Anti-communism in China has a long history. Before the Chinese Communist Revolution, anti-communist policies were implemented by the right-wing Kuomintang (KMT) and conservative warlord. Today, anti-communism among mainland China and its Overseas Chinese people abroad has more to do with anti-establishment movements and support for liberal democracy.

The New Life Movement was a government-led civic campaign in the 1930s Republic of China to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. Chiang Kai-shek as head of the government and the Chinese Nationalist Party launched the initiative on 19 February 1934 as part of an anti-Communist campaign, and soon enlarged the campaign to target the whole nation.