1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
California State Route 160
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State Route 160 is a state highway in the U. S. state of California consisting of two sections. The longer, southern, section is a highway through the alluvial plain of the Sacramento River. The entire southern portion, from SR4 to Sacramento, is part of the State Scenic Highway System, State Route 160 begins in eastern Antioch at SR4. After two interchanges, the highway rises onto the two lane Antioch Bridge over the San Joaquin River and it cuts north across the center of Sherman Island, reaching the Sacramento River on the opposite shore. After passing Isleton, the crosses the river on the Isleton Bridge, a bascule bridge built in 1923, and runs along the west shore on Grand Island. On the mainland, SR160 once again atop the east levee. The final bridge over the river is the Freeport Bridge, which carries County Route E9 to the west levee, about a mile beyond the Freeport Bridge, SR160 leaves the levee, enters the city of Sacramento, passes under I-5, and farms give way to suburbs. Here the former SR160 is known as Freeport Boulevard, a surface road that passes the Sacramento Executive Airport. Freeport Boulevard turns to the northwest at about 4th Avenue and it was formerly a one-way pair with 21st Street with Freeport heading one-way southbound and 21st heading one-way northbound. The city converted these streets back to streets for traffic calming purposes in 2008. After a short jog west on Broadway, former SR160 turns north on the pair of 15th and 16th Streets, almost immediately crossing Business 80. 15th and 16th Streets lead traffic north past the east side of the State Capitol grounds, 12th Street remains a one-way southbound roadway, but the two-way RT Light Rail now occupies its east side. The light rail, which crosses the river between the two directions of SR160, soon leaves at the Del Paso Boulevard interchange as the freeway turns east. Two folded diamonds at local streets and an entrance ramp from Tribute Road are all that remains before SR160 merges with Business 80 at the Arden Way interchange. Business 80 is also known as the Capital City Freeway here, two bascule bridges—the Paintersville Bridge and Isleton Bridge—replaced the free ferries in 1923, and are of a type patented by Joseph B. Strauss, who went on to design the Golden Gate Bridge, local businessmen Aven Hanford and Oscar Klatt replaced the toll ferry with the tolled Antioch Bridge in mid-1926, almost a year before they opened the larger Carquinez Bridge to the west. The legislature added this road to the highway system in 1933, and it became part of Legislative Route 11. This part of Route 11 was not assigned a route number in 1934, but, by 1937
3.
San Joaquin River
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The San Joaquin River /ˈsæn wɑːˈkiːn/ is the longest river of Central California in the United States. An important source of water as well as a wildlife corridor. People have inhabited the San Joaquin Valley for more than 8,000 years, the newcomers quickly appropriated the rich natural and hydrologic resources of the watershed for use in farms and cities, but found themselves plagued by flood and drought. Because of the topography of the San Joaquin Valley, floods once transformed much of the lower river into a huge inland sea. In the 20th century, many levees and dams were built on the San Joaquin and these engineering works changed the fluctuating nature of the river forever, and cut off the Tulare Basin from the rest of the San Joaquin watershed. The river was called many different names, at different parts of the river were known by different names. The present name of the dates to 1805–1808, when Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga was surveying east from Mission San José in order to find possible sites for a mission. Moraga named a tributary of the river for Saint Joachim, husband of Saint Anne and father of Mary, the name Moraga chose was later applied to the entire river, it was in common use by 1810. In the Mono language, the river is called typici h huu, a member of the Pedro Fages party in 1772, Crespis vantage point was the hilltops behind modern San Francisco. Another early name was Rio San Juan Bautista, the origin of which is unknown.8 mi southeast of Mount Lyell, the Middle Fork is usually considered part of the main stem. The South Fork, which begins at Martha Lake in Kings Canyon National Park and flows through Florence Lake, from the mountainous alpine headwaters, the San Joaquin flows generally south into the foothills of the Sierra, passing through four hydroelectric dams. It eventually emerges from the foothills at what was once the town of Millerton, the location of Friant Dam since 1942, which forms Millerton Lake. Below Friant Dam, the San Joaquin flows west-southwest out into the San Joaquin Valley – the southern part of the Great Central Valley – passing north of Fresno, from Mendota, the San Joaquin swings northwest, passing through many different channels, some natural and some man-made. Northeast of Dos Palos, it is joined by the Fresno. Fifty miles downstream, the Merced River empties into an otherwise dry San Joaquin, the majority of the river flows through quiet agricultural bottomlands, and as a result its meandering course manages to avoid most of the urban areas and cities in the San Joaquin Valley. About 11 mi west of Modesto, the San Joaquin meets its largest tributary, near Vernalis, it is joined by another major tributary, the Stanislaus River. About 40 mi from the mouth, the river draws abreast to the flank of Stockton. From here to the mouth, the river is dredged as part of a navigation project, past the head of tide, amid the many islands of the delta, the San Joaquin is joined by two more tributaries, the Calaveras River and the larger Mokelumne
4.
Antioch, California
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Antioch is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States. Located in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area along the San Joaquin-Sacramento River Delta, it is a suburb of San Francisco, the citys population was 102,372 at the 2010 census and estimated to be 110,542 in 2015. Antioch is one of the oldest towns in California, in 1848, John Marsh, owner of Rancho Los Meganos, one of the largest ranches in California, built a landing on the San Joaquin River in what is now Antioch. It became known as Marshs Landing, and was the point for the 17. It included a pier extending out into the river, enabling vessels drawing 15 feet of water to tie up there at any season of the year. In 1850, two brothers, William and Joseph Smith, founded a town slightly west of Marshs Landing, in 1851, the towns new minister persuaded the residents to change the name of the town to Antioch, for the biblical city of Antioch. This new industry resulted in the founding of the towns of Nortonville, Somersville, Stewartsville, and Black Diamond, the Empire Coal Company was formed by John C. Rouse and George Hawxhurst in 1876, which built a railroad that passed from Antioch toward the mines over what is now F Street, however, later on, both the mine and the railroad passed into the hands of the Belshaw brothers. In 1863, a great excitement arose over the discovery of ore near Antioch. Smelting works were built at Antioch, and a value of fifteen to twenty-five dollars per ton was paid for the ore, unfortunately the copper bubble eventually burst, to the dismay of the citizens with connections. Petroleum was first drilled for near Antioch in 1865, but not enough oil was found to make a decent profit. The Antioch Post Office was opened in 1851, closed in 1852, re-opened in 1855, closed again in 1862, the city of Antioch was incorporated in 1872. The Antioch Ledger was first issued on March 10,1870, in memory of when the paper was formed, a copy of its first issue has been framed and hangs over the desk of the present editor. It is five by eight inches in size, printed on one side only, the Ledger later merged with the Contra Costa Times and printed its last issue in 2005. Today, Antioch is mainly a community, with most adults working in larger cities toward Oakland. However, the Contra Costa Times and affiliated newspapers contradicted their claim, Disturbing, only its not, according to a Bay Area News Group analysis of sex offender addresses and census data. Monte Rio ranked first with 4.5 per 1000, the city was attempting in 2012 to annex an adjacent 678-acre area of unincorporated land, which includes a GenOn Energy 760-megawatt power plant, to include the plant within city limits. Antioch is located at 38°00′18″N 121°48′21″W, along the San Joaquin River at the end of the San Joaquin-Sacramento River Delta
5.
Sacramento County, California
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Sacramento County is a county in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,418,788 and its county seat is Sacramento, which has been the state capital of California since 1854. Sacramento County is included in the Sacramento-Roseville-Arden-Arcade, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, the county covers about 994 square miles in the northern portion of the Central Valley, on into Gold Country. The southernmost portion of Sacramento County has direct access to San Francisco Bay, Sacramento County was one of the original counties of California, which were created in 1850 at the time of statehood. The county was named after the Sacramento River, which forms its western border, the river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santisimo Sacramento, referring to the Catholic Eucharist. Alexander Hamilton Willard, a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, is buried in the old Franklin Cemetery. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 994 square miles. Most of the county is at a close to sea level. The highest point in the county is Carpenter Hill at 828 feet, Carpenter Hill is the lowest high point of any county in California. Major watercourses in the county include the American River, Sacramento River, Cosumnes River, a tributary of the Mokelumne River and Dry Creek, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 306,196 persons. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,223,499 people,453,602 households, the population density was 1,267 people per square mile. There were 474,814 housing units at a density of 492/sq mi. The racial makeup of the county was 64. 0% White,10. 6% Black or African American,1. 09% Native American,13. 5% Asian,0. 6% Pacific Islander,7. 5% from other races, and 5. 8% from two or more races. 19. 3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,10. 2% were of German,7. 0% English,6. 7% Irish and 5. 1% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 75. 7% spoke only English at home,10. 0% spoke Spanish,1. 5% Hmong,1. 4% Chinese or Mandarin,1. 3% Vietnamese,1. 2% Tagalog and 1. 2% Russian. 26. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.24. In the county, the population was out with 27. 6% under the age of 18,9. 5% from 18 to 24,31. 0% from 25 to 44,20. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 95.9 males
6.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
7.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
8.
California Department of Transportation
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The California Department of Transportation is an executive department within the U. S. state of California. Caltrans manages the highway system and is actively involved with public transportation systems throughout the state. It supports Amtrak California and the Capitol Corridor, the department is part of the state cabinet-level California State Transportation Agency. Like the majority of government agencies, Caltrans is headquartered in Sacramento. In 2015, Caltrans released a new statement, Provide a safe, sustainable, integrated and efficient transportation system to enhance California’s economy. The earliest predecessor of Caltrans was the Bureau of Highways, which was created by the California Legislature and this agency consisted of three commissioners who were charged with analyzing the state road system and making recommendations. At the time, there was no highway system, since roads were purely a local responsibility. After the commissioners submitted their report to the governor on November 25,1896, voters approved an $18 million bond issue for the construction of a state highway system in 1910, and the first Highway Commission was convened in 1911. On August 7,1912, the department broke ground on its first construction project, the year 1912 also saw the founding of the Transportation Laboratory and the creation of seven administrative divisions. In 1913, the legislature started requiring vehicle registration and allocated the funds to support regular highway maintenance. In 1921, the legislature turned the Department of Engineering into the Department of Public Works, the history of Caltrans and its predecessor agencies during the 20th century was marked by many firsts. In late 1972, the legislature approved a reorganization in which the Department of Public Works was merged with the Department of Aeronautics to become the modern Department of Transportation, for administrative purposes, Caltrans divides the State of California into 12 districts, supervised by district offices. Most districts cover multiple counties, District 12 is the district with one county. The largest districts by population are District 4 and District 7, like most state agencies, Caltrans maintains its headquarters in Sacramento, which is covered by District 3. Official California Department of Transportation website Named Highways, Freeways, Structures, and Other Appurtenances in California
9.
Annual average daily traffic
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Annual average daily traffic, abbreviated AADT, is a measure used primarily in transportation planning and transportation engineering. Traditionally, it is the volume of vehicle traffic of a highway or road for a year divided by 365 days. AADT is a useful and simple measurement of how busy the road is, newer advances from traffic data providers are now providing AADT by side of the road, by day of week and by time of day. One of the most important uses of AADT is for determining funding for the maintenance, in the United States the amount of federal funding a state will receive is related to the total traffic measured across its Highway network. Each year on June 15, every state in the United States submits a Highway Performance Monitoring System HPMS report, the HPMS report contains various information regarding the road segments in the state based on a sample of the road segments. In the report, the AADT is converted to Vehicle Miles Traveled, VMT is the AADT multiplied by the length of the road segment. To determine the amount of traffic a state has, the AADT cannot be summed for all road segments since an AADT is a rate, the VMT is summed and is used as an indicator of the amount of traffic a state has. For federal-funding, formulas are applied to include the VMT and other highway statistics, to measure AADT on individual road segments, traffic data is collected either by an automated traffic counter or hiring an observer to record traffic. There are two different techniques of measuring the AADTs for road segments, one technique is called continuous count data collection method. This is where sensors are embedded into a road and traffic data is measured all 365 days. The AADT would be the sum of the traffic for the entire year divided by 365 days. There is a problem calculating the AADT with this method. The continuous count equipment is not operating for the full 365 days due to being shut down for maintenance or repair, because of this, seasonal or day-of-week biases might skew the calculated AADT. In 1992, AASHTO released the AASHTO Guidelines for Traffic Data Programs, for every month and day-of-week, a Monthly Average Day of Week is calculated. Each day-of-weeks MADW is then calculated across months to calculate an Annual Average Day of Week, finally, the AADWs are averaged to calculate an AADT. The United States Federal Highway Administration has adopted this method as the method in the. While providing the most accurate AADT, installing and maintaining continuous count stations method is costly, most agencies are only able to monitor a very small percentage of the roadway using this method. Most AADTs are generated using data collection methods sometimes known as the coverage count data collection method
10.
FasTrak
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FasTrak is the electronic toll collection system used in the state of California in the United States. The system is used statewide on all of the roads, toll bridges. As with other ETC systems, FasTrak is designed to eliminate the need for cars to stop to pay at toll booths and its use of technology to improve transit is in line with the U. S. Department of Transportations Intelligent Transportation Systems initiative. Under Californias government structure, the states toll facilities are operated by various agencies, three years later, Transportation Corridor Agencies opened the Foothill Toll Road in Orange County, implementing the statewide ETC system for the first time, and naming it FasTrak. The state continues to delegate the responsibility of selling and maintaining FasTrak accounts to the different toll agencies, under California law, the California Department of Transportation was given the mandate to develop and maintain an open, statewide ETC specification. This specification is known in the industry as Title 21 after it was added to Title 21 of the California Code of Regulations. FasTrak uses RFID technology near 915 MHz to read data from a placed in a vehicle moving at speeds that may exceed 70 mph. The RFID transponder in each vehicle is associated with a debit account, each time the vehicle passes underneath a toll collection site. Currently, FasTrak transponders are not compatible with E-ZPass and other ETC systems used in other states because they use a different specification than Title 21. If the license plate is registered as belonging to a FasTrak user, the account is debited only the toll charge and this is a backup in case a transponder fails to read. Otherwise, a violation notice is sent to the registered owner of the vehicle. A license plate may be listed only on one account, a toll collected based on a license plate is called an Image Toll and can be identified on the customer statement by noticing the license plate number listed instead of the transponder number. If one fails to correctly list license plates on their account, conversely, a license plate should be removed from an account after a change in ownership. Failure to do so may result in paying for another drivers tolls via the Image Toll process, each toll agency in Southern California has their own billing and customer service center. For convenience, all facilities in the San Francisco Bay Area instead share the same billing. Each center establishes its own fee and discount structures, and people may be charged a fee if the majority of their FasTrak use occurs elsewhere, a teardown analysis of the transponder and analysis of its security issues was published at Black Hat 2008. They are updated remotely, and do not use encryption, FasTrak units are used to generate 5-1-1 traffic data, using sensors and antennae placed across various freeways. As the first ETC system in North America was installed on the Dallas North Tollway in 1989, as a result, California was the first in the nation to require all of its toll bridges and roads to use the same ETC system
11.
Isleton, California
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Isleton is a city in Sacramento County, California, United States. The population was 804 at the 2010 census, down from 828 at the 2000 census and it is located on Andrus Island amid the slough wetlands of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, on the eastern edge of the Rio Vista Gas Field. The city has many preserved 19th-century era storefronts along its main street, Isleton is part of the Sacramento–Arden-Arcade–Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area and Rio Vista Micropolitan Statistical Area. California State Route 160 passes through the city and crosses the 1923 Isleton Bridge, Isleton was founded 1874 by Josiah Pool. After having the town platted, he constructed a wharf on the Sacramento River, however, Isleton was flooded in 1878 and 1881, causing Pool financial difficulties and leading him to move out. The town also flooded in 1890,1907, and 1972, as agriculture in the surrounding area developed, three canneries opened up in Isleton and other delta towns. The cannery workforce was over 90 percent Asian, Chinese began immigrating to Isleton around 1875, and at its peak, the Chinese section of the city had about 1,500 people and included a branch of the Bing Kong Tong. The city also had a Japantown, just east of Chinatown, the Chinese and Japanese districts are in the National Register of Historic Places. As the canneries folded, the population started to decline, although it has started to rebound since 2010 and its economy was badly hit by the recession in 2007. In 2010, Isleton attempted to raise money by permitting a marijuana farm in return for a share of the profits, in 2012, the city lost its police department. Isleton is located at 38°9′43″N 121°36′33″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.5 square miles, of which,0.4 square miles of it is land and 0.05 square miles of it is water. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Isleton has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, the 2010 United States Census reported that Isleton had a population of 804. The population density was 1,636.9 people per square mile. The ethnic makeup of Isleton was 542 White,10 Hispanic or Latino,316 African American,10 Native American,41 Asian,4 Pacific Islander,139 from other races, and 58 from two or more races. The Census reported that 804 people lived in households,0 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 25 unmarried heterosexual partnerships, and 4 homosexual married couples or partnerships. 125 households were made up of individuals and 51 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.43. There were 178 families, the family size was 3.35. The median age was 42.1 years, for every 100 females there were 107.2 males
12.
Carquinez Bridge
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The Carquinez Bridge refers to parallel bridges spanning the Carquinez Strait, forming part of Interstate 80 between Crockett and Vallejo, in the U. S. state of California. The name originally referred to a cantilever bridge built in 1927. A second parallel bridge was completed in 1958 to deal with the increased traffic. Later, seismic problems of the 1927 span led to the construction and 2003 opening of a replacement, currently, the Alfred Zampa Memorial Bridge carries westbound traffic from Vallejo to Crockett, and the 1958 cantilever span carries eastbound traffic. The first regular crossing of the Carquinez Strait began in the mid-1800s as a ferry operated between the cities of Benicia and Martinez, six miles upstream from the bridge site, auto service started on this route in 1913. A train ferry operated between Benicia and Porta Costa from 1879 until 1930 when a bridge opened. Ferry service at the site of the started in 1913 by the Rodeo-Vallejo Ferry Company. The original steel bridge was designed by Robinson & Steinman. Prior to this, crossing the Carquinez Strait necessitated the use of ferries, the bridge cost $8 million to build. It was the first major crossing of the San Francisco Bay, upon its completion, the span became part of the Lincoln Highway. This historic transcontinental roadways original alignment, like the Transcontinental Railroad that preceded it nearly sixty years earlier, for decades, building a bridge here was considered prohibitively expensive and technologically risky. Once the bridge was however, driving from Sacramento to the East Bay became much more direct. The Carquinez Bridge provided an alternative route from the Central Valley to the Bay Area, one that no longer required loading ones vehicle onto. During demolition, the 3, 000-pound bronze bell atop one of the Carquinez Bridge piers was removed and placed into storage, the bell will eventually be displayed in a new museum to be built at the Oakland end of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. In 1958, at a cost of $38 million a second bridge was built alongside and this new span, nearly identical to the first, was needed to accommodate the ever-increasing levels of traffic. The three-lane 1927 span, originally two-way, now served only westbound drivers while the 1958 span handled eastbound traffic. In 2003, as a resolution to seismic problems of the aging 1927 span brought to light after the Loma Prieta earthquake and this span features a pedestrian and bicycle path, part of a bike trail which it is hoped will eventually circle the entire Bay Area. The bridge was dedicated on November 8,2003 and opened for traffic on November 11, the new suspension bridge, to the west of the earlier bridges, has spans of 147 m,728 m, and 181 m
13.
Victory Highway
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The Victory Highway was an auto trail across the United States between New York City and San Francisco, roughly equivalent to the present U. S. Route 40. It was created by the Victory Highway Association, which was organized in 1921 to locate, a series of Victory Eagle sculptures would mark the route, although only six were completed. Washington was later removed from the route, and the highway was relocated to run west from Baltimore to Cumberland, Maryland, at Cumberland, it picked up the old National Road to Vandalia, Illinois, which was already marked as part of the National Old Trails Road. It continued to follow that auto trail near Fulton, Missouri, the highway continued west from Kansas City to Denver over the Golden Belt Highway, and then ran via Salt Lake City, across the Great Salt Lake Desert on the Wendover Cut-off and into Nevada. The Victory Highway mostly overlapped the National Old Trails Road east of St. Louis, Route 130 and Middlesex County Route 615. After crossing the Victory Bridge into Perth Amboy, it turned east over the Outerbridge Crossing, after the Outerbridge Crossing was completed in 1928, the only two ferries remaining on the highway were the Staten Island Ferry and a ferry between San Francisco and Oakland at the other end. When the United States Numbered Highways system was introduced in 1926, the Victory Highway Association continued to promote tourism along the route, but as the importance of named highways declined, the association renamed itself the U. S. Highway 40 Association in 1938
14.
Carpool
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Carpooling is the sharing of car journeys so that more than one person travels in a car. By having more people using one vehicle, carpooling reduces each persons travel costs such as costs, tolls. Authorities often encourage carpooling, especially during periods of high pollution or high fuel prices, in 2009, carpooling represented 43. 5% of all trips in the United States and 10% of commute trips. The majority of carpool commutes are fam-pools with family members, carpool commuting is more popular for people who work in places with more jobs nearby, and who live in places with higher residential densities. However, carpooling is significantly less likely among people who spend time at work, older workers. Drivers and passengers offer and search for journeys through one of the several mediums available, after finding a match they contact each other to arrange any details for the journey. Costs, meeting points and other details like space for luggage are agreed on and they then meet and carry out their shared car journey as planned. Carpooling is commonly implemented for commuting but is popular for longer one-off journeys. Carpooling is not always arranged for the length of a journey. Especially on long journeys, it is common for passengers to join for parts of the journey. This gives carpooling extra flexibility, and enables people to share journeys. Like other online marketplaces, they use community-based trust mechanisms, such as user-ratings, many companies and local authorities have introduced programs to promote carpooling. In an effort to reduce traffic and encourage carpooling, some governments have introduced high-occupancy vehicle lanes in which only vehicles with two or more passengers are allowed to drive, HOV lanes can create strong practical incentives for carpooling by reducing travel time and expense. In some countries it is common to find parking spaces reserved for carpoolers, in 2011, an organization called Greenxc created a campaign to encourage others to use this form of transportation in order to reduce their own carbon footprint. Several people were fined by undercover tax officers during a 2011 crackdown, Carpooling usually means to divide the travel expenses in equal parts between all the occupants of the vehicle. The driver doesn’t try to earn money, but to share with several people the cost of a trip he would do anyway, the expenses to be divided basically include the fuel and possible tolls. But if we include in the calculation the amortization of the purchase and maintenance, insurance and taxes paid by the driver. There are platforms that facilitate carpooling by connecting people seeking respectively passengers and drivers, usually there is a fare set up by the car driver and accepted by passengers, because they get an agreement before trip start
15.
Humphrey the Whale
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Humphrey the Whale is a humpback whale which twice deviated from his Mexico to Alaska migration by entering San Francisco Bay. This behavior is unusual for a whale, and Humphrey attracted wide media attention when entering the bay in both 1985 and 1990. Both of his bay incursions resulted in rescue by the Marine Mammal Center, based in Marin County, California, assisted by the United States Coast Guard, the last sighting of Humphrey was in the vicinity of the Farallon Islands in 1991. The humpback whale is a mammal which belongs to the baleen whale suborder, an adult usually ranges between 12–16 m long and weighs approximately 36,000 kilograms, or 36 tonnes. It is well known for its breaching, its long front fins. The humpback whale lives in oceans and seas around the world, humpback whales have a stocky body with well defined humps and black upper elements. The head and lower jaw are covered with knobs called tubercles, the tail flukes, which are lifted high in the dive sequence, have wavy rear edges. Individual humpbacks have unique patterns on their black and white tail fin. In 1985, a 40 feet long humpback entered San Francisco Bay and was followed closely on the news by Bay Area television stations. After a few days in the bay, the whale, nicknamed Humphrey, swam up the Sacramento River into a freshwater habitat. The whale, first spotted at Oaklands Outer Harbor October 10,1985, swam up the Carquinez Strait, numerous attempts to coax him back to the ocean failed. One initial attempt involved playing sounds of orcas to frighten Humphrey into leaving, another attempt was made using a sound net in which people in a flotilla of boats made unpleasant noises behind the whale by banging on steel pipes, a Japanese fishing technique known as oikomi. Several weeks of being trapped in the water of the Sacramento Delta brought signs of physical stress in the whale. His skin was graying and he was becoming more and more listless, none of the traditional herding techniques were working, and Humphrey appeared to be dying. Dr. Bernie Krause, an acoustician, offered the recordings he had made of humpback whale feeding songs as a way to lure him out. However, to get the sounds into the water required a powerful speaker, pless and his colleague Dale Galarowicz quickly gained Navy permission and rushed the equipment to Rio Vista where Humphrey was last seen. Early the next morning, the equipment was loaded onto the yacht, Boot Legger. The captain quickly started down the river with Humphrey close in tow, large numbers of spectators lined the banks of the river
16.
San Francisco Bay
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San Francisco Bay is a shallow estuary in the U. S. state of California. It is surrounded by a region known as the San Francisco Bay Area, dominated by the large cities San Francisco, Oakland. San Francisco Bay drains water from approximately 40 percent of California and it then connects to the Pacific Ocean via the Golden Gate strait. However, this group of interconnected bays is often called the San Francisco Bay. The bay was designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance on February 2,2013, the bay covers somewhere between 400 and 1,600 square miles, depending on which sub-bays, estuaries, wetlands, and so on are included in the measurement. The main part of the bay measures 3 to 12 miles wide east-to-west and it is the largest Pacific estuary in the Americas. Later, wetlands and inlets were filled in, reducing the Bays size since the mid-19th century by as much as one third. Recently, large areas of wetlands have been restored, further confusing the issue of the Bays size, despite its value as a waterway and harbor, many thousands of acres of marshy wetlands at the edges of the bay were, for many years, considered wasted space. As a result, soil excavated for building projects or dredged from channels was often dumped onto the wetlands, from the mid-19th century through the late 20th century, more than a third of the original bay was filled and often built on. The idea was, and remains, controversial, there are five large islands in San Francisco Bay. Alameda, the largest island, was created when a shipping lane was cut in 1901 and it is now predominantly a bedroom community. Angel Island was known as Ellis Island West because it served as the point for immigrants from East Asia. It is now a park accessible by ferry. Mountainous Yerba Buena Island is pierced by a tunnel linking the east and west spans of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, attached to the north is the artificial and flat Treasure Island, site of the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition. From the Second World War until the 1990s, both served as military bases and are now being redeveloped. Isolated in the center of the Bay is Alcatraz, the site of the federal penitentiary. The federal prison on Alcatraz Island no longer functions, but the complex is a popular tourist site, despite its name, Mare Island in the northern part of the bay is a peninsula rather than an island. During the last ice age, the now filled by the bay was a large linear valley with small hills
17.
Drainage basin
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A drainage basin or catchment area is any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water. Drainage basins connect into other drainage basins at elevations in a hierarchical pattern, with smaller sub-drainage basins. Other terms used to describe drainage basins are catchment, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin and water basin. In closed drainage basins the water converges to a point inside the basin, known as a sink, which may be a permanent lake. The drainage basin acts as a funnel by collecting all the water within the covered by the basin. Each drainage basin is separated topographically from adjacent basins by a perimeter, drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units, which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system. Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks, in a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. Drainage basins of the oceans and seas of the world. Grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the oceans, the following is a list of the major ocean basins, About 48. 7% of the worlds land drains to the Atlantic Ocean. The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to the Atlantic, The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U. S. The Mediterranean Sea basin includes much of North Africa, east-central Africa, Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe, Turkey, and the areas of Israel, Lebanon. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Oceans drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earths land. It drains the eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, the Indian subcontinent, Burma, antarctica comprises approximately eight percent of the Earths land. The five largest river basins, from largest to smallest, are the basins of the Amazon, the Río de la Plata, the Congo, the Nile, and the Mississippi. The three rivers that drain the most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganga, endorheic drainage basins are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Around 18% of all land drains to endorheic lakes or seas or sinks, the largest of these consists of much of the interior of Asia, which drains into the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, and numerous smaller lakes. Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, in endorheic bodies of standing water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this is the Dead Sea, drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important
18.
Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary
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The San Francisco Estuary together with the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta represents a highly altered ecosystem. The region has been heavily re-engineered to accommodate the needs of water delivery, shipping, agriculture and these needs have wrought direct changes in the movement of water and the nature of the landscape, and indirect changes from the introduction of non-native species. New species have altered the architecture of the web as surely as levees have altered the landscape of islands. This article deals particularly with the ecology of the low salinity zone of the estuary, reconstructing a historic food web for the LSZ is difficult for a number of reasons. First, there is no record of the species that historically have occupied the estuary. Climate change, hydrologic engineering, shifting water needs, and newly introduced species will continue to alter the food web configuration of the estuary. This model provides a snapshot of the current state, with notes about recent changes or species introductions that have altered the configuration of the food web. Understanding the dynamics of the current food web may prove useful for restoration efforts to improve the functioning, the San Francisco Bay is both a bay and an estuary. The former term refers to any inlet or cove providing a refuge from the open ocean. An estuary is any physiographic feature where freshwater meets an ocean or sea, the northern portion of the bay is a brackish estuary, consisting of a number of physical embayments which are dominated by both marine and fresh water fluxes. Until the 20th century, the LSZ of the estuary was fringed by tule-dominated freshwater wetlands, between 80-95% of these historic wetlands have been filled to facilitate land use and development around the Bay Area. Habitat loss at the edges of the zone is thought to create a loss of native pelagic fish species. The intertidal and benthic estuary is dominated by mudflats that are largely the result of sedimentation derived from gold mining in the Sierra Nevada in the late 19th century. Thus the mudflats appear to be slowly receding, although turbidity remains extremely high, the high turbidity of the water is responsible for the unique condition that exists in the San Francisco Estuary wherein high nutrient availability does not lead to high phytoplankton production. Instead, most algae photosynthetic organisms are light-limited, the Delta has likewise experienced heavy alteration. Beginning in the 19th century, naturally occurring levees were reinforced for permanency, many of these farms were established on peat islands occurring in the middle of the Delta waterways. Intensive farming oxidized the high content of the soil, causing considerable loss of soil mass. As a consequence, these islands have subsided, or sunk, the Delta today consists of highly riprapped waterways, punctuated by islands that appear like floating bowls with their basins far below the surface of the water
19.
Suisun Bay
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Suisun Bay is a shallow tidal estuary in northern California. It lies at the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, forming the entrance to the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, Suisun Marsh, the tidal marsh land to the north, is the largest marsh in California. Grizzly Bay forms an extension of Suisun Bay. The bay is directly north of Contra Costa County, the bay was named in 1811, after the Suisunes, a Native American tribe of the area. The word originates with the Patwin, on the west, Suisun Bay is drained by the Carquinez Strait, which connects to San Pablo Bay, a northern extension of San Francisco Bay. In addition to the bridges at the Carquinez Strait, it is spanned in its center by the Benicia-Martinez Bridge. It is the anchorage of the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet, a collection of U. S. Navy and merchant reserve ships, the Glomar Explorer was anchored here after recovering a sunken Soviet submarine in the mid-1970s. Many ships were removed and sold for scrap in the 1990s, in 2010, plans were announced to remove the mothball fleet in stages, with final removal by 2017. The Central Pacific Railroad built a ferry that operated between Benicia and Port Costa, California from 1879 to 1930. The ferry boats Solano and Contra Costa were removed from service when the nearby Martinez railroad bridge was completed in 1930, from 1913 until 1954 the Sacramento Northern Railway, an electrified interurban line, crossed Suisun Bay with the Ramon, a distillate-powered train ferry. Kinder Morgan pleaded guilty to operating a corroded pipeline and paid three dollars in penalties and restitution. Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet Kinder Morgan Information Regarding Pipeline Release Suisun Bays ghost fleet may finally R. I. P
20.
San Pablo Bay
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San Pablo Bay is a tidal estuary that forms the northern extension of San Francisco Bay in the East Bay and North Bay regions of the San Francisco Bay Area in northern California. San Pablo Bay was named after Rancho San Pablo, a Spanish land grant given to colonial Alta California settlers in 1815, the bay is approximately 10 mi across and has an area of approximately 90 sq mi. The bay is heavily silted from the contributions of the two rivers, which drain most of the Central Valley of California. All tributaries except for Sonoma Creek are commercially navigable and maintained by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, two peninsulas separate San Pablo Bay from San Francisco Bay. The eastern is in the City of Richmond and the western in the City of San Rafael, the bay is shared between Contra Costa county on the southern and eastern shore, and Solano, Sonoma and Marin counties on the northern and western shores. The county boundaries meet near the center of the bay, communities on the shores of San Pablo Bay include, Richmond, San Pablo, Pinole, Hercules, Rodeo in Contra Costa County, Vallejo in Solano County, along with Novato and San Rafael in Marin County. Because the Bay is close to major and local airports. Because of its size but shallow waters, San Pablo Bay frequently has difficult boating conditions. There are many undeveloped shore lands with salt marshes and mudflats, the Bay is a primary wintering stop for the canvasback duck population on the Pacific Flyway, as well as a migratory staging ground for numerous species of waterfowl. Much of the shore of the bay is protected as part of the San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge. Endangered species that are found in the bay include the California brown pelican, California clapper rail and this is a popular destination for recreation fishing, with Saltwater species including, striped bass, surfperch, sturgeon, starry flounder, leopard shark, topsmelt, and anchovy. In the 1880s there was a village, where some 500 Chinese people lived. The location is now part of China Camp State Park, San Pablo Bay is the setting of alternative rock band Primuss four-part song series Fishermans Chronicles, and is also referenced in The Toys Go Winding Down and Harold of the Rocks. It is also mentioned in The Minus 5 song John Barleycorn Must Live, provides a brief history of the marshes of San Pablo Bay
21.
Golden Gate
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The Golden Gate is a strait on the west coast of North America that connects San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean. It is defined by the headlands of the San Francisco Peninsula and the Marin Peninsula, the strait is well known today for its depth and powerful tidal currents from the Pacific Ocean. Many small whirlpools and eddies can form in its waters, with its strong currents, rocky reefs and fog, the Golden Gate is the site of over 100 shipwrecks. The Golden Gate is often shrouded in fog, especially during the summer, heat generated in the California Central Valley causes air there to rise, creating a low pressure area that pulls in cool, moist air from over the Pacific Ocean. The Golden Gate forms the largest break in the hills of the California Coast Range, allowing a persistent, dense stream of fog to enter the bay there. Before the Europeans arrived in the 18th century, the area around the strait, descendants of both tribes remain in the area. The strait was surprisingly elusive for early European explorers, presumably due to this persistent summer fog. The strait is not recorded in the voyages of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo nor Francis Drake, the strait is also unrecorded in observations by Spanish galleons returning from the Philippines that laid up in nearby Drakes Bay to the north. These galleons rarely passed east of the Farallon Islands, fearing the possibility of rocks between the islands and the mainland, the first recorded observation of the strait occurred nearly two hundred years later than the earliest European explorations of the coast. Until the 1840s, the strait was called the Boca del Puerto de San Francisco, on 1 July 1846, before the discovery of gold in California, the entrance acquired a new name. Frémont wrote, To this Gate I gave the name of Chrysopylae, or Golden Gate, for the reasons that the harbor of Byzantium was called Chrysoceras. In the 1920s, no bridge spanned the watery expanse between San Francisco and Marin in California—so when the U. S, post Office issued a postage stamp on 1 May 1923, celebrating The Golden Gate, the issue naturally portrayed the scene without a bridge. The Golden Gate Bridge is a bridge spanning the Golden Gate. As part of both US Highway 101 and California Route 1, it connects the city of San Francisco on the tip of the San Francisco Peninsula to Marin County. The Golden Gate Bridge was the longest suspension span in the world when completed in 1937. Since its completion, the length has been surpassed by eight other bridges. It still has the second longest suspension bridge span in the United States. In 2007, it was ranked fifth on the List of Americas Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects, Golden Gate Park, located in San Francisco, California, is a large urban park consisting of 1,017 acres of public grounds
22.
Richardson Bay
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Richardson Bay is a shallow, ecologically rich arm of San Francisco Bay, managed under a Joint Powers Agency of four northern California cities. The 911-acre Richardson Bay Sanctuary was acquired in the early 1960s by the National Audubon Society, the bay was named for William A. Richardson, early 19th century sea captain and builder in San Francisco. Richardson Bay is one of the most pristine estuaries on the Pacific Coast in spite of its periphery, since it supports extensive eelgrass areas. It is a feeding and resting area for a panoply of estuarine and pelagic birds, while its associated marshes and littoral zones support a variety of animal and plant life. Owing to its lack of depth and complicated structure, Richardson Bay is limited in boating uses to kayaking. There are extensive hiking and bicycling paths at the bay perimeter, especially in the areas of Mill Valley. Martinez, for whom the town of Martinez is named, decided to invite the Captain to reside with their family, maria married the captain after he joined the Catholic Church, being baptized Guillermo Antonio Richardson. This wedding, held at Mission Dolores on May 12,1826 was the first great Spanish-Anglo Saxon wedding in North America and he had charge of several schooners belonging to the Mission Dolores and Mission Santa Clara. Richardson Bay was thus named in the honor of this early settler and builder. The Tiburon Peninsula on the northeast side of the bay was part of Rancho Corte Madera del Presidio granted to John Thomas Reed in 1834, according to local sources and period maps, the Bays original given name was possessive, Richardsons Bay. However, the United States Board on Geographic Names discourages the use of apostrophes in United States place names, the bay muds are widespread in San Francisco Bay and, at Richardson Bay, are approximately 80 to 95 feet deep. The Bay Muds are of Holocene Age and they overlie firm alluvial soils which contain two sand layers at 92 and 110 feet, respectively. These assemblages of Franciscan rocks are referred to as tectonostratigraphic terrains, Richardson Bay is an important ecological area being managed by Audubon California as the Richardson Bay Audubon Center & Sanctuary. There are significant estuarine resources, marsh birdlife, mammalian species, in addition to being designated a high score IBA, Richardsons Bay has been dedicated as a Hemispheric Reserve of the Western Shorebird Network. A special resident of Bothin Marsh, Blackies Creek mouth and DeSilva Island is the California clapper rail, fishery characteristics of Richardson Bay include a Pacific herring fishery and oyster beds. The herring fishing fleet serving all of San Francisco Bay is based in Richardson Bay at the Sausalito harbor, herring spend most of their lives in the open ocean and come to Richardson Bay and other estuaries for winter spawning in the shallow protected waters. In Richardson Bay their eggs attach to assorted surfaces such as eelgrass, after the eggs hatch, the herring larvae consume plankton, before hatching the eggs are subject to predation by gulls at low tide and sturgeon and other assorted estuarine fauna at higher tides. Locally oysters are preyed upon by the bat ray and certain crabs, the extensive mudflats of Richardson Bay provide a rich habitat for marine invertebrates
23.
San Rafael Bay
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San Rafael Bay is an embayment of San Pablo Bay, located in Marin County and the northern San Francisco Bay Area, California. San Pablo Bay is the northern bay section of the larger San Francisco Bay, San Rafael Bay is located along the Marin County coast, adjacent to the City of San Rafael. The Marin Islands are within bay, the river mouth and estuary of San Rafael Creek is located at its shoreline
24.
San Leandro Bay
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San Leandro Bay is a body of water in the San Francisco Bay. It is connected to the Oakland Estuary today, but was separated by land which formerly connected Alameda with Oakland. It is located along the east of the Oakland International Airport, the principal stream which flows into San Leandro Bay is San Leandro Creek. Other tributaries include the East Creek/Peralta Creek watershed and the Lion Creek/Arroyo Viejo watershed
25.
Mission Bay (San Francisco)
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Mission Bay was a bay and the estuary of Mission Creek, on the west shore of San Francisco Bay, between Steamboat Point and Point San Quentin or Potrero Point. It is now filled in and is the location of the Mission Bay neighborhood of San Francisco. Mission Bay was a lagoon nestled inside of a +500 acre salt marsh and was occupied by year-round tidal waters and this area was a natural habitat and refuge for large water fowl populations that included ducks, geese, herons, egrets, ospreys and gulls. The Native American tribes who resided in this area were the Costanoan people who spoke eight different languages which delineated between the various tribelets, the tribe most prevalent in the Bay area was the Patwin people who resided in the area for over 5,000 years. By the early 19th century, European immigrants exposed the population to various diseases that reduced the Patwin population dramatically. From the 1850s the area was used for shipbuilding and repair, butchery and meat production, as the marsh stabilized with the weight of the infill, the area quickly became an industrial district. With the addition of the railroad, Mission Bay became the home to shipyards, canneries,1852 Coastal Survey Map showing Mission Bay and surrounds About Mission Bay/Mission Creek from sfsailtours. com accessed March 29,2015. 1857 Coastal Survey Map showing Mission Bay and surrounds, with additions to 1852 map to up to 1857 About Mission Bay/Mission Creek from sfsailtours. com accessed March 29,2015
26.
Sacramento River
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The Sacramento River is the principal river of Northern California in the United States, and is the largest river in California. Rising in the Klamath Mountains, the river flows south for 400 miles before reaching the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, the Sacramento and its wide natural floodplain were once abundant in fish and other aquatic creatures, notably one of the southernmost large runs of chinook salmon in North America. For about 12,000 years, humans have depended on the vast natural resources of the watershed, the river has provided a route for trade and travel since ancient times. Hundreds of tribes sharing regional customs and traditions inhabited the Sacramento Valley, the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga named the river Rio de los Sacramentos in 1808, later shortened and anglicized into Sacramento. In the 19th century gold was discovered on a tributary of the Sacramento River, starting the California Gold Rush, overland trails such as the California Trail and Siskiyou Trail guided hundreds of thousands of people to the gold fields. By the late part of the mining had ceased to be a major part of the economy. Many populous communities were established along the Sacramento River, including the capital of Sacramento. Intensive agriculture and mining contributed to pollution in the Sacramento River, since the 1950s the watershed has been intensely developed for water supply and the generation of hydroelectric power. Today, large dams impound the river and almost all of its major tributaries, the Sacramento is used heavily for irrigation and serves much of Central and Southern California through the canals of giant state and federal water projects. The Sacramento River originates in the mountains and plateaus of far northern California as three major waterways that flow into Shasta Lake, the Upper Sacramento River, McCloud River and Pit River. The Upper Sacramento begins near Mount Shasta, at the confluence of North, Middle and it flows east into a small reservoir, Lake Siskiyou, before turning south. The river flows through a canyon for about 60 miles, past Dunsmuir and Castella, the Pit River, by far the largest of the three, begins in Modoc County in the northeastern corner of California. Draining a vast and remote volcanic highlands area, it flows southwest for nearly 300 miles before emptying into Shasta Lake near Montgomery Creek, Goose Lake, straddling the Oregon–California border, occasionally overflows into the Pit River during wet years, although this has not happened since 1881. The Goose Lake watershed is the part of the Sacramento River basin extending into another state. Unlike most California rivers, the Pit and the McCloud Rivers are predominantly spring-fed, ensuring a large, at the lower end of Shasta Lake is Shasta Dam, which impounds the Sacramento River for flood control, irrigation and hydropower generation. Before the construction of Shasta Dam the McCloud River emptied into the Pit River, the Pit River Bridge, which carries Interstate 5 and the Union Pacific Railroad over the reservoir, is structurally the highest double-decked bridge in the United States. The Upper Sacramento River canyon also provides the route for I-5, below Shasta Dam the Sacramento River enters the foothills region of the northern Sacramento Valley. It flows through Keswick Dam, where it receives about 1,200,000 acre feet of water per year diverted from the Trinity River and it then swings east through Redding, the largest city of the Shasta Cascade region, and turns southeast, entering Tehama County
27.
Napa River
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The Napa River, approximately 55 miles long, is a river in the U. S. state of California. It drains a famous wine-growing region, called the Napa Valley, milliken Creek and Mt. Veeder watersheds are a few of its many tributaries. The mouth is at Vallejo where the inter-tidal zone of fresh, the Napa River rises in northwestern Napa County just south of the summit of Mt. St. Helena in the Mayacamas Mountains of the California Coast Ranges. The source begins as seasonal Kimball Canyon Creek in Robert Louis Stevenson State Park at an elevation of 3,745 feet which descends the slope of Mt. St. Helena to Kimball Canyon Dam. It flows south for 4 miles, entering the head of the slender Napa Valley north of Calistoga, in the valley, it flows southeast past Calistoga, St Helena, Rutherford, Oakville and through Napa, its head of navigation. Downstream from Napa, it forms an estuary, entering Mare Island Strait. It discharges into San Pablo Bay through the Napa Sonoma Marsh, the Napa River watershed encompasses approximately 426 square miles. Larger tributaries, such as Dry, Conn, and Soda creeks, several large dams were built between 1924 and 1959 on major eastside tributaries and the northern headwaters of the Napa River. In addition, many smaller dams can be throughout the watershed. These numerous dams are barriers to salmon and steelhead seeking their historic spawning grounds. The river also supports a diversity of fishes and recovering salmonid populations, especially chinook salmon. In 2003 the Napa County Resource Conservation District began an ongoing monitoring program. The Chinook run begins in late October through January, the Napa River basin is estimated to have historically supported a spawning run of 6, 000–8,000 steelhead, and as many as 2, 000–4,000 coho salmon. By the late 1960s, coho salmon were extirpated from the watershed, flow reductions in key rearing streams have reduced food availability for juvenile steelhead, causing reduced growth and survival. Recently, a salmon was caught in the river. In addition, a fourth species, sockeye salmon, was also identified in the Napa River. Because of this diversity the Napa River has been prioritized for special protection, white sturgeon and many other native and non-native fishes currently utilize the Napa River watershed. The California golden beaver was historically extant, recently beaver have recolonized the Napa River and have been documented in Napa as well as near Rutherford and Oak Knoll
28.
Guadalupe River (California)
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The Guadalupe River mainstem is an urban, northward flowing 14 miles river in California whose much longer headwater creeks originate in the Santa Cruz Mountains. The river mainstem now begins on the Santa Clara Valley floor when Los Alamitos Creek exits Lake Almaden and joins Guadalupe Creek just downstream of Coleman Road in San Jose, from here it flows north through San José, California where it receives Los Gatos Creek, a major tributary. The Guadalupe River is the southernmost major U. S. river with a Chinook salmon run, much of the river is surrounded by parks. Two of the Guadalupe Rivers major tributaries, Los Gatos Creek, specifically, Juan Bautista de Anza camped along the banks of the Guadalupe River at Expedition Camp 97 on March 30,1776 near the present–day site of Agnews State Hospital. Both had to be moved away from the river because of mosquitoes in the summertime, today Santa Clara Mission is 2 miles away from the original location. Historically the Guadalupe River was even shorter, originating several miles further north and its main tributary was known as Arroyo Seco de Guadalupe on 1860 maps and then as Arroyo Seco de Los Capitancillos on the 1876 Thompson & West maps. On July 9,2005, the bones of a juvenile Columbian mammoth were discovered in the Lower Guadalupe River near the Trimble Road overcrossing. The discovery was made by San Jose resident, founder of the Salmon and Steelhead Restoration Group, the Pleistocene mammoth was nicknamed Lupe by area residents and Lupes fossils are exhibited at Childrens Discovery Museum of San Jose. Historically, the Guadalupe River flowed into Guadalupe Slough,1.0 mile west of its current drainage into Alviso Slough. To make it easier to get sailboats up the Guadalupe River to the port of Alviso, Alviso Slough, also known as Steamboat Slough historically, was relatively straight, while Guadalupe Slough meandered extensively through the marshes. Alviso Slough was historically not fed by any upland streams, but simply carried tidewater in, the re-routing of the river to Alviso Slough in the 1870s also disconnected it from several tributaries, and had the effect of shrinking the Guadalupe River Watershed. San Tomas Aquino Creek and its Saratoga Creek tributary and Calabazas Creek and these tributaries were disconnected from the river and re-routed directly into Guadalupe Slough between 1876 and 1890 according to historic maps. Reportedly, Saratoga Creek had steelhead and coho salmon runs and they now go dry in the summer months and their lower segments have become denuded ditches requiring continuous maintenance. Mission Creek used to harbor trout and salmon but today it is buried in a culvert, the historic watershed can be viewed in the Thompson and West 1876 maps. The Guadalupe Watershed today drains an area of 171 square miles, below its origination at the confluence of Guadalupe Creek and Los Alamitos Creek, the mainstem is joined by three other tributaries, Ross, Canoas, and Los Gatos Creeks. The SCVWD manages water flows and provides flood control on the river, the construction of salt evaporation ponds in the 1930s rerouted the Guadalupe River, cutting off tidal action. The current project will open a former Cargill Salt pond as the beginning of the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project, when complete, the project should restore 15,100 acres of industrial salt ponds to tidal wetlands. Pond A8 will be the first one worked on, early written documents record the local presence of migrating salmon in the ‘Rio Guadalupe’ dating as far back as the 18th century
29.
Petaluma River
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The Petaluma River is a river in the California counties of Sonoma and Marin that becomes a tidal slough for the majority of its length. The headwaters are in the area southwest of Cotati, the word Petaluma may derive from the Miwok words pe’ta, flat, and luma, back. The Miwok people lived in Sonoma County for more than 2500 years, Petaluma was the name of a village on a low hill east of Petaluma creek and north east of the present day town of Petaluma. The first recorded exploration of the Petaluma River was by Captain Fernando Quiros in October,1776, located in southern Sonoma County, California, and a portion of northeastern Marin, the Petaluma River Watershed drains 146 square miles. The watershed is approximately 19 miles long and 13 miles wide with the City of Petaluma near its center, the lower 12 miles of the Petaluma River flow through the Petaluma Marsh, the largest remaining salt marsh in San Pablo Bay. The marsh covers 5,000 acres and is surrounded by approximately 7,000 acres of reclaimed wetlands, in the marshes west of Lakeville, the river is joined by San Antonio Creek, at which point it becomes the boundary between Marin County and Sonoma County. The river flows under State Route 37 at Green Point and enters northwest San Pablo Bay just north of Petaluma Point, while the rivers source lies over 300 ft above sea level, it descends to 50 ft within about 0.4 mi. The river is fully tidal 11 mi from its mouth, indicating its slight gradient through the marshes below Petaluma, the United States Army Corps of Engineers dredges this section to keep it navigable by gravel barges and pleasure craft. The Petaluma River Watershed hosts several federally endangered animals including the salt marsh harvest mouse, endangered flora include soft bird’s-beak, Baker’s stickyseed, Burke’s goldfields, showy Indian clover, and Sebastopol meadowfoam. Steelhead that spawn and rear in the Petaluma River watershed are wild, not hatchery, Chinook salmon are seen in the main stem of the Petaluma River and The United Anglers of Casa Grande High School have seen chinook at the turning basin, near the Lynch Creek confluence. The high school constructed a salmonid hatchery in 1993 and in 200274 Chinook salmon returned to spawn in the Adobe Creek tributary. The marshes provide an important wildlife habitat and fish hatchery, however, since the onset of intensive immigration in the mid-1850s, the water quality has diminished, partly due to overgrazing and other agricultural uses. Pollutants present in the river include nitrates, phosphates, petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, urban runoff, particularly from the City of Petaluma, adds heavy metals and hydrocarbons to the river. Starting about 1990, material steps were taken to mitigate the pollution, because the Petaluma River is relatively well-protected, most of the pollution comes from nearby storm drains. It is up to the people of Petaluma to keep the river clean, because most of the length of the waterway is tidal and urban/suburban, there is a significant collection of tidally deposited debris along the banks. Despite the poor aesthetics including turbidity, the quality is not particularly poor. It has been alleged that the greatest threat to the Petaluma River is the planned Dutra asphalt plant, the reported concerns involve the loud noises it will create that will scare away the birds and throw off the entire ecosystem. The longest highway span, the 4-lane Route 37 bridge, is 2,183 ft long and was built in 1958, the oldest public bridge, built in 1925, is a 114 ft concrete triple span carrying two lanes of Petaluma Boulevard North
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Alameda Creek
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Alameda Creek, originally Arroyo de la Alameda, is a large perennial stream in the San Francisco Bay Area. The creek runs for 45 miles from a lake northeast of Packard Ridge to the shore of San Francisco Bay by way of Niles Canyon. Five Spanish expeditions led by de Portolà, Ortega, Fages, de Anza, el Camino Viejo between Pleasanton and Mission Pass crossed it near Sunol. Mission San José, in Fremont, was dedicated in 1797, the Mission thrived for 49 years until the Mexican Governments Secularization Order liquidated mission lands in 1834. Alameda Creek was the boundary of the lands and the 17, 000-acre Rancho Arroyo de la Alameda granted to Jose de Jesus Vallejo. The mill and the importance of the canyon as a passage through the hills led to growth of Niles in the 1850s, a favorable climate, excellent soils, and a fast-growing population helped agriculture to boom. Early roads led to landings where small ships would load grain, completion of the Central Pacific Railroad through Niles Canyon in 1869 was essential to completion of First Transcontinental Railroad that terminated in Alameda, California that same year. The Western Pacific was also routed through Niles Canyon, connecting Sacramento, California and San Jose, the creek bed had once been used as a gravel quarry. After the pumping was declared to be an illegal waste the Alameda County Water District acquired the quarry in 1975, in May 2015, vandals damaged an inflatable dam across the creek in Fremont, releasing 50 million gallons of drinking water into San Francisco Bay. Alameda Creek is the largest watershed within the southern San Francisco Bay draining 700 square miles, two-thirds of the watershed is in Alameda County including the reach through the Sunol Valley, the rest is in Santa Clara County. The tributaries of Alameda creek include Arroyo de la Laguna, Arroyo Valle, San Antonio Creek and Calaveras Creek, the watershed includes three man-made reservoirs, Lake Del Valle, San Antonio Reservoir and Calaveras Reservoir. Alameda Creek now runs through the man-made Alameda Creek flood channel near the Bay, ward Creek is tributary to old Alameda Creek. Alameda Creek historically supported steelhead, coho salmon and chinook salmon, by the early 1970s the Army Corps of Engineers channeled and rip-rapped the lower 12 miles of the creek. The last steelhead and coho salmon runs were seen in the creek in 1964. In 2009, the Alameda County Water District removed a rubber dam that blocked trout passage in the lower creek, at the same time, PG&E is working to modify a cement barrier farther upstream in Sunol to help steelhead swim farther into the watershed, water officials said. When those projects are completed, steelhead will be able to migrate upstream to spawning habitats in the Sunol Valley for the first time in a half-century, many of these fishes still occupy the creek, although the number of introduced exotic fishes continues to increase. Exotic fish species such as the largemouth and Smallmouth basses respectively, were introduced to Alameda Creek by Livingston Stone in 1874, there is historical evidence of beaver in the Alameda Creek watershed. In 1828 fur trapper Michel La Framboise travelled to the missions of San José, San Francisco Solano, La Framboise stated that the Bay of San Francisco abounds in beaver, and that he made his best hunt in the vicinity of the missions
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Baxter Creek
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Baxter Creek or Stege Creek, is a three-branch creek in Richmond and El Cerrito, California, United States forming the Baxter Creek watershed. The creek has three sources and flows from the Berkeley Hills to Stege Marsh and the San Francisco Bay, the Baxter Creek watershed at-large has 10 sources. The creek has been culverted over the years since the Rancho San Pablo. Residents missed the creek when it disappeared under the asphalt and formed Friends of Baxter Creek and this group has aided in the restoration of several portions of the creek. Baxter Creek Park, Poinsett Park, and Booker T. Anderson Park are now in a natural riparian condition, though the Anderson Park portion has been plagued by litter. The Ohlone Greenway bicycle and pedestrian path has its terminus at Baxter Creek Gateway Park. The origins of the name Baxter Creek is unknown, but historians believe it to be from a family once owned land in the area. Stege is from Richard Stege and Bishop comes from Thomas Bishop, who once owned large tracts of land in the area
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Cerrito Creek
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Cerrito Creek is one of the principal watercourses running out of the Berkeley Hills into San Francisco Bay in northern California. It is significant for its use as a boundary demarcation historically, in the early 19th century, it separated the vast Rancho San Antonio to the south from the Castro familys Rancho San Pablo to the north. Today, it part of the boundary between Alameda County and Contra Costa County. The main stem, running through a canyon that separates Berkeley from Kensington, is joined below San Pablo Avenue by a fan of tributaries. The largest of these is Middle or Blackberry Creek, a southern branch, the creek is named for Albany Hill, formerly called Cerrito de San Antonio, a prominent isolated hill on the shoreline of San Francisco Bay in Albany. Cerrito Creek, joined by a fan of other small creeks, the creek played a part in history larger than its size. Because it divided the two land-grant ranches, it became the division between Alameda and Contra Costa Counties and this lasted until a post-World-War-II reform movement in the City of El Cerrito. The marsh at the mouth also played a curious bit part in history. Regarding such wetlands as useless, 19th and 20th Century settlers set out to fill it, locating a slaughterhouse, an early 20th Century typhoid scare, however, led to closing of the dump. This left Berkeley, booming with new residents after the great San Francisco earthquake, a new dump south of the hill was quickly arranged, in what is now the City of Albany. Women of that area were upset, but they lacked the vote. One morning, they sought to back the garbage wagon with guns. The marsh was eventually filled—rubble from dynamite making and quarrying on Albany Hill contributed. In 1953, the head of Stege Sanitary District wrote, “As late as 1920, records show a lake bordered by marsh south of County Road No.4 now Central, near Belmont. ”Tides still rise and fall inland as far as Albanys and El Cerritos Creekside Parks. When a high tide coincides with winter storm runoff, the marsh area can flood. Volunteers with this group have worked since 1996 on this and other creeks, principally removing invasives, planting natives. The City of El Cerrito is committed to a plan to daylight the still-culverted reaches of the creek at the south edge of El Cerrito Plaza. The cities of Albany and El Cerrito have adopted a plan for a pedestrian-bicycle route mostly along the creek
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Codornices Creek
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Codornices Creek,2.0 miles long, is one of the principal creeks which runs out of the Berkeley Hills in the East Bay area of the San Francisco Bay Area in California. In its upper stretch, it entirely within the city limits of Berkeley. Before European settlement, Codornices probably had no direct, permanent connection to San Francisco Bay, a channel was cut through in the 19th Century, and Codornices flows directly to San Francisco Bay by way of a narrow remnant slough adjacent to Golden Gate Fields racetrack. The name derives from the Spanish word codornices, meaning quails, California valley quail were once common in the area. The name was given by one of the Peraltas, owners of the vast Rancho San Antonio, the first of his dwellings was an adobe which was destroyed in the 1868 Hayward earthquake on October 21,1868. He replaced it with a structure which was razed in the 1930s for an apartment building. Both were located on the banks of Codornices Creek across from the site of what today is St. Marys College High School near the Westbrae district of Berkeley. In the 19th century, a quarry was opened at one of the heads of Codornices Creek in the La Loma district and it was replaced by a city park in the late 1960s. Another feeder comes down from Remillard Park, others, on private land, have lovely small waterfalls. The Byrne family was accompanied by two freed slaves, believed to have been Berkeleys earliest African American residents, byrnes property was later acquired by Henry Berryman, a developer who in 1877 built Berryman Reservoir south of todays Codornices Park, above Euclid. The reservoir became part of the East Bay Municipal Utility District system and was enlarged and covered, in 2010 construction was begun on a replacement, a large tank on the site which was put into service in 2013. From 1912 to 1928, a 275-foot-long wooden streetcar and road trestle spanned Codornices Creek along Euclid Avenue, in 1928, the trestle was filled in and a culvert laid through it for the creek. Codornices Creek was recognized early for its beauty, in 1914, the Berkeley City Council voted to acquire Live Oak Park as Berkeleys first nature park. In 1915, Codornices Park was opened along the east side of Euclid Avenue, in that streetcar era, both parks had busy club houses and large picnic areas with stone fireplaces. Across Euclid from this park, the WPA constructed the Berkeley Rose Garden during the 1930s, the creek once flowed into a swimming hole below todays Henry Street, but today enters a culvert above Henry. Much of the used for the fill came from the excavation of the nearby Northbrae Tunnel. For a time before the fill was emplaced, a wooden trestle also spanned the creek in this locale, later, a steel bridge spanned a gap left in the fill over Eunice Street. The overcrossing was removed when the Key System ceased running its F-train here in 1958, the lower portion of Eunice now deadends at a retaining wall below Henry
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Coyote Creek (Santa Clara County)
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Coyote Creek is a river that flows through the Santa Clara Valley in California, United States. Coyote Creek was originally named Arroyo del Coyote by Padre Pedro Font when the de Anza Expedition reached it on Sunday, March 31,1776. Although it is called a creek, Coyote Creek is actually a river draining 320 square miles and running 63.6 miles from the confluence of its East Fork and Middle Fork to southeast San Francisco Bay. The rivers main source is on Mount Sizer near Henry W. Coe State Park, at the base of the Diablo Range, the creek is impounded by two dams, first Coyote Reservoir and then Anderson Lake. Coyote Reservoir Dam was built across the active 1000-ft wide trace of the Calaveras fault by the Santa Clara Valley Water District between 1934–36, storing 10,000 acre feet of water. As Coyote Creek forms the boundary of downtown San Jose. There, Miguelita Creek, Penitencia Creek, and Berryessa Creek are all tributaries, Coyote Creek then bypasses the Newby Island landfill and empties into the San Francisco Bay. There is a chain of parks along Coyote Creek called the Coyote Creek Park Chain, the feasibility of a trail connecting the parks within this chain to Almaden Park was first examined in 1989. The river is managed by the SCVWD, in 1983, torrential rains caused by el Niño resulted in significant flooding of Coyote Creek in the Alviso neighborhood. The SCVWD, with advice from Santa Clara Basin Watershed Management Initiative stakeholders, the plan includes over sixty projects to benefit flood protection, habitat enhancement, parks, and trails. The Silver Creek Fault runs generally parallel to Coyote Creek, in response SCVWD has lowered the water to 54% full, which is 60 feet below the dam crest. According to the SCVWD, remediation of the problem will likely require lengthy construction that would take up to six years, the 2017 flood was the worst one since 1997. February 20,2017 San Jose City opened overnight shelter for residents who choose to voluntarily evacuate their homes in low-lying areas along Coyote Creek, subsequent days, the city started issuing mandatory and advisory evacuation areas. On February 21,2017, five people were rescued from the Coyote Creek floodwaters at Los Lagos Golf Course, the flood on that day forced the closure of US101 in Morgan Hill. Twenty-eight horses were stranded at Cooksy Family Stables in South San Jose, the flooding was caused by the overflowing of Anderson Reservoir and above average rainfall. Nearly 500 homes were evacuated at Senter Road and Phelan Avenue, the entire William Street park was flooded. A parking garage at San Jose International Airport was also flooded, about 14,000 people were forced out of their homes as a result of the flood. By February 23,2017, nearly 4,000 people were placed under evacuation orders
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Coyote Creek (Marin County)
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Coyote Creek is a stream in the Richardson Bay watershed, draining Tamalpais-Homestead Valley, California eastward into Richardson Bay, Marin County, California, United States. The stream originates on Coyote Ridge and flows 2.5 miles to the Bay at the end of Bothin Marsh. The Richardson Bay watershed is located on the lands of the Coast Miwok. Spanish colonization began in neighboring Sausalito, California in 1775, when Juan de Ayala sailed the first ship into San Francisco Bay and these explorers named the area Saucelito after the vegetation spotted from shipboard. When the Mission San Rafael Arcángel, established in 1817, was secularized by the Mexican government in 1834, the Rancho Corte Madera del Presidio included a sawmill for processing redwood trees, cattle and horse ranches, a brickyard, and a stone quarry. Sausalito became an important ferry port, connecting Marin to San Francisco, the railroad brought supplies from the north to be shipped across San Francisco Bay. Historically, Coyote Creek hosted California golden beaver whose beaver dams likely played a role in removing sediment and improving over-summering habitat for steelhead and salmon smolt
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San Leandro Creek
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San Leandro Creek, formerly Arroyo de San Leandro is a 21. 7-mile-long year-round natural stream in the Berkeley Hills, in Alameda County and Contra Costa County of the East Bay in northern California. It flows along the east face of the hills, east of Oakland and it runs into Upper San Leandro Reservoir and then Lake Chabot, both reservoirs are North of the unincorporated town of Castro Valley. It then flows through the city of San Leandro, and after crossing Hegenberger Road just north of Oakland International Airport on into San Leandro Bay of San Francisco Bay. Although it is channeled and culverted in places, it is remarkable among East Bay streams for being mostly uncovered throughout most of its course. It is joined by Indian Creek, and then at Upper San Leandro Reservoir it is joined by Moraga Creek, Redwood Creek, Buckhorn Creek and Kaiser Creek, then just below the spillway by Miller Creek. At Lake Chabot in Anthony Chabot Regional Park it is joined by Grass Valley Creek, the Redwood Creek tributary is protected by Redwood Regional Park, which contains the largest remaining natural stand of Coast redwood found in the East Bay. The creek terminates in Arrowhead Marsh, one of the few left in the East Bay. The marsh formed in San Leandro Bay between 1855 and 1895 from sediments washed down San Leandro Creek during construction of the Lake Chabot dam and also from the logging of the San Antonio Forest. San Leandro Creek was formerly named Arroyo de San Leandro, likely named by the Spanish for St. Leander and it was crossed by El Camino Viejo now, State Route 185. The creek is known for having been the site of the first rainbow trout hatchery in the world, the fish raised in this hatchery were sent as far away as New York. The site was declared a California Historical Landmark. In 1874 work began on Lake Chabot Dam and it was completed in 1875, Lake Chabot serves as a standby emergency water supply but was opened to limited recreation in the 1960s. Four miles upstream, a dam built in 1926 formed San Leandro Reservoir. It sustains the redwood groves in the town of Canyon, California and was formerly lined with numerous oaks. Historical records indicate that Chinook salmon occurred in at least two San Francisco Bay Area watersheds, San Leandro Creek in Alameda County, and San Mateo Creek in San Mateo County. In the 1870s, “quinnant”, or Chinook salmon were reported from lower San Leandro Creek, leidy considered this single historical account of coho in the creek reliable. since we believe that suitable habitat was present in the watershed. As mentioned above, Gibbons discovered rainbow trout in San Leandro Creek in 1855, thus, three species of Oncorhynchus once inhabited San Leandro Creek. List of watercourses in the San Francisco Bay Area Friends of San Leandro Creek Historical watershed map
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SR 160, bicycles and pedestrians.
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