1.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
Paris
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In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
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Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris
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The
Palais de la Cité and
Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
2.
French Third Republic
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It came to an end on 10 July 1940. Harsh reparations exacted by the Prussians after the war resulted in the loss of the French regions of Alsace and Lorraine, social upheaval, and the establishment of the Paris Commune. The early governments of the Third Republic considered re-establishing the monarchy, but confusion as to the nature of that monarchy, thus, the Third Republic, which was originally intended as a provisional government, instead became the permanent government of France. The French Constitutional Laws of 1875 defined the composition of the Third Republic and it consisted of a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate to form the legislative branch of government and a president to serve as head of state. The period from the start of World War I to the late 1930s featured sharply polarized politics, Adolphe Thiers called republicanism in the 1870s the form of government that divides France least, however, politics under the Third Republic were sharply polarized. On the left stood Reformist France, heir to the French Revolution, on the right stood conservative France, rooted in the peasantry, the Roman Catholic Church and the army. The Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 resulted in the defeat of France, after Napoleons capture by the Prussians at the Battle of Sedan, Parisian deputies led by Léon Gambetta established the Government of National Defence as a provisional government on 4 September 1870. The deputies then selected General Louis-Jules Trochu to serve as its president and this first government of the Third Republic ruled during the Siege of Paris. After the French surrender in January 1871, the provisional Government of National Defence disbanded, French territories occupied by Prussia at this time did not participate. The resulting conservative National Assembly elected Adolphe Thiers as head of a provisional government, due to the revolutionary and left-wing political climate that prevailed in the Parisian population, the right-wing government chose the royal palace of Versailles as its headquarters. The new government negotiated a settlement with the newly proclaimed German Empire. To prompt the Prussians to leave France, the government passed a variety of laws, such as the controversial Law of Maturities. The following repression of the communards would have consequences for the labor movement. The Orléanists supported a descendant of King Louis Philippe I, the cousin of Charles X who replaced him as the French monarch in 1830, his grandson Louis-Philippe, Comte de Paris. The Bonapartists were marginalized due to the defeat of Napoléon III and were unable to advance the candidacy of any member of his family, the Bonaparte family. Legitimists and Orléanists came to a compromise, eventually, whereby the childless Comte de Chambord would be recognised as king, consequently, in 1871 the throne was offered to the Comte de Chambord. Chambord believed the monarchy had to eliminate all traces of the Revolution in order to restore the unity between the monarchy and the nation, which the revolution had sundered apart. Compromise on this was if the nation were to be made whole again
French Third Republic
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A French propaganda poster from 1917 is captioned with an 18th century quote: "Even in 1788, Mirabeau was saying that War is the National Industry of Prussia."
French Third Republic
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Flag
French Third Republic
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The
Sacré-Cœur Basilica was built as a symbol of the Ordre Moral.
French Third Republic
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In France, children were taught in school not to forget the lost provinces of
Alsace-Lorraine, which were coloured in black on maps.
3.
Nikos Papatakis
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Nikos Papatakis was a Greek- Ethiopian-born naturalised French filmmaker, who lived in France. He was born in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and spent his years between Ethiopia and Greece. In 1939 he established himself in Paris and worked as an extra in films, eventually, he owned the famous Parisian club La Rose Rouge where performers included singer Juliette Greco. He was married to actress Anouk Aimée from 1951 to 1954 and from whom he had a daughter, Manuela Papatakis and he was then married to actress Olga Karlatos from 1967 to 1982, from whom he had a son, Serge Papatakis, born in 1967. In 1957, Papatakis moved to New York City, met John Cassavetes, in 1963, his first film, Les Abysses, enjoyed a Succès de scandale and was entered into the 1963 Cannes Film Festival which refused to show it. It was based on Jean Genets The Slaves, in 1967, he directed another daring film, Oi Voskoi. During the Algerian War he was active in the Front de Liberation National and he returned to filmmaking in 1987 with a film in Greek, I Photografia. His last movie was Walking a Tightrope and he died in Paris on 17 December 2010. Legend has it that the photographer Herbert Tobias nicknamed the model, later singer, Nico, after Nico Papatakis. Gloria mundi Les Équilibristes, Walking a Tightrope I Photographia, La Photo, The Photograph Gloria mundi Oi Voskoi, Les Pâtres du désordre, Thanos and Despina, The Shepherds of Calamity. Les Abysses As actor, only The Red Rose Nikos Papatakis at the Internet Movie Database Nikos Papatakis obituary, Nicos Bio résumé
Nikos Papatakis
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Nikos Papatakis
4.
Pierre Barouh
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Pierre Barouh was a French writer-composer-singer best known for his work on Claude Lelouchs film A Man and a Woman both as actor, and as lyric writer/singer for Francis Lais music for the film. Élie Barouh was born in Paris, along with his brother and sister, they were raised in Levallois-Perret. Their parents were Turkish Jewish stallholders selling fabrics, during the Second World War, their parents hid them from the Nazis in Montournais in the Vendée. During these years Élie, baptised Pierre, drew the inspiration for songs like À bicyclette, Des ronds dans leau, after the war he was a sports journalist and played for the national volley-ball team. He spent some months in Portugal and discovered Brazilian song and he visited Brazil and on his return to Paris got to know the principal Brazilian writers and composers of bossa nova. As an actor, he played the role of the leader in the film Dou viens-tu Johnny. As writer/performer he had success with La Plage – immortalised by Marie Laforêt and he shot a documentary on the beginnings of bossa nova with his longtime friend Baden Powell de Aquino. In 1966 he participated in the success of the film A Man. He married the actress Anouk Aimée the same year, they divorced three years later, with his earnings he bought the mill by the river in the Vendée where he had spent part of his childhood. There he established a studio and welcomed other artists, using it to advance the talent of others. With the label he wished to mix musicians and styles, to multiply musical encounters and he worked, notably, with Pierre Akendengué, Areski Belkacem, Brigitte Fontaine, Nana Vasconcelos, Gérard Ansaloni, Jacques Higelin, Alfred Panou, Maurane, David McNeil, Elis Regina. Barouh died in Paris from an infarction on 28 December 2016
Pierre Barouh
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Pierre Barouh
5.
Albert Finney
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Albert Finney is an English actor. Beginning in the theatre, Finney was especially successful in plays by William Shakespeare before he switched to films and he achieved prominence in films in the early 1960s, his debut being The Entertainer, directed by Tony Richardson, who had directed him in theatre plays various times before. He became a leading Free Cinema figure, and has maintained a career in theatre, film. Finney was born in the Charlestown area of Pendleton, Salford, Lancashire, England and he was educated at Tootal Drive Primary School, Salford Grammar School and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. In February 1956 John Fernald, principal of RADA, gave Finney his first major role as Shakespeares Troilus in the Vanbrugh Theatres student production of Ian Dallas play The Face of Love. Finney graduated from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and became a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, then in 1959 he appeared at Stratford in Coriolanus, replacing a sick Laurence Olivier. This led to a series of Angry Young Man roles in kitchen sink dramas, before he starred in the Academy Award-winning 1963 film Tom Jones. Prior to this, Finney had been chosen to play T. E. Lawrence in David Leans production of Lawrence of Arabia after a successful, however, Finney baulked at signing a multi-year contract for producer Sam Spiegel and chose not to accept the role. The success of Tom Jones saw British exhibitors vote Finney the ninth most popular star at the box office in 1963, after Charlie Bubbles, which he also directed, his film appearances became less frequent as he focused more on acting on stage. During this period, one of his film roles was as Agatha Christies Belgian master detective Hercule Poirot in the 1974 film Murder On The Orient Express. Finney became so known for the role that he complained that it typecast him for a number of years. People really do think I am 300 pounds with a French accent he said and he also sings in Tim Burtons Corpse Bride. In the latter he played a frozen, disembodied head, Finney also made an appearance at Roger Waters The Wall Concert in Berlin, where he played The Judge during the performance of The Trial. Even with his success on the big screen, Finney never abandoned his stage performances and he continued his association with the National Theatre Company at the Old Vic in London, where he performed in the mid-1960s in Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing and Chekovs The Cherry Orchard. He won an Olivier Award for Orphans in 1986 and has won three Evening Standard Theatre Awards for Best Actor, in 2002 his critically acclaimed portrayal of Winston Churchill in The Gathering Storm won him BAFTA and Emmy awards as Best Actor. He also played the role in the television series My Uncle Silas, based on the short stories by H. E. Bates, about a roguish. The show ran for two series from 2000 until 2003, by his first wife, Jane Wenham, he has a son, Simon, who works in the film industry as a camera operator. From 1970 to 1978, he was married to French actress Anouk Aimée, in May 2011, Finney disclosed that he had been receiving treatment for kidney cancer
Albert Finney
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Albert Finney in 1966
Albert Finney
6.
Federico Fellini
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Federico Fellini was an Italian film director and screenwriter. Known for his style that blends fantasy and baroque images with earthiness. His films have ranked, in such as Cahiers du cinéma and Sight & Sound. Sight & Sound lists his 1963 film 8½ as the 10th greatest film of all time, in 1993, he was awarded an honorary Oscar for Lifetime Achievement at the 65th Annual Academy Awards in Los Angeles. Fellini was born on 20 January 1920, to parents in Rimini. His father, Urbano Fellini, born to a family of Romagnol peasants and small landholders from Gambettola and his mother, Ida Barbiani, came from a bourgeiois Catholic family of Roman merchants. Despite her familys vehement disapproval, she had eloped with Urbano in 1917 to live at his parents home in Gambettola, a civil marriage followed in 1918 with the religious ceremony held at Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome a year later. The couple settled in Rimini where Urbano became a traveling salesman, Fellini had two siblings, Riccardo, a documentary director for RAI Television, and Maria Maddalena. In 1924, Fellini started primary school in a run by the nuns of San Vincenzo in Rimini. In 1926, he discovered the world of Grand Guignol, the circus with Pierino the Clown, Guido Brignone’s Maciste all’Inferno, the first film he saw, would mark him in ways linked to Dante and the cinema throughout his entire career. Enrolled at the Ginnasio Giulio Cesare in 1929, he made friends with Luigi ‘Titta’ Benzi, in Mussolini’s Italy, Fellini and Riccardo became members of the Avanguardista, the compulsory Fascist youth group for males. He visited Rome with his parents for the first time in 1933, the sea creature found on the beach at the end of La Dolce Vita has its basis in a giant fish marooned on a Rimini beach during a storm in 1934. To say that my films are autobiographical is an overly facile liquidation and it seems to me that I have invented almost everything, childhood, character, nostalgias, dreams, memories, for the pleasure of being able to recount them. In 1937, Fellini opened Febo, a shop in Rimini. with the painter Demos Bonini. His first humorous article appeared in the Postcards to Our Readers section of Milan’s Domenica del Corriere, deciding on a career as a caricaturist and gag writer, Fellini travelled to Florence in 1938, where he published his first cartoon in the weekly 420. According to a biographer, Fellini found school exasperating and, in one year, had 67 absences, failing his military culture exam, he graduated from high school in July 1938 after doubling the exam. In September 1939, he enrolled in law school at the University of Rome to please his parents, biographer Hollis Alpert reports that there is no record of his ever having attended a class. Installed in a family pensione, he met lifelong friend
Federico Fellini
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Federico Fellini
Federico Fellini
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Federico Fellini during the 1950s
Federico Fellini
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Fellini, Masina, Carla del Poggio and Alberto Lattuada, 1952
Federico Fellini
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Cinecittà - Teatro 5, Fellini's favorite studio
7.
La Dolce Vita
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La Dolce Vita is a 1960 Italian comedy-drama film directed and co-written by Federico Fellini. The film follows Marcello Rubini, a journalist writing for magazines, over seven days and nights on his journey through the sweet life of Rome in a fruitless search for love. La Dolce Vita won the Palme dOr at the 1960 Cannes Film Festival and the Oscar for Best Costumes, based on the most common interpretation of the storyline, the film can be divided into a prologue, seven major episodes interrupted by an intermezzo, and an epilogue. If the evenings of each episode were joined with the morning of the preceding episode together as a day, they would form seven consecutive days. 1st Day Sequence, A helicopter transports a statue of Christ over an ancient Roman aqueduct outside Rome while a second, Marcello Rubinis news helicopter, the news helicopter is momentarily sidetracked by a group of bikini-clad women sunbathing on the rooftop of a high-rise apartment building. Hovering above, Marcello uses gestures to elicit phone numbers from them but fails in his attempt then shrugs, 1st Night Sequence, Marcello meets Maddalena by chance in an exclusive nightclub. A beautiful and wealthy heiress, Maddalena is tired of Rome and they make love in the bedroom of a prostitute to whom they had given a ride home in Maddalena’s Cadillac. 1st Dawn Sequence, Marcello returns to his apartment at dawn to find that his fiancée, on the way to the hospital, he declares his everlasting love to her and again as she lies in a semiconscious state in the emergency room. While waiting frantically for her recovery, however, he tries to make a call to Maddalena. 2nd Day Sequence, That day, he goes on assignment for the arrival of Sylvia, during Sylvias press conference, Marcello calls home to ensure Emma has taken her medication while reassuring her that he is not alone with Sylvia. After the film star confidently replies to the barrage of questions, her boyfriend Robert enters the room late. To Sylvias producer, Marcello casually recommends that Sylvia be taken on a tour of St Peters, inside St Peters dome, a news reporter complains that Sylvia is an elevator because none of them can match her energetic climb up the numerous flights of stairs. Inspired, Marcello maneuvers forward to be alone with her when they reach the balcony overlooking the Vatican. 2nd Night Sequence, That evening, the infatuated Marcello dances with Sylvia in the Baths of Caracalla, Sylvias natural sensuality triggers raucous partying while Robert, her bored fiancé, draws caricatures and reads a newspaper. His humiliating remark to her causes Sylvia to leave the group, eagerly followed by Marcello, finding themselves alone, Marcello and Sylvia spend the rest of the evening in the alleys of Rome where they wade into the Trevi Fountain. 2nd Dawn Sequence, Like a magic spell that has suddenly been broken and they drive back to Sylvias hotel to find an enraged Robert waiting for her in his car. Robert slaps Sylvia, orders her to go to bed, 3rd Day Sequence, Marcello meets Steiner, his distinguished intellectual friend, inside a church playing Bach on the organ. Steiner shows off his book of Sanskrit grammar, 4th Day Sequence, Late afternoon, Marcello, his photographer friend Paparazzo, and Emma drive to the outskirts of Rome to cover the story of the purported sighting of the Madonna by two children
La Dolce Vita
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Original release poster by Giorgio Olivetti
8.
Jacques Demy
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Jacques Demy was a French director and screenwriter. He appeared in the wake of the French New Wave alongside contemporaries like Jean-Luc Godard, Demys films are well known for their sumptuous look, drawing on Hollywood musicals, fairytales, jazz, and opera. His films are also distinguishable by their overlapping continuity, lush musical scores and themes like teenaged love, labor rights, incest, and the intersection between dreams and reality. After working with the animator Paul Grimault and the filmmaker Georges Rouquier, Demy directed his first feature film, Lola, in 1961, the Demy universe here emerges full-fledged. La Baie des Anges, starring Jeanne Moreau, took the theme of fate further, Demy is best known for his original musical, Les Parapluies de Cherbourg, with a score by Legrand. Although the subversion of established genres was a typically New Wave obsession, the whimsical concept of singing all the dialogue sets the tone for this tragedy of the everyday. The young man, Roland Cassard, from Lola reappears here, such reappearances are typical of Demys work. Demys subsequent films never quite captured audience and critical acclaim the way that Les Parapluies had, although he continued to make ambitious and original dramas and musicals. It has stunning color photography, some of the best French songs of the period, peau dÂne is a visually extravagant musical interpretation of a classic French fairytale which highlights the tales incestuous overtones, starring Deneuve, Jean Marais, and Delphine Seyrig. Lévénement le plus important depuis que lhomme a marché sur la lune is a look back at the pressures of second-wave feminism in France. After years of neglect, Demys strengths have been recognized, Demy himself appears in the film in the opening and closing sequences, and at several points throughout. He had two children with Varda, Rosalie Varda-Demy, who was the daughter of Antoine Bourseiller. Jacques Demy died from complications of AIDS on 27 October 1990 at age 59 and was interred in the Montparnasse Cemetery in Montparnasse
Jacques Demy
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Jacques Demy
9.
Lola (1961 film)
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Lola, is a 1961 romantic drama film, the debut film directed by Jacques Demy as a tribute to director Max Ophüls and is described by Demy as a musical without music. Anouk Aimée starred in the title role, the film was restored and re-released by Demys widow, French filmmaker Agnès Varda. The names of the film and title character were inspired by Josef von Sternbergs 1930 film Der blaue Engel, Lola takes place in the Atlantic coastal city of Nantes, France. A young man, Roland Cassard is letting his life waste away until he has an encounter with Lola, a woman he used to know as a teenager before World War II. Though Roland is quite smitten with her, Lola is preoccupied with her lover, Michel. Also vying for Lolas heart is an American sailor, Frankie, struggling for work, Roland gets involved in a diamond-smuggling plot with the local barber. Cécile, a teenage girl, crosses paths with Roland, her life in many ways mirrors that of Lolas. In the end, Michel returns to Nantes for Lola, apparently very successful and hoping to marry her and she goes away with Michel, leaving Roland despondent and bitter at the vagaries of love and fortune. Lola received moderate reviews from critics, the Chicago Readers Jonathan Rosenbaum said it was among the most neglected major works of the French New Wave and in some ways best feature. Travis Hooper of Film Freak Central gave it 3. 5/4 stars and he went on to also say that it is stronger for feeling, showing that we need more than the confirmation of the worst if we intend to make it through our lives intact. Not Just Movies gave Lola an A rating,1963 BAFTA - Nominated for Best Film from any Source and Best Foreign Actress for Anouk Aimée. 2001 New York Film Critics Circle Awards - Won the Special Award, Lola at the Internet Movie Database
Lola (1961 film)
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Lola
10.
George Cukor
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George Dewey Cukor was an American film director. He mainly concentrated on comedies and literary adaptations and his career flourished at RKO when David O. Selznick, the studios Head of Production, assigned Cukor to direct several of RKOs major films, including What Price Hollywood. A Bill of Divorcement, Our Betters, and Little Women, when Selznick moved to MGM in 1933, Cukor followed and directed Dinner at Eight and David Copperfield for Selznick and Romeo and Juliet and Camille for Irving Thalberg. He was replaced as the director of Gone with the Wind, but he went on to direct The Philadelphia Story, Gaslight, Adams Rib, Born Yesterday, A Star Is Born, Bhowani Junction and he continued to work into the 1980s. Cukor was born on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City, the child and only son of Hungarian Jewish immigrants Viktor, an assistant district attorney. His parents selected his middle name in honor of Spanish–American War hero George Dewey, as a result, he was ambivalent about his faith and dismissive of old world traditions from childhood, and as an adult he embraced Anglophilia to remove himself even further from his roots. As a teenager, Cukor frequently was taken to the New York Hippodrome by his uncle, infatuated with theatre, he often cut classes at DeWitt Clinton High School to attend afternoon matinees. During his senior year, he worked as a supernumerary with the Metropolitan Opera, earning 50¢ per appearance, following his graduation in 1917, Cukor was expected to follow in his fathers footsteps and pursue a career in law. He halfheartedly enrolled in the City College of New York, where he entered the Students Army Training Corps in October 1918 and his military experience was limited, Germany surrendered in early November, and Cukors duty ended after only two months. In 1925 he formed the C. F. and Z, Production Company with Walter Folmer and John Zwicki, which gave him his first opportunity to direct. Following their first season, he made his Broadway directorial debut with Antonia by Hungarian playwright Melchior Lengyel, then returned to Rochester, lasting only one season with the company was Bette Davis. Cukor later recalled, Her talent was apparent, but she did buck at direction and she had her own ideas, and though she only did bits and ingenue roles, she didnt hesitate to express them. For the next decades, Davis claimed she was fired. For the next few years, Cukor alternated between Rochester in the months and Broadway in the winter. His direction of a 1926 stage adaptation of The Great Gatsby by Owen Davis brought him to the attention of the New York critics. Writing in the Brooklyn Eagle, drama critic Arthur Pollock called it a piece of work by a director not nearly so well known as he should be. Cukor directed six more Broadway productions before departing for Hollywood in 1929, when Hollywood began to recruit New York theater talent for sound films, Cukor immediately answered the call. In December 1928, Paramount Pictures signed him to a contract that reimbursed him for his airfare and he arrived in Hollywood in February 1929, and his first assignment was to coach the cast of River of Romance to speak with an acceptable Southern accent
George Cukor
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Cukor in 1946
George Cukor
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Rehearsing with
Lee Remick in 1962
George Cukor
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Cukor at home in 1973
11.
Justine (1969 film)
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Justine is a drama film directed by George Cukor and Joseph Strick. It was written by Lawrence B. Marcus and Andrew Sarris, set in Alexandria in 1938, a young British schoolmaster named Darley meets Pursewarden, a British consular officer. Pursewarden introduces him to Justine, the wife of an Egyptian banker, Darley befriends her, and discovers she is involved in a plot against the British, the goal of which is to arm the Jewish underground movement in Palestine. He did some location shooting there, then got into fights with the executives at Fox and with star Anouk Aimee. When he did not hire others for the film as ordered by the studio and slept on the set while working on one of Aimees scenes, they fired him and he proceeded to bring the film to Hollywood where the remainder of the film was finished. It became a flop and received critical reviews. Some scenes were shot at Ennejma Ezzahra, a palace at Sidi Bou Said, list of American films of 1969 Justine at the Internet Movie Database
Justine (1969 film)
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Justine
12.
Bernardo Bertolucci
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Bernardo Bertolucci is an Italian director and screenwriter, whose films include The Conformist, Last Tango in Paris,1900, The Last Emperor, The Sheltering Sky, Stealing Beauty and The Dreamers. In recognition of his work, he was presented with the inaugural Honorary Palme dOr Award at the ceremony of the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. Since 1979, he has married to screenwriter Clare Peploe. Bertolucci was born in the Italian city of Parma, in the region of Emilia-Romagna and he is the elder son of Ninetta, a teacher, and Attilio Bertolucci, who was a poet, a reputed art historian, anthologist and film critic. His mother was born in Australia, to an Italian father, Bertolucci had one brother, the theatre director and playwright Giuseppe. His cousin was the film producer Giovanni Bertolucci, with whom he has worked on a number of films, Bertolucci initially wished to become a poet like his father. With this goal in mind, he attended the Faculty of Modern Literature of the University of Rome from 1958 to 1961, shortly after, Bertolucci left the University without graduating. In 1962, at the age of 22, he directed his first feature film, produced by Tonino Cervi with a screenplay by Pasolini, the film is a murder mystery, following a prostitutes homicide. Bertolucci uses flashbacks to piece together the crime and the person who committed it, the film which shortly followed was his acclaimed Before the Revolution. Bertolucci caused controversy in 1972 with the film Last Tango in Paris, starring Marlon Brando, Maria Schneider, Jean-Pierre Léaud and Massimo Girotti. The film presents Brandos character, Paul, as he uses an affair to cope with the violent death of his wife by emotionally and physically dominating a young woman. The depictions of Schneider, then 19 years old, were regarded as exploitative, in one scene, Paul anally rapes Jeane using butter as a lubricant. The use of butter was not in the script, Bertolucci and Brando had discussed it and she said in 2007 that she had cried real tears during the scene and had felt humiliated and a little raped. In 2013 Bertolucci said he had withheld the information from her to generate a reaction of frustration. Brando alleged that Bertolucci had wanted the characters to have real sex, because of the scandal surrounding the films release, Schneider became a drug addict and suicidal. She later became a rights advocate, in particular fighting for more female film directors, more respect for female actors. Criminal proceedings were brought against Bertolucci in Italy for the anal-sex scene, an Italian court revoked Bertoluccis civil rights for five years and gave him a four-month suspended prison sentence. Bertolucci appeared on the Radio Four programme Front Row on April 29,2013, during the making of Last Tango in Paris, Bertolucci toyed with the idea of adapting Dashiell Hammetts book Red Harvest into a feature film
Bernardo Bertolucci
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Bertolucci in 2011
Bernardo Bertolucci
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Bertolucci's star on
Walk of Fame
13.
Tragedy of a Ridiculous Man
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Tragedy of a Ridiculous Man is a 1981 Italian film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci. It stars Anouk Aimée and Ugo Tognazzi, who was awarded the Best Male Actor Award at the 1981 Cannes Film Festival for his performance, in a small Italian village, Primo runs a cheese factory, but one morning he witnesses his son kidnapped by terrorists. As the film progresses, he has two problems, paying the ransom the terrorists demand and trying to save his factory which might face bankruptcy, whats a businessman like him to do
Tragedy of a Ridiculous Man
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Tragedy of a Ridiculous Man
14.
Robert Altman
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Robert Bernard Altman was an American film director, screenwriter, and film producer. He is consistently ranked as one of the greatest and most influential filmmakers in American cinema and his style of filmmaking was unique among directors, in that his subjects covered most genres, but with a subversive twist that typically relies on satire and humor to express his personal vision. Altman developed a reputation for being anti-Hollywood and non-conformist in both his themes and directing style, however, actors especially enjoyed working under his direction because he encouraged them to improvise, thereby inspiring their own creativity. He preferred large ensemble casts for his films, and developed a recording technique which produced overlapping dialogue from multiple actors. This produced a natural, more dynamic, and more complex experience for the viewer. He also used highly mobile camera work and zoom lenses to enhance the activity taking place on the screen, critic Pauline Kael, writing about his directing style, said that Altman could make film fireworks out of next to nothing. In 2006, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognized Altmans body of work with an Academy Honorary Award and he never won a competitive Oscar despite five nominations. His films MASH, McCabe & Mrs. Miller, and Nashville have been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Altman is one of the few filmmakers whose films have won the Golden Bear at Berlin, the Golden Lion at Venice, and the Golden Palm at Cannes. Altmans ancestry was German, English and Irish, his grandfather, Frank Altman. Altman had a Catholic upbringing, but he did not continue to follow or practice the religion as an adult, although he has referred to as a sort of Catholic. He was educated at Jesuit schools, including Rockhurst High School and he graduated from Wentworth Military Academy in Lexington, Missouri in 1943. In 1943 Altman joined the United States Army Air Forces at the age of 18, during World War II, Altman flew more than 50 bombing missions as a crewman on a B-24 Liberator with the 307th Bomb Group in Borneo and the Dutch East Indies. Upon his discharge in 1946, Altman moved to California and he worked in publicity for a company that had invented a tattooing machine to identify dogs. He entered filmmaking on a whim, selling a script to RKO for the 1948 picture Bodyguard, Altmans immediate success encouraged him to move to New York City, where he attempted to forge a career as a writer. Having enjoyed little success, in 1949 he returned to Kansas City, in February 2012, an early Calvin film directed by Altman, Modern Football, was found by filmmaker Gary Huggins. Altman directed some 65 industrial films and documentaries before being hired by a businessman in 1956 to write. The film, titled The Delinquents, made for $60,000, was purchased by United Artists for $150,000, while primitive, this teen exploitation film contained the foundations of Altmans later work in its use of casual, naturalistic dialogue
Robert Altman
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Altman in 1983
Robert Altman
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Theatrical release poster for M*A*S*H (1970)
Robert Altman
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Altman at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival
15.
Academy Award for Best Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actresses were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, one actress has been nominated posthumously, Jeanne Eagels. Only three film characters have been nominated more than once in this category, elizabeth I of England, Leslie Crosbie in The Letter, and Esther Blodgett in A Star is Born. Six women on the list have received an Honorary Academy Award for their acting, they are Greta Garbo, Barbara Stanwyck, Mary Pickford, Deborah Kerr, Gena Rowlands, since its inception, the award has been given to 74 actresses. Katharine Hepburn has won the most awards in this category, with four Oscars, meryl Streep, who has a total of 20 Oscar nominations, has been nominated in this category on 16 occasions, resulting in two awards. As of the 2017 ceremony, Emma Stone is the most recent winner in category for her role as Mia Dolan in La La Land. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
Academy Award for Best Actress
–
Janet Gaynor was the first winner in this category for her roles in
7th Heaven (1927),
Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927), and
Street Angel (1928).
Academy Award for Best Actress
–
Norma Shearer won in 1930 for her performance in
The Divorcee.
Academy Award for Best Actress
–
Katharine Hepburn has the most wins in this category for her roles in
Morning Glory (1933),
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967),
The Lion in Winter (1968), and
On Golden Pond (1981).
Academy Award for Best Actress
–
Bette Davis won two awards from ten nominations for her roles in
Dangerous (1935) and
Jezebel (1938).
16.
A Man and a Woman
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A Man and a Woman is a 1966 French film written and directed by Claude Lelouch and starring Anouk Aimée and Jean-Louis Trintignant. The film is notable for its photography, which features frequent segues between full color, black-and-white, and sepia-toned shots, and for its memorable musical score by Francis Lai. A Man and a Woman had a total of 4,272,000 admissions in France and was also the 6th highest-grossing film of the year, in the United States, the film earned $14,000,000. A sequel, A Man and a Woman,20 Years Later was released in 1986. A young widow, Anne Gauthier, is raising her daughter Françoise alone following the death of her husband who worked as a stuntman and who died in a movie set accident that she witnessed. Still working as a script supervisor, Anne divides her time between her home in Paris and Deauville in northern France where her daughter attends boarding school. A young widower, Jean-Louis, is raising his son Antoine alone following the death of his wife Valerie who committed suicide after Jean-Louis was in a fatal crash during the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Still working as a car driver, Jean-Louis divides his time between Paris and Deauville where his son also attends boarding school. One day Anne and Jean-Louis meet at the Deauville boarding school after Anne misses the last train back to Paris, Jean-Louis offers her a lift and the two become acquainted during the drive home, enjoying each others company. When he drops her off, he asks if she would like to drive up together the following weekend, after a busy week at the track preparing for the next race, Jean-Louis calls and they meet early Sunday morning and drive to Deauville in the rain. Clearly attracted to other, they enjoy a pleasant Sunday lunch with their children who get along well. Later that afternoon they go for a boat ride followed by a walk on the beach at sunset, Jean-Louis spends the following week preparing for and driving in the Monte Carlo Rally in southeast France. Every day, Anne closely follows news reports of the race, of the 273 cars that started the race, only 42 were able to finish, including Jean Louiss white Mustang, number 184. Watching the television coverage of the conclusion of the race, Anne sends Jean-Louis a telegram that reads and that night at a dinner for the drivers at the Monte Carlo Casino, Jean-Louis receives the telegram and leaves immediately. He jumps into the car he used during the race and drives through the night to Paris, telling himself that when a woman sends a telegram like that. Along the way he imagines what their reunion will be like, at her Paris apartment, Jean-Louis learns that Anne is in Deauville, so he continues north. Jean-Louis finally arrives in Deauville and finds Anne and the two playing on the beach. When they see other, they run into each others arms
A Man and a Woman
–
One of French theatrical release posters
A Man and a Woman
–
A Man and a Woman
17.
Cannes Film Festival
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Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+ Pierre Lescure took over as President of the festival, the Board of Directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the festival. The 2016 Cannes Film Festival took place between 11 and 22 May 2016, australian film director George Miller was the President of the Jury. I, Daniel Blake, directed by British director Ken Loach, in 2017, The Festival de Cannes will celebrate its 70th anniversary edition from May 17 to 28. In 1947, the festival was held as the Festival du film de Cannes, at that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished, the festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumns Venice Film Festival, in 1955, the Palme dOr was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member, in 1959, the Marché du Film was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce, in 1962, the International Critics Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors all over the world. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, the next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival. The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May, some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors Society that same year, during the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President and he immediately introduced an important change in the selection of the participating films. Until that date, the different countries chose which films would represent them in the festival, Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra dOr award, in 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed The Bunker and provoked many reactions against it, in 1984, Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection and its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities
Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
–
Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
–
Stars posing for photographers are a part of Cannes folklore.
Cannes Film Festival
–
Palme d'Or awarded to
Apocalypse Now at the
1979 Cannes Film Festival
18.
Empire (film magazine)
–
Empire is a British film magazine published monthly by Bauer Consumer Media of Hamburg based Bauer Media Group. From the first issue in July 1989, the magazine was edited by Barry McIlheney, Bauer purchased Emap Consumer Media in early 2008. It is the biggest selling magazine in the United Kingdom and is also published in the United States, Australia, Turkey, Russia, Italy. Empire organises the annual Empire Awards which were sponsored by Sony Ericsson, the awards are voted for by readers of the magazine. Empire is populist in both approach and coverage and it reviews both mainstream films and art films, but feature articles concentrate on the former. As well as news, previews, and reviews, Empire has some other regular features. Each issue features a Classic Scene, a transcript from a film scene. The first such classic scene to be featured was the I could have been a scene from On the Waterfront. The regular Top 10 feature lists Empires choice of the top ten examples of something film-related, for example,10 Best Chase Scenes or 10 Best Movie Gags in The Simpsons. The Re. View section covers Blu-ray and DVD news and releases, Kim Newmans Movie Dungeon is a regular feature in the Re. View section, in which critic Kim Newman reviews the most obscure releases, mostly low budget horror movies. How much Is Pint of Milk presents celebrities answers to silly or unusual questions and this is intended as a guide to the chosen celebritys contact with reality, and as such can be more informative than a direct interview by reporting some surprising responses. Each magazine includes a Spine Quote, in which a relatively challenging quote is printed on the spine of the magazine, there are usually some obvious and obscure links from the quote to the main features of that months edition. Readers are invited to identify the source and the links to win a prize. Celebrity Mastermind is another regular in which a celebrity is given questions about the films they were in or they directed, celebrities range from Quentin Tarantino and Christopher Lee to John Carpenter and Michael Keaton. A regular feature since issue 167, the feature is a two-page essay on a film selected by Empire in the Re. View section. The selection of the films seem to be random and follow no specific pattern. Only a few issues since the first masterpiece feature have not featured one –169,179,196,197,198 and 246, Issue 240 had director Frank Darabont select 223 masterpieces. L. A. Confidential was featured twice, once in issue 191 and this list is as follows, Alien – Dinner chestburster The Omen – Glass decapitation An American Werewolf in London – Wolf transformation The Exorcist – Crucifix abuse Risky Business – Ready Ralph
Empire (film magazine)
–
Cover of the July 2011 issue, featuring
Emma Watson,
Daniel Radcliffe, and
Rupert Grint
19.
Femme fatale
–
A femme fatale is a stock character of a mysterious and seductive woman whose charms ensnare her lovers, often leading them into compromising, dangerous, and deadly situations. She is an archetype of literature and art, in American early 20th century film, femme fatale characters were referred to as vamps, an allusion to their role as sexual vampires. The phrase is French for fatal woman, a femme fatale tries to achieve her hidden purpose by using feminine wiles such as beauty, charm, and sexual allure. In some situations, she uses lies or coercion rather than charm and she may also make use of some subduing weapon such as sleeping gas, a modern analog of magical powers in older tales. She may also be a victim, caught in a situation from which she cannot escape, a younger version of a femme fatale is called a fille fatale, or fatal girl. Femmes fatale are typically villainous, or at least morally ambiguous, and always associated with a sense of mystification, the femme fatale archetype exists in the culture, folklore and myth of many cultures. Ancient mythical or legendary examples include Mohini, Lilith, the Sirens, historical examples from Classical times include Cleopatra and Messalina, as well as the Biblical figures Delilah, Jezebel and Salome. An example from Chinese literature and traditional history is Daji, the femme fatale was a common figure in the European Middle Ages, often portraying the dangers of unbridled female sexuality. The pre-medieval inherited Biblical figure of Eve offers an example, as does the wicked, along with them, there rose the gothic novel, The Monk featuring Matilda, a very powerful femme fatale. This led to her appearing in the work of Edgar Allan Poe, pre-Raphaelite painters frequently used the classic personifications of the femme fatale as a subject. Later, Salome was the subject of an opera by Strauss, and was popularized on stage, screen, another enduring icon of glamour, seduction, and moral turpitude is Margaretha Geertruida Zelle, 1876–1917. While working as a dancer, she took the stage name Mata Hari. Although she may have been innocent, she was accused of German espionage and was put to death by a French firing squad, after her death she became the subject of many sensational films and books. Other considerably famous femmes fatales are Isabella of France, Hedda Gabler of Kristiania, Marie Antoinette of Austria, one traditional view portrays the femme fatale as a sexual vampire, her charms leech the virility and independence of lovers, leaving them shells of themselves. Rudyard Kipling took inspiration from a vampire painted by Philip Burne-Jones, the poem inspired the 1913 eponymous film The Vampire by Robert Vignola, sometimes cited as the first vamp movie. Like much of Kiplings verse it became popular, and its refrain. Describing a seduced man, became the title of the popular 1915 film A Fool There Was that made Theda Bara a star, the poem was used in the publicity for the film. On this account, in the American slang of the era the femme fatale was called a vamp, from the American film-audience perspective, the femme fatale often appeared foreign, usually either of indeterminate Eastern European or Asian ancestry
Femme fatale
–
Convicted
spy Mata Hari made her name synonymous with femme fatale during
WWI.
Femme fatale
–
The divine femme fatale of Hindu mythology,
Mohini is described to have enchanted gods, demons and sages alike.
Femme fatale
–
Salome in a painting by
Franz von Stuck
Femme fatale
–
Actress
Theda Bara defined the word "Vamp" in the film
A Fool There Was.
20.
Captain Alfred Dreyfus
–
Known today as the Dreyfus affair, the incident eventually ended with Dreyfus complete exoneration. The museum created a platform in 2006 dedicated to the Dreyfus Affair. Born in Mulhouse, Alsace in 1859, Dreyfus was the youngest of nine born to Raphaël. Raphaël Dreyfus was a prosperous, self-made, Jewish textile manufacturer who had started as a peddler, alfred was 10 years old when the Franco-Prussian War broke out in the summer of 1870, and his family moved to Paris following the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine by Germany after the war. The childhood experience of seeing his family uprooted by the war with Germany prompted Dreyfus to decide on a career in the military. Following his 18th birthday in October 1877, he enrolled in the elite École Polytechnique military school in Paris, where he received military training, in 1880, he graduated and was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant in the French army. From 1880 to 1882, he attended the school at Fontainebleau to receive more specialized training as an artillery officer. On graduation he was assigned to the Thirty-first Artillery Regiment, which was in garrison at Le Mans, Dreyfus was subsequently transferred to a mounted artillery battery attached to the First Cavalry Division, and promoted to lieutenant in 1885. In 1889, he was adjutant to the director of the Établissement de Bourges, a government arsenal. On 18 April 1891, the 31-year-old Dreyfus married 20-year-old Lucie Eugénie Hadamard and they had two children, Pierre and Jeanne. Three days after the wedding, Dreyfus learned that he had admitted to the École Supérieure de Guerre or War College. His father Raphaël died on 13 December 1893, at the War College examination in 1892, his friends had expected him to do well. However, one of the members of the panel, General Bonnefond, felt that Jews were not desired on the staff, Bonnefonds assessment lowered Dreyfus overall grade, he did the same to another Jewish candidate, Lieutenant Picard. The protest would later count against Dreyfus, the French army of the period was relatively open to entry and advancement by talent with an estimated 300 Jewish officers, of whom ten were generals. However within the Fourth Bureau of the General Staff General Bonnefonds prejudices appear to have been shared by some of the new trainees superiors, the personal assessments received by Dreyfus during 1893/94 acknowledged his high intelligence, but were critical of aspects of his personality. Suspicion quickly fell upon Dreyfus who was arrested for treason on 15 October 1894, on 5 January 1895, Dreyfus was summarily convicted in a secret court martial, publicly stripped of his army rank, and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devils Island in French Guiana. Dreyfus cried out, I swear that I am innocent, I remain worthy of serving in the Army. Picquart was silenced by being transferred to the desert of Tunisia in November 1896
Captain Alfred Dreyfus
–
Alfred Dreyfus
Captain Alfred Dreyfus
–
Dreyfus painted by Guth for
Vanity Fair, 1899
Captain Alfred Dreyfus
–
A 74-year-old Alfred Dreyfus, ca. 1934
21.
Claude Lelouch
–
Claude Barruck Joseph Lelouch is a French film director, writer, cinematographer, actor and producer. Lelouch was born in the 9th arrondissement of Paris, the son of Charlotte and his father was born to an Algerian Jewish family and his mother was a convert to Judaism. His father gave him a camera to him a fresh start after his failure in the baccalaureat. He started his career with reportage – one of the first to film life in the Soviet Union. He also filmed sporting events like the 24 Hours of Le Mans and his first full-length film as director, Le Propre de lhomme, was decried by the critics – Claude Lelouch, remember this name well, because you will not hear it again – Cahiers du cinéma said. La femme spectacle, following prostitutes, women shopping, going for nose-jobs, was censored for its misogynist tendency, a Man and a Woman changed his fortunes and was met with favour even by the Cahiers group. The 1981 musical epic Les Uns et les Autres is widely considered as his masterpiece and his 1976 film, Cétait un rendez-vous, purportedly features a Ferrari 275 GTB being driven at extreme speed through the streets of Paris at dawn. The entire short is shot from the point of view of the car, legend has it that Lelouch was arrested after it was first shown publicly. In a 2006 interview, Lelouch stated that he drove his own Mercedes-Benz 450SEL6.9 in the film and he has collaborated more than two dozen times with composer Francis Lai. They scored a hit with the piece chabadabada for the film A Man and a Woman sung by Nicole Croisille and Pierre Barouh. He is the father of 7 children, in 1993 he was the President of the Jury at the 18th Moscow International Film Festival. 2016, Commander in the Order of the Crown, lelouchs A Man and a Woman won the Palme dOr at the 1966 Cannes Film Festival, as well as two Oscars including Best Foreign Language Film. His 1967 film, Vivre pour vivre, was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film Oscar, in 1971, he won the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Directing for Le Voyou. Media related to Claude Lelouch at Wikimedia Commons Claude Lelouch at the Internet Movie Database
Claude Lelouch
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Claude Lelouch at the
2012 Cannes Film Festival
Claude Lelouch
–
Claude Lelouch in 1970.
Claude Lelouch
–
Claude Lelouch 1966
22.
Jacqueline Kennedy
–
Jacqueline Lee Jackie Kennedy Onassis was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and First Lady of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Bouvier was the daughter of Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III. In 1951, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature from George Washington University, in 1952, Bouvier met Congressman John F. Kennedy at a dinner party. In November of that year, he was elected as a United States Senator from Massachusetts, and they had four children, two of whom died in infancy. As First Lady, she was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and her emphasis on arts, on November 22,1963, she was riding with the President in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when he was assassinated. She and her children withdrew from view after his funeral. Following her second death in 1975, she had a career as a book editor for the final two decades of her life. She is remembered for her contributions to the arts and preservation of historic architecture, as well as for her style, elegance. She was an icon, and her famous ensemble of pink Chanel suit. She ranks as one of the most popular First Ladies and in 1999 was named on Gallups list of Most Admired Men and Women in 20th-century America. Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28,1929, at Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Black Jack Bouvier III, Bouviers mother was of Irish descent, and her father had French, Scottish, and English ancestry. Named after her father, Bouvier was baptized at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan and her younger sister Lee was born in 1933. Bouvier spent her childhood years in Manhattan and at Lasata. She idolized her father, who favored her over her sister. From an early age, Bouvier was an equestrienne and successfully competed in the sport. She also took lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning languages. Bouvier enrolled in the Chapin School in Manhattan in 1935, which she attended for grades 1–6. She was a student but often misbehaved, one of her teachers described her as a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic
Jacqueline Kennedy
–
Jacqueline Kennedy at the
White House in 1961
Jacqueline Kennedy
–
Jacqueline Bouvier at age six.
Jacqueline Kennedy
–
Jacqueline Kennedy at
Hammersmith Farm in Newport, Rhode Island on her wedding day, September 12, 1953
Jacqueline Kennedy
–
Jacqueline campaigning with her husband in
Appleton, Wisconsin, in March 1960
23.
Pot-Bouille
–
Pot-Bouille is the tenth novel in the Rougon-Macquart series by Émile Zola. It was serialized between January and April 1882 in the periodical Le Gaulois before being published in form by Charpentier in 1883. The novel is an indictment of the mores of the bourgeoisie of the Second French Empire, like Zolas earlier novel LAssommoir, the title is extremely difficult to render in English. The word pot-bouille is a 19th-century French slang term for a cooking pot or cauldron used for preparing stews and casseroles. The title is intended to convey a sense of disparate ingredients, the impression is to hint at the greed, ambition and depravity which lies behind the pretentious façade of the outwardly well behaved bourgeois apartment block. There is no equivalent word in English to convey this, the closest English term would probably be an expression such as melting pot. In the film The Life of Emile Zola, the title is rendered as Piping Hot. Pot-Bouille recounts the activities of the residents of a block of flats in the Rue de Choiseul over the course of two years, Madame Campardon has a mysterious medical condition that keeps them from having sex. The husband is having an affair with her distant cousin, who moves in. Despite their best efforts, they conceal this arrangement from their daughter Angèle. When Clarisse aspires to domesticity and respectability, Monsieur Duveyrier attempts suicide, Madame Josserand is relentless in her hunt to find husbands for her daughters. Madame Josserand instills her contempt for men in her younger daughter Berthe, the wife, described as neurotic and somewhat hysterical, is involved in multiple, loveless affairs. The husband is a living in perpetual suspicion of his wifes behaviour. Going through the motions of marriage, they have subjugated all passion in every aspect of their lives, including rearing their daughter, subduing any romance beneath cold, hollow propriety. Condoning the behaviour of characters are the local priest and doctor. The characters habits and secrets are also guarded by the concierge, the sham respectability of the residents is contrasted with the candour of their servants, who secretly abuse their employers over the open sewer of the buildings inner courtyard. The novel follows the adventures of 22-year-old Octave Mouret, who moves into the building and takes a job at a nearby shop. Though handsome and charming, Octave is rebuffed by Valérie Vabre and his failure with Madame Hédouin prompts him to quit his job, and he goes to work for Auguste Vabre in the silk shop on the buildings ground floor
Pot-Bouille
–
First edition title page.
24.
Head Against the Wall
–
Head Against the Wall is a 1959 French drama film directed by Georges Franju and starring Pierre Brasseur, Paul Meurisse, and Jean-Pierre Mocky. The story follows François who is institutionalized by Marbeau for daring to defy his wealthy father, François verges on insanity during his involuntary internment. The film was released as The Keepers on its English release, François is committed to a mental hospital by his father Maître Gérane, a wealthy man who does not tolerate objection. The institution is owned by Dr. Varmont whose traditional treatment methods conflict with the beliefs of Dr. Emery, François becomes friends with an epileptic, Heurtevent and together they try to escape, but they fail and the sweet Heurtevent commits suicide. Afterwards François manages to flee and hides at the home of his friend and this also includes soundtracks from other Franju films including Eyes Without a Face and Thérèse Desqueyroux. All music composed by Maurice Jarre, La Tête contre les murs at AllMovie La Tête contre les murs at the Internet Movie Database The Keepers at the TCM Movie Database
Head Against the Wall
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Head Against the Wall
Head Against the Wall
–
Ma Période Française
