1.
Palais de Tokyo
–
The Palais de Tokyo is a building dedicated to modern and contemporary art, located at 13 avenue du Président-Wilson, near the Trocadéro, in the 16th arrondissement of Paris. The eastern wing of the building belongs to the City of Paris, the building is separated from the Seine river by the avenue de New-York, which was formerly named Quai Debilly and later Avenue de Tokio. The name Palais de Tokyo derives from the name of this street, the monument was inaugurated by President Lebrun on May 24,1937, at the time of the International Exhibition of Arts and Technology of 1937. The original name of the building was Palais des Musées dart moderne, the building has since then hosted a number of establishments, projects, and creative spaces. Among them, le musée dart et dessai, FEMIS, le Centre National de la Photographie, with no permanent collection, it is not a museum and produces all of its exhibitions. The Pavillon was established in 2001, since the opening of the building, the director of the programme has been artist and filmmaker, Ange Leccia. In March 2002, Nicolas Bourriaud and Jérome Sans launched the Site de création contemporaine in the west wing of Palais de Tokyo. Endowed with a operating budget, but run by a brilliant and committed team, it soon became simply known as Palais de Tokyo. Marc-Olivier Wahler, former director of The Swiss Institute, New York, former director and cofounder of CAN, under Mr. Wahler, the Palais de Tokyo became one of the citys best springboards for young artists. Jean de Loisy is the current President of Palais de Tokyo, the Museum also publishes the magazine Palais /, which annually releases three editions and was created in 2006 by Marc-Olivier Wahler. The Magazine features articles centering around a central artistic theme selected for each edition, the subjects are conceptual, and are explored using photography, various artistic media, essays, and often experimental media. The theme generally coincides with the exhibition featured at the museum. In addition to Palais /, Palais de Tokyo also published five volumes of an art encyclopedia. List of museums in Paris Palais de Tokyo website Palais de Tokyo at Google Cultural Institute
Palais de Tokyo
–
Le palais de Tokyo (Paris) (12419276954)
Palais de Tokyo
–
View of the Palais de Tokyo, seen from the
Eiffel Tower. The eastern wing is on the right.
Palais de Tokyo
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An exhibition in the Palais de Tokyo / Site de création contemporaine.
2.
Sculpture
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Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts, a wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or molded, or cast. However, most ancient sculpture was painted, and this has been lost. Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, the Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece, and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period. During the Middle Ages, Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith, the revival of classical models in the Renaissance produced famous sculptures such as Michelangelos David. Relief is often classified by the degree of projection from the wall into low or bas-relief, high relief, sunk-relief is a technique restricted to ancient Egypt. Relief sculpture may also decorate steles, upright slabs, usually of stone, techniques such as casting, stamping and moulding use an intermediate matrix containing the design to produce the work, many of these allow the production of several copies. The term sculpture is used mainly to describe large works. The very large or colossal statue has had an enduring appeal since antiquity, another grand form of portrait sculpture is the equestrian statue of a rider on horse, which has become rare in recent decades. The smallest forms of life-size portrait sculpture are the head, showing just that, or the bust, small forms of sculpture include the figurine, normally a statue that is no more than 18 inches tall, and for reliefs the plaquette, medal or coin. Sculpture is an important form of public art, a collection of sculpture in a garden setting can be called a sculpture garden. One of the most common purposes of sculpture is in form of association with religion. Cult images are common in cultures, though they are often not the colossal statues of deities which characterized ancient Greek art. The actual cult images in the innermost sanctuaries of Egyptian temples, of which none have survived, were rather small. The same is true in Hinduism, where the very simple. Some undoubtedly advanced cultures, such as the Indus Valley civilization, appear to have had no monumental sculpture at all, though producing very sophisticated figurines, the Mississippian culture seems to have been progressing towards its use, with small stone figures, when it collapsed. Other cultures, such as ancient Egypt and the Easter Island culture, from the 20th century the relatively restricted range of subjects found in large sculpture expanded greatly, with abstract subjects and the use or representation of any type of subject now common. Today much sculpture is made for intermittent display in galleries and museums, small sculpted fittings for furniture and other objects go well back into antiquity, as in the Nimrud ivories, Begram ivories and finds from the tomb of Tutankhamun
Sculpture
–
The Dying Gaul, or The Capitoline Gaul a Roman marble copy of a
Hellenistic work of the late 3rd century BCE
Capitoline Museums, Rome
Sculpture
Sculpture
–
Michelangelo 's
Moses, (c. 1513–1515), housed in the church of
San Pietro in Vincoli in
Rome. The sculpture was commissioned in 1505 by
Pope Julius II for his
tomb.
Sculpture
–
Assyrian
lamassu gate guardian from
Khorsabad, c. 721–800 BCE
3.
15th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 15th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France, also called Arrondissement de Vaugirard. Situated on the Rive Gauche of the River Seine and sharing the Montparnasse district with the 6th and 14th arrondissements, the Tour Montparnasse – the tallest skyscraper in Paris – and the neighbouring Gare Montparnasse are both located in the 15th arrondissement, at its border with the 14th. It is also home to the convention center Paris expo Porte de Versailles, the loi du 16 juin 1859 decreed the annexation to Paris of the area between the old Wall of the Farmers-General and the wall of Thiers. The communes of Grenelle, Vaugirard, and Javel were incorporated into Paris in 1860, as in all the Parisian arrondissements, the fifteenth is made up of four administrative quarters. To the south, quartier Saint-Lambert occupies the site of the village of Vaugirard. The geography of the area was particularly suited to wine-making, as well as quarrying, in fact, many Parisian monuments, such as the École Militaire, were built from Vaugirard stone. The village, not yet being part of Paris, was considered by Parisians to be a suburb, pleasant for country walks or its cabarets. In 1860 Vaugirard was annexed to Paris, along with adjoining villages, to the east, quartier Necker was originally an uninhabited space between Paris and Vaugirard. The most well-known landmarks in the area are the Gare Montparnasse train station, the area around the train station has been renovated and now contains a number of office and apartment blocks, a park, and a shopping center. Finally, the contains a number of public buildings, the Lycée Buffon. To the north, quartier Grenelle was originally a village of the same name, the whole area broke off from the commune of Vaugirard in 1830, becoming the commune of Grenelle, which was in turn annexed to Paris in 1860. A century later, a number of apartment and office towers were built along the Seine, to the west, quartier Javel lies to the south of Grenelle plain. In addition, to the south of the highway, an extension of the 15th, formerly an aerodrome at the beginning of the 20th century, is now a heliport, a gym. The early airfield here has been encroached upon by development and a sports centre. The Sécurité Civile has a detachment there close to maintenance facilities, customs facilities are available and especially busy during the Salon dAeronautique airshows held at Le Bourget on the other side of the city. The land area of this arrondissement is 8.502 km2, the peak of population of Pariss 15th arrondissement occurred in 1962, when it had 250,551 inhabitants. Since then it has lost approximately one-tenth of its population, but it remains the most populous arrondissement of Paris, with 144,667 jobs at the same census, the 15th is also very dense in business activities. Musée Pasteur Musée du Service des Objets Trouvés Musée Bourdelle Musée Mendjisky specializing in school of Paris artists, Musée Jean Moulin, French Resistance – Church of Notre-Dame de la Salette in Paris Beaugrenelle Shopping Center
15th arrondissement of Paris
–
Front de Seine Skyline
15th arrondissement of Paris
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Musée Pasteur
15th arrondissement of Paris
–
Paris –
Pont Mirabeau detail
15th arrondissement of Paris
–
Colonnes d'eau Parc Andre Citroen Paris
4.
Montauban
–
Montauban is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France. It is the capital of the department and lies 50 kilometres north of Toulouse, Montauban is the most populated town in Tarn-et-Garonne, and the sixth most populated of Languedoc Roussillon Midi Pyrenees behind Toulouse, Montpellier, Nîmes, Perpignan and Béziers. In 2013, there were 57,921 inhabitants, called “Montalbanais”, the town has been classified “Ville d’art et d’histoire” since 2015. The town, built mainly of a brick, stands on the right bank of the Tarn River at its confluence with the Tescou. Montauban is the second oldest of the bastides of southern France and its foundation dates from 1144 when Count Alphonse Jourdain of Toulouse, granted it a liberal charter. The inhabitants were chiefly from Montauriol, a village which had grown up around the neighbouring monastery of St Théodard. In 1360, under the Treaty of Brétigny, it was ceded to the English, in 1560 the bishops and magistrates embraced Protestantism, expelled the monks, and demolished the cathedral. Ten years later it became one of the four Huguenot strongholds under the Peace of Saint-Germain and it was the headquarters of the Huguenot rebellion of 1621, and successfully withstood an 86-day siege by Louis XIII. It did not submit to royal authority until after the fall of La Rochelle in 1629, the Protestants again suffered persecution after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. In the 17th century, the King of France revoked “l’Édit de Nantes”, Montauban was considered as an intellectual city. Because Montauban was a Protestant town, it started to resist and hold its position against the royal power, to scare off the King’s opponents and speed up the end of the siege,400 cannonballs were fired, but Montauban resisted and the royal army was vanquished. Saint Jacques church is marked by the cannonballs, and every year in September, the city celebrates “les 400 coups”. During World War II, Leonardo da Vincis Mona Lisa was briefly hidden in a secret vault behind a cellar at Montauban. Montauban’s climate is temperate and oceanic, temperatures are rather mild in winter and hot in summer. The town experienced severe droughts in 2003,2006,2012 and 2015, on August 31,2015, the Tarn-et-Garonne area was particularly struck by a wave of violent storms. These storms, accompanied by very important winds, created a tornado, Montauban was particularly affected, with winds measured between 130 and 150 kilometers per hour in the city center. This bridge is known as Pont Vieux, King Philip the Fair of France officially launched the building of the bridge in 1303 while on a tour to Toulouse. The project took 30 years to complete, and the bridge was inaugurated in 1335, the main architects were Étienne de Ferrières and Mathieu de Verdun
Montauban
–
Montauban
Montauban
–
Arcade at Place Nationale in Montauban
Montauban
–
Redition of Montauban, 21 August 1629.
Château de Richelieu.
Montauban
–
The Great Warrior of Montauban
5.
Tarn-et-Garonne
–
Tarn-et-Garonne is a department in the southwest of France. It is traversed by the Rivers Tarn and Garonne, from which it takes its name and this area was originally part of the former provinces of Quercy and Languedoc. The department was created in 1808 by Napoléon Bonaparte, with territory being taken from the departments of Lot, Haute-Garonne, Lot-et-Garonne, Gers and Aveyron. The department is mostly rural with fertile land in the broad river valley. The departmental prefecture is Montauban, and some of the large communes include Castelsarrasin, Molières, Caussade, Valence-dAgen. Quercy was part of Aquitania prima under the Romans, and Christianity was introduced during the 4th century, early in the 6th century the area fell under the authority of the Franks, and in the 7th century became part of the autonomous Duchy of Aquitaine. At the end of the 10th century its rulers were the counts of Toulouse. The kings of both England and France around this time tried to curry favour by adding to the privileges of the towns, in 1360, the Treaty of Brétigny was signed and the whole of Quercy passed to England. However, in the 1440s the English were finally expelled by the newly created army of Charles VII of France, in the 16th century Quercy was a stronghold of the Protestants, and the scene of fierce religious conflicts. The civil wars of the reign of Louis XIII largely took place around Montauban, before the departments formation in the nineteenth century, the northern half formed part of the old province of Quercy and the southern half, part of Languedoc. The department was created on 4 November 1808 during the First French Empire by a decision of Napoleon and he was impressed by their loyalty and granted their request. The department was formed out of territories that had previously been part of neighbouring areas, more than half of the territory was taken from the Department of Lot, over one-third was taken from Haute-Garonne, and the rest from the departments of Lot-et-Garonne, Gers, and Aveyron. The first Prefect was Félix Le Peletier dAunay, who was installed in his post on 31 December 1808, tarn-et-Garonne constitutes part of the Occitanie region in southern France. It borders on the departments of Lot to the north, Aveyron to the northeast, Tarn to the east, Haute-Garonne to the south, the capital of the department is Montauban which lies about 50 km north of Toulouse. Montauban is situated on the bank of the river Tarn at its confluence with the river Tescou. The second largest commune in the department is Castelsarrasin which stands near the confluence of the Tarn, Montauban is connected to the Garonne via the 11 km Canal de Montech. In the northeast of the department is higher land in the form of limestone known as the Causses. The highest point in the department, at 510 m, is the Pech Maurel, the economy of the department depends mainly on agriculture but there is also some industry, and it benefits from its proximity to Toulouse
Tarn-et-Garonne
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Prefecture building of the Tarn-et-Garonne department, in Montauban
Tarn-et-Garonne
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National square in
Montauban
Tarn-et-Garonne
–
Bruniquel, one of the formally listed
"Most Beautiful Villages of France"
Tarn-et-Garonne
–
Saint Barthelemy church in
Lauzerte
6.
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
–
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres was a French Neoclassical painter. A man profoundly respectful of the past, he assumed the role of a guardian of orthodoxy against the ascendant Romantic style represented by his nemesis. His exemplars, he explained, were the great masters which flourished in that century of glorious memory when Raphael set the eternal. I am thus a conservator of good doctrine, and not an innovator, Ingres was born in Montauban, Tarn-et-Garonne, France, the first of seven children of Jean-Marie-Joseph Ingres and his wife Anne Moulet. From his father the young Ingres received early encouragement and instruction in drawing and music, and his first known drawing, the deficiency in his schooling would always remain for him a source of insecurity. In 1791, Joseph Ingres took his son to Toulouse, where the young Jean-Auguste-Dominique was enrolled in the Académie Royale de Peinture, Sculpture et Architecture, there he studied under the sculptor Jean-Pierre Vigan, the landscape painter Jean Briant, and the neoclassical painter Guillaume-Joseph Roques. Roques veneration of Raphael was an influence on the young artist. Ingres won prizes in several disciplines, such as composition, figure and antique and his musical talent was developed under the tutelage of the violinist Lejeune, and from the ages of thirteen to sixteen he played second violin in the Orchestre du Capitole de Toulouse. Ingres followed his masters neoclassical example but revealed, according to David and his trip to Rome, however, was postponed until 1806, when the financially strained government finally appropriated the travel funds. Working in Paris alongside several other students of David in a provided by the state. He found inspiration in the works of Raphael, in Etruscan vase paintings, in 1802 he made his debut at the Salon with Portrait of a Woman. The following year brought a commission, when Ingres was one of five artists selected to paint full-length portraits of Napoleon Bonaparte as First Consul. These were to be distributed to the towns of Liège, Antwerp, Dunkerque, Brussels. In the summer of 1806 Ingres became engaged to Marie-Anne-Julie Forestier, although he had hoped to stay in Paris long enough to witness the opening of that years Salon, in which he was to display several works, he reluctantly left for Italy just days before the opening. Chaussard condemned Ingress style as gothic and asked, How, with so much talent, a line so flawless, the answer is that he wanted to do something singular, something extraordinary. M. Ingress intention is nothing less than to make art regress by four centuries, to carry us back to its infancy, Ingres stylistic eclecticism represented a new tendency in art. As art historian Marjorie Cohn has written, At the time, Artists and critics outdid each other in their attempts to identify, interpret, and exploit what they were just beginning to perceive as historical stylistic developments. From the beginning of his career, Ingres freely borrowed from earlier art, adopting the style appropriate to his subject
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
–
Self-portrait at age 24, 1804 (revised c. 1850), oil on canvas, 78 x 61 cm,
Musée Condé
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
–
The Envoys of Agamemnon, 1801, oil on canvas, École des Beaux Arts, Paris
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
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Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne, 1806, oil on canvas, 260 x 163 cm,
Musée de l'Armée, Paris
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
–
Madame Rivière, 1806, oil on canvas, 116.5 x 81.7 cm,
Louvre
7.
Toulouse
–
Toulouse is the capital city of the southwestern French department of Haute-Garonne, as well as of the Occitanie region. The city lies on the banks of the River Garonne,150 kilometres from the Mediterranean Sea,230 km from the Atlantic Ocean and it is the fourth-largest city in France with 466,297 inhabitants in January 2014. The Toulouse Metro area is, with 1312304 inhabitants as of 2014, Frances 4th metropolitan area after Paris, Lyon and Marseille and ahead of Lille and Bordeaux. Toulouse is the centre of the European aerospace industry, with the headquarters of Airbus, the Galileo positioning system, the SPOT satellite system, the Airbus Group, ATR and the Aerospace Valley. The city also hosts the European headquarters of Intel and CNESs Toulouse Space Centre, thales Alenia Space, and Astrium Satellites, Airbus Groups satellite system subsidiary, also have a significant presence in Toulouse. The University of Toulouse is one of the oldest in Europe and, with more than 103,000 students, is the fourth-largest university campus in France, after the Universities of Paris, Lyon and Lille. The air route between Toulouse Blagnac and Paris Orly is the busiest in Europe, transporting 2.4 million passengers in 2014, according to the rankings of LExpress and Challenges, Toulouse is the most dynamic French city. It is now the capital of the Occitanie region, the largest region in metropolitan France, sernin, the largest remaining Romanesque building in Europe, designated in 1998 because of its significance to the Santiago de Compostela pilgrimage route. Toulouse is in the south of France, north of the department of Haute-Garonne, the city is traversed by the Canal de Brienne, the Canal du Midi and the rivers Garonne, Touch and Hers-Mort. Toulouse has a subtropical climate which can be qualified as submediterranean due to its proximity to the Mediterranean climate zone. The Garonne Valley was a point for trade between the Pyrenees, the Mediterranean and the Atlantic since at least the Iron Age. The historical name of the city, Tolosa, it is of unknown meaning or origin, possibly from Aquitanian, or from Iberian, Tolosa enters the historical period in the 2nd century BC, when it became a Roman military outpost. After the conquest of Gaul, it was developed as a Roman city of Gallia Narbonensis. In the 5th century, Tolosa fell to the Visigothic kingdom and became one of its cities, in the early 6th century even serving as its capital. From this time, Toulouse was the capital of Aquitaine within the Frankish realm, in 721, Duke Odo of Aquitaine defeated an invading Umayyad Muslim army at the Battle of Toulouse. Odos victory was an obstacle to Muslim expansion into Christian Europe. Charles Martel, a later, won the Battle of Tours. The Frankish conquest of Septimania followed in the 750s, and a quasi-independent County of Toulouse emerged within the Carolingian sub-kingdom of Aquitaine by the late 8th century
Toulouse
–
Montage of Toulouse Top: Pont Saint Pierre and
Garonne River Middle:
Place du Capitole,
Pont Neuf Bottom:
Capitole de Toulouse, Ariane 5 at
Cité de l'espace,
Médiathèque José Cabanis
Toulouse
–
Vomitorium at the Roman amphitheatre in Toulouse
Toulouse
–
Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse was a leader of the
First Crusade
Toulouse
–
The
Capitole de Toulouse is an example of the 18th-century architectural projects in the city.
8.
Paris
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
Paris
–
In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
–
Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris
–
The
Palais de la Cité and
Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
9.
Jules Dalou
–
Aimé-Jules Dalou was a French sculptor, recognized as one of the most brilliant virtuosos of nineteenth-century France, admired for his perceptiveness, execution, and unpretentious realism. Born in Paris to a family of Huguenot background, he was raised in an atmosphere of secularity. He was the pupil of Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, who sponsored him for the Petite École, in 1854 he attended the École des Beaux-Arts de Paris in the François-Joseph Duret classroom. Dalou first exhibited at the Paris Salon in 1861, but he made no secret of his working-class sympathies and his politics obstructed his career under the Second Empire, he was repeatedly refused the Prix de Rome that opened sculptors careers to future official commissions. He started to work for decorators, and there met Rodin with which began their friendship and he made a quiet living providing decorative sculpture for the structures that lined Pariss new boulevards and providing wax models for jewelry. He married Irma Vuillier, a partnership that sustained him throughout his life, they had one daughter, Georgette, dalous Daphnis and Chloe shown at the Paris salon of 1869, was purchased by the State. He rapidly made a name through his appointment teaching at the South London Technical Art School and he was convicted in absentia by the French government of participation in the Commune, and given a life sentence. He also recommended his friend and colleague Édouard Lantéri to move from France to England and he returned to France in 1879, after the declaration of amnesty, and produced a number of masterpieces. It is somewhat in the taste of the Louis XIV period, ornate, within a few days, his great Monument to Alphand, which almost equalled the success achieved by the Monument to Delacroix in the Luxembourg Garden, was inaugurated. Dalou, who was awarded the Grand Prix of the Exposition Universelle, was made a commander of the Legion of Honor and he was one of the founders of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, and was the first president of the sculpture section. Dalou died in Paris on 15 April 1902, aged 63, and was interred in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris. W
Jules Dalou
–
Jules Dalou in his studio, 1899
Jules Dalou
–
Detail of the Triumph of the Republic, 1889,
Place de la Nation, Paris
Jules Dalou
–
The Reader, plaster statuette, circa 1871- 1879.
Petit Palais Museum
Jules Dalou
–
Le Triomphe de Silène, 1885,
Luxembourg Garden, Paris
10.
Ludwig van Beethoven
–
Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he one of the most famous. His best-known compositions include 9 symphonies,5 piano concertos,1 violin concerto,32 piano sonatas,16 string quartets, his great Mass the Missa solemnis, and one opera, Fidelio. At the age of 21 he moved to Vienna, where he began studying composition with Joseph Haydn and he lived in Vienna until his death. By his late 20s his hearing began to deteriorate, and by the last decade of his life he was almost completely deaf. In 1811 he gave up conducting and performing in public but continued to compose, many of his most admired works come from these last 15 years of his life. Beethoven was the grandson of Ludwig van Beethoven, a musician from the town of Mechelen in the Duchy of Brabant in the Flemish region of what is now Belgium, who at the age of twenty moved to Bonn. Ludwig was employed as a singer at the court of the Elector of Cologne, eventually rising to become, in 1761. The portrait he commissioned of himself towards the end of his life remained proudly displayed in his grandsons rooms as a talisman of his musical heritage. Ludwig had one son, Johann, who worked as a tenor in the musical establishment and gave keyboard. Johann married Maria Magdalena Keverich in 1767, she was the daughter of Johann Heinrich Keverich, Beethoven was born of this marriage in Bonn. There is no record of the date of his birth, however. Of the seven children born to Johann van Beethoven, only Ludwig, the second-born, caspar Anton Carl was born on 8 April 1774, and Nikolaus Johann, the youngest, was born on 2 October 1776. Beethovens first music teacher was his father and he later had other local teachers, the court organist Gilles van den Eeden, Tobias Friedrich Pfeiffer, and Franz Rovantini. Beethovens musical talent was obvious at a young age, some time after 1779, Beethoven began his studies with his most important teacher in Bonn, Christian Gottlob Neefe, who was appointed the Courts Organist in that year. Neefe taught Beethoven composition, and by March 1783 had helped him write his first published composition, Beethoven soon began working with Neefe as assistant organist, at first unpaid, and then as a paid employee of the court chapel conducted by the Kapellmeister Andrea Luchesi. His first three piano sonatas, named Kurfürst for their dedication to the Elector Maximilian Friedrich, were published in 1783, Maximilian Frederick noticed Beethovens talent early, and subsidised and encouraged the young mans musical studies. Maximilian Fredericks successor as the Elector of Bonn was Maximilian Francis, the youngest son of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, echoing changes made in Vienna by his brother Joseph, he introduced reforms based on Enlightenment philosophy, with increased support for education and the arts
Ludwig van Beethoven
–
Portrait by
Joseph Karl Stieler, 1820
Ludwig van Beethoven
–
Beethoven's birthplace at Bonngasse 20, now the
Beethoven House museum
Ludwig van Beethoven
–
Prince-Elector's Palace (Kurfürstliches Schloss) in Bonn, where the Beethoven family had been active since the 1730s
Ludwig van Beethoven
–
A portrait of the 13-year-old Beethoven by an unknown Bonn master (c. 1783)
11.
Auguste Rodin
–
François Auguste René Rodin, known as Auguste Rodin, was a French sculptor. Although Rodin is generally considered the progenitor of modern sculpture, he did not set out to rebel against the past and he was schooled traditionally, took a craftsman-like approach to his work, and desired academic recognition, although he was never accepted into Pariss foremost school of art. Sculpturally, Rodin possessed an ability to model a complex, turbulent. Many of his most notable sculptures were roundly criticized during his lifetime and they clashed with predominant figurative sculpture traditions, in which works were decorative, formulaic, or highly thematic. Rodins most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory, modeled the human body with realism, Rodin was sensitive to the controversy surrounding his work, but refused to change his style. Successive works brought increasing favor from the government and the artistic community, by 1900, he was a world-renowned artist. Wealthy private clients sought Rodins work after his Worlds Fair exhibit and he married his lifelong companion, Rose Beuret, in the last year of both their lives. His sculptures suffered a decline in popularity after his death in 1917, Rodin remains one of the few sculptors widely known outside the visual arts community. Rodin was born in 1840 into a family in Paris, the second child of Marie Cheffer and Jean-Baptiste Rodin. He was largely self-educated, and began to draw at age ten, between ages 14 and 17, Rodin attended the Petite École, a school specializing in art and mathematics, where he studied drawing and painting. His drawing teacher, Horace Lecoq de Boisbaudran, believed in first developing the personality of his students so that they observed with their own eyes, Rodin still expressed appreciation for his teacher much later in life. It was at Petite École that he first met Jules Dalou, in 1857, Rodin submitted a clay model of a companion to the École des Beaux-Arts in an attempt to win entrance, he did not succeed, and two further applications were also denied. Given that entrance requirements at the Grande École were not particularly high, Rodins inability to gain entrance may have been due to the judges Neoclassical tastes, while Rodin had been schooled in light, 18th-century sculpture. Leaving the Petite École in 1857, Rodin earned a living as a craftsman, Rodins sister Maria, two years his senior, died of peritonitis in a convent in 1862. Rodin was anguished and felt guilty because he had introduced Maria to an unfaithful suitor, turning away from art, he briefly joined a Catholic order, the Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament. Saint Peter Julian Eymard, founder and head of the congregation, recognized Rodins talent and, sensing his lack of suitability for the order and he returned to work as a decorator, while taking classes with animal sculptor Antoine-Louis Barye. The teachers attention to detail – his finely rendered musculature of animals in motion – significantly influenced Rodin, in 1864, Rodin began to live with a young seamstress named Rose Beuret, with whom he would stay – with ranging commitment – for the rest of his life. The couple had a son, Auguste-Eugène Beuret and that year, Rodin offered his first sculpture for exhibition, and entered the studio of Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse, a successful mass producer of objets dart
Auguste Rodin
–
Rodin circa 1862.
Auguste Rodin
–
Photo of Rodin wearing a beret.
Auguste Rodin
–
Camille Claudel (1864–1943)
Auguste Rodin
–
Rodin in his studio.
12.
Armory Show
–
Among the many exhibitions that have been held in the vast spaces of U. S. The three-city exhibition started in New York Citys 69th Regiment Armory, on Lexington Avenue between 25th and 26th Streets, from February 17 until March 15,1913. The exhibition went on to show at the Art Institute of Chicago and then to The Copley Society of Art in Boston, the show served as a catalyst for American artists, who became more independent and created their own artistic language. On 14 December 1911 an early meeting of what would become the Association of American Painters and Sculptors was organized at Madison Gallery in New York, the meeting included Henry Fitch Taylor, Jerome Myers, Elmer Livingston MacRae and Walt Kuhn. In January 1912, Walt Kuhn, Walter Pach, and Arthur B, Davies joined together with some two dozen of their colleagues to reinforce a professional coalition, AAPS. They intended the organization to lead the public taste in art, other founding AAPS members included D. Putnam Brinley, Gutzon Borglum, John Frederick Mowbray-Clarke, Leon Dabo, William J. Glackens, Ernest Lawson, Jonas Lie, George Luks, Karl Anderson, James E. Fraser, Allen Tucker, Davies served as president of AAPS, with Kuhn acting as secretary. The AAPS members spent more than a year planning their first project, the International Exhibition of Modern Art, a show of giant proportions, unlike any New York had seen. The 69th Regiment Armory was settled on as the site for the exhibition in the spring of 1912, rented for a fee of $5,000. It was confirmed that the show would travel to Chicago. While in Paris Kuhn met up with Pach, who knew the art scene there intimately, only after Davies and Kuhn returned to New York in December did they issue an invitation for American artists to participate. Pach was responsible for securing loans from these painters for the Armory Show, most of the artists in Paris who sent works to the Armory Show knew Pach personally and entrusted their works to him. The Armory Show was the first, and, ultimately, the only exhibition mounted by the AAPS and it displayed some 1,300 paintings, sculptures, and decorative works by over 300 avant-garde European and American artists. Impressionist, Fauvist, and Cubist works were represented, news reports and reviews were filled with accusations of quackery, insanity, immorality, and anarchy, as well as parodies, caricatures, doggerels and mock exhibitions. About the modern works, former President Theodore Roosevelt declared, Thats not art, the civil authorities did not, however, close down or otherwise interfere with the show. Julian Street, an art critic, wrote that the work resembled an explosion in a shingle factory, the painting was purchased from the Armory Show by Fredric C. The exhibition went on to show at the Art Institute of Chicago and then to The Copley Society of Art in Boston, while in Chicago, the exhibition created a scandal that reached the governors office. Several articles in the press recounted the issue, a visit of an investigator to the show and his report on the pictures caused Lieutenant Governor Barratt OHara to order an immediate examination of the entire exhibition
Armory Show
–
Armory show button, 1913, from the Archives of American Art
Armory Show
–
ArmoryShow poster
Armory Show
–
"A slight attack of third dimentia [sic] brought on by excessive study of the much-talked of cubist pictures in the International Exhibition at New York" by
John French Sloan, April 1913.
Armory Show
–
69th Regiment Armory in 2008
13.
Legion of Honor
–
The Legion of Honour, full name National Order of the Legion of Honour, is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte. The order is divided into five degrees of increasing distinction, Chevalier, Officier, Commandeur, Grand Officier and Grand-Croix. The orders motto is Honneur et Patrie and its seat is the Palais de la Légion dHonneur next to the Musée dOrsay, in the French Revolution, all French orders of chivalry were abolished, and replaced with Weapons of Honour. The Légion however did use the organization of old French orders of chivalry, the badges of the legion also bear a resemblance to the Ordre de Saint-Louis, which also used a red ribbon. Napoleon originally created this to ensure political loyalty, the organization would be used as a facade to give political favours, gifts, and concessions. The Légion was loosely patterned after a Roman legion, with legionaries, officers, commanders, regional cohorts, the highest rank was not a grand cross but a Grand Aigle, a rank that wore all the insignia common to grand crosses. The members were paid, the highest of them extremely generously,5,000 francs to an officier,2,000 francs to a commandeur,1,000 francs to an officier,250 francs to a légionnaire. Napoleon famously declared, You call these baubles, well, it is with baubles that men are led, do you think that you would be able to make men fight by reasoning. That is good only for the scholar in his study, the soldier needs glory, distinctions, rewards. This has been quoted as It is with such baubles that men are led. The order was the first modern order of merit, under the monarchy, such orders were often limited to Roman Catholics, and all knights had to be noblemen. The military decorations were the perks of the officers, the Légion, however, was open to men of all ranks and professions—only merit or bravery counted. The new legionnaire had to be sworn in the Légion and it is noteworthy that all previous orders were crosses or shared a clear Christian background, whereas the Légion is a secular institution. The jewel of the Légion has five arms, in a decree issued on the 10 Pluviôse XIII, a grand decoration was instituted. This decoration, a cross on a sash and a silver star with an eagle, symbol of the Napoleonic Empire, became known as the Grand Aigle. After Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French in 1804 and established the Napoleonic nobility in 1808, the title was made hereditary after three generations of grantees. Napoleon had dispensed 15 golden collars of the legion among his family and this collar was abolished in 1815. The Légion dhonneur was prominent and visible in the French Empire, the Emperor always wore it and the fashion of the time allowed for decorations to be worn most of the time
Legion of Honor
–
Order's
streamer
Legion of Honor
–
Medal worn by a Chevalier (Knight) of the Légion d'honneur
Legion of Honor
–
A depiction of Napoleon making some of the first awards of the Légion d'honneur, at a camp near
Boulogne on 16 August 1804
Legion of Honor
–
First Légion d'Honneur investiture, 15 July 1804, at
Saint-Louis des Invalides by
Jean-Baptiste Debret (1812)
14.
Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal
–
The Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal, originally Cincinnati Union Terminal, is a passenger railroad station in the Queensgate neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. After the decline of travel, most of the building was converted to other uses, and now houses museums, theaters. The Louisville and Nashville Railroad, which operated through sleepers with other railroads, was forced to split its operations between two stations, the seven railroads, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. The principal architects of the building were Alfred T. The Rotunda features the largest semi-dome in the hemisphere, measuring 180 feet wide and 106 feet high. Reiss spent roughly two years in the design and creation of the murals, with Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 being demolished, nine of the murals are being relocated to the Duke Energy Convention Center. Five murals remain in the terminal at the airport. All of his artwork, which was all recently restored is available for view by free tours. The Union Terminal Company was created to build the terminal, railroad lines in and out, and other related transportation improvements. Construction in 1928 with the regrading of the east flood plain of the Mill Creek to a point nearly level with the surrounding city, other improvements included the construction of grade separated viaducts over the Mill Creek and the railroad approaches to Union Terminal. Construction on the building itself began in 1931, with Cincinnati mayor Russell Wilson laying the mortar for the cornerstone. The official opening of the station was on March 31,1933, the total cost of the project was $41.5 million. During its heyday as a rail facility, Union Terminal had a capacity of 216 trains per day,108 in and 108 out. Three concentric lanes of traffic were included in the design of the building, underneath the main rotunda of the building, one for taxis, one for buses, however, the time period in which the terminal was built was one of decline for train travel. By 1939, local newspapers were already describing the station as a white elephant, while it had a brief revival in the 1940s, because of World War II, it declined in use through the 1950s and the 1960s. In 1971, after the creation of Amtrak, train service at Union Terminal was reduced to just two trains a day, the George Washington and the James Whitcomb Riley. Amtrak abandoned Union Terminal the next year, opening a smaller station elsewhere in Cincinnati on October 29,1972, the Cincinnati Science Center operated in Union Terminal from 1968 to 1970 on the south side of the main concourse. The Science Center closed after two years due to financial difficulties, after Amtrak abandoned the station, Southern Railway purchased some of the land to use for its own expanded freight operations in its Gest Street yard
Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal
–
Exterior view of the Cincinnati Museum Center
Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal
–
The North-Face Carving
Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal
–
View of one mural in the rotunda of the Cincinnati Museum Center.
Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal
–
View of Train Concourse During Demolition
15.
Paris, France
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
Paris, France
–
In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris, France
–
Clockwise from top: Pyramid of the
Louvre,
Arc de Triomphe,
Palace of Versailles, skyline of Paris on the
River Seine with the
Pont des Arts bridge, and the
Eiffel Tower - clickable image
Paris, France
–
Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris, France
–
The
Palais de la Cité and
Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
16.
List of works by Antoine Bourdelle
–
List of works by Antoine Bourdelle is an incomplete list of artworks by the French artist Antoine Bourdelle. Antoine Bourdelle, born Émile Antoine Bordelles, was an influential and prolific French sculptor, painter and his studio became the Musée Bourdelle, an art museum dedicated to his work, located at 18, rue Antoine Bourdelle, in the 15th arrondissement of Paris, France. In 1905, he mounted an exhibition of his work at the Galerie Hébrard in Paris, the sculptures included La Nonne from 1888 as well as the Head of Apollo and his Great Tragic Mask of Beethoven. Bourdelles father died in 1906 and in 1909 he left Rodins studio, the year 1910, saw his Héraklès tue les oiseaux du lac Stymphale of 1909 shown at the Salon and this was a huge success. A version of work is held in the Musée dOrsay. Whilst working as a sculptor he also taught at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière in Montparnasse, his pupils including Alberto Giacometti, Aristide Maillol, René Iché,1910 also saw his divorce from Stéphanie Van Parys and in 1911 Rhodia Bourdelle was born to him and Cléopâtre Sévastos. He founded and was president of the Salon des Tuileries. Many works by Bourdelle can be seen in the Musée Bourdelle- Buste de Beethoven, Adam, Le bélier rétif, Centaure mourant, La Liberté, from 1922 to 1923 he worked on La Vierge à l’offrande and completed the maquette for La France. He also completed La Naissance d’Aphrodite for the Marseille Opera House, in 1925 he exhibited at the Exposition internationale des Arts décoratifs showing Sappho, Le Livre and Masque de Bourdelle in the Pavillon du livre. 1926 finally saw his Alvéar monument inaugurated after 10 years of work,1928 saw a retrospective exhibition to celebrate the inauguration of the Brussels Palais des Beaux-Arts and 1929, the year of his death, saw the Monument to Adam Mickiewicz inaugurated. Bourdelle died on the 1 October 1929 at Vésinet whilst a guest of the founder Rudier, in 1931 there was a great retrospective of Bourdelles work at the Paris Orangerie. He is buried in Montparnasse cemetery, in 1924 he had been made Commandeur de lOrdre de la Légion dhonneur. Apart from the war mentioned above Bourdelle also worked on a Monument aux Députés morts pour La France. The female figure in the statue, said to be based on Isadora Duncan, held a short sword. The piece was called La Victoir du Droit, Bourdelle completed the maquette, the intention being that the final marble statue would be 3. 25m high. Sadly the project was not pursued by the French State, Bourdelles 1922/23 La Vierge à lOffrande or Vierge à lEnfant in grey chauvigny limestone at Niederbruck, although not an actual war memorial, was directly linked to the 1914–18 war. She died during the war but after the war, Léon commissioned Bourdelle to execute a suitable statue, Bourdelle completed various studies and the second study, enlarged to 2. 5m, was placed in the crypt at Hartmannswillerkopf. The same study but now 6m high was placed on the slope of the hill above Niederbruck in the Manavaux valley to fulfil Mme Voigts vow
List of works by Antoine Bourdelle
–
Antoine Bourdelle and American dancer Grace Christie, 1925
List of works by Antoine Bourdelle
–
"La France" at Briançon.
List of works by Antoine Bourdelle
–
View of Montceau-les-Mines War Memorial in front of the parish church. We can see the bas-relief showing a soldier saying his farewells before going off to war and the reproduction of a miner’s lamp.
List of works by Antoine Bourdelle
–
Monument honouring the "Free French". Bourdelle here used his work "La France".
17.
Gustave Eiffel
–
Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was a French civil engineer and architect. A graduate of École Centrale Paris, he made his name with various bridges for the French railway network and he is best known for the world-famous Eiffel Tower, built for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris, and his contribution to building the Statue of Liberty in New York. After his retirement from engineering, Eiffel focused on research into meteorology and aerodynamics, Gustave Eiffel was born in France, in the Côte-dOr, the first child of Catherine-Mélanie and Alexandre Bönickhausen. He was a descendant of Jean-René Bönickhausen, who had emigrated from the German town of Marmagen, the family adopted the name Eiffel as a reference to the Eifel mountains in the region from which they had come. Although the family used the name Eiffel, Gustaves name was registered at birth as Bönickhausen. The business was successful enough for Catherine Eiffel to sell it in 1843, both men spent a lot of time with the young Eiffel, teaching him about everything from chemistry and mining to theology and philosophy. During his second year he chose to specialize in chemistry, however, shortly afterwards Nepveus company went bankrupt, but Nepveu found Eiffel a job designing a 22 m sheet iron bridge for the Saint Germaine railway. These were constructed with the aid of compressed air caissons and hydraulic rams, Eiffel was initially given the responsibility of assembling the metalwork and eventually took over the management of the entire project from Nepveu, who resigned in March 1860. Following the completion of the project on schedule Eiffel was appointed as the engineer of the Compagnie Belge. Further promotion within the company followed, but the business began to decline, at the same time he was employed by Jean-Baptiste Kranz to assist him in the design of the exhibition hall for the Exposition Universelle which was to be held in 1867. Eiffels principal job was to draw up the arch girders of the Galerie des Machines, at the end of 1866 Eiffel managed to borrow enough money to set up his own workshops at 48 Rue Fouquet in Levallois-Perret. On 6 October 1868 he entered partnership with Théophile Seyrig, like Eiffel a graduate of the École Centrale. In 1875, Eiffel et Cie were given two important contracts, one for a new terminus for the line from Vienna to Budapest, the station in Budapest was an innovative design. The bridge over the Douro came about as the result of a competition held by the Royal Portuguese Railroad Company and this was greater than the longest arch span which had been built at the time. Eiffels proposal was for a bridge deck was supported by five iron piers. The price quoted by Eiffel was FF, the members included Jean-Baptiste Krantz, Henri Dion and Léon Molinos, both of whom had known Eiffel for a long time, their report was favorable, and Eiffel got the job. On-site work began in January 1876 and was complete by the end of October 1877, the Exposition Universelle in 1878 firmly established his reputation as one of the leading engineers of the time. As well as exhibiting models and drawings of work undertaken by the company, one of these, a pavilion for the Paris Gas Company, was Eiffels first collaboration with Stephen Sauvestre, who was later to become the head of the companys architectural office
Gustave Eiffel
–
Eiffel in 1888, photographed by
Félix Nadar
Gustave Eiffel
–
The Bordeaux bridge, Eiffel's first major work.
Gustave Eiffel
–
The Budapest-Nyugati station.
Gustave Eiffel
–
The
Maria Pia Bridge
18.
Eiffel Tower
–
The Eiffel Tower is a wrought iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed, the Eiffel Tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world,6.91 million people ascended it in 2015. The tower is 324 metres tall, about the height as an 81-storey building. Its base is square, measuring 125 metres on each side, due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres. Excluding transmitters, the Eiffel Tower is the second-tallest structure in France after the Millau Viaduct, the tower has three levels for visitors, with restaurants on the first and second levels. The top levels upper platform is 276 m above the ground – the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union, tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift to the first and second levels. The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, although there is a staircase to the top level, it is usually only accessible by lift. Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853, sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments. Little progress was made until 1886, when Jules Grévy was re-elected as president of France and Édouard Lockroy was appointed as minister for trade. On 12 May, a commission was set up to examine Eiffels scheme and its rivals, which, after some debate about the exact location of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. Eiffel was to all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition. He later established a company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself. The proposed tower had been a subject of controversy, drawing criticism from those who did not believe it was feasible and these objections were an expression of a long-standing debate in France about the relationship between architecture and engineering. And for twenty years … we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the column of bolted sheet metal. Gustave Eiffel responded to criticisms by comparing his tower to the Egyptian pyramids. Will it not also be grandiose in its way, and why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris. Indeed, Garnier was a member of the Tower Commission that had examined the various proposals, some of the protesters changed their minds when the tower was built, others remained unconvinced. Guy de Maupassant supposedly ate lunch in the restaurant every day because it was the one place in Paris where the tower was not visible
Eiffel Tower
–
The Eiffel Tower as seen from the
Champ de Mars
Eiffel Tower
–
First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin including size comparison with other Parisian landmarks such as
Notre Dame de Paris, the
Statue of Liberty and the
Vendôme Column
Eiffel Tower
–
A
calligram by
Guillaume Apollinaire
19.
Mickiewicz
–
Adam Bernard Mickiewicz was a Polish poet, dramatist, essayist, publicist, translator, professor of Slavic literature, and political activist. He is regarded as national poet in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus, a principal figure in Polish Romanticism, he is counted one of Polands Three Bards and is widely regarded as Polands greatest poet. He is also considered one of the greatest Slavic and European poets and has dubbed a Slavic bard. A leading Romantic dramatist, he has compared in Poland and Europe to Byron. He is known chiefly for the poetic drama Dziady and the epic poem Pan Tadeusz. His other influential works include Konrad Wallenrod and Grażyna, All these served as inspiration for uprisings against the three imperial powers that had partitioned the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth out of existence. After, as a consequence, spending five years exiled to central Russia, in 1829 he succeeded in leaving the Russian Empire and, like many of his compatriots, lived out the rest of his life abroad. He settled first in Rome, then in Paris, where for a little over three years he lectured on Slavic literature at the Collège de France. He died, probably of cholera, at Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire, in 1890, his remains were repatriated from Montmorency, Val-dOise, in France, to Wawel Cathedral in Kraków, Poland. Adam Mickiewicz was born 24 December 1798, either at his uncles estate in Zaosie near Navahrudak or in Navahrudak itself in what was then part of the Russian Empire and is now Belarus. The region was on the periphery of Lithuania proper and had part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania until the Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Its upper class, including Mickiewiczs family, were either Polish or Polonized, the poets father, Mikołaj Mickiewicz, a lawyer, was a member of the Polish nobility and bore the hereditary Poraj coat-of-arms, Adams mother was Barbara Mickiewicz, née Majewska. Adam was the son in the family. Mickiewicz spent his childhood in Navahrudak, initially taught by his mother and he was a mediocre student, although active in games, theatricals, and the like. In September 1815, Mickiewicz enrolled at the Imperial University of Vilnius, after graduating, under the terms of his government scholarship, he taught secondary school at Kaunas from 1819 to 1823. In 1818, in the Polish-language Tygodnik Wileński, he published his first poem, about the summer of 1820, Mickiewicz met the love of his life, Maryla Wereszczakówna. They were unable to due to his familys poverty and relatively low social status, in addition, she was already engaged to Count Wawrzyniec Puttkamer. In 1817, while still a student, Mickiewicz, Tomasz Zan and other friends had created a secret organization, the group focused on self-education but had ties to a more radical, clearly pro-Polish-independence student group, the Filaret Association
Mickiewicz
–
Adam Mickiewicz
Mickiewicz
–
Zaosie manor, possible birthplace
Mickiewicz
–
Church of the Transfiguration of Jesus, in
Navahrudak, where Mickiewicz was baptized
Mickiewicz
–
Mickiewicz's house,
Navahrudak
20.
8th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 8th Arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. Situated on the bank of the River Seine and centred on the Champs-Élysées. According to the 1999 census, it was the place of employment of people than any other single arrondissement of the capital. The land area of the arrondissement is 3.881 km2, the arrondissement had its highest population of 107,485 in 1891. In 1999, it had almost a third of that number and it is one of Pariss least densely populated arrondissements and contains 1. 8% of the total population of Paris. The head offices of AXA, Bouygues, Électricité de France, Eurazeo, Sanofi-Aventis, GDF Suez, HSBC France, standard & Poors France office is located in the 8th arrondissement. Air China and China Southern Airlines have their Paris offices in the arrondissement, at one time the head office of Union des Transports Aériens was located in this arrondissement. The predecessor airline Union Aéromaritime de Transport also had its office in the 8th arrondissement. When Suez existed, its office was in the 8th arrondissement. When Unibail existed, its office was in the arrondissement. At one time Groupe Danone had its office in the 8th arrondissement. At one time Alcatel-Lucents head office was located in the arrondissement, at one time Northwest Airlines had its Paris offices in the Madeleine station. At one time All Nippon Airways operated an office in the arrondissement. The classes are held at the École Maternelle et Primaire Saint Francois dEylau in the 16th arrondissement, intégrale, Institut denseignement supérieur privé has also one of its campus in the 8th arrondissement. 8th arrondissement travel guide from Wikivoyage
8th arrondissement of Paris
–
The
Champs-Élysées in the 8th arrondissement during the
Christmas season.
8th arrondissement of Paris
–
Former
Alcatel-Lucent head office
8th arrondissement of Paris
–
Rue Royale, from the
Place de la Madeleine to the
place de la Concorde in the 8th arrondissement.
8th arrondissement of Paris
–
Lycée général et technologique Chaptal
21.
Hercules the Archer
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Hercules the Archer is a sculpture by Antoine Bourdelle, originally made in 1909, which now exists in many versions. It was a commission of the financier and philanthropist Gabriel Thomas, as a copy in gilt-bronze in April 1909. It was cast by Eugène Rudier, and it was exhibited at the National Society of Fine Arts in 1910, the dimensions were 2.50 m ×2.40 m. The second version was developed around 1923 and it differed from the first version with additions of reliefs on the rock right, representing the Lernaean Hydra and the Nemean Lion. Finally a banner along the base of the sculpture and the completed the work. Bourdelle was inspired by the myth of Hercules, he chose the sixth of them, for the creation of this work, Antoine Bourdelle asked his friend the captain Doyen-Parigot, whom he had met at the Saturday Rodin to pose for him. This military man was an accomplished sportsman, the deployment of the body and muscle tension required by archery highlight the muscles of the model. Bourdelle modified the head of the model at the request of his friend who had requested for anonymity, Bourdelle did several studies to produce a small sculpture, which he considered as completed in 1909. During the visit to his workshop, the patron Gabriel Thomas was fascinated by this sculpture, in 1914, Antoine Bourdelle became aware of the injury suffered because of the exclusivity granted to Gabriel Thomas. Indeed, after the Venice Biennale where Bourdelle had presented a cast of Hercules the Archer, seeing Bourdelles disappointment, Thomas agreed to end his exclusivity and allow Bourdelle to make further copies. The first new sculpture went to Sweden in 1920, thereafter, Thomas made a new bronze which remained in his family until it was sold in 1991 to Drouot-Montaigne, this work is now in Tokyo. After Thomas agreement to concede his rights, a copy was given in 1916 to the Gallery of Modern Art in Rome, in 1920, the museum Waldemarsudde of Stockholm bought the first copy of Thomas. In 1923, copies were sold to museums in Brussels, Prague, in 1925, the city of Toulouse provided a Hercules statue for its sports museum. In 1926, the Musée du Luxembourg in Paris bought a Hercules, in 1927, the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon had a copy in turn. There are now a number of versions in museums and cities. Adolphe Willette made a caricature of the statue. S, metropolitan Museum of Art Los Angeles, U. S
Hercules the Archer
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Hercules the Archer in the
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York,
gilt-bronze.
Hercules the Archer
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Hercules the Archer, plaster,
musée Ingres,
Montauban
Hercules the Archer
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Detail, Musée Antoine Bourdelle, Paris
Hercules the Archer
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Copy at
Trammell Crow Center sculpture garden, Dallas, Texas
22.
Metropolitan Museum of Art
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The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially the Met, is located in New York City and is the largest art museum in the United States, and is among the most visited art museums in the world. Its permanent collection contains two million works, divided among seventeen curatorial departments. The main building, on the edge of Central Park along Manhattans Museum Mile, is by area one of the worlds largest art galleries. A much smaller second location, The Cloisters at Fort Tryon Park in Upper Manhattan, contains a collection of art, architecture. On March 18,2016, the museum opened the Met Breuer museum at Madison Avenue in the Upper East Side, it extends the museums modern, the Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, Indian, and Islamic art. The museum is home to collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, as well as antique weapons. Several notable interiors, ranging from first-century Rome through modern American design, are installed in its galleries, the Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870. The founders included businessmen and financiers, as well as leading artists and thinkers of the day and it opened on February 20,1872, and was originally located at 681 Fifth Avenue. The Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, the museum is also home to encyclopedic collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, and antique weapons and armor from around the world. A number of interiors, ranging from 1st century Rome through modern American design, are permanently installed in the Mets galleries. In addition to its permanent exhibitions, the Met organizes and hosts traveling shows throughout the year. The director of the museum is Thomas P. Campbell, a long-time curator and it was announced on February 28th,2017 that Campbell will be stepping down as the Mets director and CEO, effective June. On March 1st,2017 the BBC reported that Daniel Weiss shall be the acting CEO until a replacement is found, Beginning in the late 19th century, the Met started to acquire ancient art and artifacts from the Near East. From a few tablets and seals, the Mets collection of Near Eastern art has grown to more than 7,000 pieces. The highlights of the include a set of monumental stone lamassu, or guardian figures. The Mets Department of Arms and Armor is one of the museums most popular collections. Among the collections 14,000 objects are many pieces made for and used by kings and princes, including armor belonging to Henry VIII of England, Henry II of France, Rockefeller donated his more than 3, 000-piece collection to the museum. The Mets Asian department holds a collection of Asian art, of more than 35,000 pieces, the collection dates back almost to the founding of the museum, many of the philanthropists who made the earliest gifts to the museum included Asian art in their collections
Metropolitan Museum of Art
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The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Metropolitan Museum of Art
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The facade of the Met dominates the city's "
Museum Mile ".
Metropolitan Museum of Art
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The Great Hall
23.
Gilt-bronze
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The mercury is driven off in a kiln leaving behind a gold coating. The French refer to this technique as bronze doré, in English, the item is then exposed to extreme heat until the mercury vaporises and the gold remains, adhering to the metal object. This process has generally been supplanted by the electroplating of gold over a nickel substrate, due to exposure to the harmful mercury fumes, most gilders did not survive beyond 40 years of age. To replace ormolu, other gilding techniques were utilized instead, but nothing surpasses the original mercury-firing method for durability, sheer beauty, electroplating is the most common modern technique. Ormolu techniques are essentially the same as used on silver. From the 19th century the term has been popularized to refer to metal or imitation gold. Gilt-bronze is found from antiquity onwards across Eurasia, but especially in Chinese art, where it was more common than silver-gilt. Craftsmen principally used ormolu for the decorative mountings of furniture, clocks, lighting devices, Ormolu mountings attained their highest artistic and technical development in France. Similarly fine results could be achieved for lighting devices, such as chandeliers and candelabra, as well as for the ornamental metal mounts applied to clock cases, the bronze mounts were cast by lost wax casting, and then chiseled and chased to add detail. Rococo gilt bronze tends to be finely cast, lightly chiseled, Neoclassical gilt-bronze is often entirely chiseled and chased with extraordinary skill and delicacy to create finely varied surfaces. The ormolu technique was used in the French Empire mantel clocks. Chinese and European porcelains mounted in gilt-bronze were luxury wares that heightened the impact of often-costly, a few surviving pieces of 16th-century Chinese porcelain subsequently mounted in contemporary European silver-gilt, or vermeil, show where the foundations of the later fashion lay. From the late 1760s, Matthew Boulton of Birmingham produced English ormolu vases, though the venture never became a financial success, it produced the finest English ormolu. In the early 19th century fine English ormolu came from the workshops of Benjamin Lewis Vulliamy, in France, the tradition of neoclassic ormolu to Pierre-Philippe Thomire was continued by Lucien-François Feuchère. Beurdeley & Cie. produced excellent ormolu in rococo and neoclassical styles in Paris, French Empire mantel clock Gilding Gilding metal Gold plating References Sources Swantje Koehler, Ormolu Dollhouse Accessories. National Pollutant Inventory - Copper and compounds fact sheet
Gilt-bronze
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Chinese porcelains mounted with Parisian gilt-bronze (ormolu) in
neoclassical taste, late 18th century (
Musée Nissim de Camondo, Paris)
Gilt-bronze
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Bowl Mounted with Two Fish. Porcelain with glaze monochrome turquoise/light blue and French ormolu mounts. The Walters Art Museum.
Gilt-bronze
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Patinated and ormolu Empire timepiece representing Mars and Venus, an allegory of the wedding of Napoleon I and Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria in 1810. By the famous bronzier Pierre-Philippe Thomire, c. 1810.
Gilt-bronze
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An ormolu Empire style
chariot clock, after a design by Jean-André Reiche. France, c. 1810.
24.
Auguste Perret
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Auguste Perret was a French architect and entrepreneur who worked in collaboration with his two younger brothers, Claude and Gustave Perret. He was one of the pioneers of the use of reinforced concrete. After World War II he designed a group of buildings in the centre of the city of Le Havre. In 2005, his post-World War II reconstruction of city was declared by UNESCO a World Heritage Site. Auguste Perret was born in Ixelles, Belgium, where his father and he received his early education in architecture in the family firm. He was accepted in the course of the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Where he studied under Julien Guadet, a Beaux Arts neoclassicist who had collaborated with Charles Garnier on the construction of the Paris Opera. Beyond the neoclassical rationalism he learned from Gaudet, Perrets particular interest was the structure of buildings, though he was considered a brilliant student, he left School without obtaining a diploma and went to work for the family firm. Perret immediately began experimenting with concrete and his first important project was an apartment building on rue Franklin in Paris, where the concrete structure, instead of being concealed, was clearly visible and was a part of the exterior design. His most famous building was the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées a project which he took over from the Art Nouveau architect Henry van de Velde, the facade was simple and decorated only with a sculptural bas-relief by Antoine Bourdelle. The corner of the building was smooth and rounded, anticipating the Streamline Moderne style three decades later, thanks to the use of concrete pillars, the interior lobby and the theater itself was vast and open, unobstructed by columns. The interior decoration featured works by the modernist artists of the day, a dome by Maurice Denis, paintings by Édouard Vuillard and Jacqueline Marval, and a stage curtain by Ker-Xavier Roussel. In his later works, Perret used concrete in imaginative ways to achieve the functions of his buildings, while preserving classical harmony, symmetry and he experimented with concrete forms to achieve the best acoustics for the concert hall of the École Normale de Musique de Paris in Paris. In 1952 he completed construction of the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre in the Paris suburb of Essonne and he described this building as a Small Versailles for nuclear research. Most of Frances early nuclear reactors were constructed within the site and his other major postwar projects were the reconstruction of the center of the port of Le Havre, which had been almost totally destroyed during the war. His first plan was rejected as too ambitious, but his plans were followed and were later listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. His last major work, finished after his death, was the St. Josephs Church, Le Havre, whose most prominent feature is its tower, like a lighthouse,107 meters high and he also participated in the postwar reconstruction of the port of Marseille and Amiens. From 1940 Perret taught at the École des Beaux-Arts and he won the Royal Gold Medal in 1948 and the AIA Gold Medal in 1952
Auguste Perret
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Portrait of Auguste Perret (1921) by Bourdelle (1861-1929)
Auguste Perret
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Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, Paris, 1913
Auguste Perret
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Interior of the "Chapelle de l'Immaculée Conception", (1930)
Auguste Perret
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St. Joseph's church, Le Havre
25.
Adam Mickiewicz
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Adam Bernard Mickiewicz was a Polish poet, dramatist, essayist, publicist, translator, professor of Slavic literature, and political activist. He is regarded as national poet in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus, a principal figure in Polish Romanticism, he is counted one of Polands Three Bards and is widely regarded as Polands greatest poet. He is also considered one of the greatest Slavic and European poets and has dubbed a Slavic bard. A leading Romantic dramatist, he has compared in Poland and Europe to Byron. He is known chiefly for the poetic drama Dziady and the epic poem Pan Tadeusz. His other influential works include Konrad Wallenrod and Grażyna, All these served as inspiration for uprisings against the three imperial powers that had partitioned the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth out of existence. After, as a consequence, spending five years exiled to central Russia, in 1829 he succeeded in leaving the Russian Empire and, like many of his compatriots, lived out the rest of his life abroad. He settled first in Rome, then in Paris, where for a little over three years he lectured on Slavic literature at the Collège de France. He died, probably of cholera, at Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire, in 1890, his remains were repatriated from Montmorency, Val-dOise, in France, to Wawel Cathedral in Kraków, Poland. Adam Mickiewicz was born on 24 December 1798, either at his uncles estate in Zaosie near Navahrudak or in Navahrudak itself in what was then part of the Russian Empire and is now Belarus. The region was on the periphery of Lithuania proper and had part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania until the Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Its upper class, including Mickiewiczs family, were either Polish or Polonized, the poets father, Mikołaj Mickiewicz, a lawyer, was a member of the Polish nobility and bore the hereditary Poraj coat-of-arms, Adams mother was Barbara Mickiewicz, née Majewska. Adam was the son in the family. Mickiewicz spent his childhood in Navahrudak, initially taught by his mother and he was a mediocre student, although active in games, theatricals, and the like. In September 1815, Mickiewicz enrolled at the Imperial University of Vilnius, after graduating, under the terms of his government scholarship, he taught secondary school at Kaunas from 1819 to 1823. In 1818, in the Polish-language Tygodnik Wileński, he published his first poem, about the summer of 1820, Mickiewicz met the love of his life, Maryla Wereszczakówna. They were unable to due to his familys poverty and relatively low social status, in addition, she was already engaged to Count Wawrzyniec Puttkamer. In 1817, while still a student, Mickiewicz, Tomasz Zan and other friends had created a secret organization, the group focused on self-education but had ties to a more radical, clearly pro-Polish-independence student group, the Filaret Association
Adam Mickiewicz
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Adam Mickiewicz
Adam Mickiewicz
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Zaosie manor, possible birthplace
Adam Mickiewicz
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Church of the Transfiguration of Jesus, in
Navahrudak, where Mickiewicz was baptized
Adam Mickiewicz
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Mickiewicz's house,
Navahrudak
26.
Hartmannswillerkopf
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Hartmannswillerkopf, also known as the Vieil Armand or Hartmannsweiler Kopf is a pyramidal rocky spur in the Vosges mountains of Alsace. The peak stands at 956 metres overlooking the Rhine valley, at Hartmannswillerkopf stands a national monument of World War I for the fighting which took place in the trenches here. The peak is located 9 kilometres from Cernay and 24 kilometres north of Mulhouse, the mountain is shared by the towns of Hartmannswiller, Wuenheim, Wattwiller and Uffholtz. The French and Germans fought for control of the peak during the First World War. 30,000 died near Hartmannswillerkopf during the First World War, after about 11 months of fierce combat, both sides began to focus most of their attention farther north on the Western Front. Only enough men to hold the lines were left at Hartmannswillerkopf, the lines remained relatively stable for the remainder of the war and generally only artillery exchanges took place. Today, the area is a French national monument, there is a museum and a cemetery at the site, and it is also possible to explore the extensive trench system. Because the lines were static for such a period, the trenches are very well preserved. As of 2011, restoration work ahead of the centenary of the war means that access to the memorial is restricted. There is a memorial on the D431 north of Vieil Armand, commemorating Halifax bomber MZ807 of No.433 Squadron RCAF. Official Hartmannswillerkopf Website Website of Hartmannswillerkopf Charity association
Hartmannswillerkopf
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The memorial at Hartmannswillerkopf
Hartmannswillerkopf
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The Hartmannswillerkopf from the Molkenrain
Hartmannswillerkopf
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The national Monument
27.
Recoleta, Buenos Aires
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It is also an important tourist destination and cultural center of the city. It is also one of the most affluent neighborhoods and it is one of the priciest real estate in the city, the Recoleta is accessible by the “D Line” of the Buenos Aires Subway, which passes through the neighborhood. Neighboring communities are Retiro to the southeast, San Nicolás, Balvanera and Almagro to the south, and Palermo to the northwest, and the River Plate to the northeast. The name of the neighborhood comes from the Monastery of the Recollect Fathers, members of the Franciscan Order which was established in the area at the beginning of the 18th century and they founded a monastery and a church dedicated to Nuestra Señora del Pilar with a cemetery attached. The historical center of the neighborhood is the Church of Nuestra Señora del Pilar, for that reason, the neighborhood was occasionally called El Pilar. The church was situated at the edge of the banks that sloped down to the Río de la Plata. The creek, also known as Tercero del Norte, currently flows through an underground pipe and it formed a type of small delta, with channels along the current Austria and Tagle Streets, which flowed into the Río de la Plata. When Buenos Aires suffered terrible cholera and yellow fever epidemics in the 1870s and these families, built mansions and other notable buildings in several European architectural styles of the period. Consequently, Buenos Aires has often referred to as the Paris of South America. Nowadays, what is left of traditional buildings coexist with elegant modern constructions. The Recoleta neighborhood is distinguished by its great cultural spaces, the Recoleta Cemetery is one of the main tourist attractions in the neighborhood. It was designed by the French architect Prosper Catelin, at the request of President Bernardino Rivadavia, next to the cemetery is the former General Juan José Viamonte Shelter, administered in the past by the Recollect Fathers. To the east, along Posadas Street, is the Palais de Glace, which was, at the beginning of the twentieth century and it has since been turned into a multimedia exhibition center. Behind Carlos Thays Park is located the Centro Municipal de Exposiciones, several of the oldest and most prestigious schools in the capital are located in the Recoleta neighborhood. Many university schools are found in Recoleta, Derecho, Medicina, Odontología. A construction in the brutalist style, located on Agüero Street between Libertador Avenue and Las Heras, is home to the new National Library of Argentina, the building was completed in 1992, after 20 years of construction work. It contains more than four volumes, including twenty priceless editions. Several cabarets in the served as locales for tango music
Recoleta, Buenos Aires
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Clockwise from top: the
Recoleta Cultural Center,
Floralis Genérica, France Square and the
Recoleta Cemetery with the
Nuestra Señora del Pilar Basilica.
Recoleta, Buenos Aires
Recoleta, Buenos Aires
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Recoleta Plaza in 1867. View of the
Cemetery and the Church of Nuestra Señora del Pilar.
Recoleta, Buenos Aires
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The Recoleta train station in 1904. The rail line would be later deactivated and the station demolished.
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