1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Ohio State Route 2
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State Route 2, formerly known as Inter-county Highway 2 until 1921 and State Highway 2 in 1922, is an east–west highway crossing most of northern Ohio. Its western terminus is at the Indiana state line near Hicksville where the route becomes Indiana State Road 37 which continues to Fort Wayne, the eastern terminus of the route is in Painesville Township in Lake County at U. S. Route 20. It passes through Bryan, Wauseon, and enters greater Toledo west of its interchange with the Ohio Turnpike and it continues east from greater Toledo and soon parallels Lake Erie, becoming a freeway near Port Clinton. From Oregon to Sandusky SR2 is part of 293 miles of the designated the Lake Erie Coastal Ohio Trail. It then passes Sandusky, where it meets U. S. Route 250 and U. S. Route 6, and separates from the lakeshore as a freeway, and traverses rural Erie County before entering Lorain County. Near Elyria, it joins Interstate 90, whose route it shares to Rocky River, here it again joins U. S.6, as well as U. S. Route 20 on Clifton Blvd. It then becomes part of the Cleveland Memorial Shoreway in Cleveland and these two highways split near Euclid, and State Route 2 continues along the Lakeland Freeway to Painesville, feeding into U. S.20 eastbound. State Route 2 serves as a route to lakeshore attractions on Lake Erie from Toledo and Cleveland. The stretch of SR2 from Toledo to Sandusky passes several attractions, the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge is just east of SR19 in Carroll Township. It sits on 733 acres along with the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, SR2 is the lowest numbered state route in Ohio. Ohio State Route 1 was decommissioned in 1965, the section of State Route 2 that runs through Erie County is called the Jackie Mayer Miss America Highway and is named for Jackie Mayer, a former Miss America who was born and raised in Sandusky. The section of State Route 2 that runs through Willoughby is named Brian Montgomery Memorial Highway in honor of a Marine Lance Corporal that was killed in the Iraq War in August 2005,1912, Intercounty Highway 2 runs from Cleveland to the Pennsylvania state line. 1923, Route is extended to follow current US6 alignment from the Indiana state line to Bryan, cleveland-to-Pennsylvania alignment certified as US20. 1931, Extended east to Willoughby along previously unnumbered route,1939, SR18 alignment removed from SR2 alignment west of Hicksville. 1939, Route extended east to Lost Nation Road in Willoughby,1941, SR2 from West 6th to East 9th moved from Lakeside Avenue to the Lakefront Highway, later called the Cleveland Memorial Shoreway. Lakeside certified as SR2 temporary,1962, Extended east to SR283 in Painesville, Euclid-to-Painesville alignment upgraded to freeway. 1967,9 miles west of Sandusky to 4 miles west of Sandusky upgraded to freeway,1967, Route extended to its current eastern terminus at US20 in Painesville Township 1968, From SR163 to 9 miles west of Sandusky upgraded to freeway. 1970, From 2 miles west of Amherst to SR83 upgraded to freeway, 1973–1975, OH2 Alt is deleted as discontinuous sections of Route 2 are moved from US6 to I-90
3.
Ohio State Route 51
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State Route 51 is a northwest-southeast highway in northwest Ohio. Its southern terminus is at U. S. Route 20 just south of Elmore, Ohio, before an ODOT signage project in 2010, the northern portion of the route, from its northern terminus to the Maumee River was signed as an east-west route. The portion from the Maumee to its terminus was signed north-south. ODOT has now signed all portions as north-south, from its southern terminus, State Route 51 heads north to an interchange with the Ohio Turnpike before it enters Elmore. After exiting Elmore, the route heads northwest through the village of Genoa, the route from here to the Maumee River is also known as Woodville Road. The route interchanges with Interstate 280 before entering southwest Oregon and into Toledo, after it crosses the Maumee, it eventually moves onto Monroe Street, which moves in a generally northwesternly direction until it reaches U. S. Route 23 in Sylvania, where it ends. SR184 and US223 end here as well, the original route of State Route 51 was that of current State Route 49 in western Ohio. The route was changed from 51 to 49 until the entire route became 49 in 1935. A new State Route 51 was certified in 1955, with its southern terminus where it is now, State Route 51 was extended to State Route 2 in Oregon in 1959. In 1989, State Route 51 replaced the route of U. S. Route 223 though Toledo and Sylvania across the Maumee River, U. S. Route 223 now officially ends at U. S. Route 23s interchange with State Routes 51 and 184 in Sylvania. State Route 51s interchange with the Ohio Turnpike was opened in 1997
4.
Ohio State Route 65
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State Route 65 is a north–south highway in western Ohio. Its southern terminus is at State Route 47 near Sidney, from south to north, the route passes through the cities of Jackson Center, Uniopolis, Lima, Columbus Grove, Ottawa, Leipsic, Belmore, McClure, Grand Rapids, Perrysburg, Rossford, and Toledo. Route 65 parallels the south bank of the Maumee River for its northernmost 32 miles, State Route 65 is an original state highway. Its original southern terminus was at State Route 15 in Ottawa, in 1931, the routes northern terminus was moved to downtown Toledo along its current route. Most of its route north of the Maumee River is now that of State Route 109. From 1931 until 1989, State Route 65 did not cross the Maumee River, until 1964, its route from Perrysburg to Toledo was superseded by U. S. Route 23. In 1938, State Route 65s southern terminus was extended to its current terminus and it replaced the now defunct State Routes 33 and 318. In 1989, when U. S. Route 223 was truncated back to Sylvania, State Route 51 took U. S. Route 223s route on Monroe Street, while State Route 65 took the route of Summit Street from there to Interstate 280. In June,2007, the Veterans Glass City Skyway opened, taking Interstate 280 across the Maumee
5.
Maumee River
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The Maumee River is a river running from northeastern Indiana into northwestern Ohio and Lake Erie in the United States. Toledo, Ohio, developed at the Maumee Rivers mouth, the Maumee was designated an Ohio State Scenic River on July 18,1974. The Maumee watershed is Ohio’s breadbasket, it is farmland, mostly corn. It is the largest watershed of any of the feeding the Great Lakes. Historically the river was known as the Miami in United States treaties with Native Americans. As early as 1671, French colonists called the river Miami du Lac, Maumee is an anglicized spelling of the Ottawa or Odawa name for the Miami tribe, Maamii. The Odawa had a village at the mouth of the Maumee River, the Battle of Fallen Timbers, the final battle of the Northwest Indian War, was fought 3⁄4 mile north of the banks of the Maumee River. After this decisive victory for General Anthony Wayne, Native Americans ceded a twelve mile square tract around Perrysburg and Maumee to the United States by the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. Lands north of the river and downstream of Defiance were ceded in the 1807 Treaty of Detroit, prior to the development of canals, portages between the rivers were important trade routes. U. S. forces built forts such as Fort Loramie, Fort Recovery, in honor of General Waynes victory on the banks of the Maumee, the primary bridge crossing the river near downtown Toledo is named the Anthony Wayne Suspension Bridge. A dispute over control of part of the Maumee River region led to the so-called Toledo War between Ohio and the Michigan Territory, agricultural practices along the Maumee River have contributed in the 21st century to high phosphate levels in Lake Erie. This triggered algae blooms in the lake, rendering drinking water from the city of Toledo unsafe for consumption for nearly a week in August 2014. The Maumee River watershed was part of the Great Black Swamp, a remnant of Glacial Lake Maumee. The 1, 500-square-mile swamp was a vast network of forests, wetlands, and grasslands, the mouth of the river at Toledo and Lake Erie is wide and supports considerable commercial traffic, including oil, grain, and coal. About 12 miles upstream, in the town of Perrysburg, Ohio, the Miami and Erie Canal was built parallel to and north of the Maumee between Toledo and Defiance, Ohio, to enable extended transportation of shipped goods. The canal entered the river at a slackwater created by Independence Dam and it exited the river at Defiance and was built to the south, ending at Cincinnati, Ohio. While abandoned for use, portions of the canals towpath are maintained for recreational use in both Lucas and Henry counties. A restored section of canal, including a lock, is operated at Providence Metropark
6.
Toledo, Ohio
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Toledo is a city in and the county seat of Lucas County, Ohio, United States. Toledo is in northwest Ohio, at the end of Lake Erie bordering the state of Michigan. The city was founded by United States citizens in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River and it was re-founded in 1837, after conclusion of the Toledo War, when it was incorporated in Ohio. After construction of the Miami and Erie Canal, Toledo grew quickly and it has since become a city with an art community, auto assembly businesses, education, healthcare, and local sports teams. The citys glass industry has earned it the nickname, The Glass City, the population of Toledo as of the 2010 Census was 287,208, making it the 71st-largest city in the United States. It is the fourth most populous city in the U. S. state of Ohio after Columbus, Cleveland, and Cincinnati. The Toledo metropolitan area had a 2010 population of 651,429, and was the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the state of Ohio, behind Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Dayton, and Akron. Varying cultures of indigenous peoples lived along the rivers and lakefront of what is now northwestern Ohio for thousands of years, when the city of Toledo was preparing to pave its streets, it surveyed two prehistoric semicircular earthworks, presumably for stockades. One was at the intersection of Clayton and Oliver streets on the bank of Swan Creek. Such earthworks were typical of mound-building peoples and this region was part of a larger area controlled by the historic tribes of the Wyandot and the people of the Council of Three Fires. The first European to visit the area was Étienne Brûlé, a French-Canadian guide and explorer, the French established trading posts in the area by 1680 to take advantage of the lucrative fur trade. The Odawa moved from Manitoulin Island and the Bruce Peninsula at the invitation of the French and they settled an area extending into northwest Ohio. By the early 18th century, the Odawa occupied areas along most of the Maumee River to its mouth and they served as middlemen between the French and tribes further to the west and north. The Wyandot occupied central Ohio, and the Shawnee and Lenape occupied the southern areas, the area was not settled by European-Americans until 1795 and after. They were finally defeated in 1794 at the Battle of Fallen Timbers and this loose affiliation of tribes included the Wyandot and Council of Three Fires. By a treaty in 1795, they ceded large areas of territory in Ohio to the United States, according to Charles E. Slocum, the American military built Fort Industry at the mouth of the Maumee about 1805, but as a temporary stockade. No official reports support the 19th-century tradition of its history there. The United States continued to work to extinguish land claims of Native Americans, in the Treaty of Detroit, the above four tribes ceded a large land area to the United States of what became southeastern Michigan and northwestern Ohio, to the mouth of the Maumee River
7.
Suspension bridge
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A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders. The first modern examples of type of bridge were built in the early 19th century. Simple suspension bridges, which lack vertical suspenders, have a history in many mountainous parts of the world. This type of bridge has cables suspended between towers, plus vertical suspender cables carry the weight of the deck below, upon which traffic crosses. This arrangement allows the deck to be level or to arc upward for additional clearance, like other suspension bridge types, this type often is constructed without falsework. The suspension cables must be anchored at each end of the bridge, the main cables continue beyond the pillars to deck-level supports, and further continue to connections with anchors in the ground. The roadway is supported by vertical suspender cables or rods, called hangers, in the latter case there will be very little arc in the outboard main cables. The earliest suspension bridges were ropes slung across a chasm, with a deck possibly at the level or hung below the ropes such that the rope had a catenary shape. The Tibetan saint and bridge-builder Thangtong Gyalpo originated the use of chains in his version of simple suspension bridges. In 1433, Gyalpo built eight bridges in eastern Bhutan, the last surviving chain-linked bridge of Gyalpos was the Thangtong Gyalpo Bridge in Duksum en route to Trashi Yangtse, which was finally washed away in 2004. Gyalpos iron chain bridges did not include a deck bridge which is the standard on all modern suspension bridges today. Instead, both the railing and the layer of Gyalpos bridges used wires. The stress points that carried the screed were reinforced by the iron chains, before the use of iron chains it is thought that Gyalpo used ropes from twisted willows or yak skins. He may have also used tightly bound cloth, the first American iron chain suspension bridge was the Jacobs Creek Bridge in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, designed by inventor James Finley. Finleys bridge was the first to all of the necessary components of a modern suspension bridge. Finley patented his design in 1808, and published it in the Philadelphia journal, The Port Folio, in 1810. Early British chain bridges included the Dryburgh Abbey Bridge and 137 m Union Bridge, with rapidly increasing to 176 m with the Menai Bridge. The first chain bridge on the European continent was the Chain Bridge in Nuremberg, the Clifton Suspension Bridge is one of the longest of the parabolic arc chain type
8.
Anthony Wayne
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Anthony Wayne was a United States Army officer, statesman, and member of the United States House of Representatives. He later served as General in Chief of the Army and commanded the Legion of the United States, Wayne was one of four children born to Isaac Wayne and Elizabeth Iddings Wayne in Easttown Township, near present-day Paoli, Chester County, Pennsylvania. His father had immigrated from Ireland, and was part of a Protestant Anglo-Irish family, Wayne was born on January 1,1745, on his familys Waynesborough estate. He was educated as a surveyor at his uncles private academy in Philadelphia, as well as at the College of Philadelphia, in 1767 he returned to work in his fathers tannery, while continuing work as a surveyor. He became a prominent figure in Chester County and served in the Pennsylvania legislature from 1774–80 and he married Mary Penrose in 1766 and they had two children. Their daughter Margretta was born in 1770 and their son Isaac Wayne, representative from Pennsylvania, was born in 1772. At the onset of the war in 1775, Wayne raised a unit and, in 1776. His service resulted in a promotion to general on February 21,1777. On September 11,1777, Wayne commanded the Pennsylvania Line at Brandywine, the two forces fought for three hours until the American line withdrew, and Wayne was ordered to retreat. Later, Wayne was ordered to harass the British rear in order to slow General Howes advance towards Pennsylvania, Waynes camp was attacked on the night of September 20–21, in the Battle of Paoli. General Charles Grey ordered his men to remove their flints and attack with bayonets in order to keep their assault secret, the attack earned General Grey the nickname No Flint, but the Americans used the tactics and casualties as propaganda regarding British brutality. General Waynes own reputation was tarnished by the American losses, only days later, on October 4,1777, Wayne again led his forces against the British in the Battle of Germantown. Waynes soldiers pushed ahead of other American units, and, according to his report, generals Wayne and Sullivan advanced too quickly, however, and became entrapped when they reached two miles ahead of other American units. As General Howe arrived and reformed the British line, American forces retreated, General Wayne was again ordered to hold off the British and cover the rear of the retreating body. After winter quarters at Valley Forge, Wayne led the American attack at the 1778 Battle of Monmouth, during this battle, Waynes forces were abandoned by General Charles Lee and pinned down by a numerically superior British force. Wayne held out until relieved by reinforcements sent by Washington, Wayne reformed his troops and continued to fight. Because the body of Lt. Colonel Henry Monckton was discovered by the 1st Pennsylvania Regiment, in July 1779 Washington named Wayne to command the Corps of Light Infantry, a temporary unit of four regiments of light infantry companies drawn from all the regiments in the Main Army. Waynes successful attack on British positions at Stony Point, New York in the Battle of Stony Point was the point of his revolutionary war service
9.
Ohio Department of Transportation
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In addition to highways, the department also helps develop public transportation and public aviation programs. ODOT is headquartered in Columbus, Ohio, the Director of Transportation is part of the Governors Cabinet. ODOT has broken up the state of Ohio into 12 districts in order to facilitate regional development, each district is responsible for the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of the state and federal highways in their region. The department employs over 6,000 people, and has a budget approaching $3 billion. It celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2005, and its 35th as the Ohio Department of Transportation in 2007, the Ohio Department of Highways began operations on February 15,1905. The original office consisted of 4 employees and a budget of $10,000. Its mission was to study the state roads and the science of road construction, the Department of Highways created the first Ohio State Highway Patrol in an attempt to reduce the amount of automobile-related fatalities in 1933. By the end of the year the first patrolmen were on duty, one year later in 1957 The Ohio’s Department of Highways officially began construction on the 1,500 miles of the interstate system designated for Ohio in the Federal Aid Highway Act. After one year of interstate construction Ohio was spending more on roadway construction than New York or California, by the end of the decade, Ohio hit a milestone, with over 1,000 miles completed. In 1965 the federal government began to allow new funds to be spent on highway beautification projects. In an effort to consolidate multiple modes of transportation under one agency, throughout the decade construction of interstate highways continued. In 1995 ODOT began efforts to more efficient as well as be more customer-friendly. At the time ODOT employed 7,800 employees, by 2000 the total number of employees had been reduced to 6,031, a 22. 6% decrease in 5 years. This move reduced the increase in expenditures to 0. 78% per year. In addition, non-payroll budgets were limited to a 2% annual increase since 1995, since the Ohio Department of Transportation is managed by separate districts, district budgets were redesigned to allow any operational efficiencies to remain within the district. This allowed each district to reinvest into their own roads and bridges, a comprehensive set of measures and objectives have been adopted in order to oversee each districts performance. Since downsizing, ODOT has become more efficient in most areas of operation, between 1997 and 2004, deficiencies were reduced significantly. Bridge structural deficiencies were reduced 74%, pavement deficiencies were reduced 79%, in addition, snow and ice removal efforts were improved
SR 2 / SR 51 / SR 65
