School in London and travelled throughout Europe and she graduated with a Graduate Diploma in Visual Arts from the Sydney College of the Arts at the University of Sydney in 1981. Based on her education at art school, Campion cites surrealist painter Frida Kahlo, dissatisfied with the limits of painting as a medium, Campion turned to film and created her first short film, Tissues in 1980. In 1981 she began studying at the Australian Film, Television and Radio School, where she made several short films. Her first short film, Peel, won the Short Film Palme dOr at the 1986 Cannes Film Festival, and other awards followed for the shorts Passionless Moments, A Girls Own Story and After Hours. Having left the Australian Film and Television School she directed an episode for ABCs light entertainment series Dancing Daze, sweetie was her feature debut, and won international awards. Further recognition followed with An Angel at My Table, a biographical and psychological portrayal of the New Zealand writer Janet Frame, at the 66th Academy Awards, she was the second woman ever to be nominated for Best Director. Campions work since that time has tended to polarize opinion, the Portrait of a Lady, based on the Henry James novel, featured Nicole Kidman, John Malkovich, Barbara Hershey and Martin Donovan. Teamed Campion again with Harvey Keitel, this time with Kate Winslet as the female lead, in the Cut, an erotic thriller based on Susanna Moores bestseller, provided Meg Ryan an opportunity to depart from her more familiar onscreen persona. Her 2009 film Bright Star, a drama about poet John Keats. Campion was a producer for the 2006 documentary Abduction, The Megumi Yokota Story and has worked on the serial Top of the Lake. Campion herself was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries and she was the head of the jury for the Cinéfondation and Short Film sections at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. And the head of the jury for the competition section for the 2014 Cannes Film Festival. Campion responded by rising from her seat to give him a hug, in 2014 it was announced that Campion was nearing a deal to direct an adaptation of Rachel Kushners novel The Flamethrowers
12.
Romance film
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Romance films make the romantic love story or the search for strong and pure love and romance the main plot focus. Occasionally, romance lovers face obstacles such as finances, physical illness, various forms of discrimination, as in all quite strong, deep, and close romantic relationships, tensions of day-to-day life, temptations, and differences in compatibility enter into the plots of romantic films. In romantic television series, the development of romantic relationships may play out over many episodes. Historical romance - A romantic story with a period setting and this includes films such as Gone with the Wind, Doctor Zhivago and Titanic. Romantic drama usually revolves around an obstacle which prevents deep and true love between two people. Music is often employed to indicate the mood, creating an atmosphere of greater insulation for the couple. The conclusion of a romantic drama typically does not indicate whether a final union between the two main characters will occur. Chick flick is a term associated with romance films as many are targeted to a female audience. As such, the terms cannot be used interchangeably, films of this genre include Dirty Dancing, The Notebook, Dear John, A Walk to Remember, and Romeo + Juliet. Romantic comedies are films with light-hearted, humorous plotlines, centered on romantic ideals such as true love is able to surmount most obstacles. Humour in such films tends to be of a verbal, low-key variety or situational, films within this genre include Four Weddings and a Funeral, Love Actually, Moonstruck, As Good as It Gets, Somethings Gotta Give, It Happened One Night, When Harry Met Sally. Romantic fantasies describe fantasy stories using many of the elements and conventions of the romance genre, romantic action comedies are films that blend romantic comedy and action. Examples include Killers, Knight and Day, Mr. & Mrs. Smith, This Means War, romantic thriller is a genre of film which has a storyline combining elements of the romance film and the thriller genre. Some examples of romantic thriller films are The Adjustment Bureau, The Phantom of the Opera, The Tourist, The Bodyguard, Unfaithful, and Wicker Park
13.
Drama
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Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning action, which is derived from I do, the two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy. They are symbols of the ancient Greek Muses, Thalia, Thalia was the Muse of comedy, while Melpomene was the Muse of tragedy. Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the mode has been contrasted with the epic. The use of drama in a narrow sense to designate a specific type of play dates from the modern era. Drama in this sense refers to a play that is neither a comedy nor a tragedy—for example and it is this narrower sense that the film and television industries, along with film studies, adopted to describe drama as a genre within their respective media. Radio drama has been used in both senses—originally transmitted in a performance, it has also been used to describe the more high-brow. The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production, the structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception. The early modern tragedy Hamlet by Shakespeare and the classical Athenian tragedy Oedipus Rex by Sophocles are among the masterpieces of the art of drama, a modern example is Long Days Journey into Night by Eugene O’Neill. Closet drama describes a form that is intended to be read, in improvisation, the drama does not pre-exist the moment of performance, performers devise a dramatic script spontaneously before an audience. Western drama originates in classical Greece, the theatrical culture of the city-state of Athens produced three genres of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Their origins remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE they were institutionalised in competitions held as part of celebrating the god Dionysus. The competition for tragedies may have begun as early as 534 BCE, tragic dramatists were required to present a tetralogy of plays, which usually consisted of three tragedies and one satyr play. Comedy was officially recognized with a prize in the competition from 487 to 486 BCE, five comic dramatists competed at the City Dionysia, each offering a single comedy. Ancient Greek comedy is traditionally divided between old comedy, middle comedy and new comedy, following the expansion of the Roman Republic into several Greek territories between 270–240 BCE, Rome encountered Greek drama. While Greek drama continued to be performed throughout the Roman period, from the beginning of the empire, however, interest in full-length drama declined in favour of a broader variety of theatrical entertainments. The first important works of Roman literature were the tragedies and comedies that Livius Andronicus wrote from 240 BCE, five years later, Gnaeus Naevius also began to write drama. No plays from either writer have survived, by the beginning of the 2nd century BCE, drama was firmly established in Rome and a guild of writers had been formed
14.
The Piano
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The Piano is a 1993 New Zealand drama film about a mute piano player and her daughter. The Piano was written and directed by Jane Campion, and stars Holly Hunter, Harvey Keitel, Sam Neill, the films score for the piano by Michael Nyman became a best-selling soundtrack album, and Hunter played her own piano pieces for the film. She also served as language teacher for Paquin, earning three screen credits. The film is an international co-production by Australian producer Jan Chapman with the French company Ciby 2000, the Piano was a success both critically and commercially, grossing US$140 million worldwide against its US$7 million budget. Hunter and Paquin both received praise for their respective roles as Ada McGrath and Flora McGrath. In 1993 the film won the Palme dOr at the Cannes Film Festival, subsequently, in March 1994, The Piano won 3 Academy Awards out of 8 total nominations, Best Actress for Hunter, Best Supporting Actress for Paquin, and Best Original Screenplay for Campion. A mute Scotswoman named Ada McGrath is sold by her father into marriage to a New Zealand frontiersman named Alisdair Stewart, the voice that the audience hears in the opening narration is not her speaking voice, but her minds voice. Ada has not spoken a word since she was six years old and no one, including herself and she expresses herself through her piano playing and through sign language, for which her daughter has served as the interpreter. Flora later dramatically tells two women in New Zealand that her mother has not spoken since the death of her husband who died as a result of being struck by lightning, Ada cares little for the mundane world, occupying herself for hours every day with the piano. Ada, Flora, and their belongings, including a hand crafted piano, are deposited on a New Zealand beach by a ships crew, as there is no one there to meet them, they spend the night alone on the beach amongst their crated belongings. Alisdair proves to be a shy and diffident man, who is called old dry balls by his Māori neighbours. He tells Ada that there is no room in his house for the piano. Ada, in turn, is cold to him and is determined to be reunited with her piano, unable to communicate with Alisdair, Ada and Flora visit Baines with a note asking to be taken to the piano. He explains that he cannot read, when Flora translates her mothers wishes, he initially refuses, but the three ultimately spend the day on the beach with Ada playing music. Baines, whose wife is far away in England living a life, is taken by the transformation in Ada when she plays her piano. Baines soon suggests that Alisdair trade the instrument to him for some land, Alisdair consents, and agrees to his further request to receive lessons from Ada, oblivious to his attraction to her. Alisdair shouts the finality of his decision and demands that she fulfill the contract of providing lessons, on the day she arrives at his hut, she attempts to make an excuse that she cannot play the piano because it is out of tune. She is stunned to find that Baines has had the piano put into perfect tune and she begins by asking him to play anything he knows, but he asks to simply listen rather than learn to play himself
15.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Gale Sondergaard was the first winner of award for her role in Anthony Adverse. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 78 actresses. Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters have received the most awards in this category with two awards each, despite winning no awards, Thelma Ritter was nominated on six occasions, more than any other actress. As of the 2017 ceremony, Viola Davis is the most recent winner in category for her role as Rose Maxson in Fences. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, inside Oscar, The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States, Ballantine Books, oscars. org Oscar. com The Academy Awards Database
16.
Young Artist Award
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The 1st Youth In Film Awards ceremony was held in October 1979, at the Sheraton Universal Hotel in Hollywood to honor outstanding young performers of the 1978/1979 season. The 38th Annual Young Artist Awards ceremony, honoring young performers of 2016, was held at the Alex Theatre in Los Angeles, the scholarship program is funded exclusively by donations including contribution from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association. The Young Artist Awards are presented annually by the Young Artist Association, originally known as the Youth In Film Awards for the first twenty years, the name was officially changed to the Young Artist Awards for the 21st annual awards ceremony in March 2000. Originally held in the autumn in its years, the awards ceremony has traditionally taken place in the spring for more than 20 years. The original Youth In Film Award was a statuette was similar to a miniature Oscar, a gilded figure of a man holding a laurel wreath instead of a sword and standing upon a relatively large trophy style base. The current Young Artist Award statuette, is a figure displaying a Five-pointed star above its head, candidates considered for nomination must be between the ages of 5 and 21 and are usually submitted for consideration by producers or by the young artists agent and/or manager. Submissions are traditionally due by the end of January to mid-February and nominees are announced about one month later at an annual nomination ceremony, winners are selected by members of the Young Artist Association. Today, the Young Artist Association has a board of over 125 members composed of journalists, agents. Winners are selected by ballot of all associated with the Young Artist Association as well as former nominees. The various Young Artist Awards categories have evolved extensively since the first awards were presented, after the ceremony is the annual banquet dinner and then dancing with live musical entertainment often provided by talented young musical artists of the day. The first Youth In Film Awards were presented in October 1979 at a ceremony held at the Sheraton Universal Hotel in Hollywood. Subsequent venues over the years have included the Ambassador Hotels Coconut Grove, the Globe Theater, the Beverly Garland Hotel and the Sportsmens Lodge
17.
Fly Away Home
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Fly Away Home is a 1996 family drama film directed by Carroll Ballard. The film stars Anna Paquin, Jeff Daniels and Dana Delany, Fly Away Home was released on September 13,1996 by Columbia Pictures. Fly Away Home dramatizes the actual experiences of Bill Lishman who, in 1986, started training geese to follow his ultralight aircraft, when a construction crew destroys a small wilderness area near the Alden home, Amy finds a nest of goose eggs. Without Thomas, Susan, or her uncle David knowing, she takes the eggs, when the eggs have hatched, she is allowed to keep the goslings as pets. Thomas asks for help from local game warden Glen Seifert on how to care for the geese, Seifert comes over to the Alden house, and explains that the geese have imprinted on Amy as their mother. Thomas throws Seifert off his property, only for Seifert to threaten the Aldens that if the birds start flying, Thomas decides to use an ultralight aircraft to teach the birds to fly and show them their migratory routes, but quickly realizes the birds will only follow Amy. Aided by his friend Barry, Thomas teaches Amy how to fly an aircraft of her own. David mentions knowing someone running a bird sanctuary in North Carolina, the birds have to arrive before November 1, or the sanctuary will be torn down by developers who plan to turn it into a coastal housing development. Amy and Thomas practice flying the aircraft, but Igor, the weakest of the geese, while the group goes off to search for the bird, Glen Seifert returns to the Alden farm and confiscates the other geese. The next day, a plan is staged to free the geese. Making an emergency landing at Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station in upstate New York on the shore of Lake Ontario, Amy. They become national news, with residents cheering them on and offering the two a place to stay at night at each of their stops. Thirty miles before reaching the sanctuary, Thomas’s aircraft suffers a structural failure and crashes in a cornfield. After Amy takes off and begins to head toward the sanctuary, while waiting for the geese, Thomas, Susan, David, Barry and many animal enthusiasts stand up to developers who are waiting to start the excavation of the site. Amy eventually appears with the geese, much to the joy of the townspeople and Amy’s family, the townspeople and the Aldens celebrate their victory. The following spring, all 16 geese safely return to the Aldens farm on their own, to recreate the Alden home, principal photography took place in 1995, at two farms near Lindsay in southeastern Ontario. The township had also been the setting for A Christmas Story, the blacksmith shop constructed onsite for the filming of The Last Buffalo at Purple Hill, Ontario was re-used as part of the Alden homestead. Two gliders were featured in the film, The UFM Easy Riser, the Easy Riser first appears as a foot-launched biplane hang glider
18.
The Member of the Wedding
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The Member of the Wedding is a 1946 novel by Southern writer Carson McCullers. It took McCullers five years to complete, although she interrupted the work for a few months to write the short novel The Ballad of the Sad Café. In a salacious letter to her husband Reeves McCullers, she explained that the novel was one of works that the least slip can ruin. For like a poem there is not much excuse for it otherwise, the illumination focused the whole book. The novel takes place over a few days in late August and it tells the story of 12-year-old tomboy Frankie Addams, who feels disconnected from the world, in her words, an unjoined person. Frankies mother died when she was born, and her father is a distant and her closest companions are the familys African American maid, Berenice Sadie Brown, and her six-year-old cousin, John Henry West. She has no friends in her small Southern town and dreams of going away with her brother, the novel explores the psychology of the three main characters and is more concerned with evocative settings than with incident. Frankie does, however, have a brief and troubling encounter with a soldier and her hopes of going away are disappointed and, her fantasy destroyed, a short coda reveals how her personality has changed. It also recounts the fate of John Henry West, and Berenice Sadie Browns future plans, the Member of the Wedding is told from the point of view of Frankie, who is a troubled adolescent. For Yaeger and the Scots novelist and critic Ali Smith, this is to sentimentalize the work and they suggest that such a reading misses much of its profundity, darkness, and what Smith calls its political heft. It should be seen, according to Smith, as a funny, very dark novel. Its theme, says Smith, is why people exclude others, other critics, including McKay Jenkins, have highlighted the importance of themes of racial and sexual identity. Frankie wishes people could change back and forth from boys to girls, John Henry wants them to be half boy and half girl. Berenice would like there to be no separate colored people in the world, for them, Jenkins suggests, the ideal world would be a place where identity…is fluid, changeable, amorphous. McDowell, has stressed the role of Berenice Sadie Brown in counter-pointing Frankie’s story. Critics such as Elizabeth Freeman and Nicole Seymour view the novel as queer—as challenging gender, in her article on the novel, Seymour argues that McCullers queers the human developmental schema through various narrative methods. The book has been adapted for the stage, motion pictures, McCullers herself adapted the novel for a Broadway production directed by Harold Clurman. It opened on January 5,1950 at the Empire Theatre, the cast included Ethel Waters, Julie Harris, and debuted Brandon deWilde, a seven-year-old second-grader at the time
19.
A Walk on the Moon
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A Walk on the Moon is a 1999 drama film starring Diane Lane, Viggo Mortensen, Liev Schreiber and Anna Paquin. The movie, which was set against the backdrop of the Woodstock festival of 1969, the film was highly acclaimed on release, particularly Diane Lanes performance for which she earned an Independent Spirit Award nomination for Best Female Lead. Pearl Kantrowitz and her husband Marty are a middle class Jewish couple in New York City. Marty is forced to away from home and hence, he only visits the family on weekends. This leaves Pearl feeling lonely and isolated, Pearl got pregnant at the age of 17 and she feels she missed enjoying her youth. With the absence of Marty, Pearl is attracted to the new Blouse Man Walker Jerome, meanwhile, Alison is neglected and she experiences her first period, her first date, and her first kiss as she enters a relationship with another boy at the camp, Ross Epstein. Marty is unable to visit the family because he has to repair more TV sets than usual, while the whole town celebrates the historic moonwalk, Pearl has sex with Walker. Martys mother Lillian learns of the affair and tries to persuade Pearl to break it off, the affair continues when Marty cannot get up to visit on the weekend because of the traffic jam caused by the Woodstock festival, which is within walking distance of the bungalow colony. Pearl goes to the festival, and unbeknownst to her, Alison goes as well with Ross, Alison becomes upset after seeing Pearl and Walker carousing while on LSD. Marty learns of the affair and confronts Pearl while Alison confronts her mother in an emotional scene, Pearl is forced to deal with her love of her family and her conflicting yearning for marital freedom. Pearl finally makes her decision to stay with Marty and tells Walker she cannot go away with him, the final scene shows Pearl and Marty dancing together, first to Dean Martins When Youre Smiling and then to Jimi Hendrixs Purple Haze, after Marty changes the station. The Rotten Tomatoes website found that 72% of critics gave the film a positive review, Diane Lanes performance earned her an Independent Spirit Award nomination for Best Female Lead. Entertainment Weekly ranked it #9 on their 50 Sexiest Movies Ever poll, a Walk on the Moon at the Internet Movie Database A Walk on the Moon at Rotten Tomatoes A Walk on the Moon at Box Office Mojo
20.
Cameron Crowe
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Cameron Bruce Crowe is an American director, producer, screenwriter, journalist, author, and actor. Before moving into the industry, Crowe was a contributing editor at Rolling Stone magazine. Crowes debut screenwriting effort, Fast Times at Ridgemont High, grew out of a book he wrote while posing for one year undercover as a student at Clairemont High School in San Diego, Crowe landed his biggest hit, though, with Jerry Maguire. After this, he was given a light to go ahead with a pet project. Centering on a music journalist on tour with an up-and-coming band. For his screenplay, he won an Academy Award, also in late 1999, Crowes second book was published, a question and answer session with the film director Billy Wilder entitled Conversations with Wilder. Cameron Crowe was born in Palm Springs, California and his father, James A. Crowe, originally from Kentucky, owned a real estate and phone service business. His mother, Alice Marie, was a teacher, activist and she worked as a psychology professor and family therapist and often participated in peace demonstrations and causes relating to the rights of farm workers. Crowe was the youngest of three children with two sisters, but one died when he was young, the family moved around often but spent a lot of time in the desert town of Indio. Crowe commented that Indio was where people owned tortoises, not dogs and his family finally settled in San Diego. Crowe skipped kindergarten and two grades in elementary, and by the time he attended Catholic high school, he was quite obviously younger than the other students, to add to his alienation, he was often ill because he suffered from nephritis. Crowe began writing for the newspaper and by the age of 13 was contributing music reviews for an underground publication. He began corresponding with Lester Bangs, who had left the Door to become editor at the rock magazine Creem. Crowe graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1972 at the age of 15, on a trip to Los Angeles, he met Ben Fong-Torres, the editor of Rolling Stone, who hired him to write for the magazine. He also joined the Rolling Stone staff as a contributing editor, during this time Crowe interviewed Bob Dylan, David Bowie, Neil Young, Eric Clapton, the Eagles, Poco, Steely Dan, members of Led Zeppelin and more. Crowe was Rolling Stones youngest-ever contributor, Crowes first cover story was on the Allman Brothers Band. He went on the road with them for three weeks at the age of 16 and interviewed not only the band, but also the entire road crew. Because Crowe was a fan of the 1970s hard rock bands that the older writers disliked, he landed a lot of major interviews
21.
Almost Famous
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Almost Famous is a 2000 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Cameron Crowe, and starring Billy Crudup, Kate Hudson and Patrick Fugit. The film is semi-autobiographical, as Crowe himself was a writer for Rolling Stone. The film is based on Crowes experiences touring with rock bands Poco, The Allman Brothers Band, Led Zeppelin, the Eagles, and Lynyrd Skynyrd. Crowe has discussed how during this period he lost his virginity, fell in love, and met his heroes—experiences that are shared by William Miller, the boyish main character of the film. Although a box office bomb, the film received acclaim from critics. It was also awarded the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Roger Ebert hailed it the best film of the year, and also the 9th best film of the 2000s. It also won two Golden Globes, for Best Picture and Kate Hudson won Best Supporting Actress, in 1969, child prodigy William Miller struggles to fit in with the world. His widowed mother Elaine has led him to believe he is 12 years old, until Williams older sister, Anita and his age is actually 11, his mother had him start first grade at 5 years old and then he skipped 5th grade. Their mother strictly controls and protects him and his older sister Anita, forbidding rock music and other unwelcome influences, driving Anita to leave home and become a flight attendant. In 1973, 15-year-old William, influenced by the rock left by his sister, aspires to be a rock journalist. Rock journalist Lester Bangs, impressed with his writing, gives him a $35 assignment to review a Black Sabbath concert and he cant get backstage, but opening band Stillwater arrives, and after he flatters them with critical praise they bring him along. Lead guitarist Russell Hammond takes a liking to him, partly because of Williams new friendship with veteran groupie Penny Lane, feigning retirement from her glory days, she takes William under her wing. William is contacted by Ben Fong-Torres, editor of Rolling Stone and he convinces Ben to let him write about Stillwater, and he is instructed to go on the road with them. Tensions between Russell and lead singer Jeff Bebe are evident, William begins to interview the members of the band, but Russell repeatedly puts it off. Penny watches the interaction and sympathizes with William, whom they call the enemy because hes a journalist. The band experiences problems with promoters and venues on the tour, and hires Dennis, Penny is told she must leave them before New York, where Russells ex-wife/girlfriend Leslie will join them. Stillwater loses Pennys three protégé groupies to another band in a game, she acts nonchalant but is devastated. Also, Dennis has chartered a plane to allow them to play more gigs than their tour bus does, and there is no room on it for Penny
22.
Rogue (comics)
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Rogue is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the X-Men. She debuted in Avengers Annual #10 as a villain but then soon joined the X-Men. Rogue is part of a subspecies of humans called mutants, who are born with superhuman abilities, Rogue has the involuntary ability to absorb and sometimes also remove the memories, physical strength, and superpowers of anyone she touches. Therefore, Rogue considers her powers a curse, for most of her life, she limited her physical contact with others, including her on-off love interest, Gambit, but, after many years, Rogue finally gained full control over her mutant ability. Hailing from the fictional Caldecott County, Mississippi, Rogue is the X-Mens self-described southern belle, a runaway, she was adopted by Mystique of the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants and grew up as a villain. After Rogue permanently absorbs Ms. Marvels psyche and Kree powers, she reforms and turns to the X-Men, Rogues real name and early history were not revealed until nearly 20 years after her introduction. Until the back story provided by Robert Rodi in the ongoing Rogue series and her name was revealed as Anna Marie, although her surname is still unknown. She has sometimes adopted the name Raven, which is the first name of her foster mother Mystique, Rogue has been one of the most prominent members of the X-Men since the 1980s. She was ranked tenth in Comics Buyers Guides 100 Sexiest Women in Comics list, Rogue has been featured in most of the X-Men animated series, and various video games. In the X-Men film series, she is portrayed by Anna Paquin and her visual cue is often the white streak that runs through her hair. Rogues first published appearance was in Avengers Annual #10 and she made her first X-Book appearance in Uncanny X-Men #158 and joined the X-Men in Uncanny X-Men #171. Rogue has also had two miniseries and one ongoing title, Rogues real name and early history were not revealed until more than 20 years after her introduction. Until the back story provided by Robert Rodi in the ongoing Rogue series, begun in September 2004 and this resulted in Rodis version of Rogues origins inadvertently conflicting with earlier information. Rogue is a character in Uncanny Avengers, beginning with issue #1. Her parents, Owen and Priscilla, married early in their relationship and lived in a hippie commune in Caldecott County. Born as Anna Marie, she enjoyed the attentions of her Aunt Carrie. Anna Marie was raised speaking colloquial English and French, common to the Mississippi bayou area, the communes failed attempt to use Native American mysticism to reach the Far Banks resulted in Priscillas disappearance. Carrie took over Annas care, and in her grief at the loss of her sister, was a strict, Anna Marie was a rebellious child and, at some point, the exact event or reasons still unclear, she ran away from home as a young teenager
23.
X-Men (film series)
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X-Men is an American media franchise of 21st Century Fox that is centered on a series of superhero films, produced by 20th Century Fox. The franchise is based on the fictional X-Men characters, who appeared in a series of comic books created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. A prequel, X-Men, First Class, was released in 2011, followed by X-Men, Days of Future Past in 2014, Deadpool was also released in 2016 and became the highest-grossing film of the series, as well as the highest-grossing worldwide R-rated film of all time. The film series is the seventh-highest-grossing, having earned over US$4.9 billion worldwide, X-Men, X2, X-Men, First Class, X-Men, Days of Future Past and the spin-offs The Wolverine, Deadpool and Logan were all met with positive reviews. X-Men and X2 were particularly lauded by critics for their dark, realistic tones and subtexts dealing with discrimination, X-Men, The Last Stand and X-Men, Apocalypse were met with mixed reviews, while X-Men Origins, Wolverine received negative reviews from critics. Since 2000, the series has expanded to include comic books, videogames, live action television series. Hugh Jackman has appeared in films in the series than any other actor. The film introduces Wolverine and Rogue into the conflict between Professor Xaviers X-Men and the Brotherhood of Mutants, led by Magneto, in 1994, 20th Century Fox and producer Lauren Shuler Donner bought the film rights to the X-Men. Andrew Kevin Walker was hired to write, and James Cameron expressed interest in producing, eventually, Bryan Singer signed on to direct in July 1996. Although he was not a comic fan, Singer was fascinated by the analogies of prejudice. John Logan, Joss Whedon, Ed Solomon, Christopher McQuarrie, principal photography began in September 1999 in Toronto, Canada, and ended in March 2000. The film was released on July 14,2000, in the film, Colonel William Stryker brainwashes and questions the imprisoned Magneto about Professor Xaviers mutant-locating machine, Cerebro. Stryker attacks the X-Mansion and brainwashes Xavier into locating every mutant on the planet to kill them, the X-Men must team up with the Brotherhood to prevent Strykers worldwide genocide. Hayter and Zak Penn were hired to write their own scripts for the sequel, Michael Dougherty and Dan Harris were hired to re-write the script in February 2002, writing around 26 drafts and 150 on set. Principal photography began in June 2002 in Vancouver, Canada, the film was released on May 2,2003. In the film, a company has developed a suppressor of the mutant gene. Magneto declares war on the humans and retrieves his own weapon, Phoenix, a final battle between the X-Men and the Brotherhood ensues, and Wolverine must accept that in order to stop Grey, he will have to kill her. Singer initially intended to shoot the film back-to-back with a fourth film, Penn and Simon Kinberg were hired the following month
24.
X-Men (film)
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X-Men is a 2000 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name, distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the first installment in the X-Men film series, followed by X2 in 2003 and X-Men and it depicts a world in which a small proportion of people are mutants, whose possession of superhuman powers makes them distrusted by normal humans. Development for X-Men began as far back as 1984 with Orion Pictures, at one point James Cameron and Kathryn Bigelow were in discussions. The film rights went to 20th Century Fox in 1994 and various scripts and film treatments were commissioned from Andrew Kevin Walker, John Logan, Joss Whedon, and Michael Chabon. Singer signed to direct in 1996, with rewrites by Ed Solomon, Singer, Tom DeSanto, Christopher McQuarrie and Hayter in which Beast. X-Men marks the Hollywood debut of actor Hugh Jackman, who was a choice for Wolverine. Filming took place from September 22,1999 to March 3,2000, X-Men was released to positive reviews and was a financial success, starting the X-Men film franchise and spawning a reemergence of superhero films. In 1944 German-occupied Poland, young Erik Lehnsherr is separated from his parents upon entering a concentration camp, while trying to reach them, he causes a set of metal gates to bend towards him before being knocked out by guards. Senator Robert Kelly attempts to pass a Mutant Registration Act in Congress, present are the mutants Lehnsherr and the telepathic Professor Charles Xavier. Seeing Lehnsherr in attendance, Xavier becomes concerned with how he will respond to the Registration Act, in Meridian, Mississippi, 17-year-old Marie DAncanto accidentally puts her boyfriend into a coma upon kissing him, her mutant ability to absorb the powers and life force of others manifesting. She runs away home and adopts the name Rogue. In Alberta she meets a mutant named Logan, also known as Wolverine, while on the road together, they are attacked by a mutant named Sabretooth, and mutants Cyclops and Storm arrive and save them. Wolverine and Rogue are brought to Xaviers mansion and school for mutants in Westchester County, Xavier tells Logan that Lehnsherr, also known as Magneto, has taken an interest in Wolverine, and he asks him to stay while Xaviers mutants, the X-Men, investigate why. Rogue meanwhile enrolls in the school, Senator Kelly is abducted by Magnetos allies Toad and the shapeshifter Mystique. Magneto uses Kelly as a test subject for a machine powered by his abilities that regenerates a field of radiation. When Rogue uses her power on Wolverine in view of her classmates, she is convinced by Mystique that Xavier is angry with her, Xavier uses his mutant-locating machine Cerebro to find Rogue at a train station, and the X-Men go to retrieve her. Meanwhile Mystique enters Cerebro and sabotages it, at the train station, Magneto reveals he does not want Wolverine but Rogue, whom he abducts. Kelly arrives at Xaviers school and Xavier reads his mind to learn about Magnetos machine, realizing the strain of powering it nearly killed Magneto, the group deduces he intends to transfer his powers to Rogue and use her to power it at the cost of her life
25.
Sookie Stackhouse
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Sookie Stackhouse is a fictional character and protagonist of The Southern Vampire Mysteries book series, written by Charlaine Harris. In HBOs television adaptation, True Blood, Sookie is portrayed by Anna Paquin, Sookie was created by Charlaine Harris. Harris stated that she decided to shake up writing style by trying something new, the author said that to do this she would include all the elements I loved, mystery, the supernatural, bloody adventure, and a dash of romance. And since people had told me for years that I had a sense of humor, I thought it would be interesting to try to include that in the book. Harris went on to establish the protagonist of the series, when naming the character Harris decided to use her grandmothers best friends name because it was a fine old Southern nickname, I thought it would do well for my heroine. And Stackhouse just flowed right after it, Sookie, Sooky, Sukie, Sukey, Sook etc. are historical Southern U. S. regional nicknames for Susannah or Susan. Harris wanted to write from the point of view of a human, Harris then decided she would have to establish a reason sensible Sookie would do such a crazy thing which led to her giving Sookie the power of telepathy. In an interview Harris stated that making Sookie telepathic is the worst thing I could think of to do to anybody and she explained this further saying it would just be absolutely horrible to know what people really thought about you. Harris felt that there are elements of Sookie in me—or, more correctly. I wish I were as brave as she is, Harris said that when writing for Sookie it is second nature to me to step into Sookies skin. Anna Paquin was cast in the HBO television adaptation True Blood, I think she does a great job, but shes just not my Sookie. Sookie, a telepath and waitress working in Merlottes Bar and Grill in Bon Temps and she meets and falls in love with Bill Compton, a vampire to whom she is attracted partly because she cannot read his mind. Sookie saves Bill from Denise and Mack Rattray who intend to drain their victims blood for use as a narcotic, Sookie is later attacked by the Rattrays but Bill saves Sookie and kills her attackers. Several murders occur in Bon Temps with Sookies brother Jason and Bill both becoming suspects due to the presence of fang marks on the victims and to their previous relationships with Jason. After Jason is arrested, Sookie visits a bar, Fangtasia. Sookie meets vampire sheriff Eric Northman who discovers the waitress telepathy, Sookie uses this ability to help Eric discover that vampire Long Shadow has been embezzling from Fangtasia. A confrontation ensues and Eric saves Sookies life by staking Long Shadow when he attacks her, Sookie discovers her Gran, Adele, has been murdered. Bill leaves to improve his position in the vampire hierarchy, Sookie discovers that her boss, Sam, is a shape-shifter
26.
HBO
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Home Box Office is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by Time Warner through its respective flagship company Home Box Office, Inc. HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service in the United States, in 2014, HBO had an adjusted operating income of US$1.79 billion, compared to the US$1.68 billion it accrued in 2013. HBO has 49 million subscribers in the United States and 130 million worldwide as of 2016, the network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels, including HBO Comedy, HBO Latino, HBO Signature and HBO Family. It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015, and has over 2 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2017. In addition to its U. S. subscriber base, HBO distributes content in at least 151 countries, HBO subscribers generally pay for an extra tier of service that includes other cable- and satellite-exclusive channels even before paying for the channel itself. Cable providers can require the use of a converter box – usually digital – in order to receive HBO, many HBO programs have been syndicated to other networks and broadcast television stations, and a number of HBO-produced series and films have been released on DVD. The new system, which Dolan named Sterling Information Services, became the first urban underground cable system in the United States. In that same year, Time-Life, Inc. purchased a 20% stake in Dolans company, in the summer of 1971, while on a family vacation in France, Charles Dolan began to think of ideas to make Sterling Manhattan profitable. He came up with the concept for a television service. Dolan later presented his idea to Time-Life management, though satellite distribution seemed only a distant possibility at the time, he persuaded Time-Life to back him on the project. To gauge whether consumers would be interested in subscribing to a pay television service, in a meeting of Dolan and some Time-Life executives who were working on the project, various other names were discussed for the new service. Home Box Office launched on November 8,1972, however, HBOs launch came without fanfare in the press, as it was not covered by any local or national media outlets. Home Box Office distributed its first sports event immediately after the film, Four months later in February 1973, Home Box Office aired its first television special, the Pennsylvania Polka Festival. Home Box Office would use a network of relay towers to distribute its programming to cable systems throughout its service area. Sterling Manhattan Cable continued to lose money because the company had only a small base of 20,000 customers in Manhattan. Time-Life dropped the Sterling name and the company was renamed Manhattan Cable Television under Time-Lifes control in March 1973, Gerald Levin, who had been with Home Box Office since it began operations as its vice president of programming, replaced Dolan as the companys president and chief executive officer. In September 1973, Time-Life, Inc. completed its acquisition of the pay service. HBO would eventually increase its fortunes within two years, by April 1975, the service had around 100,000 subscribers in Pennsylvania and New York state, in 1974, they settled on using a geostationary communications satellite to transmit HBO to cable providers throughout the United States
27.
Vampire films
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Vampire films have been a staple since the era of silent films, so much so that the depiction of vampires in popular culture is strongly based upon their depiction in films throughout the years. The most popular adaptation of vampire fiction has been from Bram Stokers Dracula. Running a distant second are adaptations of Carmilla by Sheridan Le Fanu, the legend of Elizabeth Báthory has also been an influence. By 2005, Dracula had been the subject of films than any other fictional character. As folklore, vampires are defined by their need to feed on blood and on their manipulative nature, early cinematic vampires in other such films as The Vampire, directed by Robert G. Vignola, were not undead bloodsucking fiends but vamps. Such femme fatales were inspired by a poem by Rudyard Kipling called The Vampire and this poem was written as kind of commentary on a painting of a female vampire by Philip Burne-Jones exhibited in the same year. Lyrics from Kiplings poem, A fool there was, describing a seduced man, were used as the title of the film A Fool There Was starring Theda Bara as the vamp in question and the poem was used in the publicity for the film. An authentic supernatural vampire features in the landmark Nosferatu starring Max Schreck as the hideous Count Orlok and this was an unlicensed version of Bram Stokers Dracula, based so closely on the novel that the estate sued and won, with all copies ordered to be destroyed. It would be restored in 1994 by a team of European scholars from the five surviving prints that had escaped destruction. The next classic treatment of the legend was an adaptation of the stage play based on Stokers novel Dracula. Lugosis performance was so popular that his Hungarian accent and sweeping gestures became characteristics now associated with Dracula. Five years after the release of the film, Universal released Draculas Daughter, a second sequel, Son of Dracula, starring Lon Chaney, Jr. followed in 1943. While Lugosi had played a vampire in two films during the 1930s and 1940s, it was only in this final film that he played Count Dracula on-screen for the second time. A transition between the Universal tradition and the later Hammer style is exemplified by the 1957 Mexican film El Vampiro that showed the vampire fangs, Dracula was reincarnated for a new generation in Hammer Films series, starring Christopher Lee as the Count. Lee returned as Dracula in all but two of the seven sequels, a more faithful adaptation of Stokers novel appeared as Dracula directed by Francis Ford Coppola though also identifying Count Dracula with the notorious medieval Balkan ruler Vlad the Impaler. A distinct subgenre of films, ultimately inspired by Le Fanus Carmilla explored the topic of the lesbian vampire. Although implied in Draculas Daughter, the first openly lesbian vampire was in Blood, more explicit lesbian content was provided in Hammers Karnstein Trilogy. The first of these, The Vampire Lovers, starring Ingrid Pitt and Madeline Smith, was a relatively straightforward re-telling of LeFanus novella, later films in this subgenre such as Vampyres became even more explicit in their depiction of sex, nudity and violence
28.
Television program
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It may be a single production, or more commonly, a series of related productions. A limited number of episodes of a show may be called a miniseries or a serial or limited series. Television series are without a fixed length and are divided into seasons or series. While there is no defined length, U. S. industry practice has traditionally favored longer television seasons than those of other countries, a one-time broadcast may be called a special, or particularly in the UK a special episode. A television film is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in theaters or direct-to-video, a program can be either recorded, as on video tape, other various electronic media forms, played with an on-demand player or viewed on live television. Television programs may be fictional, or non-fictional and it may be topical, or historical. They could be primarily instructional or educational, or entertaining as is the case in situation comedy, a drama program usually features a set of actors playing characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures, except for soap opera-type serials, many shows especially before the 1980s, remained static without story arcs, and the main characters and premise changed little. If some change happened to the characters lives during the episode, because of this, the episodes could be broadcast in any order. Since the 1980s, there are series that feature progressive change to the plot. For instance, Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere were two of the first American prime time television series to have this kind of dramatic structure. While the later series, Babylon 5 is an example of such production that had a predetermined story running over its intended five-season run. In 2012, it was reported that television was growing into a component of major media companies revenues than film. Some also noted the increase in quality of television programs. When a person or company decides to create a new series, they develop the elements, consisting of the concept, the characters, the crew. Then they offer it to the networks in an attempt to find one interested enough to order a prototype first episode of the series. They want very much to get the word out on what types of shows they’re looking for, to create the pilot, the structure and team of the whole series must be put together. If the network likes the pilot, they pick up the show to air it the next season, sometimes they save it for mid-season, or request rewrites and further review
29.
True Blood
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True Blood is an American dark fantasy horror television series produced and created by Alan Ball and based on The Southern Vampire Mysteries series of novels by Charlaine Harris. Now they are struggling for equal rights and assimilation, while anti-vampire organizations begin to gain power, the show was broadcast on the premium cable network HBO, in the United States, and was produced by HBO in association with Balls production company, Your Face Goes Here Entertainment. The series premiered on September 7,2008 and concluded on August 24,2014, the first five seasons received highly positive reviews, and both nominations and wins for several awards, including a Golden Globe and an Emmy. Throughout the series, other creatures are introduced, among them shapeshifters, werewolves, faeries, witches. The series revolves around Sookie Stackhouse, a telepathic human-faerie hybrid known as a halfling, Sookie is a waitress at Merlottes Bar and Grill, owned by Sam Merlotte in the small Louisiana town of Bon Temps. Sam is a shapeshifter, though this secret is hidden from most of the town. Series creator Alan Ball had previously worked with the cable channel HBO on Six Feet Under, in October 2005, after Six Feet Under wrapped, Ball signed a two-year agreement with HBO to develop and produce original programming for the network. True Blood became the first project under the deal, after Ball became acquainted with Charlaine Harris Southern Vampire Mystery books. One day, while early for an appointment, Ball was browsing through a Barnes & Noble bookshop and came across Dead Until Dark. He read the entries that followed and became interested in bringing vision to television, however, Harris already had two other adaptation options for the books. She said she chose to work him, though, because really got me. Thats how he convinced me to go with him, I just felt that he understood what I was doing with the books. The projects hour-long pilot was ordered concurrently with the finalization of the development deal, and was written, directed. Cast members Paquin, Kwanten and Trammell were announced in February 2007, the pilot was shot in the early summer of 2007 and was officially ordered to series in August, at which point Ball had already written several more episodes. Production on the series later that fall, with Brook Kerr. Two more episodes of the series had been filmed before the 2007-08 Writers Guild of America strike shut down production of the 12-episode first season until 2008, ideas of redemption and forgiveness are also explored, and thus the sequence progresses from morning to night and culminates in a baptism. The title sequence was created by the independent film company Digital Kitchen, the sequence also features images and themes of death and rebirth, the circle of life. A Venus fly-trap can be seen engulfing a frog, while a rotting foxs head is sped up to reveal maggots feeding off the corpse
30.
Golden Globe Award
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Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
31.
Screen Actors Guild Award
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The statuette given, a nude male figure holding both a mask of comedy and a mask of tragedy, is called The Actor. It is 16 inches tall, weighs over 12 pounds, is cast in solid bronze, SAG Awards have been one of the major awards events in Hollywood since 1995. It is considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards, the awards have been telecast since 1998 on TNT, and since 2007 have been simulcast on TBS. The inaugural SAG Awards aired live on February 25,1995 from Universal Studios Stage 12, the second SAG awards aired live from the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, while subsequent awards have been held at the Shrine Exposition Center
32.
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (film)
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Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee is a 2007 television film adapted from the book of the same name by Dee Brown. The film was written by Daniel Giat, directed by Yves Simoneau, the title of the film and the book is taken from a line in the Stephen Vincent Benet poem American Names. It was shot in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. S. government policies designed to strip his people of their identity, their dignity and their sacred land, senator Henry L. Grant for more humane treatment of the Indians. He opposes the adversarial stance of General William Tecumseh Sherman, the Dawes Commission develops a proposal to break up the Great Sioux Reservation to allow for American demands for land while preserving enough land for the Sioux to live on. The Commissions plan is held up by Sitting Bulls opposition and he has risen to leadership among the Sioux as one of the last chiefs to fight for their independence. Dawes, in turn, urges Eastman to help him convince the recalcitrant tribal leaders, after witnessing conditions on the Sioux reservation, Eastman refuses. The assassination of Sitting Bull and the massacre of nearly 200 Indian men, women and children by the 7th Cavalry at Wounded Knee Creek on December 29,1890 ended such hopes. Henry L. Dawes wanted to increase the cultural assimilation of Native Americans into American society by his Dawes Act, during the 47 years of implementing the Act, Native Americans lost about 90 million acres of treaty land, or about two-thirds of their 1887 land base. About 90,000 Indians were made landless, the Implementation of the Dawes Act disrupted Native American tribes communal life, culture, and unity
33.
The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler
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The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler is a 2009 television film directed by John Kent Harrison. The film is a co-production between American and Polish companies, Irena Sendler is a Catholic social worker who has sympathized with the Jews since her childhood, when her physician father died of typhus contracted while treating poor Jewish patients. When she initially proposes saving Jewish children from the Warsaw Ghetto, her idea is met with skepticism by fellow workers, her parish priest, and even her own mother Janina. Many fear they will never see again, and she assures them she will document where each child is sent to facilitate their reunion with their parents once the war is over. Among those helping Irena is Stefan, a Jewish friend from her university days, eventually Irena is arrested by the Gestapo and placed in captivity, where she undergoes interrogation accompanied by torture. However, she refuses to name those who helped her and she is sentenced to death by firing squad, but at the last moment a guard, bribed by the Polish Home Army resistance movement, frees her. After briefly visiting her mother, Irena is taken to a remote rural farm. In an epilogue, we learn Irena and Stefan eventually married, John Maynard of the Washington Post observed, Comparisons to Steven Spielbergs Schindlers List are inevitable. Of course, no TV movie could offer the beauty and complexity of Spielbergs Oscar-winning film, there are a few harrowing moments that skillfully bring home the human and emotional cost of the war, but mostly the TV movie plays like too many other things weve seen before. Yet as directed by John Kent Harrison, theres persistent tension throughout the movie. Rescuers, Stories of Courage, Two Women The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler at the Internet Movie Database The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler at CBS. com Hallmark Hall of Fame news release
34.
Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand
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The Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand is a left-wing political party in New Zealand. Like many Green parties around the world it has four pillars, ecology, social responsibility, grassroots democracy and it is a member of the Global Greens. The party has both a male and female co-leader, currently Metiria Turei and James Shaw, the male co-leader position was vacant following the November 2005 death of Rod Donald until the 2006 annual general meeting when Russel Norman was elected using the alternative vote system. Following former female co-leader Jeanette Fitzsimonss decision to step down in February 2009, Shaw was elected at the Partys 2015 AGM over fellow MPs Gareth Hughes and Kevin Hague, and Party member Vernon Tava. In the 2014 general election, the Green Partys share of the party vote fell slightly to 10. 70% from 11. 06% in 2011 and it is the third largest political party in the House of Representatives with 14 seats. In addition, the Green Party contests Auckland Council elections under the City Vision banner, in concert with the Labour Party, the Greens place particular emphasis on environmental issues. In recent times, they have expressed concerns about mining of national parks, fresh water, climate change, peak oil and they have also spoken out in support of human rights, and against the military operations conducted by the United States and other countries in Afghanistan and Iraq. In its economic policies, the Green Party stresses factors such as sustainability, taxing the indirect costs of pollution and it also states that measuring economic success should concentrate on measuring well-being rather than analysing economic indicators. The party has said if it forms a government in the 2017 election it will legalise cannabis. Under its proposal, people would be able to legally grow, the party would also urgently amend the law so sick people using medicinal marijuana were not penalised. This world is finite, therefore unlimited material growth is impossible, social responsibility, Unlimited material growth is impossible. Therefore the key to social responsibility is the just distribution of social and natural resources, appropriate decision-making, For the implementation of ecological wisdom and social responsibility, decisions will be made directly at the appropriate level by those affected. Non-violence, Non-violent conflict resolution is the process by which ecological wisdom, social responsibility and this principle applies at all levels. The Executive is the administrative body, responsible for the day to day overall administration of the party, instructed by and answerable to the membership, provinces. A province is a collection of branches which has sufficient sense of common identity defined by geographical boundaries. Branches are a collection of members with a geographical area of responsibility. There are a number of identity or interest-based networks across the party, the Values Party originated in 1972 at Victoria University of Wellington. While it gained a measure of support in several elections
35.
Russel Norman
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Russel William Norman is a New Zealand politician and environmentalist. He was a Member of Parliament and former co-leader of the Green Party, Norman resigned as an MP in October 2015 to work as Executive Director of Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand. Norman was born in Brisbane, Australia, and worked a number of unskilled roles after dropping out of medical school. As a student in Queensland, his first ever vote in 1986 was motivated by the desire to oust the Premier of Queensland at the time, Norman moved to New Zealand in 1997, saying this was to observe the red-green Alliance coalition. He wrote his political science PhD thesis on the Alliance, and was active within the party, in New Zealand Norman became involved in organic farming, and was active in the Auckland branch of the Green Party, helping to set up the Waikehe branch. Later, he worked as an assistant to Green MPs Sue Kedgley, Nándor Tánczos and he was a researcher for the party from 2002 to 2004 and was the national campaign manager prior to the 2005 election and the national Party Development Co-ordinator afterwards. Following the death of Rod Donald, Norman put his name forward as a contender for the male co-leader position. He won the position on 3 June 2006 at the meeting, beating Tanczos, David Clendon. In the 2002 election general election, Norman contested the Rimutaka electorate and he was ranked seventeenth on the Green Party list. In the 2005 elections, he did not contest an electorate, on 27 June 2008 Norman was declared elected to parliament when Tanczos resigned after Ward and Catherine Delahunty, who were above Norman on the party list, agreed to stand aside. In the 2008 general election Norman stood in the Rongotai electorate against senior Labour Cabinet Minister Annette King and he placed third in the electorate, but was second on his partys list, and so was returned to parliament. Norman stood as the Green Partys candidate for the Mount Albert by-election in 2009, Norman came third with 12. 09% of the vote. In June 2010, Norman claimed he was assaulted by Chinese security staff when he protested against a visiting Chinese delegation of the Vice President Xi Jinping with a Tibetan snow lion flag. Norman lodged a complaint of assault with the New Zealand Police and the Speaker of the House, in January 2015, shortly after the birth of his third child, Norman announced he would standing down as co-leader of the Green Party. However, he has said he would remain as a Green MP for the foreseeable future, Norman was succeeded by James Shaw as co-leader on 30 May 2015. This will enable the person on the Green Party list, Marama Davidson. In his valedictory speech in Parliament, he spoke about the loss of democracy in New Zealand, as of 2011 Norman and his partner, Katya Paquin, live with their two sons and a daughter in Hataitai. In 2012 when Norman and David Shearer shaved their heads for an appeal, he revealed that he had had a melanoma mole removed from his forearm at age 15
36.
Dutch people
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The Dutch, occasionally referred to as Netherlanders—a term that is cognate to the Dutch word for Dutch people, Nederlanders—are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands. They share a culture and speak the Dutch language. The high degree of urbanization characteristic of Dutch society was attained at an early date. During the Republic the first series of large scale Dutch migrations outside of Europe took place, despite the small size of the Netherlands, the Dutch left behind a legacy in excess of their mere numbers. The traditional art and culture of the Dutch encompasses various forms of music, dances, architectural styles and clothing. Internationally, Dutch painters such as Rembrandt, Vermeer and Van Gogh are held in high regard, the dominant religion of the Dutch is Christianity, although in modern times the majority is no longer religious. Significant percentages of the Dutch are adherents of humanism, agnosticism, atheism or individual spirituality, as with all ethnic groups the ethnogenesis of the Dutch has been a lengthy and complex process. The text below hence focuses on the history of the Dutch ethnic group, for Dutch national history, for Dutch colonial history, see the article on the Dutch Empire. Following the end of the period in the West around 500, with large federations settling the decaying Roman Empire. In the Low Countries, this began when the Franks, themselves a union of multiple smaller tribes. Eventually, in 358, the Salian Franks, one of the three main subdivisions among the Frankish alliance settled the areas Southern lands as foederati, Roman allies in charge of border defense. On a political level, the Frankish warlords abandoned tribalism and founded a number of kingdoms, however, the population make-up of the Frankish Empire, or even early Frankish kingdoms such as Neustria and Austrasia, was not dominated by Franks. Though the Frankish leaders controlled most of Western Europe, the Franks themselves were confined to the Northwestern part of the Empire, the current Dutch-French language border has remained virtually identical ever since, and could be seen as marking the furthest pale of gallicization among the Franks. The medieval cities of the Low Countries, which experienced major growth during the 11th and 12th century, were instrumental in breaking down the already relatively loose local form of feudalism, as they became increasingly powerful, they used their economical strength to influence the politics of their nobility. While the cities were of political importance, they also formed catalysts for medieval Dutch culture. The various city guilds as well as the necessity of water boards in the Dutch delta and it is also around this time, that ethnonyms such as Diets and Nederlands emerge. This process marked a new episode in the development of the Dutch ethnic group, as now political unity started to emerge, consolidating the strengthened cultural, despite their linguistic and cultural unity, and economic similarities, there was still little sense of political unity among the Dutch people. However, the centralist policies of Burgundy in the 14th and 15th centuries, at first violently opposed by the cities of the Low Countries, had a profound impact and changed this
37.
French people
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The French are an ethnic group and nation who are identified with the country of France. This connection may be legal, historical, or cultural, modern French society can be considered a melting pot. To be French, according to the first article of the French Constitution, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of origin, race. The debate concerning the integration of this view with the underlying the European Community remains open. A large number of foreigners have traditionally been permitted to live in France, indeed, the country has long valued its openness, tolerance and the quality of services available. Application for French citizenship is often interpreted as a renunciation of previous state allegiance unless a dual citizenship agreement exists between the two countries, the European treaties have formally permitted movement and European citizens enjoy formal rights to employment in the state sector. Seeing itself as a nation with universal values, France has always valued. However, the success of such assimilation has recently called into question. There is increasing dissatisfaction with, and within, growing ethno-cultural enclaves, the 2005 French riots in some troubled and impoverished suburbs were an example of such tensions. However they should not be interpreted as ethnic conflicts but as social conflicts born out of socioeconomic problems endangering proper integration, the name France etymologically derives from the word Francia, the territory of the Franks. The Franks were a Germanic tribe that overran Roman Gaul at the end of the Roman Empire, in the pre-Roman era, all of Gaul was inhabited by a variety of peoples who were known collectively as the Gaulish tribes. Gaul was militarily conquered in 58-51 BCE by the Roman legions under the command of General Julius Caesar, the area then became part of the Roman Empire. Over the next five centuries the two cultures intermingled, creating a hybridized Gallo-Roman culture, the Gaulish vernacular language disappeared step by step to be replaced everywhere by Vulgar Latin, which would later develop under Frankish influence into the French language in the North of France. With the decline of the Roman Empire in Western Europe, a federation of Germanic peoples entered the picture, the Franks were Germanic pagans who began to settle in northern Gaul as laeti, already during the Roman era. They continued to filter across the Rhine River from present-day Netherlands, at the beginning, they served in the Roman army and reached high commands. Their language is spoken as a kind of Dutch in northern France. Another Germanic people immigrated massively to Alsace, the Alamans, which explains the Alemannic German spoken there and they were competitors of the Franks, thats why it became at the Renaissance time the word for German in French, Allemand. By the early 6th century the Franks, led by the Merovingian king Clovis I and his sons, had consolidated their hold on much of modern-day France, the Vikings eventually intermarried with the local people, converting to Christianity in the process
38.
Irish people
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The Irish people are a nation and ethnic group native to the island of Ireland, who share a common Irish ancestry, identity and culture. Ireland has been inhabited for about 9,000 years according to archaeological studies, for most of Irelands recorded history, the Irish have been primarily a Gaelic people. Today, Ireland is made up of the Republic of Ireland, the people of Northern Ireland hold various national identities, including Irish, Northern Irish, British, or some combination thereof. The Irish have their own customs, language, music, dance, sports, cuisine, although Irish was their main language in the past, today the huge majority of Irish people speak English as their first language. Historically, the Irish nation was made up of kin groups or clans, there have been many notable Irish people throughout history. After Irelands conversion to Christianity, Irish missionaries and scholars exerted great influence on Western Europe, the 6th-century Irish monk and missionary Columbanus is regarded as one of the fathers of Europe, followed by saints Cillian and Fergal. The scientist Robert Boyle is considered the father of chemistry, famous Irish writers include Oscar Wilde, W. B. Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Bram Stoker and James Joyce, notable Irish explorers include Brendan the Navigator, Robert McClure, Ernest Shackleton and Tom Crean. By some accounts, the first European child born in North America had Irish descent on both sides, many presidents of the United States have had some Irish ancestry. The population of Ireland is about 6.3 million, but it is estimated that 50 to 80 million people around the world have Irish forebears, historically, emigration from Ireland has been the result of conflict, famine and economic issues. People of Irish descent are mainly in English-speaking countries, especially the United Kingdom. There are also significant numbers in Argentina, Mexico and New Zealand, the United States has the most people of Irish descent, while in Australia those of Irish descent are a higher percentage of the population than in any other country. Many Icelanders have Irish and Scottish Gaelic forebears, in its summary of their article Who were the Celts. The National Museum Wales notes It is possible that genetic studies of ancient. However, early studies have, so far, tended to produce implausible conclusions from very small numbers of people and using outdated assumptions about linguistics, nineteenth century anthropology studied the physical characteristics of Irish people in minute detail. During the past 10,000 years of inhabitation, Ireland has witnessed some different peoples arrive on its shores, the ancient peoples of Ireland—such as the creators of the Céide Fields and Newgrange—are almost unknown. Neither their languages nor terms they used to describe themselves have survived, as late as the middle centuries of the 1st millennium the inhabitants of Ireland did not appear to have a collective name for themselves. Ireland itself was known by a number of different names, including Banba, Fódla, Ériu by the islanders, Iouerne and Hiverne to the Greeks, other Latin names for people from Ireland in Classic and Mediaeval sources include Attacotti and Gael
39.
Viola
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The viola is a string instrument that is bowed or played with varying techniques. It is slightly larger than a violin and has a lower and deeper sound. Since the 18th century it has been the middle or alto voice of the family, between the violin and the cello. The strings from low to high are generally tuned to C3, G3, D4. In the past, the viola varied in size and style as did its names, the Italians often used the term, viola da braccio meaning literally, of the arm. Brazzo was another Italian word referring to the viola which the Germans adopted in the form, the French had their own names, Cinquiesme was a small viola, Haute Contre was a large viola and Taile meant Tenor. In the modern era, the French use the term Alto, the viola had enjoyed popularity in the heyday of five-part harmony up until the eighteenth century, taking three lines of the harmony and occasionally playing the melody line. Music that is written for the viola differs from that of most other instruments in that it uses the alto clef. Viola music switches to the treble clef when there are sections of music written in a higher register to make the notes easier to read. The viola often plays the voices in string quartets and symphonic writing. The viola occasionally plays a major, soloistic role in orchestral music, examples include Don Quixote by Richard Strauss and Harold en Italie by Hector Berlioz. In the earlier part of the 20th century, more composers began to write for the viola, encouraged by the emergence of specialized soloists such as Lionel Tertis and William Primrose. English composers Arthur Bliss, York Bowen, Benjamin Dale, Frank Bridge, Benjamin Britten and Ralph Vaughan Williams all wrote substantial chamber, many of these pieces were commissioned by, or written for Lionel Tertis. William Walton, Bohuslav Martinů, Toru Takemitsu, Tibor Serly, Alfred Schnittke, Paul Hindemith wrote a substantial amount of music for viola, including the concerto Der Schwanendreher. The concerti by Paul Hindemith, Béla Bartók, and William Walton are the big three of viola repertoire, the viola is similar in material and construction to the violin. A full-size violas body is between 25 mm and 100 mm longer than the body of a violin, with an average length of 41 cm. Small violas typically made for children typically start at 30 cm, for a child who needs a smaller size, a fractional-sized violin is often strung with the strings of a viola. Unlike the violin, the viola does not have a full size. The body of a viola would need to measure about 51 cm long to match the acoustics of a violin, there have been several experiments intended to increase the size of the viola, in the interest of improving the instruments sound
40.
Cello
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The cello or violoncello is a bowed or plucked string instrument with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. The strings from low to high are generally tuned to C2, G2, D3 and A3 and it is a member of the violin family of musical instruments, which also includes the violin and viola and the double bass. The cello is used as a musical instrument, as well as in chamber music ensembles, string orchestras, as a member of the string section of symphony orchestras. It is the second-largest and second lowest bowed string instrument in the symphony orchestra. Cello parts are written in the bass clef, but both tenor clef and treble clefs are used for higher-range parts, both in orchestral/chamber music parts and in solo cello works. A person who plays the cello is called a cellist or violoncellist, in a small Classical ensemble, such as a string quartet, the cello typically plays the bass part, the lowest-pitched musical line of the piece. In orchestra, in Baroque era and Classical music period, the cello plays the bass part. In Baroque era music, the cello is used to play the basso continuo bassline, in a Baroque performance, the cello player might be joined by other bass instruments, playing double bass, viol or other low-register instruments. The name cello is a contraction of the Italian violoncello, which means little violone, in modern symphony orchestras, it is the second largest stringed instrument. Thus, the name contained both the augmentative -one and the diminutive -cello. By the turn of the 20th century, it had become common to shorten the name to cello and it is now customary to use cello without apostrophe as the full designation. Viol is derived from the viola, which was derived from Medieval Latin vitula. Cellos are tuned in fifths, starting with C2, followed by G2, D3 and it is tuned in the same intervals as the viola, but an octave lower. Unlike the violin or viola but similar to the double bass, the cello is most closely associated with European classical music, and has been described as the closest sounding instrument to the human voice. The instrument is a part of the orchestra, as part of the string section. A large number of concertos and sonatas have been written for the cello, among the most well-known Baroque works for the cello are Johann Sebastian Bachs six unaccompanied Suites. The Prelude from the First Suite is particularly famous, romantic era repertoire includes the Robert Schumann Concerto, the Antonín Dvořák Concerto as well as the two sonatas and the Double Concerto by Johannes Brahms. The cello is increasingly common in traditional music, especially Scottish fiddle music
41.
Piano
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The piano is an acoustic, stringed musical instrument invented around the year 1700, in which the strings are struck by hammers. It is played using a keyboard, which is a row of keys that the performer presses down or strikes with the fingers and thumbs of both hands to cause the hammers to strike the strings. The word piano is a form of pianoforte, the Italian term for the early 1700s versions of the instrument. The first fortepianos in the 1700s had a sound and smaller dynamic range. An acoustic piano usually has a wooden case surrounding the soundboard and metal strings. Pressing one or more keys on the keyboard causes a padded hammer to strike the strings. The hammer rebounds from the strings, and the continue to vibrate at their resonant frequency. These vibrations are transmitted through a bridge to a soundboard that amplifies by more efficiently coupling the acoustic energy to the air, when the key is released, a damper stops the strings vibration, ending the sound. Notes can be sustained, even when the keys are released by the fingers and thumbs and this means that the piano can play 88 different pitches, going from the deepest bass range to the highest treble. The black keys are for the accidentals, which are needed to play in all twelve keys, more rarely, some pianos have additional keys. Most notes have three strings, except for the bass that graduates from one to two, the strings are sounded when keys are pressed or struck, and silenced by dampers when the hands are lifted from the keyboard. There are two types of piano, the grand piano and the upright piano. The grand piano is used for Classical solos, chamber music and art song and it is used in jazz. The upright piano, which is compact, is the most popular type, as they are a better size for use in private homes for domestic music-making. During the nineteenth century, music publishers produced many works in arrangements for piano, so that music lovers could play. The piano is widely employed in classical, jazz, traditional and popular music for solo and ensemble performances, accompaniment, with technological advances, amplified electric pianos, electronic pianos, and digital pianos have also been developed. The electric piano became an instrument in the 1960s and 1970s genres of jazz fusion, funk music. The piano was founded on earlier technological innovations in keyboard instruments, pipe organs have been used since Antiquity, and as such, the development of pipe organs enabled instrument builders to learn about creating keyboard mechanisms for sounding pitches
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Gymnastics
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Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring balance, strength, flexibility, agility, endurance and control. The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to the development of the arms, legs, shoulders, chest, alertness, precision, daring, self-confidence and self-discipline are mental traits that can also be developed through gymnastics. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the ancient Greeks that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, most forms of competitive gymnastics events are governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique. Each country has its own governing body affiliated to FIG. Competitive artistic gymnastics is the best known of the gymnastic events and it typically involves the womens events of vault, uneven bars, balance beam and floor exercise. Mens events are floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars, other FIG disciplines include rhythmic gymnastics, trampolining and tumbling, acrobatic gymnastics and aerobic gymnastics. Disciplines not currently recognized by FIG include wheel gymnastics, aesthetic group gymnastics, mens rhythmic gymnastics and TeamGym. The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective Greek, by way of the related verb γυμνάζω, whose meaning is to train naked, train in gymnastic exercise, generally to train, the verb had this meaning, because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing. It came into use in the 1570s, from Latin gymnasticus, from Greek gymnastikos fond of or skilled in bodily exercise, Gymnastics originated in ancient Spain and was originally intended for military training, where it was used by soldiers to prepare for warfare. Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano, was born on February 19,1770 in Valencia and he was a Spanish colonel, and the first person to introduce educative gymnastic in France. Jahn promoted the use of bars, rings and high bars in international competition. The Federation of International Gymnastics was founded in Liege in 1881, by the end of the nineteenth century, mens gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events, the first womens Olympic competition was primitive, only involving synchronized calisthenics and track and field. These games were held in 1928, in Amsterdam, by 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in modern format, and uniform grading structures had been agreed upon. At this time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, television has helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both mens and womens gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, in 2006, a new points system for Artistic gymnastics was put into play. With an A Score being the difficulty score, which as of 2009 is based on the top 8 high scoring elements in a routine, the B Score, is the score for execution, and is given for how well the skills are performed. The following disciplines are governed by FIG, Artistic Gymnastics is usually divided into Mens and Womens Gymnastics
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