Arch of Titus

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This article is about the main arch of Titus on the Via Sacra. For the one by the Circus Maximus, see Arch of Titus (Circus Maximus).

Coordinates: 41°53′27″N 12°29′19″E / 41.890717°N 12.488585°E / 41.890717; 12.488585

Arch of Titus
Arch Titus, Forum Romanum, Rome, Italy.jpg
The Arch of Titus, showing the "Spoils of Jerusalem" relief on the inside arch
Location X Palatium
Built in c. AD 82
Built by/for Emperor Domitian
Type of structure honorific arch
Related Titus, Roman triumph, First Jewish–Roman War
Arch of Titus is located in Rome
Arch of Titus
Arch of Titus

The Arch of Titus (Italian: Arco di Tito; Latin: Arcus Titi) is a 1st-century AD honorific arch,[1] located on the Via Sacra, Rome, just to the south-east of the Roman Forum. It was constructed in c. AD 82 by the Emperor Domitian shortly after the death of his older brother Titus to commemorate Titus's victories, including the Siege of Jerusalem (AD 70).[2] The arch has provided the general model for many triumphal arches erected since the 16th century—perhaps most famously it is the inspiration for the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, France.[3]

History[edit]

Front view of the Arch of Titus

Based on the style of sculptural details, Domitian's favored architect Rabirius, sometimes credited with the Colosseum, may have executed the arch. Without contemporary documentation, however, attributions of Roman buildings on basis of style are considered shaky.[citation needed]

The medieval Latin travel guide Mirabilia Urbis Romae noted the monument, writing: "the arch of the Seven Lamps of Titus and Vespasian; [where is Moses his candlestick having seven branches, with the Ark, at the foot of the Cartulary Tower"][4][5]

The Frangipani family turned it into a fortified tower in the Middle Ages.[6] It was one of the first buildings sustaining a modern restoration, starting with Raffaele Stern in 1817 and continued by Valadier under Pius VII in 1821, with new capitals and with travertine masonry, distinguishable from the original. The restoration was a model for the country side of Porta Pia.[6][7]

Description[edit]

The arch is large with both fluted and unfluted columns, the latter being a result of 19th century restoration.[8] The spandrels on the upper left and right of the arch contain personifications of victory as winged women. Between the spandrels is the keystone, on which there stands a female on the East side and a male on the West side.[8]

Detail of the central soffit coffers

The soffit of the axial archway is deeply coffered with a relief of the apotheosis of Titus at the center. The sculptural program also includes two panel reliefs lining the passageway within the arch. Both commemorate the joint triumph celebrated by Titus and his father Vespasian in the summer of 71.

The south panel depicts the spoils taken from the Temple in Jerusalem. The golden candelabrum or Menorah is the main focus and is carved in deep relief.[9] Other sacred objects being carried in the triumphal procession are the Gold Trumpets, the fire pans for removing the ashes from the altar, and the Table of Shew bread.[8] These spoils were likely originally colored gold, with the background in blue.[8] In 2012 the Arch of Titus Digital Restoration Project discovered remains of yellow ochre paint on the menorah relief.[10]

The north panel depicts Titus as triumphator attended by various genii and lictors, who carry fasces. A helmeted Amazonian, Valour, leads the quadriga or four horsed chariot, which carries Titus. Winged Victory crowns him with a laurel wreath.[8] The juxtaposition is significant in that it is one of the first examples of divinities and humans being present in one scene together. This contrasts with the panels of the Ara Pacis, where humans and divinities are separated.[8]

The sculpture of the outer faces of the two great piers was lost when the Arch of Titus was incorporated in medieval defensive walls. The attic of the arch was originally crowned by more statuary, perhaps of a gilded chariot.[8] The main inscription used to be ornamented by letters made of perhaps silver, gold or some other metal.

The Arch of Titus measures: 15.4 meters (50 ft) in height, 13.5 meters (44 ft) in width, 4.75 meters (15.5 ft) in depth. The inner archway is 8.3 (27 ft) meters in height, and 5.36 (17.5 ft) in width. [11]

Inscription[edit]

The inscription

The inscription in Roman square capitals reads:

SENATVS

POPVLVSQVE·ROMANVS
DIVO·TITO·DIVI·VESPASIANI·F(ILIO)

VESPASIANO·AVGVSTO

(Senatus Populusque Romanus divo Tito divi Vespasiani filio Vespasiano Augusto)[12]

which means "The Roman Senate and People (dedicate this) to the divine Titus Vespasianus Augustus, son of the divine Vespasian."

The opposite side of the Arch of Titus received new inscriptions after it was restored during the pontificate of Pope Pius VII by Giuseppe Valadier in 1821. The restoration was intentionally made in travertine to differentiate between the original and the restored portions.

The inscription reads:

INSIGNE · RELIGIONIS · ATQVE · ARTIS · MONVMENTVM

VETVSTATE · FATISCENS
PIVS · SEPTIMVS · PONTIFEX · MAX(IMVS)
NOVIS · OPERIBVS · PRISCVM · EXEMPLAR · IMITANTIBVS
FVLCIRI · SERVARIQVE · IVSSIT

ANNO · SACRI · PRINCIPATVS · EIVS · XXIIII

(Insigne religionis atque artis, monumentum, vetustate fatiscens: Pius Septimus, Pontifex Maximus, novis operibus priscum exemplar imitantibus fulciri servarique iussit. Anno sacri principatus eius XXIV)

(This) monument, remarkable in terms of both religion and art,
had weakened from age:
Pius the Seventh, Supreme Pontiff,
by new works on the model of the ancient exemplar
ordered it reinforced and preserved.

• In the 24th year of his sacred rulership. •

Significance[edit]

Close up of relief showing spoils from the Siege of Jerusalem
Close up 2

The Arch provides one of the few contemporary depictions of Temple period artifacts.[13][14]

The seven-branched menorah and trumpets are clearly depicted. It became a symbol of the Jewish diaspora. In a later era, Pope Paul IV made it the place of a yearly oath of submission. According to Morton Satin, until the modern State of Israel was founded in 1948, Jews refused to walk under it due to an ancient ban placed on the monument by Rome's Jewish authorities. The ban was formally lifted in 1997.[15] The arch was never mentioned in rabbinical sources.[16]

The menorah depicted on the Arch served as the model for the menorah used on the emblem of the state of Israel.[17]

Architectural influence[edit]

Works modeled on, or inspired by, the Arch of Titus include:

Gallery[edit]

The Arch in Art

See also[edit]

External video
Smarthistory - Arch of Titus[18]

Sources[edit]

  • R. Ross Holloway. “Some Remarks on the Arch of Titus,” L’antiquité classique 56 (1987) pp. 183–191.
  • M. Pfanner. Der Titusbogen. Mainz: P. von Zabern, 1983.
  • L. Roman. "Martial and the City of Rome." The Journal of Roman Studies 100 (2010) pp. 1–30.
  • Jewish Telegraph agency.[19]

References[edit]

  1. ^ It was not a triumphal arch; Titus's triumphal arch was in the Circus Maximus.
  2. ^ "The Arch of Titus". exhibitions.kelsey.lsa.umich.edu. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
  3. ^ Diana Rowell (23 August 2012). Paris: The 'New Rome' of Napoleon I. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-1-4411-2883-6.
  4. ^ In English [1]; In Latin: "Arcus septem lucernarum Titi et Vespasiani, ubi est candelabrum Moysi cum arca habens septem brachia in piede turris cartulariae", Mirabilia Urbis Romae, page 4
  5. ^ For a review of historical references to the Arch of Titus, see: Élisabeth Chevallier, Raymond Chevallier, Iter Italicum: les voyageurs français à la découverte de l'Italie ancienne, Les Belles Lettres, 1984, ISBN 9782251333106, pages 274-91
  6. ^ a b A Let's Go City Guide: Rome, p. 76, Vedran Lekić, 2004; ISBN 1-4050-3329-0.
  7. ^ The Buildings of Europe: Rome, page 33, Christopher Woodward, 1995; ISBN 0-7190-4032-9.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Artus, Paul (2006). Art and Architecture of the Roman Empire. Bellona Books. pp. 45–48. ISBN 978-0-9582693-1-5.
  9. ^ Ermengem, Kristiaan Van. "Arch of Titus, Rome". A View On Cities. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
  10. ^ "Center for Israel Studies | Yeshiva University". Yu.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
  11. ^ "Arch of Titus, Rome - Building Info". Aviewoncities.com. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
  12. ^ CIL 6.945
  13. ^ Shragai, Nadav (2006-10-19). "First Temple artifacts found in dirt removed from Temple Mount". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  14. ^ Bromiley, Geoffrey W, "The international standard Bible encyclopedia", volume 4, pg. 98 "Usually associated with the báma are the cult objects known as massébá and séra".
  15. ^ Satin, Morton (2013-12-01). "One Man's Campaign Against the Arch of Titus — and How It Changed Italy's Jews". forward.com. Retrieved 2014-07-30. According to an ancient ban placed on the monument by Rome’s Jewish authorities, once a Jewish person walks under the arch, he or she can no longer be considered a Jew.
  16. ^ Steven D Fraade, The Temple as a Marker of Jewish Identity Before and After 70 CE The Role of the Holy Vessels in Rabbinic Memory and Imagination, p.246, "the Arch of Titus is never mentioned in rabbinic sources... there are several references to second-century rabbinic viewings of captured Temple objects in Rome"
  17. ^ Mishory, Alec. "Israel National Symbols: The State Emblem". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2014-07-30.
  18. ^ "Arch of Titus". Smarthistory at Khan Academy. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  19. ^ "You searched for "arch of titus" - Jewish Telegraphic Agency". Jewish Telegraphic Agency.

External links[edit]

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