1.
Provinces of the Philippines
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The provinces of the Philippines are the primary political and administrative divisions of the Philippines. There are 81 provinces at present, further subdivided into component cities and municipalities, the National Capital Region, as well as independent cities, are independent of any provincial government. Each province is governed by a legislature called the Sangguniang Panlalawigan. The provinces are grouped into 18 regions based on geographical, cultural, fifteen of these regions are designated with numbers corresponding to their geographic location in order from north to south. The Cordillera Administrative Region, National Capital Region, Negros Island Region, each province is a member of the League of Provinces of the Philippines, an organization which aims to address issues affecting provincial and metropolitan government administrations. A provincial government is autonomous of other provinces within the Republic, each province is governed by two main elected branches of the government, executive and legislative. Judicial affairs are separated from provincial governance and are administered by the Supreme Court of the Philippines, the provincial governor is chief executive and head of each province. The vice governor acts as the president for each Sangguniáng Panlalawigan, every SP is composed of regularly elected members from provincial districts, as well as ex officio members. The number of regularly elected SP members allotted to each province is determined by its income class, first- and second-class provinces are provided ten regular SP members, third- and fourth-class provinces have eight, while fifth- and sixth-class provinces have six. Exceptions are provinces with more than five congressional districts, such as Cavite with 14 regularly elected SP members, every SP has designated seats for ex officio members, given to the respective local presidents of the Association of Barangay Captains, Philippine Councilors League, and Sangguniáng Kabataan. The vice governor and regular members of an SP are elected by the voters within the province, ex officio members are elected by members of their respective organisations. National intrusion into the affairs of each provincial government is limited by the Philippine Constitution, the President of the Philippines however coordinates with provincial administrators through the Department of the Interior and Local Government. For purposes of representation, each province is guaranteed its own congressional district. One congressional representative represents each district in the House of Representatives, senatorial representation is elected at an at-large basis and not apportioned through territory-based districts. Those classified as highly urbanized or independent component cities are independent from the province. Local government units classified as component cities and municipalities are under the jurisdiction of the provincial government, the provincial government does not have direct relations with individual barangays. Supervision over a government is the mandate of the mayor. Provinces are classified according to annual income based on the previous 4 calendar years
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
4.
Regions of the Philippines
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In the Philippines, regions, ISO 3166-2, PH) are administrative divisions that serve primarily to organize the provinces of the country for administrative convenience. Currently, the republic of the Philippines is divided into 18 regions. Most government offices are established by region instead of individual provincial offices, the regions themselves do not possess a separate local government, with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, which has an elected regional assembly and governor. The Cordillera Administrative Region was originally intended to be autonomous, since that time, other regions have been created and some provinces have been transferred from one region to another. June 22,1973, Pangasinan was transferred from Region III to Region I, july 7,1975, Region XII created and minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. July 25,1975, Regions IX and XII declared as Autonomous Regions in Western, august 21,1975, Region IX divided into Sub-Region IX-A and Sub-Region IX-B. Minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions, november 7,1975, Metropolitan Manila created. June 2,1978, Metropolitan Manila declared as the National Capital Region, july 15,1987, Cordillera Administrative Region created. August 1,1989, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao created, Region XII reverted to an administrative region. October 23,1989, First creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region, ratification rejected by residents in a plebiscite. October 12,1990, Executive Order 429 issued by President Corazon Aquino to reorganize the Mindanao regions, february 23,1995, Region XIII created and minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. Sultan Kudarat transferred to Region XI,1997, Minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. December 22,1997, Second creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region, ratification rejected by residents in a plebiscite. December 18,1998, Sultan Kudarat returned to Region XII, september 19,2001, Most Mindanao regions reorganized and some renamed. May 17,2002, Region IV-A and Region IV-B created from the former Region IV region, may 23,2005, Palawan transferred from Region IV-B to Region VI, Mimaropa renamed to Mimaro. August 19,2005, Transfer of Palawan to Region VI held in abeyance, may 29,2015, Negros Island Region created. Negros Occidental and Bacolod from Region VI and Negros Oriental from Region VII transferred to form new region, july 17,2016, Republic Act No.10879 established the Southwestern Tagalog Region from the former Region IV-B. As of May 2015, the Philippines comprises 18 administrative regions and these regions are geographically organized into the three island groups of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
5.
Cordillera Administrative Region
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Cordillera Administrative Region, designated as CAR, is an administrative region in the Philippines situated within the island of Luzon. The only landlocked region in the country, it is bordered by the Ilocos Region in the west and southwest, and by the Cagayan Valley on the north, east, prior to the 2015 census, it is the least populated and least densely-populated Region in the country. The region comprises six provinces, Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, the regional center is the highly urbanized city of Baguio. The region, officially created on July 15,1987, covers most of the Cordillera Central mountains of Luzon, during the Spanish occupation of the Philippines, Christianization and eventual subjugation of the mountain region proved difficult for the Spanish colonial government. Several comandancias were established by the Spanish colonial government in areas of the mountain region. Among them were Amburayan, Cabugaoan, Kayapa, Quiangan, Itaves, Apayaos, Lepanto, Benguet, Bontoc, Banaue, on August 18,1908 during the American regime, Mountain Province was established by the Philippine Commission with the enactment of Act No.1876. Amburayan was later abolished in 1920 and its territories were transferred to the provinces of Ilocos Sur. Lepanto was also reduced in size and its towns were integrated into the sub-provinces of Bontoc and Benguet, and to the province of Ilocos Sur. On June 18,1966, Republic Act No.4695 was enacted to split Mountain Province and create four separate and independent provinces namely Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao, and Mountain Province. Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao were placed under the jurisdiction of the Cagayan Valley region, with Benguet, on July 15,1987, President Corazon C. Aquino issued Executive Order 220 which created the Cordillera Administrative Region. The provinces of Abra, Benguet and Mountain Province, and Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao were annexed as part of the newly created region. On February 14,1995, Kalinga-Apayao, one of the five provinces of the region was split into two separate and independent provinces of Apayao and Kalinga with the enactment of Republic Act No.7878. Several attempts at legalizing autonomy in the Cordillera region have failed in two separate plebiscites, the first law Republic Act No. 6766, took effect on October 23,1989 but failed to muster a majority vote in the plebiscite on January 30,1990, at present, a third organic act of the Cordillera is in the offing supported by the Cordillera Regional Development Council. In September 2000, the council of Itogon, Benguet. The San Roque Dam was to one of the biggest dams in the world and would threaten the living environment of the Igorot. The Cordillera Peoples Alliance, an indigenous rights organization in the region, in co-operation with other organizations, had resisted this project. However, in May 2001, president Arroyo declared that the San Roque Dam project would continue anyway because it had already started, time will tell whether that promise will be kept
6.
Kabugao, Apayao
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Kabugao, officially the Municipality of Kabugao, is a municipality in the province of Apayao in the Cordillera Administrative Region of the Philippines, serving as the provincial capital. The population was 15,537 at the 2015 census, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 9,998 registered voters. Kabugao is located at 17°50′N 121°16′E, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 935.12 square kilometres constituting 21. 19% of the 4,413. 35-square-kilometre- total area of Apayao. Kabugao is politically subdivided into 21 barangays, dibagat is inhabited by the Isnag and the Ilocano. There is a grass airstrip built by SIL in 1985. Dibagat is accessible only by canoe or by specialized aircraft, in the 2015 census, Kabugao had a population of 15,537. The population density was 17 inhabitants per square kilometre, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 9,998 registered voters
7.
Sangguniang Panlalawigan
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The Sangguniang Panlalawigan, commonly known as the Provincial Board, is the Filipino language name given to the legislatures in Philippine provinces. They are the branch of the province and their powers. Along with the governor, the executive branch of the province. Encomiendas were organized only for the purposes of collecting tribute that went in part to the Roman Catholic Church, the Spanish army, later on areas which were organized and given the designation of province were led by an appointed alcalde who performed judicial, fiscal and executive functions. American rule brought radical changes to the system of government in the country. In 1901 the Philippine Commission enacted Act No,83, known as the Provincial Government Act, which outlined the powers, responsibilities and composition of the provincial government. As civil government took hold, the governorship was made elective, the composition of provincial boards were also later modified, with the treasurer and third member taken out and replaced by two members elected by popular vote. Not all provinces had the type of government. The passage of Republic Act No, however, the Board still had limited real legislative powers, as the provincial government was merely serving as an extension of national government. Republic Act No.5185 was enacted in 1967 with the intention of decentralizing authority,51, enacted in 1979, standardized the composition of all provincial legislatures by reducing the membership of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan. All provinces were entitled to 6 elective SP members, unless they had more than one million residents or less than 100,000 residents, the powers and duties of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan was codified under Batas Pambansa Blg. 337, also known as the Local Government Code of 1983, the governor served as an ex officio member, who did not vote except only to break a tie, but had the power to veto items within, or entire, Sanggunian ordinances and resolutions. However the veto can be overridden by a vote of all voting SP members. The Sangguniang Panlalawigan was retained as the branch of all provincial governments under the 1987 Constitution. Since 1992 SP members are elected from districts to ensure geographical representation, the powers, duties and functions of the Sanggunian are outlined in Section 468 of the Local Government Code of 1991. The legislative body is tasked in general to enact ordinances, approve resolutions and appropriate funds for the welfare of the province. In the proper exercise of the powers of the province. The provincial vice-governor serves as its officer, who do not vote except in cases to break a tie
8.
Governor
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A governor is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, governor may be the title of a politician who governs a constituent state and these companies operate as a major state within a state with its own armed forces. For example, in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries, there are governors, school governors. The adjective pertaining to a governor is gubernatorial, from the Latin root gubernyare, the historical female form is governess, though female officials are referred to by the gender-neutral form governor of the noun to avoid confusion with other meanings of the term. Indeed, many regions of the pre-Roman antiquity were ultimately replaced by Roman standardized provincial governments after their conquest by Rome, in Pharaonic times, the governors of each of the various provinces in the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt are usually known by the Greek word. The core function of a Roman governor was as a magistrate or judge, and the management of taxation, under the Republic and the early Empire, however, a governor also commanded military forces in his province. Republican governors were all men who had served in senior magistracies in Rome in the previous year, a special case was Egypt, a rich private domain and vital granary, where the Emperor almost inherited the theocratic status of a Pharaoh. The Emperor was represented there by a sui generis styled praefectus augustalis. Otherwise, the governors of provinces had various titles, some known as consularis, apart from Egypt and the East, each diocese was directed by a governor known as a vicarius. The prefectures were directed by praefecti praetorio and this system survived with few significant changes until the collapse of the empire in the West, and in the East, the breakdown of order with the Persian and Arab invasions of the seventh century. At that stage, a new kind of governor emerged, the Strategos, today, crown colonies of the United Kingdom continue to be administered by a governor, who holds varying degrees of power. Because of the different constitutional histories of the colonies of the United Kingdom. Administrators, Commissioners and High Commissioners exercise similar powers to Governors, frequently the name Government House is given to Governors residences. The term can also be used in a generic sense, especially for compound titles which include it, Governor-general. In the United Kingdoms remaining overseas territories, the governor is normally a direct appointee of the British Government, the Governors chief responsibility is for the Defence and External Affairs of the colony. In some minor overseas territories, instead of a Governor, there is an Administrator or Commissioner, in Australia, each state has the governor as its formal representative of the Queen, as head of the state government. It is not an office but a ceremonial one. Each state governor is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Premier, State Governors have emergency reserve powers but these are rarely used
9.
Liberal Party (Philippines)
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It was the ruling party after the election victory of Benigno Aquino III as the President of the Philippines. Abad, Jr. Franklin Drilon, Mar Roxas, and Benigno Aquino III, the Liberal Party was founded on January 19,1946 by Manuel Roxas, the first President of the Third Philippine Republic. It was formed by Roxas from what was once the Liberal Wing of the old Nacionalista Party, two more Presidents of the Philippines elected into office came from the LP, Elpidio Quirino and the redoubtable Diosdado Macapagal. Two other presidents came from the ranks of the LP, as members of the party who later chose to follow a different path by joining the Nacionalistas, Ramon Magsaysay. During the days leading to his declaration of martial law, Marcos would find his old party as a potent roadblock to his quest for one-man rule. Led by Ninoy Aquino, Gerry Roxas and Jovito Salonga, the LP would time and again hound the would-be dictator on issues like human rights, not even Marcos declaration of martial law silenced the LP, and the party continued to fight the dictatorship despite the costs. Many of its leaders and members would be prosecuted and even killed during this time and this ironically cost the party dearly, losing for it the elections of 1992. Franklin Drilon at a party meeting at the Manila Hotel. Days later, the Supreme Court proclaimed Drilon the true president of the party, during the fierce campaign battle that followed, the party was able to field new members breaking away from the then-ruling party Lakas Kampi CMD to become the largest minority party in Congress. The party ranges from the centre-left to the absolute Left-wing politics of the political spectrum, the partys ideology is known for its pro-liberalism, pro-democracy and social justice and it has its stances against populism or any right-wing aspects. Generally, the party strictly opposes conservatism especially based on socio-politics, economy, libertarianism was one of prominent ideologies of the party
10.
Nationalist People's Coalition
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NPC was a member of the Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino, the political vehicle of then Vice President Joseph Estrada in the 1998 presidential elections. NPC left the now-defunct LAMMP after Estrada was removed from power in January 2001, when Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo assumed the Presidency, her People Power Coalition, led by the Lakas-CMD party, became the dominant group in Congress. The 75-member Lakas party led the Sunshine Coalition, which included the 61-member Nationalist People’s Coalition, some members of the Liberal Party. The LDP party led the 20-member opposition bloc, in 2004, the LDP and NPC both backed businessman Eduardo “Danding” Cojuangco as a potential presidential candidate in the 2004 elections. Cojuangco, the NPC chair, was fielded as NPCs standard bearer, results for the 2004 elections show that NPC had 0 seats for the Senate while for the House of Representatives, NPC had 53 seats. There is no majority in the Senate, which changed its President in 2006. They ran against the administration-backed Lakas-Laban Coalition, the party only got 3 out of 12 possible seats in the Senate namely, Miriam Defensor-Santiago Gregorio Honasan Anna Dominique Coseteng In the 14 May 2007 election, the party won 26 seats. Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. - NPC Chairman Emeritus Mark Cojuangco Faustino Dy, san Juan - NPC President Michael John Duavit - Former Representative From Rizal NPC Executive Vice President Mark Mendoza - NPC Secretary General Arthur Y. Former Philippine National Police chief and former adviser on the peace process Anthony Golez, Representative from Bacolod City. *Supported either Noli de Castro or Loren Legarda who won and lost respectively**Other members including NPC founder Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. are supporting Bongbong Marcoss vice-presidential campaign. This is the Current member of NPC in the 16th Congress Loren Legarda Tito Sotto Win Gatchalian A political party that does not touch, - Eduardo Danding Cojuangco Official Website of the Nationalist Peoples Coalition
11.
Cities of the Philippines
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A city is one of the units of local government in the Philippines. As of December 12,2015, there are 145 cities, Cities are entitled to at least one representative in the Philippine House of Representatives if its population reaches 250,000. They are allowed to use a common seal, only an Act of Congress can create or amend a city charter, and with this city charter Congress confers on a city certain powers that regular municipalities or even other cities may not have. A citys local government is headed by an elected by popular vote. The vice mayor serves as the officer of the Sangguniang Panlungsod. Upon receiving their charters, cities also receive a full complement of executive departments to serve their constituents. Some departments are established on a basis, depending on the needs of the city. Source, Local Government Code of 1991, Cities, like municipalities, are composed of barangays, which can range from urban neighborhoods, to rural communities. Barangays are sometimes grouped into officially defined administrative districts, examples of such are the cities of Manila, Davao, Iloilo, and Samal. Some cities such as Caloocan, Manila and Pasay even have a level between the district and barangay levels, called a zone. However, geographic districts and zones are not political units, there are no elected city government officials in these city-specific administrative levels, rather they only serve to make city planning, statistics-gathering other administrative tasks easier and more convenient. Cities are classified according to annual income based on the previous four calendar years. There are currently 33 highly urbanized cities in the Philippines,16 of which are located in Metro Manila, Component Cities, Cities which do not meet the preceding requirements are deemed part of the province in which they are geographically located. If a component city is located along the boundaries of two or more provinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which it used to be a municipality, majority of the remaining cities are considered component cities. The five exceptions are listed below, independent Component Cities, Cities of this type have charters that explicitly prohibit their residents to vote for provincial officials. These cities are considered independent from the province in which they are geographically located, there are five such cities, Cotabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago. There are 38 independent cities in the Philippines, all of which are classified as highly urbanized or independent component cities. Some independent cities are still grouped with their provinces for the purposes of representation in the Congress of the Philippines
12.
Municipalities of the Philippines
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A municipality is a local government unit in the Philippines. Municipalities are also usually called towns and they are distinct from cities, which are a different category of local government unit. Provinces of the Philippines are divided into cities and municipalities, which in turn, are divided into barangays, as of June 2015, there are 1,490 municipalities across the country. A municipal district is a local government unit, previously certain areas were created first as municipal districts before they were converted into municipalities. Municipalities have some autonomy from the National Government of the Republic of the Philippines under the Local Government Code of 1991 and they have been granted corporate personality enabling them to enact local policies and laws, enforce them, and govern their jurisdictions. They can enter into contracts and other transactions through their elected and appointed officials and they are tasked with enforcing all laws, whether local or national. The National Government assists and supervises the local government to make sure that they do not violate national law, the Judicial Branch of the Republic of the Philippines also caters to the needs of local government units. Local governments, such as a municipalities, do not have their own judicial branch and these responsibilities shall be under approval of the Sangguniang Bayan. The vice mayor shall sign all warrants drawn on the municipal treasury, in circumstances where the mayor permanently or temporarily vacates the position, he shall assume executive duties and functions. While vice mayor presides over the legislature, he cannot vote unless the necessity of tie-breaking arises, laws or ordinances proposed by the Sangguniang Bayan, however, may be approved or vetoed by the mayor. If approved, they become local ordinances, if the mayor neither vetoes nor approves the proposal of the Sangguniang Bayan for ten days from the time of receipt, the proposal becomes law as if it had been signed. If vetoed, the draft is sent back to the Sangguniang Bayan, the latter may override the mayor by a vote of at least two-thirds of all its members, in which case, the proposal becomes law. A municipality, upon reaching a certain requirements – minimum population size, first, a bill must be passed in Congress, then signed into law by the President and then the residents would vote in the succeeding plebiscite to accept or reject cityhood. One benefit in being a city is that the city government gets more budget, but taxes are much higher than in municipalities
13.
Calanasan, Apayao
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Calanasan, officially the Municipality of Calanasan, is a municipality in the province of Apayao in the Cordillera Administrative Region of the Philippines. The population was 12,604 at the 2015 census, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 7,296 registered voters. Its land area is 1,256.15 square kilometres, Calanasan is the source of the Apayao River which empties into the South China Sea and is the only navigable river in Apayao. Calanasan is located at 18°15′N 121°02′E, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 1,256.15 square kilometres constituting 28. 46% of the 4,413. 35-square-kilometre- total area of Apayao. The town’s topography or slope is predominantly rugged and mountainous with sporadic flood plains, the municipality cradles the larger part of the Apayao-Abulog watershed area as the main source of streams that fills the mighty river which originates from the municipality. Calanasan has two pronounced seasons, the dry and the wet seasons, the dry season starts in the latest part of December and ends in the middle part of June. The wet season starts in July and ends in the part of December. The hottest month is May and rainfall is heaviest in August while strong typhoons usually occur within the period of August to October, Calanasan is politically subdivided into 20 barangays. In the 2015 census, Calanasan had a population of 12,604, the population density was 10 inhabitants per square kilometre. In the 2016 electoral roll, it had 7,296 registered voters, Calanasan is dominated by Isnag Tribe, living with them are the Ilocanos, Igorots and Kalingas. The main dialects of the people are the Isnag and the Ilocano, economic activity in the municipality is based on agricultural production like farming and fishing and livelihood activities like basketry, soft broom making and furniture making. The municipality has no level lands for rice production except in the northern part of the municipality. The total land area devoted to agriculture is 45.316 hectares in total land area irrigated is 2,347.49 hectares. Its produce include coffee, corn, root crops, peanuts and other legumes, banana, pineapple, the town has vast variety of wild flora and fauna which contributes to its eco-tourism potential. The town is surrounded with forests, cascading waterfalls. The holding and celebration of Say-am in the older days connotes status - that the family is respectable and it is Celebrated every third week of March. List of renamed cities and municipalities in the Philippines
14.
Conner, Apayao
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Conner, officially the Municipality of Conner, is a municipality in the province of Apayao in the Cordillera Administrative Region of the Philippines. The population was 26,051 at the 2015 census, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 12,961 registered voters. Conner is located at 17°48′N 121°20′E, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 694.30 square kilometres constituting 15. 73% of the 4,413. 35-square-kilometre- total area of Apayao. Conner is politically subdivided into 21 barangays, in the 2015 census, Conner had a population of 26,051. The population density was 38 inhabitants per square kilometre, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 12,961 registered voters
15.
Flora, Apayao
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Flora, officially the Municipality of Flora, is a municipality in the province of Apayao in the Cordillera Administrative Region of the Philippines. The population was 17,391 at the 2015 census, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 9,490 registered voters. Flora was created into a municipality on June 22,1963 when several barrios and sitios of Pudtol were constituted into the newly created town, Flora is located at 18°07′N 121°24′E. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has an area of 324.40 square kilometres constituting 7. 35% of the 4,413. 35-square-kilometre- total area of Apayao. Flora is politically subdivided into 16 barangays, in the 2015 census, Flora had a population of 17,391. The population density was 54 inhabitants per square kilometre, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 9,490 registered voters
16.
Luna, Apayao
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Luna, officially the Municipality of Luna, is a municipality in the province of Apayao in the Cordillera Administrative Region of the Philippines. The population was 19,063 at the 2015 census, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 10,250 registered voters. Its former name was Macatel, changed to Luna by the founding father. Luna is located at 18°20′N 121°21′E, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 606.04 square kilometres constituting 13. 73% of the 4,413. 35-square-kilometre- total area of Apayao. Luna is politically subdivided into 22 barangays, in the 2015 census, Luna had a population of 19,063. The population density was 31 inhabitants per square kilometre, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 10,250 registered voters
17.
Pudtol, Apayao
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Pudtol, officially the Municipality of Pudtol, is a municipality in the province of Apayao in the Cordillera Administrative Region of the Philippines. The population was 14,925 at the 2015 census, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 7,720 registered voters. On June 22,1963, several barrios and sitios were separated from Pudtol, Pudtol is located at 18°09′N 121°17′E. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has an area of 401.02 square kilometres constituting 9. 09% of the 4,413. 35-square-kilometre- total area of Apayao. Pudtol is politically subdivided into 22 barangays, in the 2015 census, Pudtol had a population of 14,925. The population density was 37 inhabitants per square kilometre, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 7,720 registered voters
18.
Santa Marcela, Apayao
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Santa Marcela, officially the Municipality of Santa Marcela, is a municipality in the province of Apayao in the Cordillera Administrative Region of the Philippines. The population was 13,613 at the 2015 census, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 7,152 registered voters. Santa Marcela was created into an independent municipality on June 17,1967 when several barrios were separated from Luna and Flora, Santa Marcela is located at 18°17′N 121°26′E. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has an area of 196.32 square kilometres constituting 4. 45% of the 4,413. 35-square-kilometre- total area of Apayao. Santa Marcela is politically subdivided into 13 barangays, in the 2015 census, Santa Marcela had a population of 13,613. The population density was 69 inhabitants per square kilometre, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 7,152 registered voters
19.
Barangay
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A barangay, formerly referred to as barrio, is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district or ward. In colloquial usage, the term refers to an inner city neighbourhood. The word barangay originated from balangay, a kind of boat used by a group of Austronesian peoples when they migrated to the Philippines, as of June 2015, there were 42,029 barangays throughout the Philippines. When the first Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, the name barangay originated from balangay, a Malay word meaning sailboat. The first barangays started as small communities of around 50 to 100 families. By the time of contact with Spaniards, many barangays have developed into large communities, some of these barangays had large populations. In Panay, some barangays had 20,000 inhabitants, in Leyte,15,000 inhabitants, in Cebu,3,500 residents, in Vitis,7,000 inhabitants, there were smaller barangays with less number of people. But these were generally inland communities, or if they were coastal and these smaller barangays had around thirty to one hundred houses only, and the population varies from one hundred to five hundred persons. According to Legazpi, he found communities with twenty to thirty people only, traditionally, the original “barangays” were coastal settlements of the migration of these Malayo-Polynesian people from other places in Southeast Asia. Most of the ancient barangays were coastal or riverine in nature and this is because most of the people were relying on fishing for supply of protein and for their livelihood. They also travelled mostly by water up and down rivers, trails always followed river systems, which were also a major source of water for bathing, washing, and drinking. The coastal barangays were more accessible to trade with foreigners and these were ideal places for economic activity to develop. Business with traders from other countries also meant contact with cultures and civilizations, such as those of Japan, Han Chinese, Indian people. These coastal communities acquired more cosmopolitan cultures, with developed social structures, during the Spanish rule, through a resettlement policy called the Reducción, smaller scattered barangays were consolidated to form compact towns. Each barangay was headed by the cabeza de barangay, who formed part of the Principalía - the elite ruling class of the municipalities of the Spanish Philippines and this position was inherited from the first datus, and came to be known as such during the Spanish regime. The Spanish Monarch ruled each barangay through the Cabeza, who collected taxes from the residents for the Spanish Crown. When the Americans arrived, slight changes in the structure of government was effected. Later, Rural Councils with four councilors were created to assist, now renamed Barrio Lieutenant, it was later renamed Barrio Council, the Spanish term barrio was used for much of the 20th century until 1974, when President Ferdinand Marcos ordered their renaming to barangays
20.
House of Representatives of the Philippines
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The House of Representatives of the Philippines, is the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines. It is often informally called Congress, Members of the House are officially styled as Representative and sometimes informally called Congressmen/Congresswomen and are elected to a three-year term. They can be re-elected, but cannot serve more than three consecutive terms, around eighty percent of congressmen are district representatives, representing a particular geographical area. There are 234 legislative districts in the country, each composed of about 250,000 people, there are also party-list representatives elected through the party-list system who constitute not more than twenty percent of the total number of representatives. The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker, currently Pantaleon Alvarez of Davao del Norte, the official headquarters of the House of Representatives is at the Batasang Pambansa located in the Batasan Hills in Quezon City in Metro Manila. The building is simply called Batasan and the word has also become a metonym to refer to the House of Representatives. At the beginning of American colonial rule, from March 16,1900, william Howard Taft was chosen to be the first American civilian Governor-General and the first leader of this Philippine Commission, which subsequently became known as the Taft Commission. This bicameral legislature was inaugurated in October 1907, under the leadership of Speaker Sergio Osmeña and Floor Leader Manuel L. Quezon, the Rules of the 59th United States Congress was substantially adopted as the Rules of the Philippine Legislature. It is this body, founded as the Philippine Assembly, that would continue in one form or another, in 1916, the Jones Act, officially the Philippine Autonomy Act, changed the legislative system. The Philippine Commission was abolished and a new fully elected, bicameral Philippine Legislature consisting of a House of Representatives, the legislative system was changed again in 1935. The 1935 Constitution established a unicameral National Assembly, but in 1940, through an amendment to the 1935 Constitution, a bicameral Congress of the Philippines consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was adopted. The Liberal bloc of the Nacionalistas permanently split from their ranks and these two will contest all of the elections in what appeared to be a two-party system. This set up continued until President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law, the 1987 Constitution restored the presidential system of government together with a bicameral Congress of the Philippines. Corazon Aquino who nominally had no party, supported the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino, with the victory of Fidel V. This also meant the restoration of Lakas-NUCD as the top party in the chamber, the same would happen when Benigno Aquino won in 2010, which returned the Liberals into power. The presiding officer is the Speaker, the members of the House of Representatives who are also its officers are also ex officio members of all of the committees and has a vote. The Speaker is the head of the House of Representatives, the speaker is elected by majority of all the members of the house, including vacant seats. The speaker is elected at the convening of each Congress
21.
Legislative district of Apayao
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The Legislative district of Apayao is the representation of the province of Apayao in the various national legislatures of the Philippines. The province is represented in the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines through its lone congressional district. Prior to gaining separate representation, areas now under the jurisdiction of Apayao were represented under the former Mountain Province, Apayao became a separate province following the passage and subsequent ratification of Republic Act No.7878 on 8 May 1995. In accordance with Section 9 of R. A.7878 the new province began electing its own representative in the 1998 elections, population,112,636 Legislative districts of the Mountain Province Legislative district of Kalinga-Apayao
22.
Philippine Standard Time
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Philippine Standard Time, also known as Philippine Time and informally Juan Time, is the official name for the time in the Philippines. The country only uses one time zone, and for a short period, geographically, the Philippines lies within 116°40′ and 126°34′ east of the Prime Meridian, and is physically located within the UTC+08,00 time zone. Philippine Standard Time is maintained by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, the Philippines shares the same time zone with Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, most parts of China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Brunei, central Indonesia, and Western Australia. Philippine Standard Time was instituted through Batas Pambansa Blg,8, approved on 2 December 1978 and implemented on 1 January 1983. The Philippines is one of the few countries to officially and almost exclusively use the 12-hour clock in non-military situations. From 1521 to 1844, the Philippines had the date as Mexico. Monday,30 December 1844 was immediately followed by Wednesday,1 January 1845 and this meant that International Date Line moved from going west of the Philippines to go on the east side of the country. At the time, local time was used to set clocks, meaning that every place used its own local time based on its longitude. Television and radio stations in the Philippines display the time, in September 2011, the Department of Science and Technology proposed to synchronise time nationwide in an effort to discourage tardiness. On May 15,2013, President Benigno Aquino III signed Republic Act No,10535, better known as the The Philippine Standard Time Act of 2013 as a last step to finally implement the Juan Time. Effective June 1,2013, all government offices and media networks will be required to use Philippine Standard Time as a basis to set their timepieces, in addition, the first week of January will be regularly observed as the National Time Consciousness Week. The IANA time zone database contains one zone for the Philippines in the file zone. tab, hapon starts at 1,00 PM and ends 5,59 PM. Gabí starts at 6,00 PM and ends 12,00 AM which is Hatinggabi, madalíng Araw starts at 12,01 AM and ends 4,59 AM. Except in very formal situations, Filipinos rarely use the numbers in telling time. - Alas otso kwarenta y uno ng gabí or Apatnapút-isá makalipas ng ikawaló ng gabí5,30 A. M, - Alas singko y medya ng umaga or Tatlumpûng minuto makalipas ng ikalimá ng umaga or ikalimá at kalaháti ng umaga 3,00 P. M. - Alas tres ng hapon o Ikatló ng hapon 12,00 P. M, - Alas dose ng tanghalì o Ikalabíndalawá ng tanghalì12,00 A. M. - Alas dose ng hatinggabi o Ikalabíndalawá ng hatinggabí2,00 A. M
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Telephone numbers in the Philippines
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Telephone numbers in the Philippines follow an open telephone numbering plan and an open dial plan. Both plans are regulated by the National Telecommunications Commission, an agency under the Department of Information. The Philippines is assigned an international dialling code of 63 by ITU-T, telephone numbers are fixed at seven digits, with area codes fixed at one, two, or three digits. Mobile phone numbers are always 10 digits, when making long-distance calls in the Philippines, the prefix 0 for domestic calls and 00 for international calls are used. Some smaller carriers concentrated within a geographic area may issue four- or five-digit area codes. Occasionally, an area may change area codes. For example, the City of Bacoor in Cavite has been included in the coverage area of area code 2 per the National Telecommunications Commissions Memorandum Order No. 08-09-2011, although almost all fixed-lines in the city use the old 46 area code due to the poor compliance of PLDT. Sometimes area codes are shared by a number of government entities to maximise their use. In extreme cases, area codes are shared across an island like in Leyte and Samar, or even entire regions, in order to identify the calls point of origin, the three-digit telephone exchange prefix is checked. Since the Philippines employs an open plan, telephone numbers dialled within a given area code do not require the area code. When dialling other area codes, the long distance access prefix 0 is added, but when dialling from overseas. However, the code indicates the service provider and not necessarily a geographic region. Unlike fixed-line telephones, the telephone dialling format is always observed when using a mobile phone. Therefore, mobile phone numbers always have the format +63 xxx-xxxx for international callers and 0 xxx-xxxx for domestic callers. Some of the first area codes to be assigned for mobile phones were 912 for Mobiline/Piltel,915 for Islacom,917 for Globe Telecom,918 for Smart Communications, and 973 for Express Telecom. As service began growing rapidly since the 1990s, new codes have been added to meet demand as existing codes have since been exhausted, newer codes often come immediately after the last code exhausted, but this might not be the case if the next code is already in use. 955/956 are the latest codes and are used for Globe & TM, areas codes are grouped by provider with no single contiguous block of codes for a single provider
24.
Ilocano language
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Ilocano is the third most-spoken native language of the Philippines. An Austronesian language, it is related to languages as Malay, Tetum, Chamorro, Fijian, Maori, Hawaiian, Samoan, Tahitian, Paiwan. It is closely related to some of the other Austronesian languages of Northern Luzon, and has slight mutual intelligibility with the Balangao language, Ilocano, like all Philippine languages, is an Austronesian language, a very expansive language family believed to originate in Taiwan. Ilocano comprises its own branch within the Philippine Cordilleran language subfamily and it is spoken as first language by seven million people. The language is spoken in northwest Luzon, the Babuyan Islands, Cordillera Administrative Region, Cagayan Valley, parts of Central Luzon, the language is also spoken in the United States, with Hawaii and California having the largest amount of speakers. It is the third most spoken language in Hawaii after Tagalog and Japanese. They used a system that is termed as an abugida, or an alphasyllabary and it was similar to the Tagalog and Pangasinan scripts, where each character represented a consonant-vowel, or CV, sequence. Before the addition of the virama, writers had no way to designate coda consonants, in the Spanish system words of Spanish origin kept their spellings. Native words, on the hand, conformed to the Spanish rules of spelling. Nowadays, only the generation of Ilocanos use the Spanish system. In the system based on that of Tagalog there is more of a phoneme-to-letter correspondence, the letters ng constitute a digraph and counts as a single letter, following n in alphabetization. As a result, numo humility appears before ngalngal to chew in newer dictionaries, Words of foreign origin, most notably those from Spanish, need to be changed in spelling to better reflect Ilocano phonology. Words of English origin may or may not conform to this orthography, a prime example using this system is the weekly magazine Bannawag. The following are two versions of the Lords Prayer, the one on the left is written using the Spanish-based orthography, while the one on the right uses the Tagalog-based system. It is recognized by the Commission on the Filipino Language as one of the languages of the Philippines. Constitutionally, Ilocano is an official language in the regions where it is spoken. In recent years, a movement in both the Lower and the Upper House of the Congress pressed for the usage of the tongue as a medium of instruction until the sixth grade. Ilocano animistic past offers a background in folklore, mythology
25.
Isnag language
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Isnag is a language spoken by around 40,000 Isnag people of Apayao Province in the Cordillera Administrative Region in the northern Philippines. Around 85% of Isnag are capable of reading the Isnag language, many Isnag speakers also use Ilokano. Ethnologue lists the following dialects of Isnag, bayag Dibagat-Kabugao Calanasan Karagawan Talifugu-Ripang Alternate names for Isnag include Apayao, Dibagat-Kabugao-Isneg, Isneg, and Maragat. Isnag is spoken in the two thirds of Apayao Province, Cagayan Province, Abra Province, and Ilocos Norte Province. The closely related Adasen language, which consists of western and eastern dialects, is spoken in northeastern Abra Province, Isnag is also one of the Philippine languages which is excluded from - allophone. Isnag, Mahi indo tada ngamin ta ngamin tada ay magwawwáhi, --1 Juan 4,7 Approximate English Translation, Friends, let us love each other, because love comes from God. --1 John 4,7 Isnag, Day-dayáwan tada nge Dios, --1 Pedro 1,3 Approximate English Translation, Praise God, the God and Father of the Lord Jesus Christ. --1 Peter 1,3 The Proto-Malayo-Polynesian schwa ə has merged to /a/ such as *qatəp > atap similar to Kapampangan, atip in Tagalog, listen to a sample of Adasen from Global Recordings Network
26.
Tagalog language
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Tagalog is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a quarter of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by the majority. Its standardized form, officially named Filipino, is officially the national language, the word Tagalog is derived from the endonym taga-log, composed of tagá- and ilog. Linguists such as Dr. David Zorc and Dr. Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs, the first written record of Tagalog is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, which dates to 900 CE and exhibits fragments of the language along with Sanskrit, Old Malay, Javanese and Old Tagalog. The first known book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Christiana. Tagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə, in Bikol and Visayan, this sound merged with /u/ and. In Tagalog, it has merged with /i/, for example, Proto-Philippine *dəkət is Tagalog dikít and Visayan & Bikol dukot. Proto-Philippine *r, *j, and *z merged with /d/ but is /l/ between vowels, Proto-Philippine *ŋajan and *hajək became Tagalog ngalan and halík. Proto-Philippine *R merged with /ɡ/. *tubiR and *zuRuʔ became Tagalog tubig, the first substantial dictionary of the Tagalog language was written by the Czech Jesuit missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century. Clain spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books and he wrote the first dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez. Tagalog was declared the language by the first constitution in the Philippines. In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as wikang pambansâ, in 1959, the language was further renamed as Pilipino. The 1987 constitution designated Filipino as the national language mandating that as it evolves, it shall be developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine. The regional languages are the official languages in the regions. In secondary school, Filipino and English become the primary languages of instruction and it is the first language by a quarter of the population of the Philippines and a second language by the majority. Tagalog is a Central Philippine language within the Austronesian language family, being Malayo-Polynesian, it is related to other Austronesian languages, such as Malagasy, Javanese, Malay, Tetum, and Yami. It is closely related to the languages spoken in the Bicol Region and the Visayas islands, such as the Bikol group and the Visayan group, including Hiligaynon and Cebuano. At present, no comprehensive dialectology has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars of various Tagalog dialects. Some example of differences are, Many Tagalog dialects, particularly those in the south, preserve the glottal stop found after consonants
27.
Ilokano language
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Ilocano is the third most-spoken native language of the Philippines. An Austronesian language, it is related to languages as Malay, Tetum, Chamorro, Fijian, Maori, Hawaiian, Samoan, Tahitian, Paiwan. It is closely related to some of the other Austronesian languages of Northern Luzon, and has slight mutual intelligibility with the Balangao language, Ilocano, like all Philippine languages, is an Austronesian language, a very expansive language family believed to originate in Taiwan. Ilocano comprises its own branch within the Philippine Cordilleran language subfamily and it is spoken as first language by seven million people. The language is spoken in northwest Luzon, the Babuyan Islands, Cordillera Administrative Region, Cagayan Valley, parts of Central Luzon, the language is also spoken in the United States, with Hawaii and California having the largest amount of speakers. It is the third most spoken language in Hawaii after Tagalog and Japanese. They used a system that is termed as an abugida, or an alphasyllabary and it was similar to the Tagalog and Pangasinan scripts, where each character represented a consonant-vowel, or CV, sequence. Before the addition of the virama, writers had no way to designate coda consonants, in the Spanish system words of Spanish origin kept their spellings. Native words, on the hand, conformed to the Spanish rules of spelling. Nowadays, only the generation of Ilocanos use the Spanish system. In the system based on that of Tagalog there is more of a phoneme-to-letter correspondence, the letters ng constitute a digraph and counts as a single letter, following n in alphabetization. As a result, numo humility appears before ngalngal to chew in newer dictionaries, Words of foreign origin, most notably those from Spanish, need to be changed in spelling to better reflect Ilocano phonology. Words of English origin may or may not conform to this orthography, a prime example using this system is the weekly magazine Bannawag. The following are two versions of the Lords Prayer, the one on the left is written using the Spanish-based orthography, while the one on the right uses the Tagalog-based system. It is recognized by the Commission on the Filipino Language as one of the languages of the Philippines. Constitutionally, Ilocano is an official language in the regions where it is spoken. In recent years, a movement in both the Lower and the Upper House of the Congress pressed for the usage of the tongue as a medium of instruction until the sixth grade. Ilocano animistic past offers a background in folklore, mythology
28.
Luzon
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Luzon (/luːˈzɒn/, Tagalog pronunciation, is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. It is ranked 15th largest in the world, with a population of 52.99 million as of 2015, it is the fourth most populous island in the world, containing about 53% of the countrys total population. Luzon may also refer to one of the three island groups in the country. The name Luzon is thought to derive from the Tagalog word lusong, from just before the first millennium, the Tagalog and Kapampangan peoples of south and central Luzon had established several Indianized kingdoms, notably among them those of Tundok and Namayan. The Laguna Copperplate Inscription, the first Philippine document written in 900AD, names places in and these kingdoms were based on leases between village rulers and landlords or Rajahs, to whom tributes and taxes were levied. These kingdoms were coastal thalassocracies based on trade with neighboring Asian political entities at that time, some parts of Luzon were Islamized when the Sultanate of Brunei expanded its realms from Borneo to the Philippines and set up the Kingdom of Maynila as its puppet-state. In addition, other kingdoms like the Wangdom of Pangasinan had become tributary states to China and were largely Sinified kingdoms, certain kilns were renowned over others and prices depended on the reputation of the kiln. Of this flourishing trade, the Burnay jars of Ilocos are the large clay jar manufactured in Luzon today with origins from this time. The Yongle Emperor instituted a Chinese Governor on Luzon during Zheng Hes voyages, China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago. China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in Yongles reign, in the 1500s, people from Luzon were called Lucoes and were actively employed in trading, seafaring and military campaigns across Southeast Asia. The Portuguese were the first European explorers who recorded it in their charts as Luçonia or Luçon, edmund Roberts, who visited Luzon in the early 19th century, wrote that Luzon was discovered in 1521. Many people from Luzon had active-employment in Portuguese Malacca and his father and wife carried on his maritime trading business after his death. Another important Malacca trader was Curia de Raja who also hailed from Luzon, the surname of de Raja or diraja could indicate that Regimo and Curia, and their families, were of noble or royal descent as the term is an abbreviation of Sanskrit adiraja. Pinto noted that there were a number of Lucoes in the Islamic fleets that went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century, the Sultan of Aceh gave one of them the task of holding Aru in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest in 1511, pigafetta notes that one of them was in command of the Brunei fleet in 1521. However, the Luções did not only fight on the side of the Muslims, pinto says they were also apparently among the natives of the Philippines who fought the Muslims in 1538. On Mainland Southeast Asia, Lusung/Lucoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD, at the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya. Scholars have thus suggested that they could be valued by all sides
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Cagayan
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Cagayan is a province of the Philippines in the Cagayan Valley region in the northeast of Luzon Island, and includes the Babuyan Islands to the north. The province borders Ilocos Norte and Apayao to the west, and Kalinga, Cagayan was one of the early provincias that existed during the Spanish Colonial Period. The former capital was Nueva Segovia, which served as the seat of the Diocese of Nueva Segovia. Today, only 9,295.75 square kilometres remain of the vastness of the province. The entire region, however, is referred to as Cagayan Valley. In 2013, Cagayan was host to the 27th and 28th seasons of the American reality game show, present-day chroniclers hold that the name was originally derived from the tagay, a plant that grows abundantly in the northern part of the province. The term Catagayan, the place where the tagay grows was shortened to Cagayan, perhaps more conventionally, etymological scholars hold that cagayan comes from an ancient word that means river. Variations of this word—karayan, kayayan, and kalayan—all mean river, Cagayan has a prehistoric civilization with rich and diverse culture. According to archaeologists, the earliest man in the Philippines probably lived in Cagayan thousands of years ago, evidences to this effect are now convincing beyond scientific doubt to consider it as an incontestable fact. From available evidences, the Atta or Negrito - a short dark-skinned nomad - was the first man in Cagayan. They were later moved to the uplands by the Malays who eventually became the Ibanags, Itawes, Yogads, Gaddangs, Irayas and these are the people found by the Spaniards in the different villages along the rivers all over Cagayan. Cagayan is also the site of a Wokou state when the Japanese pirate-lord Tay Fusa, the expeditionary force was sent to explore the Cagayan Valley, to convert the natives to Catholicism, and to establish ecclesiastical missions and towns throughout the valley. On 29 June 1583, Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo traced the northern coastline of Luzon and set foot on the Massi, Tular, the provincias territorial delineation encompassed the present provinces of Batanes, Isabela, Quirino, Nueva Vizcaya, including portions of Kalinga and Apayao. The Spanish friars soon established mission posts in Camalaniugan and Lal-lo, the see was moved in 1758 to Vigan because of its relative distance. The Spanish influence can still be seen in the massive churches, in 1839, Nueva Vizcaya was established as a politico-military province and was separated from Cagayan. Later, Isabela was founded as a province on May 1,1856, its areas carved from southern Cagayan. During the late 18th century, the New Spain government encouraged the expansion of trade and he worked in the Philippines as Minister of the Indies from 1776 to 1787, constructing a similar monopoly there under Governor-General Basco y Vargas. The Spanish development of industry affected all their economic gains in the Philippines
30.
Abra (province)
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Abra is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Bangued, and is bordered by Ilocos Norte on the northwest, Apayao on the northeast, Kalinga on the mid-east, Mountain Province on the southeast, the first inhabitants of Abra were the ancestors of the Bontocs and the Ifugaos. These inhabitants eventually left to settle in the old Mountain Province, other early inhabitants were the Tingguians, or Itnegs, as they are also known. In 1598, a Spanish garrison was established in Bangued to protect Christian Ilocanos from Tingguian raids, originally the area was called El Abra de Vigan. During the British Occupation of the Philippines, Gabriela Silang and her army fled to Abra from Ilocos and continued the revolt begun by her slain husband and she was captured and hanged by the Spanish in 1763. In 1818, the Ilocos region, including Abra, was divided into Ilocos Norte, in 1846, Abra was created as a political-military province with Lepanto as a sub-province. It remained so until the arrival of the Americans in 1899, in 1908, the Philippine Commission again annexed Abra to Ilocos Sur in an attempt to resolve Abras financial difficulties. On March 9,1917, the Philippine Assembly re-established Abra as a province, in 1942, the Japanese forces occupied the Philippines and entered Abra. Abra was liberated by the Philippine Commonwealth forces and local Cordilleran guerrillas during the Battle of Abra in 1945, the revolutionary Marxist priest, Conrado Balweg, who fought for the rights of the Cordillera tribes, began his crusade in Abra. After successfully negotiating a peace accord with Balwegs group in 1987, the Philippine government created the Cordillera Administrative Region, Abra is situated in the mid-western section of the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. It is bordered by the provinces of Ilocos Norte on the northwest, Apayao on the northeast, Kalinga on the mid-east, Mountain Province on the southeast, Abra has a total land area of 4,165.25 square kilometres or 1,608.21 square miles. The province is hemmed in by the mountain ranges of the Ilocos in the west. The Abra River runs from the south in Benguet to the west and central areas and it is joined by the Tineg River originating from the eastern uplands at a point near the municipality of Dolores. Abra comprises 27 municipalities, all encompassed by a legislative district. The 27 municipalities of the province comprise a total of 303 barangays, with Poblacion in La Paz as the most populous in 2010, and Pattaoig in San Juan as the least. The population of Abra in the 2015 census was 241,160 people, Abras inhabitants are mostly descendants of Ilocano settlers and members of the Tingguian tribe. Based on the 2000 census survey, Ilocanos comprised 71. 94% of the provincial population of 209,146. Tingguians came in second at 18. 7%, while other groups in the province were the Ibanag at 4. 46%, Itneg at 3. 17%
31.
Ilocos Norte
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Ilocos Norte is a province of the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region. Its capital is Laoag City and is located at the northwest corner of Luzon Island, bordering Cagayan and Apayao to the east, and Abra to the southeast, Ilocos Norte faces the South China Sea to the west and the Luzon Strait to the north. Ilocos Norte is noted for being the birthplace of former President Ferdinand E. Marcos, the Marcoses enjoy a modicum of popularity in the province. Ilocos Norte is also known as a northern tourist destination, being the location of Fort Ilocandia, an upper class hotel and beach resort famous among expatriates, many Ilocos residents have immigrated to Hawaii in the early to mid 20th century. Long before the arrival of the Spaniards, there existed an extensive region renowned for its gold mines. Merchants from Japan and China would often visit the area to trade gold with beads, ceramics, miguel Lopez de Legazpis grandson, Juan de Salcedo, volunteered to lead one of these expeditions. Together with 8 armed boats and 45 men, the 22-year-old voyager headed north, on June 13,1572, Salcedo and his men landed in present-day Vigan and then proceeded towards Laoag, Currimao and Badoc. As they sailed along the coast, they were surprised to see numerous sheltered coves where the lived in harmony. As a result, they named the region Ylocos and its people Ylocanos, as the Christianization of the region grew, so did the landscape of the area. Vast tracts of land were utilized for churches and bell towers in line with the Spanish mission of bajo las campanas, in the town plaza, it was not uncommon to see garrisons under the church bells. The colonization process was slowly being carried out, the Spanish colonization of the region, however, was never completely successful. Owing to the practices of many Augustinian friars, a number of Ilocanos revolted. Noteworthy of these were the Dingras uprising and Pedro Almasan revolt, in 1762, Diego Silang led a series of battles aimed at freeing the Ilocano. When he died from his compatriots bullet, his widow Gabriela continued his cause, however, she too was captured and hanged. In 1807, the sugar cane brewers of Piddig rose up in arms to protest the governments monopoly of the wine industry, in 1898, the church excommunicated Gregorio Aglipay for refusing to cut off ties with the revolutionary forces of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. Unperturbed, he established the Iglesia Filipina Independiente, soon thereafter, La Union and Abra likewise became independent provinces. Ilocos Norte covers a area of 3,467.89 square kilometres occupying the northern tip of the Ilocos Region in Luzon. Ilocos Norte comprises 21 municipalities and 2 component cities, further subdivided into 557 barangays, there are two legislative districts in the province
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Kalinga (province)
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Kalinga is a landlocked province in the Philippines situated within the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Tabuk and borders Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, Kalinga covers a total area of 3,231.25 square kilometres occupying the central section of the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. The province is bordered by Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, the topography of Kalinga province is rugged and sloping, with mountain peaks ranging from 1,500 to 2,500 metres in elevation. The province’s western side is characterised by sharp, crested, interlinking peaks of steep slopes, isolated flatlands, plateaus, the eastern lands are mainly of rolling and gradually sloping foothills. Large swaths of the lowlands are open grassland suitable for pasture. In higher elevations to the west, particularly in the mountains of Balbalan, rizal and Tabuk with their flatlands are the biggest rice producers. Next in rice production are the area, and of note are the rice terraces of Balbalan, Lubuagan, Pasil, Pinukpuk, Tinglayan. The province experiences a temperature ranging from 17 to 22 °C with Type 3 weather patterns. The dry season extends from November to April, while the rest of the year is considered the rainy season, the province is drained mainly by the Chico River, with its headwaters in the Mountain Province and emptying into the Cagayan River. Several small lakes can also be found in Kalinga, Kalinga comprises one city and seven municipalities, all encompassed by a single legislative district. Tabuk was proclaimed a component city in 2007, but in November 2008 the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled that its cityhood was unconstitutional, however, Tabuk had its city status reinstated by the Supreme Court on December 22,2009. The 7 municipalities and 1 city of the province comprise a total of 152 barangays, with Bulanao in Tabuk City as the most populous in 2010, if cities are excluded, Pinukpuk Junction in Pinukpuk municipality has the highest population. The population of Kalinga in the 2015 census was 212,680 people, on the 2000 census survey, Kalinga people comprised 64. 37% of the total provincial population of 173,638. Ilocanos came in second at 23. 98%, while other groups in the province were the Kankanaey at 2. 55%, Bontoc at 1. 61%, Tagalog at 1. 28%. The primary language spoken is Kalinga, including its dialects of Balangao, Butbut, Limos, Lower Tanudan, Lubuagan, Mabaka, Madukayang, Southern Kalingan, and Upper Tanudan. Gaddang, as well as Ilocano, Tagalog, and English are also spoken in as lingua francas with varying degrees of proficiency, there are many sub-tribes in the province. The strong sense of membership and filial loyalty results in frequent tribal unrest. Unbeknownst to many, the last stand of President Emilio Aguinaldo in 1901 took place in Lubuagan, which he proclaimed the seat of government, and where the Aguinaldo Museum commemorates the event
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Kalinga-Apayao
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Kalinga-Apayao was a province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in the island of Luzon. It was divided into the two provinces of Kalinga and Apayao with the passage of Philippine Republic Act No.7878 on February 14,1995 and this RA amended the earlier Republic Act No. 4695, passed on June 18,1966, which formed the provinces of Kalinga-Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, during the Second World War, Japanese fighter and bomber planes invaded the province of Kalinga-Apayao. The bombings and air raids destroyed the towns and municipalities on December 1941 during the Japanese Invasion of the Philippines and this happened prior to Japanese air raid at Camp John Hay in Baguio City on December 8,1941. The soldiers of the Japanese Imperial Army occupied provinces of Kalinga-Apayao, the Igorot and Cordilleran soldiers of the 11th Infantry Division, Philippine Commonwealth Army, USAFFE, endured four months of battle culminating in their surrender to the Japanese on April 9,1942. Many Igorot and Cordilleran men and women joined the group of guerrilla resistance fighters in Kalinga-Apayao which fought against the Japanese Imperial forces in Northern Luzon. Meanwhile, many Igorot and Cordilleran men joined the Philippine Commonwealth Army under the U. S, the Philippine Commonwealth army and Philippine Constabulary deployed special operations units in Kalinga-Apayao to aid in the campaign against the Japanese Imperial Army
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Partition (politics)
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In politics, a partition is a change of political borders cutting through at least one territory considered a homeland by some community. Partition, multiple times, of the Roman Empire into the Eastern Roman Empire, in the 1757 Second Treaty of Versailles, France agreed upon the partition of Prussia Partition of the United States during the American Civil War. Partitions of Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth in the 18th century
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Population density
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Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume, it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans and it is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by land area or water volume. Low densities may cause a vortex and lead to further reduced fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it, commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world. The worlds population is around 7,000,000,000, therefore, the worldwide human population density is around 7,000,000,000 ÷510,000,000 =13.7 per km2. If only the Earths land area of 150,000,000 km2 is taken into account and this includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to over 50 people per km2, thus, this number by itself does not give any helpful measurement of human population density. Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates, cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo, for instance, Milwaukee has a greater population density when just the inner city is measured, and the surrounding suburbs excluded. Arithmetic density, The total number of people / area of land, physiological density, The total population / area of arable land. Agricultural density, The total rural population / area of arable land, residential density, The number of people living in an urban area / area of residential land. Urban density, The number of people inhabiting an urban area / total area of urban land, ecological optimum, The density of population that can be supported by the natural resources. S. States by population density Selected Current and Historic City, Ward & Neighborhood Density
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Isnag people
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The Isnag people are an Austronesian ethnic group native to Apayao Province in the Philippines Cordillera Administrative Region. Their native language is Isneg, although most Isnag also speak Ilokano, Isnag populations can also be found in the eastern part of the adjacent Provinces of Ilocos Norte and Cagayan. Various names have been used to differentiate the Isnag, the Spaniards referred to them as los Apayaos and los Mandayas. Today, there are about 55,000 Isnegs living in Apayao Province, there, they are concentrated mainly in the municipalities of Calanasan, Kabugao, Conner, Luna, and Pudtol. Isnag, the Isneg language, is spoken by around 300,000 people, approximately 9% of the population are Christians. As of 2006, the entire New Testament, along with the books of Genesis, rest of the Isnags are mainly animists. The Isnag settlements are mostly along the river, but they do farming up the hills at certain times of year and their villages are small and houses, close together, for security and companionship. The traditional house sits on four wooden posts and has colourful adornments. There are two important rituals that bind the Isnag, say-am is a feast celebrated by an affluent Isnag family, usually accompanied by wining, eating, and dancing. In contrast, pildap is celebrated by the members of the tribe when a family transfers to another place or when someone seeks healing. Isnag has composed also of the major known as the Ymandaya. Their houses are airy and bigger, and they do everything to decorate it the best way they can and they barter for products from their mountains, such as beeswax, cacao, and tobacco. Jean Mallat, a French adventurer in the Philippines during the 1800s, dibagat Isnag language Ymandaya Calanasan Imallod Kabugao Isnag in the Provinces of Ilocos Norte and Cagayan http, //litera1no4. tripod. com/isneg_frame. html
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Dominican Order
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Members of the order, who are referred to as Dominicans, generally carry the letters O. P. after their names, standing for Ordinis Praedicatorum, meaning of the Order of Preachers. Membership in the order includes friars, nuns, active sisters, the order is famed for its intellectual tradition, having produced many leading theologians and philosophers. The Dominican Order is headed by the Master of the Order, in the year 2000, there were 5,171 Dominican friars in solemn vows,917 student brothers, and 237 novices. By the year 2013 there were 6,058 Dominican friars, a number of other names have been used to refer to both the order and its members. In England and other countries the Dominican friars are referred to as Black Friars because of the black cappa or cloak they wear over their white habits, Dominicans were Blackfriars, as opposed to Whitefriars or Greyfriars. They are also distinct from the Augustinian Friars who wear a similar habit and their identification as Dominicans gave rise to the pun that they were the Domini canes, or Hounds of the Lord. The Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages at a time when religion began to be contemplated in a new way, men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister. Instead, they travelled among the people, taking as their examples the apostles of the primitive Church. Out of this emerged two orders of mendicant friars, one, the Friars Minor, was led by Francis of Assisi, the other. Dominics new order was to be an order, trained to preach in the vernacular languages. Rather than earning their living on vast farms as the monasteries had done, at the same time, Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a mixed spirituality. They were both active in preaching, and contemplative in study, prayer and meditation, the brethren of the Dominican Order were urban and learned, as well as contemplative and mystical in their spirituality. While these traits affected the women of the order, the nuns especially absorbed the latter characteristics, in England, the Dominican nuns blended these elements with the defining characteristics of English Dominican spirituality and created a spirituality and collective personality that set them apart. The orders origins in battling heterodoxy influenced its development and reputation. Many later Dominicans battled heresy as part of their apostolate, indeed, many years after St. Dominic reacted to the Cathars, the first Grand Inquistor of Spain, Tomás de Torquemada, would be drawn from the Dominican Order. As an adolescent, he had a love of theology. During his studies in Palencia, Spain, he experienced a famine, prompting Dominic to sell all of his beloved books. At the age of twenty-four or twenty-five, he was ordained to the priesthood, at that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy, named after the Duke of Albi, a Cathar sympathiser and opponent to the subsequent Albigensian Crusade
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Mission (station)
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A religious mission or mission station is a location for missionary work. Historically, missions have been religious communities used to preach the Gospel of Jesus Christ to local populations, missions often provided the logistics and supplies needed to support that work. Catholicisms support for the Spanish missions in the Americas played a key role in the Spanish colonization of the Americas, catholic mission communities commonly consisted of churches, gardens, fields, barns, workrooms, dormitories, and schools. They were often located based on the availability of a water supply to support the local population
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Mountain Province
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Mountain Province, is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Mountain Province was formerly referred to as Mountain in some foreign references, the name is usually shortened by locals to Mt. Province. The province was named so for being in the Cordillera Central mountain range found in the realms of Luzon island. Mountain Province was also the name of the province that included most of the current Cordillera provinces. This old province was established by the Philippine Commission in 1908, the province is also known for its mummy caves, which contain naturally mummified bodies, and for its hanging coffins. The area of the Cordillera mountains proved difficult to control by the Spaniards, from 1566 to 1665, they sent expeditions to conquer the land but the rugged terrain and hostile indigenous population at the time were major obstacles to complete subjugation. Formerly called La Montañosa by the Spanish colonizers due to its mountainous terrain, in August 19,1908, during the American rule, the Philippine Commission enacted Act No. 1876, which organized the area of the Cordilleras into one large province. The first governor was Samuel Cane, and the town of Bontoc was made the capital and it was originally composed of the sub-provinces of Amburayan, Apayao, Benguet, Lepanto-Bontoc, Ifugao and Kalinga. Amburayan was later abolished in 1920 and its territories were transferred to the provinces of Ilocos Sur. Lepanto was also reduced in size and its towns were integrated into the sub-provinces of Bontoc and Benguet, and to the province of Ilocos Sur. Effective on April 7,1967, Republic Act No.4695 abolished the old Mountain Province, converting its sub-provinces into 4 independent provinces, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao and Mountain Province. On June 15,1987, the Cordillera Administrative Region was established upon the issuance of Executive Order 220 by then-President Corazon Aquino, Mountain Province covers a total area of 2,157.38 square kilometres occupying the central section of the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. The province is bordered on the north by Kalinga, south by Ifugao, southwest by Benguet, west by Ilocos Sur, situated within the Cordillera Central, Mountain Province is 83% mountainous while 17% make up hills and levels. The province has many rivers, waterfalls, mountains, and caves, the central and western areas of the province are characterized by rugged mountains and steep cliffs, while the eastern portion has generally sloping terrain. Mountain Province comprises ten municipalities, all encompassed by a legislative district. Mountain Province has 144 barangays comprising its 10 municipalities, as of 2010, the most populous barangay in the province is Poblacion in the municipality of Paracelis, with a total of 5,687 inhabitants. Balintaugan in the municipality of Bauko has the least population with only 144, the population of Mountain Province in the 2015 census was 154,590 people, with a density of 72 inhabitants per square kilometre or 190 inhabitants per square mile
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Philippine Commission
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The Philippine Commission was the name of two bodies, both appointed by the President of the United States to assist with governing the Philippines. The first Philippine Commission was appointed by President William McKinley on January 20,1899 to make recommendations, the second Philippine Commission, also known as the Taft Commission, was a body appointed by the President to exercise legislative and limited executive powers in the Philippines. It was first appointed by President McKinley in 1900 under his executive authority, in 1902, the Philippine Organic Act was passed by the United States Congress which enshrined into law the Commission legislative and executive authority. The Jones Act of 1916 ended the Commission replacing it an elected Philippine Senate as the Legislatures upper house, between September 1900 and August 1902, it issued 499 laws. A judicial system was established, including a Supreme Court, the 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected presidents, vice presidents, and councilors to serve on municipal boards. The municipal board members were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining municipal properties, on 4 July 1901, Taft became governor of a civil administration for the Philippines. This regime, called the Insular Government, administered the country until 1935, the two houses would share legislative powers, although the upper house alone would pass laws relating to the Moros and other non-Christian peoples. The act also provided for extending the United States Bill of Rights to Filipinos, in July 1907, the first elections for the assembly were held, and the legislature opened its first session on October 16,1907. Philippine House of Representatives Congressional Library The Presidents of the Senate of the Republic of the Philippines, the LAWPHiL Project - Philippine Laws and Jurisprudence Databank. NB, very little material actually online Acts of the Philippine Commission, NB, very little material actually online
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