1.
Dominican Order
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Members of the order, who are referred to as Dominicans, generally carry the letters O. P. after their names, standing for Ordinis Praedicatorum, meaning of the Order of Preachers. Membership in the order includes friars, nuns, active sisters, the order is famed for its intellectual tradition, having produced many leading theologians and philosophers. The Dominican Order is headed by the Master of the Order, in the year 2000, there were 5,171 Dominican friars in solemn vows,917 student brothers, and 237 novices. By the year 2013 there were 6,058 Dominican friars, a number of other names have been used to refer to both the order and its members. In England and other countries the Dominican friars are referred to as Black Friars because of the black cappa or cloak they wear over their white habits, Dominicans were Blackfriars, as opposed to Whitefriars or Greyfriars. They are also distinct from the Augustinian Friars who wear a similar habit and their identification as Dominicans gave rise to the pun that they were the Domini canes, or Hounds of the Lord. The Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages at a time when religion began to be contemplated in a new way, men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister. Instead, they travelled among the people, taking as their examples the apostles of the primitive Church. Out of this emerged two orders of mendicant friars, one, the Friars Minor, was led by Francis of Assisi, the other. Dominics new order was to be an order, trained to preach in the vernacular languages. Rather than earning their living on vast farms as the monasteries had done, at the same time, Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a mixed spirituality. They were both active in preaching, and contemplative in study, prayer and meditation, the brethren of the Dominican Order were urban and learned, as well as contemplative and mystical in their spirituality. While these traits affected the women of the order, the nuns especially absorbed the latter characteristics, in England, the Dominican nuns blended these elements with the defining characteristics of English Dominican spirituality and created a spirituality and collective personality that set them apart. The orders origins in battling heterodoxy influenced its development and reputation. Many later Dominicans battled heresy as part of their apostolate, indeed, many years after St. Dominic reacted to the Cathars, the first Grand Inquistor of Spain, Tomás de Torquemada, would be drawn from the Dominican Order. As an adolescent, he had a love of theology. During his studies in Palencia, Spain, he experienced a famine, prompting Dominic to sell all of his beloved books. At the age of twenty-four or twenty-five, he was ordained to the priesthood, at that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy, named after the Duke of Albi, a Cathar sympathiser and opponent to the subsequent Albigensian Crusade
2.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney
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The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney is a Latin Church metropolitan archdiocese, located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Military Ordinariate of Australia, as well as the Eastern Rite Melkite Catholic Eparchy of St Michael, Archangel, St Mary’s Cathedral is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Sydney. The current archbishop is Anthony Fisher, the Vicariate Apostolic of New Holland and Van Diemen’s Land was founded in 1834. The Diocese of Sydney was elevated on 5 April 1842, just two weeks later, the diocese was elevated to an archdiocese and a metropolitan see. In 1819, two priests were officially authorised by the British government to minister to the Catholics of the Australian colony. Until 1834, the territory now forming the Archdiocese of Sydney and that of the entire Australian mainland, on 28 February 1842, the Diocese of Sydney was erected with Bishop Polding as its diocesan bishop. Some weeks later Sydney was made a see, with Hobart. At that time, the Archdiocese of Sydney included the whole of the portion of the continent, comprising what are now known as the states of New South Wales, Victoria. The suffragan dioceses are, Maitland, Armidale, Bathurst, Lismore, Wilcannia-Forbes, Wagga Wagga, Wollongong, Parramatta, the Metropolitan Cathedral of St Mary is the cathedral church of the Archdiocese of Sydney and the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Sydney. The cathedral is dedicated to Mary, Help of Christians, Patron of Australia, St Mary’s holds the title and dignity of a minor basilica, bestowed upon it by Pope Pius XI in 1930. St Marys is the largest church in Australia, though not the highest, in 2008, St Marys Cathedral became the focus of World Youth Day 2008 and was visited by Pope Benedict XVI. A foundation stone for the cathedral was laid in 1821 by Governor Lachlan Macquarie, when this cathedral was destroyed by fire in June 1865, plans were put in place for the construction of the current cathedral. Further construction of the nave commenced in 1913 and was dedicated in 1928, the richly decorated crypt was completed in 1961 and the most recent additions, two pinnacled spires, were commenced in 2000 and completed in advance of World Youth Day 2008. St Marys Cathedral Choir, the oldest musical institution in Australia, is formed of approximately 40 choristers and sings at High Mass every Sunday, the following individuals have been elected as Archbishop of Sydney, with a number elected as cardinals, as well as receiving civilian honours. Their highest title is shown here, There are around 577,000 Catholics in the archdiocese, the Catholic population is 27. 7% of the total. There are 139 parishes, in the care of around 246 diocesan priests. There are some 480 priests in total, including priests, working within the archdiocese, including those on lesser duties. There are 1,238 religious sisters and 275 religious brothers, while Archbishop of Sydney, Cardinal Clancy established the Seminary of the Good Shepherd in the Sydney suburb of Homebush in 1996
3.
After Dark (TV series)
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After Dark was a British late-night live discussion programme broadcast on Channel 4 television between 1987 and 1997, and on the BBC in 2003. In 2010 the television trade magazine Broadcast wrote After Dark defined the first 10 years of Channel 4, just as Big Brother did for the second. Broadcast live and with no scheduled end time, the series, the programme was hosted by a variety of presenters, and each episode had around half a dozen guests, often including a member of the public. The show ended in 1991 but a number of one-off specials, in 2004 After Dark was characterised as legendary by the Open University and in 2014 as the most uncensorable programme in the history of British television. Sir Jeremy Isaacs, the founding Chief Executive of Channel 4, in it he selects twenty-six programmes, including After Dark, which he describes as follows, Open-ended talk. From Austrias Club 2, it began at midnight and went on till it finished, the aim, discussion between people with burning experience of the subject, e. g. the murderer and the judge. A participant might wait long to utter but in the end his turn came, viewers could fall asleep in front of it, wake up and find the discussion just hotting up. The programme allowed Isaacs to realise one of his longest-held ambitions, when I first started in television at Granada. Sidney Bernstein said to me that the worst words ever uttered on TV were, Im sorry, especially since they were always uttered just as someone was about to say something really interesting. After Dark would only end when its guests had nothing more to say, from late April in 1987, Channel 4 screened a Nighttime strand, a mixture of films and discussion programmes that ran until 3am on Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays. Channel 4 launched After Dark as an open ended format broadcast on Friday nights as a piece of programming that would be inexpensive to produce. There was no chair, simply a host, and the took place around a coffee table in a darkened studio. Due to its late-night scheduling the series was dubbed After Closing Time by one critic, the series was made by production company Open Media. The series editor, Sebastian Cody, talking about the programme in an interview in 2003, after Dark is real in the sense that what you see is what you get, which isnt the case with something thats been edited to give the illusion of being real. Other shows wind people up with booze beforehand, then when theyre actually on the programme they give them glasses of water and we give our guests nothing until they arrive on set and then they can drink orange juice, or have a bottle of wine. And we let go to the loo. In 1987, The Times wrote, After Dark, the closest Britain gets to a talk show, is already finding that the more serious the chat. Channel 4s market research executive Sue Clench, says that around three million saw some of After Dark in its first slot
4.
George Pell
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George Pell AC is an Australian cardinal prelate of the Catholic Church. He serves as the inaugural and current Prefect of the Secretariat for the Economy since 2014 and he previously served as the eighth Archbishop of Sydney, auxiliary bishop and archbishop of the Archdiocese of Melbourne. He was created a cardinal in 2003, since Pells appointment as Archbishop of Melbourne in 1996, he has maintained a high public profile on a wide range of issues, while retaining a strict adherence to Catholic orthodoxy. He is generally regarded as progressive on social issues but conservative on matters of faith. Pell was born in Ballarat, Victoria, to George Arthur and his father, a non-practising Anglican whose ancestors were from Leicestershire in England, was a heavyweight boxing champion, his mother was a devout Catholic of Irish descent. During World War II, his father served in the Australian Defence Force and his sister, Margaret, became a violinist with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. As a child, he underwent 24 operations to remove an abscess in his throat, Pell received his early education at Loreto Convent and later at St Patricks College, where he matriculated. Both colleges are in his native Ballarat, at St Patricks, Pell played as a ruckman on the first XVIII from 1956 to 1959. He even signed to play with the Richmond Football Club, however, his ambitions later turned to the priesthood. In 1960, he began his studies at Corpus Christi College. One of his fellow seminarians at Corpus Christi was Denis Hart, Pell continued to play football and served as class prefect in his second and third years. In 1963, he was assigned to continue his studies at the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome and he was ordained to the diaconate on 15 August 1966. On 16 December 1966, Pell was ordained a priest by Cardinal Grégoire-Pierre Agagianian at St. Peters Basilica, during his studies at Oxford, he also served as a chaplain to Catholic students at Eton College, where he celebrated the first Roman Catholic Mass since the English Reformation. In 1971, he returned to Australia and was assigned to serve as an assistant priest in Swan Hill and he then served at a parish in Ballarat East from 1973 to 1983, becoming administrator of the parish of Bungaree in 1984. In 1982, he earned a Master of Education degree from Monash University in Melbourne and he was also editor of Light, the newspaper of the Diocese of Ballarat, from 1979 to 1984. From 1985 to 1987, Pell served as rector of his alma mater. Pell was appointed a bishop of Melbourne and Titular Bishop of Scala on 30 March 1987. He received his consecration on 21 May 1987 from Archbishop Frank Little, with bishops Ronald Mulkearns
5.
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
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The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith is the oldest among the nine congregations of the Roman Curia. It was founded to defend the church from heresy, today and its headquarters are at the Palace of the Holy Office, just outside Vatican City. The congregation employs a board including cardinals, bishops, priests, lay theologians. The current Prefect is Cardinal Gerhard Ludwig Müller and it served as the final court of appeal in trials of heresy and served as an important part of the Counter-Reformation. This body was renamed the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office in 1908 by Pope Saint Pius X, in many Catholic countries, the body is often informally called the Holy Office. The Congregations name was changed to Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on 7 December 1965 and this includes investigations into grave delicts, i. e. These crimes, in a motu proprio of 2001, Sacramentorum sanctitatis tutela, in effect, it is the promoter of justice who deals with, among other things, the question of priests accused of paedophilia. Within the CDF are the International Theological Commission, the Pontifical Biblical Commission, the Prefect of the CDF is ex officio president of these commissions. Until 1968, the Pope himself held the title of prefect, instead, he appointed one of the cardinals to preside over the meetings, first as Secretary, then as Pro-Prefect. Since 1968, the Cardinal head of the dicastery has borne the title of Prefect, therefore, from 1968 onwards, the title of Secretary refers to the second highest-ranking officer of the Congregation. The Congregation has a membership of some 18 other cardinals and a number of non-cardinal bishops, a staff of some 38 priests, religious and lay men and women. The work of the CDF is divided into four sections, the doctrinal, disciplinary, matrimonial, staff, Prefect, Cardinal Gerhard Ludwig Müller Secretary, Archbishop Luis Ladaria Ferrer, S. J. Assistant Secretary, Archbishop Joseph Augustine Di Noia, O. P and they refused to recant the doctrines of the Community of the Lady of All Nations. The nuns are members of the Good Shepherd Monastery of Our Lady of Charity, sister Mary Theresa Dionne,82, one of 6, said they will still live at the convent property, which they own. The sect believes that its 86-year-old founder, Marie Paule Giguere, is the reincarnation of the Virgin Mary, notification on the works of the Reverend Father Jon Sobrino, S. J. Notification regarding the book Jesus Symbol of God of the Reverend Father Roger Haight, notification on the book Toward a Christian Theology of Religious Pluralism by the Reverend Father Jacques Dupuis, S. J. Notification concerning some writings of Professor Dr. J, notification concerning the Text Mary and Human Liberation by the Reverend Father Tissa Balasuriya, O. M. I. Notification on the writings and activities of Mrs. M. I. P, essay on militant Ecclesiology by Leonardo Boff, O. F. M
6.
Pontifical Academy for Life
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The Pontifical Academy for Life or Pontificia Accademia Pro Vita is a Pontifical Academy of the Roman Catholic Church dedicated to promoting the Churchs consistent life ethic. It also does related research on bioethics and Catholic moral theology, though the Academy is considered an autonomous entity, it is linked to the Pontifical Council for Pastoral Assistance and various other dicasteries of the Roman Curia. There are also three ad honorem members and corresponding members who work in the Academys various institutes and centers of study. The Academy is responsible for the development and promotion of many of the Catholic teachings on questions of medical ethics including procreation, IVF, gene therapy, euthanasia and it was also responsible for forming, in part, the Churchs response to sexual abuse allegations. On 14 February 2010, the Pope Benedict XVI addressed members of the Academy to encourage them in their mission and he reiterated Catholic opposition to legislation relating to biomedical or ethical issues which is decided without moral consideration. Monsignor Ignacio Carrasco de Paula, previously Chancellor of the Academy, was appointed President, jérôme Lejeune Juan de Dios Vial Correa Elio Sgreccia Salvatore Fisichella Ignacio Carrasco de Paula Vincenzo Paglia Members include, Carl A
7.
Crows Nest, New South Wales
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Crows Nest is a suburb on the lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Crows Nest is located in the North Sydney precinct,5 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district, Crows Nest was originally part of a 524-acre land grant made to Edward Wollstonecraft in 1821. The grant extended from the site of the present day Crows Nest to Wollstonecraft, Edward Wollstonecraft built a cottage, the Crows Nest and, according to his business partner Alexander Berry, chose the name on account of its elevated and commanding position. Berry later built a more substantial Crows Nest House on the estate in 1850 and this site is now the site of North Sydney Demonstration School. The gates of Crows Nest House still stand at the Pacific Highway entrance to the school, Berry died at Crows Nest House on 30 November 1873. St Thomas Rest Park, located in West Street, was originally the cemetery of St Thomass Church and it was the first burial ground established on Sydneys north shore. The land for the cemetery was donated to the Anglican Parish of St Leonards in 1845 by the prominent landowner and merchant, notable people buried there include Alexander Berry and George Barney. Alexander Berry was buried there with his wife, in 1873 and they are interred in an unusual, pyramid-shaped tomb with his wifes brother, Edward Wollstonecraft, former owner of Crows Nest Farm, after which the area is named. George Barney was born in London in 1792, and arrived in Sydney in 1835 and he held a number of posts, including Commander of the Royal Engineers, and he designed Victoria Barracks. He was responsible for the completion of Fort Denison, Circular Quay, Cockatoo Dock, the park includes the original sextons cottage, which is now used as a museum of local history, and is heritage-listed. At the 2011 census, there were 4,048 residents in Crows Nest, 41% of people were in the 25-39 year age group, compared to 20. 9% nationally. The most common ancestries in Crows Nest were English 24. 2%, Australian 19. 7%, Irish 9. 1%, Scottish 6. 8%, Crows Nest is a significant commercial district which is noted for its variety of shops and restaurants. It is centred on the junction of five main roads about 1 kilometre north by northwest of the site of Crows Nest House. The Warringah Freeway runs along the border of Crows Nest. The new Sydney Metro line will include a station and major interchange at the far side of Crows Nest and is due to open in 2024
8.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
9.
Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
10.
Bishop
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A bishop is an ordained, consecrated, or appointed member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight. Within these churches, bishops are seen as those who possess the full priesthood, Some Protestant churches including the Lutheran and Methodist churches have bishops serving similar functions as well, though not always understood to be within apostolic succession in the same way. Priests, deacons and lay ministers cooperate and assist their bishop in shepherding a flock, the earliest organization of the Church in Jerusalem was, according to most scholars, similar to that of Jewish synagogues, but it had a council or college of ordained presbyters. In, we see a system of government in Jerusalem chaired by James the Just. In, the Apostle Paul ordains presbyters in churches in Anatolia, in Timothy and Titus in the New Testament a more clearly defined episcopate can be seen. We are told that Paul had left Timothy in Ephesus and Titus in Crete to oversee the local church, Paul commands Titus to ordain presbyters/bishops and to exercise general oversight, telling him to rebuke with all authority. Early sources are unclear but various groups of Christian communities may have had the bishop surrounded by a group or college functioning as leaders of the local churches, eventually, as Christendom grew, bishops no longer directly served individual congregations. Instead, the Metropolitan bishop appointed priests to each congregation. Around the end of the 1st century, the organization became clearer in historical documents. While Ignatius of Antioch offers the earliest clear description of monarchial bishops he is an advocate of monepiscopal structure rather than describing an accepted reality. To the bishops and house churches to which he writes, he offers strategies on how to pressure house churches who dont recognize the bishop into compliance. Other contemporary Christian writers do not describe monarchial bishops, either continuing to equate them with the presbyters or speaking of episkopoi in a city, plainly therefore we ought to regard the bishop as the Lord Himself — Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians 6,1. Your godly bishop — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 2,1, therefore as the Lord did nothing without the Father, either by Himself or by the Apostles, so neither do ye anything without the bishop and the presbyters. — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 7,1. Be obedient to the bishop and to one another, as Jesus Christ was to the Father, and as the Apostles were to Christ and to the Father, — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 13,2. Apart from these there is not even the name of a church, — Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallesians 3,1. Follow your bishop, as Jesus Christ followed the Father, and the presbytery as the Apostles, and to the deacons pay respect, as to Gods commandment — Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnans 8,1. He that honoureth the bishop is honoured of God, he that doeth aught without the knowledge of the bishop rendereth service to the devil — Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnans 9,1
11.
Solicitor
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A solicitor is a legal practitioner who traditionally deals with most of the legal matters in some jurisdictions. A person must have legally-defined qualifications, which vary from one jurisdiction to another, to be described as a solicitor, for example, in England and Wales a solicitor is admitted to practise under the provisions of the Solicitors Act 1974. With some exceptions, practising solicitors must possess a practising certificate, there are many more solicitors than barristers in England, they undertake the general aspects of giving legal advice and conducting legal proceedings. Some legal graduates will start off as one and then qualify as the other. Since the replacement of the aspect of the House of Lords with the Supreme Court the full title of a solicitor is Solicitor of the Senior Courts of England. The term attorney is still used under English law to refer to someone legally appointed or empowered to act for another person. Currently, the term is most commonly used to refer to someone so appointed under a power of attorney, practitioners in specialist professions, notably intellectual property, are also referred to as attorneys, for example Registered Patent Attorney or Registered Trade Mark Attorney. Minor criminal cases are tried in Magistrates Courts, which constitute by far the majority of courts, more serious criminal cases still start in the Magistrates Court and may then be transferred to a higher court. The majority of cases are tried in county courts and are almost always handled by solicitors. In the past, barristers did not deal with the public directly and this rigid separation no longer applies. Solicitor advocates with extended rights of audience may now act as advocates at all levels of the courts, conversely, the public may now hire and interact with a barrister directly in certain types of work without having to go to a solicitor first. Registered Patent Attorneys and Registered Trade Mark Attorneys also have rights of audience in intellectual property matters, Solicitors in England and Wales who wish to practise must pay an annual fee to obtain a Practising Certificate. This fee is paid to the Law Society of England and Wales, the Solicitors Regulation Authority, though funded by these fees, acts independently of the Law Society. Together, the two make up the complete system of professional regulation for solicitors. Complaints about solicitors if not satisfactorily resolved by the firm may be made to the Legal Ombudsman. The training and qualification required to enter the profession by being admitted as a solicitor is regulated by the Solicitors Regulation Authority, there are two graduate routes of entry into the profession. Prospective solicitors holding a law degree proceed to enroll with the Law Society as a student member. Those holding a degree but one which is a qualifying degree must in addition have completed a conversion course prior to enrolling on the Legal Practice Course
12.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Parramatta
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The Roman Catholic Diocese of Parramatta is a suffragan Latin Church diocese of the Archdiocese of Sydney, established in 1986. The Diocese of Parramatta is an organisation of the Roman Catholic Church, with responsibility for the suburbs of Sydney. St Patricks Cathedral, Parramatta is the seat of the Catholic Bishop of Parramatta, on 5 May 2016, Pope Francis appointed the Most Rev. Vincent Long Van Nguyen OFM Conv to be its fourth bishop. His installation took place on 16 June 2016, the diocese is located in one of the fastest-growing areas of New South Wales. The diocese is west of Sydney and reaches from Dundas Valley, west to Katoomba, south to Luddenham, the diocese was established 8 April 1986 from the western part of the Archdiocese of Sydney. And by 2004 served 307,392 parishioners out of a population of 924,621. A tower was built on the original St Patricks Church, which was consecrated in 1880, a cast bronze bell was installed in the tower in 1904. As the needs of the parish grew, a new church was built on the site in 1936, incorporating the existing tower, when the Diocese of Parramatta was established in 1986, St Patricks Church was designated as St Patricks Cathedral. The fire of 1996 completely devastated the cathedral, leaving only the bell tower, a completely new cathedral was rebuilt adjacent to the historic fire ravaged site. Designed in consultation with Romaldo Giurgola, the new cathedral, completed in 2003, has won the Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Buildings from the Australian Institute of Architects, there are 49 parishes located in Diocese of Parramatta within seven deaneries. Roman Catholicism in Australia Catholic Diocese of Parramatta
13.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
14.
University of Sydney
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The University of Sydney is an Australian public research university in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1850, it is Australias first university and is regarded as one of the leading universities. The university comprises 16 faculties and schools, through which it offers bachelor, master, in 2011 it had 32,393 undergraduate and 16,627 graduate students. The university is known as one of Australias sandstone universities. Five Nobel and two Crafoord laureates have been affiliated with the university as graduates and faculty, the university has educated six prime ministers and 24 justices of the High Court of Australia, including four chief justices. Sydney has produced 24 Rhodes Scholars and several Gates Scholars and it would take two attempts on Wentworths behalf, however, before the plan was finally adopted. The university was established via the passage of the University of Sydney Act, two years later, the university was inaugurated on 11 October 1852 in the Big Schoolroom of what is now Sydney Grammar School. The first principal was John Woolley, the first professor of chemistry, by 1859, the university had moved to its current site in the Sydney suburb of Camperdown. Most of the estate of John Henry Challis was bequeathed to the university and this was thanks in part due to William Montagu Manning who argued against the claims by British Tax Commissioners. The following year seven professorships were created, anatomy, zoology, engineering, history, law, logic and mental philosophy, the New England University College was founded as part of the University of Sydney in 1938 and later separated in 1954 to become the University of New England. During the late 1960s, the University of Sydney was at the centre of rows to introduce courses on Marxism and feminism at the major Australian universities, prior to 1981, the Sydney Institute of Education was the Sydney Teachers College. In January 2005, the University of Sydney transferred the OAC to Charles Sturt University, in February 2007, the university agreed to acquire a portion of the land granted to St Johns College to develop the Sydney Institute of Health and Medical Research. This caused concern among some groups, who argued that it would interfere with scientific medical research, at the start of 2010, the university controversially adopted a new logo. It retains the same university arms, however it takes on a modern look. The original Coat of Arms from 1857 continues to be used for ceremonial and other formal purposes, concerns about public funding for higher education were reflected again in 2014 following the federal governments proposal to deregulate student fees. In order to enhance its competitiveness locally and internationally, the university has introduced plans to consolidate existing degrees to reduce the overall number of programs. In 2001, the University of Sydney chancellor, Dame Leonie Kramer, was forced to resign by the governing body. In 2005, the Public Service Association of New South Wales, action initiated by Spence to improve the financial sustainability of the university has alienated some students and staff
15.
University of Divinity
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The University of Divinity is an Australian collegiate university of specialisation in divinity. It is constituted by eleven theological colleges from eight denominations, the University of Divinity is the direct successor of the second oldest degree-granting authority in the State of Victoria the Melbourne College of Divinity. The universitys chancery and administration are located in Kew, a suburb of Melbourne in the state of Victoria, the Melbourne College of Divinity was constituted in 1910 by an act of the Parliament of Victoria. The act was amended in 1956,1972,1979,1990,2005 and 2016, from its beginnings the college was a self-accrediting issuer of degrees, while not becoming a university until 2011. Representatives appointed by several churches formed the college to provide tertiary level theological education, the Victorian government announced on 30 August 2011 that the application had been approved and on 1 January 2012 the college began operating as a university. Peter Sherlock was elected the inaugural vice-chancellor in April 2012, the University of Divinity offers awards in theology, philosophy and ministry. In 2001 the institution was listed as a Schedule 1 Higher Education Institution by the Australian Government Department of Education, Science and it receives federal funding for research, Australian Postgraduate Research Awards and International Postgraduate Research Scholarships. The Higher Education Support Act listed the institution as a Table B Higher Education Provider, the University of Divinity is the only Australian University of Specialisation listed on the National Register of Higher Education Providers maintained by TEQSA. Pacifica, an academic journal Australian Lutheran College, Adelaide, South Australia Catherine Booth College, Parkville, Training college of the Salvation Army in Australia Catholic Theological College, East Melbourne, Victoria. A federation of autonomous seminaries, Corpus Christi College St Marys Seminary Salesian Theological College St Joseph of Cupertino Friary St Dominics Priory, morling College, Macquarie Park, New South Wales. The Baptist theological college of New South Wales, the Churches of Christ national theological college. Trinity College Theological School Whitley College, Parkville, Victoria, the Baptist theological college of Victoria. Yarra Theological Union, Box Hill, Victoria, a co-operative venture of the Anglican, Jesuit and Uniting theological colleges
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University College, Oxford
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University College, is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. It has a claim to being the oldest college of the university, as of 2009, the college had an estimated financial endowment of £109m. The college is associated with a number of influential people, notable alumni include Clement Attlee, C. S. Lewis, Bill Clinton, V. S. Naipaul, Stephen Hawking and Percy Bysshe Shelley. A legend arose in the 14th century that the college was founded by King Alfred in 872, however most agree its foundation was in 1249 by William of Durham. He bequeathed money to support ten or twelve Masters of Arts studying Divinity, and this later date still allows the claim that Univ is the oldest of the Oxford colleges, although this is contested by Balliol College and Merton College. Until the 16th century, it was open to Fellows studying theology. As Univ grew in size and wealth, its buildings were replaced with the current Main Quadrangle in the 17th Century. Although the foundation stone was placed on 17 April 1634 the disruption of the English Civil War meant it was not completed until sometime in 1676, Radcliffe Quad followed more rapidly by 1719, and the Library was built in 1861. University College began to accept female students in 1979. The main entrance to the college is on the High Street and its grounds are bounded by Merton Street, the college is divided by Logic Lane which is owned by the college and runs through the centre. The western side of the college is occupied by the library, the hall, the chapel, the eastern side of the college is mainly devoted to student accommodation in rooms above the High Street shops, on Merton Street or in the separate Goodhart Building. This building is named after former master of the college Arthur Lehman Goodhart, the college also owns student accommodation on Staverton Road in North Oxford which houses students after their second year. The college also owns the University College Boathouse and a ground which is located nearby on Abingdon Road. The Alternative Prospectus is written and produced by current students for prospective applicants, the publication was awarded a HELOA Innovation and Best Practice Award in 2011. The Univ Alternative Prospectus offers student written advice and guidance to potential Oxford applicants, the award recognises the engagement of the college community, unique newspaper format, forward-thinking use of social media and the collaborative working between staff and students. University has the longest grace of any Oxford college and it is read before every Formal Hall, which is held Tuesday, Thursday, and Sunday at Univ. The reading is performed by a Scholar of the College and whoever is sitting at the head of High Table, the Scholar does not need to know it by heart, and it is unusual for people to do so. Gratiarum actio in collegio magnae aulae universitatis quotidie ante mensam dicenda, SCHOLAR — Deus det vivis gratiam, defunctis requiem, Ecclesiae, Reginae, Regnoque nostro, pacem et concordiam, et nobis peccatoribus vitam aeternam
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Archbishop
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In Christianity, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In some cases, like the Lutheran Church of Sweden, it is the denomination leader title, an archbishop may be granted the title, or ordained as chief pastor of a metropolitan see or another episcopal see to which the title of archbishop is attached. Episcopal sees are generally arranged in groups in which the bishop who is the ordinary of one of them has certain powers and he is known as the metropolitan archbishop of that see. As well as the more numerous metropolitan sees, there are 77 Roman Catholic sees that have archiepiscopal rank. In some cases, such a see is the one in a country, such as Luxembourg or Monaco. In others, the title of archdiocese is for reasons attributed to a see that was once of greater importance. Some of these archdioceses are suffragans of a metropolitan archdiocese, an example is the Archdiocese of Avignon, which is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Marseille, Another such example is the Archdiocese of Trnava, Slovakia. Others are immediately subject to the Holy See and not to any metropolitan archdiocese and these are usually aggregated to an ecclesiastical province. An example is the Archdiocese of Hobart in Australia, associated with the Metropolitan ecclesiastical province of Melbourne, the ordinary of such an archdiocese is an archbishop, however, especially in the Anglican Communion, not all archbishops dioceses are called archdioceses. Since then, the title of Coadjutor Archbishop of the see is considered sufficient, the rank of archbishop is conferred on some bishops who are not ordinaries of an archdiocese. They hold the rank not because of the see that they head, the bishop transferred is then known as the Archbishop-Bishop of his new see. An example is Gianfranco Gardin, appointed Archbishop-Bishop of Treviso on 21 December 2009, the title borne by the successor of such an archbishop-bishop is merely that of Bishop of the see, unless he also is granted the personal title of Archbishop. The distinction between metropolitan sees and non-metropolitan archiepiscopal sees exists for titular sees as well as for residential ones, the Annuario Pontificio marks titular sees of the former class with the abbreviation Metr. and the others with Arciv. Many of the sees to which nuncios and heads of departments of the Roman Curia who are not cardinals are assigned are not of archiepiscopal rank. In that case the person who is appointed to such a position is given the title of archbishop. They are usually referred to as Archbishop of the see, not as its Archbishop-Bishop, until 1970, such archbishops were transferred to a titular see. There can be several Archbishops Emeriti of the see, the 2008 Annuario Pontificio listed three living Archbishops Emeriti of Taipei. There is no Archbishop Emeritus of a see, an archbishop who holds a titular see keeps it until death or until transferred to another see
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Clayton Utz
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Clayton Utz is an Australian law firm headquartered in Sydney, Australia. Established in 1833, it is a member of what was known as the Big Six of Australian law firms, with annual revenue in excess of $436 million,175 partners and over 1,200 personnel in six offices, it is the largest law firm based in Australia. Clayton Utz manages transactions for domestic and international clients from a range of jurisdictions, including the United States, the firm has many dual-qualified lawyers. Clayton Utz has relationships with firms around the world and is a member of a number of international networks, including Lex Mundi. Several high-profile matters undertaken by the firm include Toll Holdings takeover of Patrick Corporation, Mayne Groups de-merger, the firms corporate team has acted for AMP on its A$14bn acquisition of AXA Pacific Holdings and represented the Singapore Exchange on its proposed merger with ASX. The team has acted for a number of clients including Noble Group, Barrick Gold. The firm provides pro bono services and supports a number of charities. The firm has acted on a pro bono basis for nearly 4,000 people and over 1,000 not-for-profit organisations, and assisted thousands more people at 36 different outreach legal advice clinics. As at that time, this was the most pro bono work ever conducted by an Australian law firm, the firm adopted a Corporate Citizenship Policy in 2002 and established the Clayton Utz Foundation in 2003 as the first ever Private Ancillary Fund at an Australian law firm. Since 2003, the Clayton Utz Foundation has made over $7.3 million in grants to 212 charities. In March 2010, the firm launched its Reconciliation Action Plan and this included incriminating documents that outlined the extent of BATs knowledge of the health effects of smoking. Glenn Eggleton, a managing partner of the firm, was said to have given evidence that was potentially perjurious. In 2002 Clayton Utz closed its tobacco claims litigation practice, in 2011, Clayton Utz was subject to a sexual harassment claim after allegations of inappropriate emails being circulated among graduate lawyers in the firm about a female graduate lawyer. The lawyer in question referred to female co-workers as crazy single female chicks who just need a good **** to get back to normal. In making an order, McCallum J noted It is difficult to decide whether it is surprising that the remarks were made at all or that a lawyer recorded them in an email. Clayton Utz was found not liable for the emails on the basis that the partners of Clayton Utz ought reasonably to have prevented such correspondence, the lawyer in question resigned shortly after the case was settled
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Blackfriars, Oxford
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Blackfriars, Oxford is a Permanent Private Hall of the University of Oxford. The current Regent of both the Hall and Studium is Very Rev Dr Simon Gaine OP, the name Blackfriars is commonly used to denote a house of the Dominican Friars in England, a reference to the black-colored cappa, which is part of their habit. Blackfriars Hall is a Permanent Private Hall, meaning that it is owned and governed by an outside institution, located in central Oxford on St Giles, its neighbours include St Johns College, Oxford, St Cross College, Oxford and the Ashmolean Museum. Blackfriars Hall is a centre for the study of theology and philosophy informed by the tradition of St Thomas Aquinas. It admits men and women of any faith for Oxford undergraduate degrees in theology schools, PPE, the Dominicans arrived in Oxford on 15 August 1221, at the instruction of Saint Dominic himself, little more than a week after the friars death. Like all the houses in Oxford, Blackfriars came into rapid. With the Reformation, all houses, including Blackfriars, were suppressed. The Dominicans did not return to Oxford for some 400 years, until 1921 when Blackfriars was refounded as a religious house, the Dominican Studium at Blackfriars had a close relationship with the University, culminating in the establishment of Blackfriars as a permanent private hall in 1994. Blackfriars Hall is the home of a number of other institutes including, launched in November 2008, the institute contributes to the halls founding vision to be a centre of the social as well as the sacred sciences. Its founding director was Francis Davis, the second director of the institute is Michael Oborne, formerly Director of Futures at the OECD. The International Young Leaders Network exists to identify young leaders aged 18 to 33 from the Christian community globally, the Aquinas Institute was established in 2004 under the directorship of Fergus Kerr. It aims to study of St Thomas at Oxford through seminars, conferences, summer schools. Patrons of the institute include John Haldane, Alasdair MacIntyre, Ralph McInerny, Blackfriars offers those preparing for the Catholic priesthood the Baccalaureate in Sacred Theology granted by the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in Rome. Blackfriars Studium offers one or two programs in Catholic Theology which lead to an Oxford University Certificate or Diploma in Pastoral Theology
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Southern Basque Country
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The Southern Basque Country is a term used to refer to the Basque territories within Spain as a unified whole. In Basque language, natives have referred to the Basque districts as Euskal Herria and it does not exist as a political unit but includes the three provinces and two enclaves of the Basque Autonomous Community in the west, as well as the Chartered Community of Navarre to the east. The Basque districts had managed to retain an independent status within the Crown of Castile up until the period of the War of the Pyrenees. The Basques of each district kept their own defence provision, with men being drafted for the militias exclusively in defence of each specific district, however, voluntary military contribution to the king could go beyond district boundaries in exchange for a sum of money. The four districts kept a strong municipality based governmental structure, as well as customs on their boundaries. Mineral extraction was concerted for communal exploitation, usually undertaken when required by neighbouring inhabitants and/or manufacturers, the foundations of Basque home rule were badly shaken at the turn of the 19th century, followed by the short-lived but watershed Spanish nationalist Constitution of 1812. Since 1866, the four chartered provincial governments made a move towards coordination and cooperation by designing a number of common projects. At San Sebastián, the Spanish General Prim ratified in 1869 his position in favour of the status held by the Southern Basque Country conditioned on their unambiguous attachment to Spain. However, the general was assassinated in the midst of political instability, at the end of it, the fueros were definitely abolished in the Basque Provinces, while Navarres legal status was less affected. It was followed by other unofficial cultural/sport institutions, or the Federation of Basque-Navarrese Savings Banks, since 1982, the four provinces were divided into the Chartered Community of Navarre and the Basque Autonomous Community. g. The movement to re-establish cooperation and common ties is spearheaded by Basque nationalist parties, Basque Country Basque coat of arms Corruption in Navarre
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Ashfield, New South Wales
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Ashfield is a suburb in the Inner West of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Ashfield is about 9 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district and its urban density is relatively high for Australia, with the majority of the areas dwellings being a mixture of mainly post-war low-rise flats and Federation-era detached houses. Amongst these are a number of grand Victorian buildings that offer a hint of Ashfields rich cultural heritage, prior to the arrival of Europeans, the area now known as Ashfield within a broader area Wangal people moved and lived, having migrated from South East Asia and then downwards. Exact numbers are unknown, some research there was between 8000 and 10000 aboriginal people in the broader Sydney region, fluctuating with the seasons. Their territory was believed to be centred on modern-day Concord and stretched east to the swampland of Long Cove Creek, the land was heavily wooded at the time with tall eucalypts covering the higher ground and a variety of swampy trees along Iron Cove Creek. The people hunted by killing animals and fish. Violence is known to have occurred both between tribes and within tribes, in particular towards women, by 1790, a rough track had been built between the colonys two settlements at Sydney Cove and Parramatta. This route later became the main artery of the expanding Greater Sydney and, as the boundary of what is now Ashfield. The first land grant in the area was made to Rev Richard Johnson in 1793, by the 1820s, all the grants had been amalgamated into two large estates, Ashfield Park and Canterbury Estate. Ashfield Park was named by Robert Campbell, whose father was the laird of Ashfield in Scotland, in 1838, Elizabeth Underwood, then owner of Ashfield Park, subdivided part of her land to form the village of Ashfield between Liverpool Rd and Alt St. Part of the subdivision was the building of St Johns Church in Alt St in 1841 and this is the oldest surviving building in Ashfield. By 1855, the village had about 70 houses and 200 residents, however, the opening of the Sydney-Parramatta railway line that year, with Ashfield as one of its six original stations, led to a population explosion. In 1872, there were residents for the area to be granted a municipal council. By 1890, the population had grown to 11,000, during this time, Ashfield was seen as a highly desirable location compared to the city, which had become crowded and pestilent. Many grand Victorian houses were built in the part of the 19th century. But by the time of World War I, the suburb had fallen out of favour, many of the grand homes were knocked down in the 1920s and 30s and replaced with small art deco blocks of flats or semi-detached houses. A few remain, however, and are listed in the Landmarks section, by the 1950s, the population of Ashfield had begun to fall, as it had in many surrounding suburbs, as people moved to newer houses on larger blocks of land on the urban fringe. The Councils response was to start approving large blocks of flats, many of which were built during the 1960s and 70s, there is, however, recognition of the areas heritage with many buildings in the suburb protected by heritage orders
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Anglo-Irish people
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Many became eminent as administrators in the British Empire and as senior army and naval officers. The term is not usually applied to Presbyterians in the province of Ulster, whose ancestry is mostly Scottish, rather than English or Irish, the Anglo-Irish held a wide range of political views, with many of them being outspoken Irish Nationalists. And while many of the Anglo-Irish were part of the English diaspora in Ireland, in the course of the 17th century, this Anglo-Irish landed class replaced the Gaelic Irish and Old English aristocracies as the ruling class in Ireland. They were also referred to as New English to distinguish them from the Old English who descended from the medieval Hiberno-Norman settlers and those who converted to the Church of Ireland were usually able to keep or regain their lost property, as the issue was primarily one of allegiance. In the late 18th century the Parliament of Ireland in Dublin won legislative independence, the Anglo-Irish social class was usually of mixed English and Irish or Welsh ancestry. Members of this class commonly identified themselves as Irish, while retaining English habits in politics, commerce. They participated in the popular English sports of the day, particularly racing and fox hunting, many of the more successful of them spent much of their careers either in Great Britain or in some part of the British Empire. Many constructed large houses, which became known in Ireland as Big Houses. The Dublin working class playwright Brendan Behan, a staunch Irish Republican, saw the Anglo-Irish as Irelands leisure class, the Anglo-Irish novelist and short story writer Elizabeth Bowen memorably described her experience as feeling English in Ireland, Irish in England and not accepted fully as belonging to either. Due to their prominence in the military and their conservative politics and they also controlled financial companies such as the Bank of Ireland and Goodbody Stockbrokers. Prominent Anglo-Irish poets, writers, and playwrights include Jonathan Swift, George Berkeley, Oliver Goldsmith, Bram Stoker, Oscar Wilde, J. M. Synge, W. B. Yeats, Cecil Day-Lewis, Bernard Shaw, Augusta, Lady Gregory, Samuel Beckett, Giles Cooper, C. S. Lewis, Lord Longford, the polar explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton was also an Anglo-Irishman. Medical experts included Sir William Wilde, Robert Graves, Thomas Wrigley Grimshaw, William Stokes, Robert Collis, Sir John Lumsden, William Desmond Taylor was an early and prolific maker of silent films in Hollywood. Philanthropists included Thomas Barnardo and The 1st Earl of Iveagh, the Anglo-Irish, as a class, were mostly opposed to the notions of Irish independence and Home Rule. Most were supporters of continued political union with Great Britain, which existed between 1800 and 1922, however, Protestants in Ireland, and the Anglo-Irish class in particular, were by no means universally attached to the cause of continued political union with Great Britain. For instance, author Jonathan Swift, a clergyman in the Church of Ireland, the Irish Rebellion of 1798 was led by members of the Anglo-Irish and Ulster Scots class, some of whom feared the political implications of the impending union with Great Britain. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, however, Irish nationalism became increasingly tied to a Roman Catholic identity, by the beginning of the twentieth century, many Anglo-Irishmen in southern Ireland had become convinced of the need for a political settlement with Irish nationalists. Anglo-Irish politicians such as Sir Horace Plunkett and Lord Monteagle became leading figures in finding a solution to the Irish question
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Lakemba, New South Wales
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Lakemba is a suburb in south-western Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Lakemba is located 15 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, Lakemba is in the Cooks River watershed. This river is tidal up to the edge of Lakemba, a bike and walking trail takes walkers and cyclists all the way from nearby Belfield to the east along the Cooks River, to where it flows into Botany Bay. In the opposite direction the bike and walking trail goes north to Olympic Park, Canterbury Road winds its way high along the ridge, which is the boundary of the watersheds of Cooks River and Wolli Creek to the south. The Lakemba railway station is on the Bankstown Line of the Sydney Trains network and it is near the shopping centre on Haldon Street. The area was at a time in its colonial history originally known as Potato Hill because potatoes were cropped here. Land grants by the new government began in Lakemba about 1810. Samuel Hockley was granted 50 acres, which he called Essex Hill Farm, the suburb was known as Belmore South until 1910. Benjamin Taylor had a 22 hectare property in the 1880s and he named his property Lakeba after the Lakeba island in the Lau Islands group of Fiji, where his second wifes grandparents, Rev and Mrs Cross, were missionaries from 1835. One of the streets is Oneata Street, named after another small Fijian Island. Benjamin Taylor was variously an entomologist, town clerk, Alderman, the railway line was built to the neighbouring suburb of Belmore in 1895 and extended to Lakemba and beyond, in 1909. The station was built on Benjamin Taylors property and was named after his ‘Lakemba Cottage’, the first school opened here as Belmore School in April 1869 and became known as Belmore South in September 1907 until it was changed to Lakemba Public School in June 1910. The post office opened on 1 July 1879, Lakemba has had a diverse demographic history. Like most of the rest of Australia, its first non-Aboriginal inhabitants in the century were British and Irish settlers. By the mid-twentieth century, the suburb had absorbed large numbers of Greek, local businesses and clubs reflected this in Mediterranean delicatessens, take-away shops and the Greek Orthodox Club. From the mid-1970s, Lakemba became very popular with migrants from Lebanon, according to the 2001 Census,67.7 per cent of Lakemba residents stated they had been born overseas — one of the highest proportions in Australia. Census data reveals that Arabic is the most common home language in Lakemba. Those who spoke exclusively English accounted for 17.8 per cent — and Chinese, the English language was spoken exclusively or very well or well by 71.2 per cent of the suburbs overseas-born in 2001
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Holy Cross College, Ryde, New South Wales
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Holy Cross College is a Catholic high school for boys located in the suburb of Ryde in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia established in the tradition of the Patrician Brothers. The Patrician Brothers arrived in New South Wales in 1883, opening a Boarding College at Ryde in 1891, the College moved to its present site in 1896. The great sandstone edifice which is now a landmark of the district gradually rose on the heights above the Parramatta River and it celebrates its 125 years of educating young men in 2016. The Crest was designed in the early 1900s, and was installed in a glass window of the Oratory in the Monastery building. In 1959, a replica was installed in the new College Chapel. The Crest features the Waratah and Shamrock entwined, symbolising the shared Patrician Apostolate of Australia, in one adaptation, the Harp is replaced by the Southern Cross. The overall design of the Crest is technically termed Quarterly per Cross and Cross Fillet, the stars indicate the Southern Cross. Clockwise, from top left, the Quarters symbolise, The Bishops Mitre, for Bishop Daniel Delany, the Heart, as the universal symbol of love of God and mankind. The Book of Learning, as the embodiment of the Scriptures, the humanities, the Harp, as the national emblem of Ireland, the country of origin of the Patrician Brothers. Students entering the College in Year 7 have a teacher who works with them in at least three subject areas. This approach to secondary schooling allows teachers to know students and their needs well. This approach to learning also encourages boys to learn how to learn, equipping them better for the greater independence, higher School Certificate results in ICT have in recent years been up to ten points above State average. The College possesses extensive facilities, including a new state-of-the-art Technology. Jack Renshaw - Labor Premier of New South Wales from 30 April 1964 to 13 May 1965 Joseph Clark - Federal Parliament Member for seat of Darling for 35 years from 1934 to 1969. Anthony Fisher - Archbishop of Sydney, Australia,2014 Chris Anderson - Boarded and attended 6th form 1971 while playing reserve and first grade for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs
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Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview
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Established in 1880 by Fr Joseph Dalton SJ, of the Society of Jesus, Saint Ignatius is a Jesuit school in the tradition of St Ignatius of Loyola. It is part of the network of Jesuit schools that began in Messina. Saint Ignatius College has an enrolment policy and currently caters for approximately 1,560 students from Years 5 to 12. Numerous leading contributors to Australian politics, arts, law, religion, a former Premier of New South Wales, Nick Greiner also attended Riverview. Dalton became founding Rector of the college, classes commenced with two students on 11 February 1880, in a small stone cottage on the Riverview estate. The original cottage became very cramped with greater numbers and in order to better accommodation St Michaels House was built. The building was designed by W. W. Wardell and opened on the feast of Saint Michael,29 September 1880, in 1882 a wooden boatshed was built for rowing and in 1883 the Infirmary took shape. By December 1882, with an enrolment of only 70 boys, lessons were taught six days a week. Prayers began the day at 6.15 am, followed by Mass and study before breakfast at 8.30 am, on Sundays and holidays the boys were allowed to sleep in until 6.30 am. Within seven years of its founding, keen observers were taking notice, the main building of the college was constructed in three stages between 1885–1930 and the foundation stone was laid by Cardinal Moran, Archbishop of Sydney, on 15 December 1885. Fr Daniel OConnell was director of the Observatory from 1938 and was called to be director of the Vatican Observatory. Another distinguished Jesuit seismologist and astronomer, Fr Thomas Burke-Gaffney, became assistant-director of the Observatory in 1946 and his studies of seismic aspects of nuclear explosions garnered worldwide attention and he served as vice-president of the Royal Society of New South Wales. The Dalton Memorial Chapel was also built in 1909, the organ in the chapel was built in 1910 at a cost of £460 by Charles Richardson and installed in 1911. By the 1970s the organ was becoming unreliable and the college organist at the time, Peter Meyer, although the first dayboys were not officially admitted until 1923, there was a small group of pupils who were permitted to attend the college as dayboys. In fact, up until the 1960s dayboys remained relatively small in number and they told Howard a poll of 574 students at the college showed 75 per cent were against Australian military participation in Iraq, regardless of the United Nations’ position. During February 2005, students sang for Pope John Paul II outside his hospital in Rome as part of the 2005 Pilgrimage of Hope. The year 2005 saw Riverview play host to a series of 125th anniversary celebrations culminating in a whole school Mass at St Marys Cathedral, the school motto Quantum Potes Tantum Aude was introduced by the rector-headmaster, Fr Thomas Gartlan SJ, in 1906. Quantum Potes Tantum Aude is now formally translated from Latin as As much as you can do, so much dare to do, seen to best reflect the Latin, the motto is taken from a song of Saint Thomas Aquinas entitled Lauda Sion Salvatorem
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Queen Victoria Building
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The Queen Victoria Building, is a late nineteenth-century building designed by the architect George McRae in the central business district of Sydney, Australia. The Romanesque Revival building was constructed between 1893 and 1898 and is 30 metres wide by 190 metres long, the building fills a city block bounded by George, Market, York and Druitt Streets. Designed as a marketplace, it was used for a variety of purposes, underwent remodelling and suffered decay until its restoration. The site has been under the control of the Council of the City of Sydney since 1842 and it was previously the location for municipal markets, the first of which, a simple storehouse, was put up by Gregory Blaxland. Under Governor Macquaries leadership, it was envisaged as a grand civic square by architect Francis Greenway. In the 1830s, four substantial stone halls were built to the design of Ambrose Hallenand later the site was selected for the construction of a centre of trade. The building, on the scale of a cathedral was designed by George McRae, the Councils choice of Victorian Romanesque style conveys the influences of American architect Henry Hobson Richardson. The dominant feature of the building is the dome which consists of an interior glass dome. Smaller domes of various sizes are on the rooftop, including ones on each corner of the rectangular building. The colonnades, arches, balustrades and cupolas are of typically intricate Victorian style and she is crowned with the civic crown and waratah wreath. At her feet is a shield bearing the city crest, on her right is seated a semi-nude, muscular, male figure, representing Labor and Industry, with the appropriate symbols, viz. wheat, a ram, fruit, and a beehive, grouped round him. On her left is a male figure representing Commerce and Exchange. A ship in full sail is shown on his left, a bag of money its in one of his hands, and the ledger book in the other. Both figures are wreathed with olive, the symbol of Peace, York Street group The central figure, a vigorous youth representing civilisation holds aloft the torch to better guide science and the arts and crafts represented by two beautiful semi-nude girls. Science has a compass and is checking some facts stated on a scroll she holds in her left hand and she is in deep thought in fine contrast to her sister representing Arts And Crafts who is looking with a welcoming and pleading look. The approval of the statuary for the group was approved in February 1898. The Councillors decided not to ask for the Queens assent, in part because it would have made it necessary to have the Royal Coat of Arms on the building. After the markets originally held in the building were relocated in 1910, finally, in 1987, the Council rescinded the 1918 resolution and named it the Queen Victoria Building
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Kings Cross, New South Wales
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Kings Cross is an inner-city locality of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located approximately 2 kilometres east of the Sydney central business district and it is bounded by the suburbs of Potts Point, Elizabeth Bay, Rushcutters Bay and Darlinghurst. Colloquially known as The Cross, the area is known as Sydneys red-light district, once known for its music halls and grand theatres, it was rapidly transformed after World War II by the influx of troops returning and visiting from the nearby Garden Island naval base. Today, it is a mixed locality offering both services to residents and entertainment venues including bars, restaurants, nightclubs, brothels. The intersection of William Street, Darlinghurst Road and Victoria Street at the localitys southernmost limit was named Queens Cross to celebrate Queen Victorias diamond jubilee in 1897. Confusion with Queens Square in King Street in the city prompted its renaming as Kings Cross, after King Edward VII, during the early 19th century the Darlinghurst area, which extended to include current day Kings Cross, was one of Sydneys most prestigious locations. Being far enough to escape the noise and smell of the central city, an additional attraction was the commanding harbour views to the east and north and views to the west as far as the Blue Mountains. They built a series of grandiose mansions with sprawling gardens of up to ten acres, the remnants of these gardens helped give the area its leafy character, and many of the mansions are commemorated through street names such as Roslyn, Orwell and Kellett. Most of the estates were ultimately subdivided with all but a handful of the great houses demolished. One of the homes, located nearby in the suburb of Elizabeth Bay, is Elizabeth Bay House. Others, now used for other purposes, include Tusculum in Manning Street, a prominent past resident of this era was David Scott Mitchell. The Kings Cross district was Sydneys bohemian heartland from the decades of the 20th century. The illegal trading of alcohol, known as sly grog, was notorious in the area up until mid-century, led by rival owners, Tilly Devine. Anthony, actors including Peter Finch and Chips Rafferty, and painter Sir William Dobell, from the 1960s onwards Kings Cross also came to serve as both the citys main tourist accommodation and entertainment mecca, as well as its red-light district. It thereby achieved a level of notoriety out of all proportion to its limited geographical extent. Hundreds of American servicemen on R & R leave flocked to the area each week in search of entertainment, much of this activity can be related with Abe Saffron, commonly known as Mr Sin or the boss of the Cross. A positive influence in the area during that time was The Wayside Chapel and his church was open most of the time, providing a drop in centre and counselling services to many of the itinerants who were drawn to the area. The Ted Noff Foundation, established in 1971, continues his work supporting young people and their families who are experiencing drug and alcohol problems and related trauma
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Wahroonga, New South Wales
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Wahroonga is an Aboriginal word meaning our home. In the early days of British settlement in New South Wales, Wahroonga was first settled in 1822 by Thomas Hyndes, a convict who became a wealthy landowner. Hyndess land was acquired by John Brown, a merchant. After Brown had cleared the land of timber, he planted orchards, later, Ada, Lucinda and Roland Avenues were named after three of his children. His name has ì in Browns Road, Browns Field and Browns Waterhole on the Lane Cove River, the last member of the Brown family was Gertrude Mary Appleton, who died in 2008 at the age of ninety-three. She is buried in the cemetery of St John the Baptist Church, after the North Shore railway line was opened in 1890 it became a popular place for wealthy businessmen to build out-of-town residences with large gardens. Wahroonga Post Office opened on 15 October 1896, much of this development occurred in the 1920s and 1930s. The Sydney Adventist Hospital is in Wahroonga, as is Globalstars Australian office, Wahroonga railway station is on the North Shore, Northern & Western Line of the Sydney Trains network. Wahroonga is the Sydney end of the M1 Motorway to Newcastle, Wahroonga is known for its tree-lined, shady streets. Notable streets include Burns Road, Water Street and Billyard Avenue, the Rose Seidler House, in Clissold Road, built by Harry Seidler between 1948 and 1950, was one of the first examples of modern residential architecture in Australia. Highlands, in Highlands Avenue, is a house designed by John Horbury Hunt. Hunt was a Canadian architect who used the Arts and Crafts style, Highlands is now on the Register of the National Estate. Architect William Hardy Wilson designed and built his own home, Purulia, built in 1913, the home is in the Colonial Revival style and became, according to some observers, a prototype for North Shore homes. It is listed on the Register of the National Estate, berith Park, in Billyard Avenue, was designed by F. Ernest Stowe for Alfred Smith, who bought the land in 1897. The house was finished circa 1909, westholme, in Water Street, was designed by Howard Joseland in the Arts and Crafts style for John Bennett, one of the pioneer developers of Wahroonga. Bennett came from England but migrated to Australia with his wife, another house was added at the other end of the block, but this was demolished in 1991 after changing hands several times. The Gatehouse, in Water Street, was part of the John Williams Hospital. Craignairn, at the corner of Burns Road and Cleveland Street, was designed in the Arts and Crafts style by Howard Joseland
29.
University of Oxford
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The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris, after disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two ancient universities are frequently referred to as Oxbridge. The university is made up of a variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges, All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. Being a city university, it not have a main campus, instead, its buildings. Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the worlds oldest and most prestigious scholarships, the university operates the worlds oldest university museum, as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system in Britain. Oxford has educated many notable alumni, including 28 Nobel laureates,27 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, the University of Oxford has no known foundation date. Teaching at Oxford existed in form as early as 1096. It grew quickly in 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris, the historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188 and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of chancellor from at least 1201, the university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, the students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two nations, representing the North and the South. In later centuries, geographical origins continued to many students affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. At about the time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College, thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses. In 1333–34, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III. Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London, thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, the new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the English Reformation and the breaking of communion with the Roman Catholic Church, recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, as a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxfords reputation declined in the Age of Enlightenment, enrolments fell and teaching was neglected
30.
Australian Catholic University
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Australian Catholic University is a publicly funded university with seven campuses around Australia. It is one of the few Australian universities with a presence in Europe, ACU has grown rapidly, with the number of undergraduate students increasing more than 60% between 2010 and 2015. The university now has more than 32,000 students from 160 countries and it has matched this growth with the expansion and upgrade of it campuses. Several new buildings and developments have won interior design or architecture awards, ACU is made up of four faculties, which offer bachelor, master and doctoral degrees. It is open to students and staff of all beliefs and backgrounds, and outlines in its mission statement a commitment to the pursuit of knowledge, the dignity of the human person and the common good. ACU was founded from Catholic tertiary institutions that had been training teachers and it is now globally connected, with a relationship to more than 190 universities and educational institutions around the world as well as being part of a global network of Catholic universities. Through a series of amalgamations, relocations, transfers of responsibilities and diocesan initiatives, deputy vice-chancellors have delegated responsibility for assigned areas of policy. These areas are academic, administration and resources, research and students, associate vice-chancellors are based in Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney. They act as the representative in their local region, as do the campus deans in Ballarat. The vice-chancellor is also assisted by the faculty deans, the academic registrar. Each faculty is headed by a dean and supported by a number of associate deans. ACU has seven campuses across Australia, Adelaide, Ballarat, Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, in 2015, the university opened the Rome Centre, a collaboration with the Catholic University of America, located in Rome, Italy. ACU has a range of institutes and centres, as well as four faculties. In 2014 ACU launched a research intensification program, in 2015, ACU was named the most improved institution in the country by the Australian Research Council in its national assessment of research quality, the Excellence in Research for Australia. In the results, ACU increased its excellence index ranking from 35th to 21st, the university also achieved several scores of five, the highest score possible, in the ERA. The university hosts a national sporting event – the ACU Games – and students also compete in Australias largest annual multisport event. ACU has its own community radio station, ACU Wired. Campus Life manages a range of clubs and societies as well as organising events, competitions, the Office of Student Success manages a range of support services on every campus including academic, disability, counseling, and Indigenous support
31.
Philip Nitschke
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Philip Haig Nitschke is an Australian humanist, author, former physician and founder and director of the pro-euthanasia group Exit International. Nitschke was the first doctor in the world to administer a legal, voluntary, lethal injection, Nitschke states that he and his group are regularly subject to harassment by authorities. In 2015 Nitschke burned his medical practising certificate in response to what he saw as onerous conditions that violated his right to free speech, imposed on him by the Medical Board of Australia. Born in 1947 in rural South Australia, Nitschke studied physics at the University of Adelaide, rejecting a career in the sciences, he instead travelled to the Northern Territory to take up work with the Aboriginal land rights activist Vincent Lingiari and the Gurindji at Wave Hill. After the hand-back of land by the then Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, Nitschke became a Northern Territory Parks, however, after badly injuring his subtalar joint, which effectively finished his career as a ranger, he began studying for a medical degree. He graduated from the University of Sydney Medical School in 1989, after graduating Nitschke worked as an intern at Royal Darwin Hospital, and then as an after hours general practitioner. This put him in a position of a spokesperson for the proposed legislation. After the Rights of the Terminally Ill Act came into force on 1 July 1996 and this practice was ceased when the ROTI Act was effectively nullified by the Australian Parliaments Euthanasia Laws Act 1997. After the ROTI Act was nullified Nitschke began providing advice to others about how they can end their lives, a notable case of Nitschkes was that of Nancy Crick, aged 69. On 22 May 2002, Crick, in the presence of over 20 friends and family, took a dose of barbiturates, went quickly to sleep. Nitschke had encouraged Crick to enter palliative care, which she did for a number of days before returning home again. She had undergone multiple surgeries to treat cancer and was left with multiple dense and inoperable bowel adhesions that left her in constant pain. She was not, however, terminally ill at the time of her death, Nitschke said the scar tissue from previous cancer surgery had caused her suffering. She didnt actually want to die when she had cancer and she wanted to die after she had cancer treatment, he said. A2004 documentary film, Mademoiselle and the Doctor, focused on the quest of a retired Perth professor, Lisette Nigot, Nigot took an overdose of medication which she had bought in the United States and died, not long before her 80th birthday. In a note to Nitschke thanking him for his support, she described him as a crusader working for a worthwhile humane cause, after 80 years of a good life, I have enough of it, she wrote, I want to stop it before it gets bad. Nitschke made headlines in New Zealand when he announced plans to accompany eight New Zealanders to Mexico where the drug Nembutal, capable of producing a fatal overdose, can be purchased legally. In the 2007 Australian federal election Nitschke ran against the Australian politician Kevin Andrews in the Victorian seat of Menzies but was unsuccessful, in 2009 Nitschke helped to promote Dignified Departure, a 13-hour, pay-television program on doctor-assisted suicide in Hong Kong and mainland China
32.
Great Hall of the University of Sydney
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The Great Hall of the University of Sydney, Australia, is one of the principal structures of the university, with a public interior used for formal ceremonies, conferences, recitals and dinners. The Hall, located in the Main Quadrangle on the Camperdown campus, is a symbol of the universitys stately history, the Great Hall was completed in 1859, and represents one of Blackets finest accomplishments. On July 18,1859, degrees were first conferred upon graduates by the University in a ceremony in the Hall. During 1881–1882, a Forster & Andrews pipe organ was installed, Westminster Hall, the oldest existing interior of the Palace of Westminster in London, served as Blackets model for the Great Halls design. Westminster Hall, erected during the reign of William II in 1097, was altered during the reign of Richard II between 1394 and 1399. The King commissioned architects Henry Yevele and Hugh Herland to replace the original roof, Westminster Hall then survived a fire on October 161834, which destroyed much of the remaining palace. Like its English counterpart, a wooden, hammerbeam roof is adorned by ten carved angels, the marble floor, elevated upon the western side of the hall, mirrors the dais found in Westminster Hall, upon which the throne of King Richard II stood. The armorial bearings upon the side of the Hall, as well as the frame of the Oriel window, have been carved of Caen stone. The walls are constructed of Sydney sandstone, with a floor of marble. The great beams of the roof are of cedar wood
33.
University of Notre Dame Australia
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The University of Notre Dame Australia is an Australian private Catholic university established in 1989. Its main campus is in Fremantle, Western Australia, with campuses in Broome, Western Australia. Peter Tannock succeeded Link and served as vice-chancellor, expanding the operations to Sydney and northwest Western Australia. Celia Hammond, a lawyer, was appointed as the universitys third vice-chancellor in 2008 and she also said, The university has campuses in Fremantle and Broome in Western Australia and two locations in Sydney, New South Wales. The governance structure of Notre Dame is determined largely by its act of parliament. These specify the source, role and functions of its trustees, board of directors and board of governors, the waves below the open Bible represents the Fremantle area and Australia, a nation surrounded by water. The university ensures that it maintains its Catholic ethos by providing students, one of the most prominent expressions of this ethos is the daily Mass at the universitys chapels,12,35 pm at both the Fremantle and Sydney campuses. Its Institute for Ethics and Society in Sydney publishes Solidarity, The Journal of Catholic Social Thought, as of 2017, the University is ranked equal 29th in the Australian University Rankings, tied with six other universities. This is the position in the rankings. The university is an institution and is subject to regular quality audits and registration processes undertaken by the Tertiary Education Quality. Fremantle Campus has three libraries, St Teresas Library, the Galvin Medical Library and the Craven Law Library, Sydney Campus has St Benedicts Library and the Benedict XVI Medical Library. There is also a library on the Broome Campus, the current vice-chancellor and chief executive officer of the university, since 5 August 2008, is Celia Hammond, a lawyer
34.
World Youth Day 2008
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The 23rd World Youth Day was a Catholic youth festival that started on 15 July and continued until 20 July 2008 in Sydney, Australia. It was the first World Youth Day held in Australia and the first World Youth Day in Oceania and this meeting was decided by Pope Benedict XVI, during the Cologne World Youth Day of 2005. The theme was You will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes on you, about 500,000 young people from 200 countries attended during the week, and more than 1,000,000 came for the weekend. They were joined by about 600 bishops and cardinals, as well as by 6,600 reporters. The festivals of WYD began on 1 July 2007, when a large 3. 8-meter-high wooden cross, the WYD Cross was entrusted to the youth of the world by Pope John Paul II in 1984 as a sign of peace and hope. The Pope told the people of the world to take it around the world as a symbol of Christs love for humanity. In 2004, Pope John Paul II commissioned the icon of the Virgin Mary to accompany the cross pilgrimage. It is a symbol intended to represent Marys maternal love for young people, from the announcement of the host World Youth Day, the cross and icon travel ceremonially around the world similar to the Olympic torch relay. In the week preceding the event, many young Catholic pilgrims spent time in different parts of Australia and New Zealand. After their stay, they travelled to Sydney for the Opening Mass of the main event. The Pope arrived at Sydney on 13 July at Richmond Air Force Base in North Western Sydney on a special Alitalia flight, until 17 July he stayed in the Opus Dei centre, called Kenthurst Study Centre,30 km from Sydney. On 15 July, World Youth Day 2008 began with the Opening Mass, celebrated by George Cardinal Pell and this was followed by a concert. Each morning from 15 to 17 July, Catechists were held in approximately 300 locations, Pilgrims received teachings from a Bishop and also celebrated Mass. In the afternoons, pilgrims journeyed into the city and attend the Youth Festival consisting of a series of art exhibitions, concerts, seminars, and conferences. On 17 July 2008,500,000 attendees from around the world were present at Barangaroo to welcome Pope Benedict XVI on a day dubbed Super Thursday by the press. The Pope actually arrived on 14 July, but only appeared in public for the first time on the 17th, the event involved the Pope travelling around Port Jackson in a boatacade where pilgrims lined the shores to see him. However, there were many disappointed spectators in places like the Botanic Gardens, the Sydney Childrens Choir and Gondwana Voices performed at the event. The Pope then spoke extensively to the pilgrims and greeted them in five foreign languages, in order to let the pilgrims see him better the Pope was driven around Barangaroo through the crowds in his Popemobile
35.
Parliament of Victoria
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The Parliament of Victoria is the bicameral legislature of the Australian state of Victoria. It follows a Westminster-derived parliamentary system and consists of The Queen, represented by the Governor of Victoria, the Legislative Assembly, the Parliament meets at Parliament House in the state capital Melbourne. The two Houses of Parliament have 128 Members in total,88 in the house and 40 in the upper house. Government is formed in the house while the upper is a house of review. The incumbent Labor Party government, elected at the 2014 election, prior to 1851 the area of Australia now known as Victoria was part of the colony of New South Wales and was administered by the Government of New South Wales in Sydney. On 5 August 1850 the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the Australian Constitutions Act 1850 which made provision for the separation of Victoria from New South Wales. Enabling legislation was passed by the Parliament of New South Wales, the Lieutenant-Governor was subordinate in some matters to the Governor of New South Wales, who was given the title Governor-General. The Legislative Council met for the first time in November 1851 at St Patricks Hall, the Constitution established the Westminster-style system of responsible government that continues in Victoria today. The Legislative Council consisted of thirty members representing six Provinces, each returning five Members. The Legislative Assembly consisted of sixty members representing thirty-seven multi and single-member electorates, until November 2006, the Legislative Council had 44 members serving eight-year terms, elected from single-member constituencies, with half the seats falling vacant every four years. Since then it has had 40 members, each serving four-year terms, since 2006, the Legislative Assembly has had 88 members elected for fixed four-year terms from single-member constituencies, using preferential voting. Each house has a number of committees that investigate proposed laws in detail before they are considered by the whole house, some of the committee work is carried out by the Joint Committees which consist of members from all sides of politics and from both chambers. Like the Parliament, the committees cease to exist when the Parliament is dissolved by the governor and this means that often the names and jurisdiction of the committees are changed. A proposed law or bill can be introduced into either house, ordinary appropriation bills need only be passed by the Legislative Assembly before being presented to the Governor for royal assent. Each electoral region contains eleven electoral districts, all members of both houses are elected for fixed four year terms. General elections are held on the last Saturday in November every four years with the Parliament expiring on the Tuesday twenty-five days before the election and it is also not permitted to be a member of both houses or a candidate for election to both houses of Parliament. The last general election was held on 29 November 2014, Ministers and former ministers are entitled to the style The Honourable although some choose not to use it. The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly is the officer of the Legislative Assembly
36.
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
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It was founded as the Knights Hospitaller circa 1099 in Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem, by the Blessed Gerard, making it the worlds oldest surviving chivalric order. It operated from Cyprus, Rhodes, Malta, over which it was sovereign until the French occupation, the order venerates as its patroness Mary, mother of Jesus, under the title Our Lady of Mount Philermos. The Order retains sovereignty under international law, including United Nations permanent observer status, issuing its own passports, currency, the orders military corps, three brigades, are stationed throughout Italy, liaisoned with the Italian Armed Forces. Through its worldwide relief corps, Malteser International, the order aids victims of disasters, epidemics. In several countries, including France, Germany and Ireland, local associations of the order are important providers of emergency services. In the ecclesiastical heraldry of the Roman Catholic Church, the Order of Malta is one of two orders whose insignia may be displayed in a clerical coat of arms. The shield is surrounded with a rosary for professed knights. Members may also display the Maltese cross behind their shield instead of the ribbon, in order to protect its heritage against frauds, the order has legally registered 16 versions of its names and emblems in some 100 countries. The birth of the dates back to around 1048. The Order of St. John of Jerusalem–the monastic community that ran the hospital for the pilgrims in the Holy Land–became independent under the guidance of its founder, by virtue of the Papal Bull, the hospital became an order exempt from the control of the local church. All the Knights were religious, bound by the three vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. The order thus added the task of defending the faith to that of its hospitaller mission, as time went on, the order adopted the white eight-pointed Cross that is still its symbol today. The eight points represent the eight beatitudes that Jesus pronounced in his Sermon on the Mount, when the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land fell after the Siege of Acre in 1291, the order settled first in Cyprus. In 1310, led by Grand Master Fra Foulques de Villaret, in the early 14th century, the institutions of the Order and the knights who came to Rhodes from every corner of Europe were grouped according to the languages they spoke. Each Langue included Priories or Grand Priories, Bailiwicks, and Commanderies, the Order was governed by its Grand Master, the Prince of Rhodes, and its Council. The senior positions of the Order were given to representatives of different Langues, after six months of siege and fierce combat against the fleet and army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the Knights were forced to surrender in 1523 and left Rhodes with military honours. The Reformation which split Western Europe into Protestant and Roman Catholic states affected the knights as well, in several countries, including England, Scotland and Sweden, the order was disestablished. In others, including the Netherlands and Germany, entire bailiwicks or commanderies experienced religious conversions and it was established that the order should remain neutral in any war between Christian nations
37.
Auxiliary bishop
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An auxiliary bishop, in the Roman Catholic Church, is a bishop assigned to assist the diocesan bishop in meeting the pastoral needs of the diocese. They exist in both the Latin Church and in the Eastern Catholic Churches, Auxiliary bishops are titular bishops of sees that no longer exist. The particular duties of a bishop are given by the diocesan bishop and can vary widely depending on the auxiliary bishop, the ordinary. In a larger archdiocese, they might be in assigned to serve a portion of the archdiocese or to serve a particular population such as immigrants or those of a heritage or language. Canon law requires that the diocesan bishop appoint each auxiliary bishop as vicar general or episcopal vicar of the diocese, Catholic Encyclopedia - Auxiliary Bishop USCCB - Auxiliary Bishop Archdiocese of Indianapolis - Auxiliary Bishop Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA - Auxiliary Bishops
38.
Titular Bishop
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A titular bishop in various churches is a bishop who is not in charge of a diocese. There are more bishops than there are functioning dioceses, therefore, a priest appointed not to head a diocese as its diocesan bishop, but to be an auxiliary bishop, a papal diplomat, or an official of the Roman Curia is appointed to a titular see. In the Roman Catholic Church, a bishop is a bishop who is not in charge of a diocese. Most titular bishops hold the title to a titular see, assigning titular sees serves two purposes. Since part of being a bishop means being the head of a Christian Church, at the same time, the office of titular bishop memorializes ancient Churches, most of which were suppressed because they fell into the hands of non-Christian conquerors. For this reason the former terminology was not titular bishop but bishop in infidel regions, since 1970, there are two more exceptions. Diocesan bishops who resign their see or are transferred to a non-diocesan appointment are no longer habitually transferred to a titular see, instead, they take the title Bishop Emeritus of the last see. Also, coadjutors are no longer named to titular sees, instead taking the title Coadjutor Bishop of the see they will inherit, in other cases titular bishops still take a titular see. When Francis Green was named Coadjutor Bishop of Tucson, Arizona, in 1960, however, when Gerald Kicanas became Coadjutor Bishop of Tucson in 2001, he ceased being Titular Bishop of Bela. He still remained a bishop until he succeeded Manuel Moreno in 2003. Angelo Sodano, as Cardinal Bishop of Albano, is bishop of the see. The Cardinal Dean is by tradition Cardinal Bishop of Ostia, in addition to the see he previously held. Occasionally, the transfer of a bishop to a titular see has been used by the Holy See to strip of responsibilities a bishop whose behavior was disapproved. Titular bishops and titular metropolitans are often appointed in the Eastern Orthodox Church and their titular dioceses are usually in Thrace and Asia Minor and were often active until the Greek-Turkish population exchange of 1923. Catholic Church hierarchy Titular archbishop List of Catholic titular sees Codex Iuris Canonici, Vatican City, the Ecumenical Patriarchate, A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs
39.
Pope John Paul II
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Pope Saint John Paul II, born Karol Józef Wojtyła, was Pope from 1978 to 2005. He is called by some Catholics Saint John Paul the Great and he was elected by the second Papal conclave of 1978, which was called after Pope John Paul I, who had been elected in August after the death of Pope Paul VI, died after thirty-three days. Cardinal Wojtyła was elected on the day of the conclave. John Paul II is recognised as helping to end Communist rule in his native Poland, John Paul II significantly improved the Catholic Churchs relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. He upheld the Churchs teachings on such matters as artificial contraception and the ordination of women and he was one of the most travelled world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. By the time of his death, he had named most of the College of Cardinals, consecrated or co-consecrated a large number of the worlds bishops, a key goal of his papacy was to transform and reposition the Catholic Church. His wish was to place his Church at the heart of a new alliance that would bring together Jews, Muslims. He was the second longest-serving pope in history after Pope Pius IX. Born in Poland, John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope since the Dutch Pope Adrian VI, John Paul IIs cause for canonisation commenced in 2005 one month after his death with the traditional five-year waiting period waived. A second miracle attributed to John Paul IIs intercession was approved on 2 July 2013, John Paul II was canonised on 27 April 2014, together with Pope John XXIII. On 11 September 2014, Pope Francis added John Paul IIs optional memorial feast day to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints, in response to worldwide requests. It is traditional to celebrate saints feast days on the anniversary of their deaths, Karol Józef Wojtyła was born in the Polish town of Wadowice. He was the youngest of three born to Karol Wojtyła, an ethnic Pole, and Emilia Kaczorowska, whose mothers maiden surname was Scholz. Emilia, who was a schoolteacher, died in childbirth in 1929 when Wojtyła was eight years old and his elder sister Olga had died before his birth, but he was close to his brother Edmund, nicknamed Mundek, who was 13 years his senior. Edmunds work as a physician led to his death from scarlet fever. As a boy, Wojtyła was athletic, often playing football as goalkeeper, during his childhood, Wojtyła had contact with Wadowices large Jewish community. School football games were organised between teams of Jews and Catholics, and Wojtyła often played on the Jewish side. I remember that at least a third of my classmates at school in Wadowice were Jews
40.
St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney
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It is dedicated to the Immaculate Mother of God, Help of Christians, Patroness of Australia and holds the title and dignity of a minor basilica, bestowed upon it by Pope Pius XI on 4 August 1932. St Marys has the greatest length of any church in Australia, in 2008, St Marys Cathedral became the focus of World Youth Day 2008 and was visited by Pope Benedict XVI who consecrated the new forward altar. Sydney was established as a settlement on 26 January 1788 in the name of King George III by Captain Arthur Phillip. Many of the people to arrive in Sydney at that time were military, some wives and family. The first chaplain of the colony was the Reverend Richard Johnson of the Church of England, no specific provision was made for the religious needs of those many convicts and settlers who were Roman Catholics. To redress this, an Irish Catholic priest, a Father OFlynn, travelled to the colony of New South Wales but, as he arrived without government sanction, he was sent home. It was not until 1820 that two priests, Father Conolly and Father John Therry, arrived to officially minister to the Roman Catholics in Australia, Father Conolly went to Tasmania and Father Therry remained in Sydney. Therry claimed that on the day of his arrival, he had a vision of a mighty church of golden stone dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary raising its twin spires above the city of Sydney. This vision came to pass, but not until after 180 years, Father Therry applied for a grant of land on which to build a church. He asked for land on the side of Sydney, towards Darling Harbour. The site for the Catholic church overlooked an area upon which the bricks for Macquaries buildings were made. The area is now Hyde Park, with avenues of trees, the foundation stone for the first St Marys was laid on 29 October 1821 by Governor Macquarie. Built by James Dempsey, it was a cruciform stone structure which paid homage to the rising fashion for the Gothic style in its pointed windows. In 1835, John Polding became the first archbishop of the Roman Catholic Church in Australia, in 1851 the church was modified to the designs of Augustus Welby Pugin. Father Therry died on 25 May 1864, on 29 June 1865, the church caught fire and was destroyed. The then archdeacon, Father McEnroe, immediately set about planning and fund raising in order to build the present cathedral, Polding wrote to William Wardell, a pupil of Augustus Welby Pugin, the most prominent architect of the Gothic Revival movement. Polding was impressed with Wardells building of St Johns College at the University of Sydney, in his letter, Polding gives Wardell a completely free hand in the design, saying Any plan, any style, anything that is beautiful and grand, to the extent of our power. Wardell had also designed and commenced work on St Patricks Cathedral, there were to be two intermediate stages
