1.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
2.
Confederation Poets
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Confederation Poets is the name given to a group of Canadian poets born in the decade of Canadas Confederation who rose to prominence in Canada in the late 1880s and 1890s. The term was coined by Canadian professor and literary critic Malcolm Ross, the Confederation Poets were the first Canadian writers to become widely known after Confederation in 1867. Charles G. D. Roberts led the group, which had two branches, One, in Ottawa, consisted of the poets Archibald Lampman, Duncan Campbell Scott. The other were Maritime poets, including Roberts and his cousin, none of the above poets ever used the term Confederation Poets, or any other term, for themselves as a distinct group. Nothing indicates that any of them considered themselves a group, in fact, they were in no way a cohesive group. Despite the fact there never was such a historically, there may be good reasons to treat the Confederation Poets as a distinct group in hindsight. First of all, Roberts, Lampman, Carman, and Scott were among the first really good writing in the recently formed Dominion of Canada. For that matter, they were writing the first exceptional poetry ever written in the new country, as Confederation Poet Archibald Lampman said about encountering Confederation Poet Charles G. D. Robertss work, One May evening somebody lent me Orion and Other Poems, then recently published. I sat up all night reading and rereading Orion in a state of the wildest excitement, in addition, There are several good reasons, both biographical and literary, for grouping them together. All were close contemporaries born in the early 1860s, Roberts and Carman were cousins, Roberts briefly edited Goldwin Smiths Toronto literary magazine The Week, in which Carman published his first poem. Lampman also published in the Week, and he and Roberts became friends by mail, in the early 1890s, when Carman worked on the editorial staffs of The Independent and The Chapbook, and other American magazines, he published poems by the other three. Lampman and Scott were close friends, with Wilfred Campbell they began the column At the Mermaid Inn in the Toronto Globe, the original idea was to raise some money for Campbell, who was in financial trouble. As Lampman wrote to a friend, Campbell is deplorably poor and they agreed to it, and Campbell, Scott and I have been carrying on the thing for several weeks now. Came up with the title for it, Lampman and Scott found it difficult to keep a rein on Campbell’s frank expression of his heterodox opinions. The column ran only until July 1893, in that year Campbell was given a permanent position in the Department of Militia and Defence, and his financial crisis eased. So as there was no longer the need for it, the column came to an end, the Confederation writers poetry, although striving for a certain Canadian quality, was very much the offspring of English Victorian verse. As is clear from the Lampman quote, what Roberts was striving for, and what Lampman was responding to, was not the idea of a distinctly Canadian poetry, rather, it was that of a Canadian, one of our own, writing great poetry. Irrespective of their statements about nationalism, in terms of their aesthetics the Confederation Poets were not Canadian nationalists
3.
Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
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The primary objective of the RSC is to promote learning and research in the arts, the humanities and the sciences. In the late 1870s, the Governor General of Canada, the Marquis of Lorne, determined that Canada required a cultural institution to promote scientific research. Since that time, succeeding Governors General have remained involved with the affairs of the Society, in 1882 the Royal Society of Canada was founded with the personal patronage of the Marquis of Lorne. A year later, in 1883, the Society was incorporated by a statute of the Parliament of Canada, like their counterparts, membership to the RSC was limited and by election. Initially, the RSC was divided into four sections, each of 20 Fellows and these sections were, Littérature française, Histoire, Archéologie, English Literature, History, Archaeology, Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Sciences, and Geological and Biological Sciences. The founding Fellows of the RSC included Sir Sandford Fleming, the originator of the system of Standard Time. The Fellows of the RSC were nominated by a directed by the Principal of McGill University, Sir John William Dawson. These two men served as the first and second Presidents of the Society, as Canadian scholarship and research increased, the RSC also grew. Within three decades the fellowship of the RSC doubled in number, after several phases of restructuring, the RSC evolved its contemporary organization. In 2010, His Excellency the Right Honourable David Lloyd Johnston, presently, the fellowship comprises four categories, Regularly Elected Fellows, Specially Elected Fellows, Foreign Fellows and Honorary Fellows. Each year, approximately 80 people are elected to the fellowship, election to fellowship in the Society is the highest accolade available to scientists, artists and scholars in Canada. Once inducted into the Society, anglophone Fellows may use the post-nominal FRSC, the RSC is composed of three bilingual Academies, including a broad range of scholarly disciplines and artistic fields. Academy I is the Academy of Arts and Humanities, Academy II is the Academy of Social Sciences. There are two divisions of Academy II, an anglophone division – Social Sciences, and a francophone division – Sciences sociales, Academy III is the Academy of Science. There are four divisions of Academy III, - Applied Sciences and Engineering, - Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, - Life Sciences. The Society is dedicated to making its members’ varied knowledge available to the public, the College of New Scholars, Artists and Scientists of the RSC was established in 2014 to represent emerging generation of intellectual leaders in Canada. It elects 80-100 members each year, who showed high level of accomplishments at early stage of their careers, at the time of election, members of the College must have received PhD or equivalent degree within past 15 years. Nomination of candidates for the College follows similar procedures as nomination for the Fellows of RSC, the RSC officially began the Institutional Member Programme in 2004
4.
John Keats
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John Keats was an English Romantic poet. He had a significant influence on a range of poets. Jorge Luis Borges stated that his first encounter with Keatss work was the most significant literary experience of his life, the poetry of Keats is characterised by sensual imagery, most notably in the series of odes. This is typical of poets, as they aimed to accentuate extreme emotion through the emphasis of natural imagery. Today his poems and letters are some of the most popular, John Keats was born in Moorgate, London, on 31 October 1795 to Thomas Keats and his wife, born Frances Jennings. There is no evidence of his exact birthplace. Although Keats and his family seem to have marked his birthday on 29 October and he was the eldest of four surviving children, his younger siblings were George, Thomas, and Frances Mary Fanny who eventually married Spanish author Valentín Llanos Gutiérrez. Another son was lost in infancy and his father first worked as a hostler at the stables attached to the Swan and Hoop Inn, an establishment he later managed, and where the growing family lived for some years. Keats believed that he was born at the inn, a birthplace of humble origins, the Globe pub now occupies the site, a few yards from the modern-day Moorgate station. He was baptised at St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate, and sent to a dame school as a child. His parents were unable to afford Eton or Harrow, so in the summer of 1803, he was sent to board at John Clarkes school in Enfield, the small school had a liberal outlook and a progressive curriculum more modern than the larger, more prestigious schools. In the family atmosphere at Clarkes, Keats developed an interest in classics and history, the headmasters son, Charles Cowden Clarke, also became an important mentor and friend, introducing Keats to Renaissance literature, including Tasso, Spenser, and Chapmans translations. The young Keats was described by his friend Edward Holmes as a character, always in extremes, given to indolence. However, at 13 he began focusing his energy on reading and study, in April 1804, when Keats was eight, his father died. The cause of death was a fracture, suffered when he fell from his horse while returning from a visit to Keats. Frances remarried two months later, but left her new husband soon afterwards, and the four went to live with their grandmother, Alice Jennings. In March 1810 when Keats was 14, his mother died of tuberculosis and she appointed two guardians, Richard Abbey and John Sandell, to take care of them. That autumn, Keats left Clarkes school to apprentice with Thomas Hammond, a surgeon and apothecary who was a neighbour, Keats lodged in the attic above the surgery at 7 Church Street until 1813
5.
Canadians
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Canadians are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural, for most Canadians, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Canadian. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada, Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States. Canadian independence from the United Kingdom grew gradually over the course of years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867. World War I and World War II in particular gave rise to a desire among Canadians to have their country recognized as a sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Canadas nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom, legislation since the mid 20th century represents Canadians commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic development. As of 2010, Canadians make up 0. 5% of the total population, having relied upon immigration for population growth. Approximately 41% of current Canadians are first- or second-generation immigrants, and 20 percent of Canadian residents in the 2000s were not born in the country. Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Canadians above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or have one foreign-born parent. Aboriginal peoples, according to the 2011 Canadian Census, numbered at 1,400,685 or 4. 3% of the countrys 33,476,688 population. The French originally settled New France, in present-day Quebec and Ontario, approximately 100 Irish-born families would settle the Saint Lawrence Valley by 1700, assimilating into the Canadien population and culture. This arrival of newcomers led to the creation of the Métis, after the War of 1812, British, Scottish and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Ruperts Land, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America and these new arrivals included some Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia. Descendants of Francophone and Anglophone northern Europeans who arrived in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries are often referred to as old stock Canadians. Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the Colony of Vancouver Island, the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, from the mid- to late 19th century, Canada had a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted Home Children from Britain. Block settlement communities were established throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some were planned and others were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves. Canada was now receiving a number of European immigrants, predominantly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, Poles
6.
The Canadian Encyclopedia
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The Canadian Encyclopedia is a source of information on Canada published in English and French. It is available online, at no cost, in addition to articles, The Canadian Encyclopedia has interactive timelines, education guides and over 15,000 multimedia items. The resource is continually updated and has over 5000 accredited authors, the website also provides access to the Encyclopedia of Music in Canada, The Canadian Encyclopedia Junior Edition, Macleans articles and Timelines of Canadian history. Canada had been without a national encyclopedia since the 1957 Encyclopedia Canadiana, when looking through the Canadian entries in existing encyclopedias such as Random House, Canadian nationalist Mel Hurtig found blatant errors and omissions. In response, in the 1980s he launched a project to create a wholly new Canadian encyclopedia with support from Alberta Premier Peter Lougheed, the Editor-in-Chief James Harley Marsh recruited more than 3,000 authors to write for it. They made index cards for every fact in the encyclopedia, signed off by the researcher and they had to have every article read by three outside readers. Then the whole thing was proofread by an independent source, there were over 3,000 people who contributed to the content and accuracy of the encyclopedias entries. The first edition of The Canadian Encyclopedia was published in three volumes in 1985 for $125/set and sold out within days of publication - a Canadian bestseller, a revised and expanded edition was released in 1988 and sold out as well. It was the first encyclopedia in the world to use a computer to help compile, typeset, design and it was encoded in a markup language precursor of HTML. In September 1990, Hurtig published the five-volume Junior Encyclopedia of Canada, Hurtig sold his publishing company to McClelland & Stewart in May 1991 and with it the encyclopedia. In 1995, McClelland & Stewart published the first digital CD-ROM edition, today, Historica Canada, a not-for-profit foundation, publishes the encyclopedia for free online. To date, the Encyclopedia’s growing collection contains more than 19,600 bilingual, list of online encyclopedias The Canadian Encyclopedia
7.
Charles G. D. Roberts
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Sir Charles George Douglas Roberts, KCMG FRSC was a Canadian poet and prose writer who is known as the Father of Canadian Poetry. He was almost the first Canadian author to obtain worldwide reputation and influence and he published numerous works on Canadian exploration and natural history, verse, travel books, and fiction. At his death he was regarded as Canadas leading man of letters, besides his own body of work, Roberts is also called the Father of Canadian Poetry because he served as an inspiration and a source of assistance for other Canadian poets of his time. Roberts, his cousin Bliss Carman, Archibald Lampman and Duncan Campbell Scott are known as the Confederation Poets, Roberts was born in Douglas, New Brunswick in 1860, the eldest child of Emma Wetmore Bliss and Rev. George Goodridge Roberts. Rev. Roberts was rector of Fredericton and canon of Christ Church Cathedral, charless brother Theodore Goodridge Roberts and sister, Jane Elizabeth Gostwycke Roberts, would also become authors. Between the ages of 8 months and 14 years, Roberts was raised in the parish of Westcock, New Brunswick, near Sackville and he was homeschooled, mostly by his father, who was proficient in Greek, Latin and French. He published his first writing, three articles in The Colonial Farmer, at 12 years of age. After the family moved to Fredericton in 1873, Roberts attended Fredericton Collegiate School from 1874 to 1876, Roberts was principal of Chatham High School in Chatham, New Brunswick, from 1879 to 1881, and of York Street School in Fredericton from 1881 to 1883. In Chatham he met and befriended Edmund Collins, editor of the Chatham Star, Roberts first published poetry in the Canadian Illustrated News of March 30,1878, and by 1879 he had placed two poems in the prestigious American magazine, Scribners. In 1880, Roberts published his first book of poetry, Orion, thanks in part to his industry in sending out complimentary review copies, there were many positive reviews. Rose-Belford’s Canadian Monthly proclaimed, Here is a writer whose power, the Montreal Gazette predicted that Roberts would confer merited fame on himself and lasting honour on his country. As well, several American periodicals reviewed it favourably, including the New York Independent, on December 29,1880, Roberts married Mary Fenety, who would bear him five children. The biography by Robertss friend Edmund Collins, The Life and Times of Sir John A. Macdonald, was published in 1883, the book was a huge success, going through eight printings. It contained a chapter on “Thought and Literature in Canada, ” which devoted 15 pages to Roberts. Beyond any comparison, Collins declared, our greatest Canadian poet is Mr. Charles G. D. Roberts, Edmund Collins is probably responsible for the early acceptance of Charles G. D. Roberts as Canada’s foremost poet. From 1883 to 1884, Roberts was in Toronto, Ontario, working as the editor of Goldwin Smiths short-lived literary magazine, Roberts lasted only five months at The Week before resigning in frustration from overwork and clashes with Smith. In 1885, Roberts became a professor at the University of Kings College in Windsor, in 1886, his second book, In Divers Tones, was published by a Boston publisher. During the same period, he published almost an equal number of stories, primarily for juvenile readers, in periodicals like The Youths Companion
8.
Bliss Carman
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Bliss Carman FRSC was a Canadian poet who lived most of his life in the United States, where he achieved international fame. He was acclaimed as Canadas poet laureate during his later years, in Canada, Carman is classed as one of the Confederation Poets, a group which also included Charles G. D. Roberts, Archibald Lampman, and Duncan Campbell Scott. Of the group, Carman had the surest lyric touch and achieved the widest international recognition, but unlike others, he never attempted to secure his income by novel writing, popular journalism, or non-literary employment. He remained a poet, supplementing his art with critical commentaries on literary ideas, philosophy and he was born William Bliss Carman in Fredericton, in the Maritime province of New Brunswick. Bliss was his mothers maiden name and he was the great grandson of United Empire Loyalists who fled to Nova Scotia after the American Revolution, settling in New Brunswick. His literary roots run deep with an ancestry that includes a mother who was a descendant of Daniel Bliss of Concord, Massachusetts and his sister, Jean, married the botanist and historian William Francis Ganong. And on his mothers side he was a first cousin to Charles G. D. Roberts, Carman was educated at the Fredericton Collegiate School and the University of New Brunswick, from which he received a B. A. in 1881. His first published poem was in the UNB Monthly in 1879 and he then spent a year at Oxford and the University of Edinburgh, but returned home to receive his M. A. from UNB in 1884. After the death of his father in January 1885 and his mother in February 1886, at Harvard he moved in a literary circle that included American poet Richard Hovey, who would become his close friend and his collaborator on the successful Vagabondia poetry series. Carman and Hovey were members of the Visionists circle along with Herbert Copeland and F. Holland Day, after Harvard Carman briefly returned to Canada, but was back in Boston by February 1890. Boston is one of the few places where my critical education and tastes could be of any use to me in earning money, New York and London are about the only other places. Unable to find employment in Boston, he moved to New York City, there he could help his Canadian friends get published, in the process introducing Canadian poets to its readers. However, Carman was never a good fit at the semi-religious weekly, at this low point, Songs of Vagabondia, the first Hovey-Carman collaboration, was published by Copeland & Day in 1894. No one could have been surprised at the tremendous popularity of these care-free celebrations than the young authors, Richard Hovey. Songs of Vagabondia would ultimately go through sixteen printings over the thirty years. The three Vagabondia volumes that followed fell slightly short of that record, but each went through numerous printings. The success of Songs of Vagabondia prompted another Boston firm, Stone & Kimball, to reissue Low Tide. and to hire Carman as the editor of its literary journal, The Chapbook. The next year, though, the job went West to Chicago
9.
Duncan Campbell Scott
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Duncan Campbell Scott was a Canadian bureaucrat, poet and prose writer. With Charles G. D. Roberts, Bliss Carman, and Archibald Lampman, Scott was born in Ottawa, Ontario, the son of Rev. William Scott and Janet MacCallum. He was educated at Stanstead Wesleyan College, early in life, he became an accomplished pianist. Scott wanted to be a doctor, but family finances were precarious, as the story goes, William Scott might not have money he had connections in high places. Among his acquaintances was the minister, Sir John A. Macdonald. Making a quick decision while the serious young applicant waited in front of him, Macdonald wrote across the request and he remained in this post until his retirement in 1932. Scotts father also found work in Indian Affairs, and the entire family moved into a newly built house on 108 Lisgar St. where Duncan Campbell Scott would live for the rest of his life. In 1883 Scott met fellow civil servant, Archibald Lampman and it was the beginning of an instant friendship that would continue unbroken until Lampmans death sixteen years later. It was Scott who initiated wilderness camping trips, a recreation that became Lampmans favourite escape from daily drudgery, in turn, Lampmans dedication to the art of poetry would inspire Scotts first experiments in verse. By the late 1880s Scott was publishing poetry in the prestigious American magazine, in 1889 his poems At the Cedars and Ottawa were included in the pioneering anthology, Songs of the Great Dominion. Scott and Lampman shared a love of poetry and the Canadian wilderness, during the 1890s the two made a number of canoe trips together in the area north of Ottawa. In 1892 and 1893, Scott, Lampman, and William Wilfred Campbell wrote a column, At the Mermaid Inn. Came up with the title for it, in 1893 Scott published his first book of poetry, The Magic House and Other Poems. In 1894, Scott married Belle Botsford, a concert violinist and they had one child, Elizabeth, who died at 12. Before she was born, Scott asked his mother and sisters to leave his home, in 1896 Scott published his first collection of stories, In the Village of Viger, a collection of delicate sketches of French Canadian life. Two later collections, The Witching of Elspie and The Circle of Affection, Scott also wrote a novel, although it was not published until after his death. After Lampman died in 1899, Scott helped publish a number of editions of Lampmans poetry, Scott was a prime mover in the establishment of the Ottawa Little Theatre and the Dominion Drama Festival. In 1923 the Little Theatre performed his play, Pierre
10.
Chatham-Kent
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Chatham-Kent is a single-tier municipality in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Mostly rural, its population centres are Chatham, Wallaceburg, Tilbury, Blenheim, Ridgetown, Wheatley, the current Municipality of Chatham-Kent was created in 1998 by the merger of Kent County and its municipalities. The former city of Chatham began as a dockyard in the 1790s. The town was named after the Earl of Chatham, William Pitt and it was built as a naval dockyard, a characteristic shared by Chatham, Kent, England. In England, the name Chatham came from the British root ceto, following the American Revolution and the Gnadenhutten Massacre, a group of Christian Munsee Indians settled in what is now Moraviantown. In the War of 1812, the Battle of the Thames took place between Moraviantown and Thamesville on October 5,1813, during the 19th century, the area was part of the Underground Railroad. As a result, Chatham-Kent is now part of the African-Canadian Heritage Tour, uncle Toms Cabin Historic Site is a museum of the Dawn Settlement, established in 1841 by Josiah Henson near Dresden as refuge for the many slaves who escaped to Canada from the United States. John Brown, the abolitionist, planned his raid on the Harpers Ferry Virginia Arsenal in Chatham, the small village of North Buxton, part of the African Canadian Heritage Tour, also played an important role in the Underground Railroad. Kent County consisted of the townships of Camden, Chatham, Dover, Harwich, Howard, Orford, Raleigh, Romney, Tilbury East, in 1998 the County of Kent and the city of Chatham were amalgamated to form the Municipality of Chatham–Kent. Since then, bus service has begun to serve all of Chatham-Kent, starting in 2007, routes were set up to include the former towns of Wallaceburg and Dresden. Before 1998, each town had their own fire department and it then became the Chatham-Kent Fire Department upon amalgamation. The county also had separate police departments until 1998, the city of Chatham, as well as the towns of Wallaceburg, Dresden, and Tilbury, each had their own departments. The Chatham-Kent Police Service was formed on September 1,1998, Chatham Kent has many historic festivals throughout the year such as the Battle of Longwoods reenactment, which takes place on Labour Day weekend at Fairfield Museum on Longwoods road. Chatham Kent is also home to historic buildings which are part of an annual ghost tour offered each year at Halloween. The participants go on a walk of downtown while the guide informs them of various ghost stories tied to the local buildings in which they pass. Chatham Kent was a part of the Underground Railroad and as such hosts the Buxton Homecoming each September. This celebrates the black culture and the roots laid by early black settlers in the Buxton area. At 2,458 square kilometres, Chatham-Kent is the 12th largest municipality by area in Canada, over 44,000 of the 107,000 residents live in the former City of Chatham
11.
Trinity College School
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Trinity College School is a coeducational, independent boarding/day school located in Port Hope, Ontario, Canada. TCS was founded on May 1,1865, more than 2 years prior to Canadian Confederation and it includes a Senior School for grades 9 to 12 and a Junior School for grades 5 to 8. Among its notable alumni are The Honourable Mr. Justice Ian Binnie, William Bridges, Edgar Bronfman, Sr. Rhodes, Casimir Cartwright van Straubenzee, conrad Black lasted less than a year when he attended Trinity College School before being expelled for insubordinate behaviour. The Senior School runs on a system, all ten named after former headmasters. Although TCS is co-educational, both boarding and day houses are single sex, there are six boarding houses, Bickle, Bethune, Brent, Burns, Ketchum, Scott, and four day houses, Hodgetts, Rigby, Orchard and Wright. Trinity College School was first founded in the town of Weston, the Revd William Arthur Johnson officially opened the school in his home on May 1,1865. The school was located in the rectory above the Old Mill on east bank of the Humber River north of Lawrence Avenue, at the time there were only 9 students and teaching staff. More and more became interested in the school set up by Johnson. At first, the school was moved to a building at the north-west corner of Rosemount Avenue and King Street in Weston, since a bigger structure was needed, sites at Guelph, Ontario, Whitby, Ontario, Niagara, Ontario, and Thorold, Ontario were all considered. However, prominent citizens in Port Hope, Ontario were very interested in hosting the school in their town. They offered to pay the rent for the Schools premises for 3 years, in September 1868 Trinity College School opened in Port Hope. The following 30 years were ones for the School. Unfortunately, on a night in 1895 an explosion of a coal oil lamp in one of the masters rooms started a fire which destroyed almost the entire School. Fortunately, no one was hurt and the School was rebuilt in only eight months, james Augustus Ellis designed the TCS hockey rink on Ward Street. A second fire occurred in 1928, again, virtually all of the School was destroyed. Rebuilding the School was not an easy task this time, through the generosity of a handful of Old Boys, the debt was finally retired. Since that time, Trinity College School has yet to experience any similar hardships, the last 50 years of the School history read like a chronicle of successes and expansion. TCS continues to be on the edge of education in Canada, particularly in the use
12.
Port Hope, Ontario
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Port Hope is a municipality in Southern Ontario, Canada, about 109 kilometres east of Toronto and about 159 kilometres west of Kingston. It is located at the mouth of the Ganaraska River on the shore of Lake Ontario. Port Hopes nearest urban neighbour is the Town of Cobourg, while between them and surrounding Cobourg is the Township of Hamilton, since 1868, the town has been home to Trinity College School. Ganaraska was attributed to the area by the First Nations natives of the region and is what they called the river flows through the town. The name originates from Ganaraske, the Cayuga village first located at the current townsite, in 1793, United Empire Loyalists became the first permanent settlers of European heritage in Port Hope, which they called Smiths Creek after a former fur trader. Mills and a town plot were developing by the turn of the century, after the War of 1812, more British settlers were wanted, and a better name was required. In 1834 Port Hope was incorporated as a town, relatively slow growth from 1881 to 1951 resulted in much of the towns original architecture not being demolished in the name of progress. Port Hopes downtown is celebrated now as the best-preserved 19th-century streetscape in Ontario, with over 270 heritage-designated buildings throughout the municipality, Port Hope has a higher per capita rate of preservation than any other town or city in Canada. Downtown businesses are regulated by the municipality to maintain the unique character. On January 1,2001, the town amalgamated with Hope Township to form the Municipality of Port Hope and Hope. Prior to amalgamation, the census population was listed as 11,718 while the townships was 3,877. Downtown Port Hope is well known as a destination for antiques. Port Hope is served by a Via Rail station and it has a medical centre, a walk-in clinic, and a community health centre. com. Port Hopes Economic Development Strategic Plan aims to increase job growth at least as fast as population growth, the town has a variety of industries. Port Hope is known for having the largest volume of historic low-level radioactive wastes in Canada and these wastes were created by Eldorado Mining and Refining Limited and its private sector predecessors, as a result of the refining process used to extract radium from uranium ore. Radium was used in paint, and in the early treatment of cancer. The Eldorado plant also produced uranium, which may have used in the Manhattan Project that created the first nuclear weapon. It continues to produce fuel for nuclear power plants, now under the ownership of Cameco
13.
Trinity College, Toronto
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Trinity College is a college of the University of Toronto, founded in 1851 by Bishop John Strachan. Trinity was intended by Strachan as a college of strong Anglican alignment, in 1904, Trinity joined the university as a member of its collegiate federation. Trinity College presently consists of a secular undergraduate section and a divinity school that is part of the Toronto School of Theology. Reflecting its English heritage, the college emulates Oxbridge traditions as the wearing of gowns at dinner, a choir that includes choral scholars. Bishop John Strachan, an Anglican priest and Archdeacon of York, the colonial college was effectively controlled by the Church of England and members of the elite Family Compact. In 1849, over opposition from Strachan, Reformists took control of the college. Incensed by this decision, Strachan immediately began raising funds for the creation of Trinity College, working with Kivas Tully, Charles Barry Cleveland superintended many of their important architectural works in eastern Canada including the Trinity College campus at the University of Toronto. The building featured Gothic Revival design, the cornerstone was laid on April 30,1851. Trinity was incorporated as an independent university on 2 August 1851, the Cameron property on Queen Street in western Toronto was purchased for £2,000, and the college opened to students at the site on January 15,1852. On January 10,1842 the first lecture was given at the Diocesan Theological Institute in Cobourg, in 1852, teaching was transferred to Toronto in the new Faculty of Divinity at Trinity College. Trinity College absorbed the Diocesan Theological Institute in Cobourg in 1852, Trinity College gradually expanded its teaching beyond arts and divinity, and by the end of the 19th century its scope had included medicine, law, music, pharmacy and dentistry. The college admitted its first female students in 1884, and St. Hildas College was created in 1888 as the college of Trinity. With Strachans death in 1867, efforts could begin to unite Trinity College with the University of Toronto, after taking office in 1900, provost Thomas C. S. Macklem supported joining the college with the University of Toronto. The matter became hotly contested when Trinitys medical faculty merged with the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine in 1903, after what Macklem described as a long-drawn and bitter series of debates, the college voted 121 to 73 in favour of federation with the University of Toronto. The university made a concession to allow Trinity to administer its own examination in religious subjects, on October 1,1904, Trinity became part of the University of Toronto and relinquished to the university its authority to grant degrees in subjects other than theology. It became clear that the relocation of Trinity closer to the university was necessary, the former site of the college became Trinity Bellwoods Park. Towards the end of the 20th century, the place of longstanding institutions and traditions within the community underwent changes initiated by internal and external parties. Episkopon, a society based in the college since 1858, was officially dissociated from Trinity in 1992, on 30 April 2002 Canada Post issued University of Trinity College, 1852-2002 as part of the Canadian Universities series
14.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
15.
University of Toronto
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The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the grounds that surround Queens Park. It was founded by charter in 1827 as Kings College. Originally controlled by the Church of England, the university assumed the present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution, as a collegiate university, it comprises twelve colleges, which differ in character and history, each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs. It has two campuses in Scarborough and Mississauga. Academically, the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory, by a significant margin, it receives the most annual scientific research funding of any Canadian university. It is one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States, the other being McGill University, the Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches, with long and storied ties to gridiron football and ice hockey. The universitys Hart House is an example of the North American student centre. The founding of a college had long been the desire of John Graves Simcoe. As an Oxford-educated military commander who had fought in the American Revolutionary War, the Upper Canada Executive Committee recommended in 1798 a college be established in York, the colonial capital. On March 15,1827, a charter was formally issued by King George IV, proclaiming from this time one College, with the style. For the education of youth in the principles of the Christian Religion, the granting of the charter was largely the result of intense lobbying by John Strachan, the influential Anglican Bishop of Toronto who took office as the colleges first president. The original three-storey Greek Revival school building was built on the present site of Queens Park, under Strachans stewardship, Kings College was a religious institution closely aligned with the Church of England and the British colonial elite, known as the Family Compact. Reformist politicians opposed the control over colonial institutions and fought to have the college secularized. Having anticipated this decision, the enraged Strachan had resigned a year earlier to open Trinity College as a private Anglican seminary, University College was created as the nondenominational teaching branch of the University of Toronto. Established in 1878, the School of Practical Science was precursor to the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, while the Faculty of Medicine opened in 1843, medical teaching was conducted by proprietary schools from 1853 until 1887, when the faculty absorbed the Toronto School of Medicine. Meanwhile, the university continued to set examinations and confer medical degrees, the university opened the Faculty of Law in 1887, followed by the Faculty of Dentistry in 1888, when the Royal College of Dental Surgeons became an affiliate. Women were first admitted to the university in 1884, over the next two decades, a collegiate system took shape as the university arranged federation with several ecclesiastical colleges, including Strachans Trinity College in 1904. The university operated the Royal Conservatory of Music from 1896 to 1991, the University of Toronto Press was founded in 1901 as Canadas first academic publishing house
16.
Victoria University, Toronto
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Victoria University is a college of the University of Toronto, founded in 1836 and named for Queen Victoria. It is commonly called Victoria College, informally Vic, after the academic component that now forms its undergraduate division. Since 1928, Victoria College has retained secular studies in the liberal arts, Victoria is situated in the northeastern part of the university campus, adjacent to St. Michaels College and Queens Park. Among its residential halls is Annesley Hall, a National Historic Site of Canada, a major centre for Reformation and Renaissance studies, Victoria is home to international scholarly projects and holdings devoted to pre-Puritan English drama and the works of Desiderius Erasmus. Victoria College was founded as the Upper Canada Academy by the Wesleyan Methodist Church. In 1831, a committee decided to locate the academy on four acres of land in Cobourg, Ontario, east of Toronto, because of its central location in a large town and access by land. The school officially opened to male and female students on October 12,1836, with Ryerson as the first president, although the school taught a variety of liberal arts subjects, it also functioned as an unofficial Methodist seminary. In 1841, it was incorporated as Victoria College, named for Queen Victoria, john Harper designed Victoria University Medical College, Gerrard Street East at Sackville Street, Toronto which was demolished. Victoria University was formed in 1884 when Victoria College and Albert University federated with each other, in 1890, Victoria University federated with the University of Toronto. In 1892, Victoria University moved from Cobourg to its current campus on Queens Park Crescent, south of Bloor Street, a plaque was erected at 100 University Avenue at the intersection with College Street in Cobourg, Ontario. Victoria College The cornerstone of this building was laid June 7,1832, first operated under a royal charter by the Wesleyan Methodists as Upper Canada Academy, in 1841 it obtained a provincial charter under the name of Victoria College, giving it power to grant degrees. Victoria’s first president was the Reverend Egerton Ryerson, newspaper editor, in 1890 the college federated with the University of Toronto and, in 1892, left Cobourg. James Loudon, a former President of the universities, had prohibited dancing at the University of Toronto until 1896. However, dancing at Victoria was not officially permissible until thirty years later, the WWI list of honour was erected by the Alumni and Alumnae Associations on October 13,1923 while the WWII list of honour was erected by the Board of Regents. In 1928, the independent Union College federated with the department of Victoria College. On the old Ontario strand for piano by Joyce Belyea was published for the Victoria College Music Club between 1946 and 1948 by the J. H, peel Music Pub. Co. in Toronto. The main building, Old Vic, is an example of Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style, the architect was W. G. Storm, who died shortly after completion. The campus is centred on the quadrangle of Victoria, outlined by the upper and lower houses of Burwash Hall
17.
Orangeville, Ontario
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Orangeville is a town in south-central Ontario, Canada, and the seat of Dufferin County. The archeological record in Dufferin County dates indigenous occupation of the area to the early Paleo-Indian time period from 9000 to 8400 BCE, what eventually became Orangeville and Dufferin County, was historically the traditional territory of the Tionontati or Petún People. The Petun occupied from eight to ten villages located below the Niagara Escarpment along the southwest margin of Georgian Bay and they then fled along with other Huron peoples into the United States, while other Petún sought refuge with their French allies and settled in Quebec. During the pre-confederation Treaty era, Anishinaabe or Chippewa First Nations signed Treaty #18 on Oct 17th,1818, Orangeville serves as an administrative and commercial hub for Dufferin County, the northern portion of Peel Region and the surrounding area. Orangevilles downtown core is home to retail stores, and there is a cluster of big-box stores in the Fairgrounds Shopping Centre. Many residents in and around Orangeville also commute to areas of the Greater Toronto Area for work. There are a number of manufacturing plants located in the town, major industrial employers include Greening Donald, Resolve Corporation, Clorox Company of Canada, Relizon Canada, Rochling Engineering Plastics and Sanoh Canada. Orangeville is also the main banking centre for residents in the area, the main intersection in the heart of the town is Broadway and First Street. Highway 10 runs through Orangeville on its east side, beginning in 2005, a major roadwork project was initiated to resurface Broadway through Orangeville. The downtown section was completed in early 2006, with work still to be done on the west end in late 2006. Construction of the South Arterial Road, often referred to as the Orangeville by-pass, was completed on August 3,2005, the road runs from east to west, connecting Highway 10 and County Road 109. Much of the eastern stretch runs through the Town of Caledon, aecon Construction and Materials Limited was the successful bidder for the Design Build project with a price of $9.8 million. The project was completed in conjunction with Brampton-based Armbro Construction, TSH Engineers Architects Planners, Peto MacCallum Ltd. Orangeville Transit is the towns own public transit system, and there is a commuter GO Transit bus service to Brampton. In the early 1990s, preliminary plans were drawn up for GO Transit rail service to Orangeville, however, it never got past the drawing board. Industries in Orangeville are served by the Orangeville-Brampton Railway, which purchased 55 kilometres of track from the Canadian Pacific Railway. The railway connects with the CPR in Streetsville, and also services customers in Brampton to the south, about 100 years ago, survey work was underway for an electric railway line which would serve Orangeville, the Huron and Ontario Electric Railway. According to the 2011 Canadian Census, the population of Orangeville is 27,975, the area is 15.61 km2, giving a population density of 1, 800/km2. The median age is 37.3 years, lower than the median age of 40.6 years
18.
Canada Post
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Canada Post Corporation, known more simply as Canada Post, is the crown corporation which functions as the countrys primary postal operator. Originally known as Royal Mail Canada, rebranding was done to the “Canada Post” name in the late 1960s, on October 16,1981, the Canada Post Corporation Act came into effect. This abolished the Post Office Department and created the present day Crown corporation which provides postal service, the act aimed to set a new direction for the postal service by ensuring the postal services financial security and independence. Canada Post provided service to more than 15.8 million addresses and delivered almost 9 billion items in 2015, Delivery takes place via traditional to the door service by 25,000 letter carriers, through a 13,000 vehicle fleet. There are more than 6,200 post offices across the country, in terms of area serviced, Canada Post delivers to a larger area than the postal service of any other nation, including Russia. As of 2004, nearly 843,000 rural Canadian customers received residential mail delivery services, Canada Post operates as a group of companies called The Canada Post Group. It employs approximately 64,000 full and part-time employees to deliver a range of delivery, logistics. The Corporation holds an interest in Purolator Courier, Innovapost, Progistix-Solutions, in 2000, Canada Post created a company called Epost, allowed customers to receive their bill online for free. Canada Post is the Federal Identity Program name, the legal name is Canada Post Corporation in English and Société canadienne des postes in French. On August 3,1527 in St. Johns, Newfoundland, while in St. Johns, John Rut wrote a letter to King Henry VIII about his findings and planned voyage. Mail delivery within Canada first started in 1693 when the Portuguese born Pedro da Silva was paid to deliver mail between Quebec City and Montreal, official postal services began in 1775, under the control of the British Government up to 1851. The first postage stamp went into circulation in Canada that same year and it was not until 1867 when the newly formed Dominion of Canada created the Post Office Department as a federal government department headed by a Cabinet minister, the Postmaster General of Canada. The Act took effect April 1,1868, providing postal service throughout the newly established country. Prior to rural mail delivery, many Canadians living outside major cities, on 10 October 1908, the first free rural mail delivery service was instituted in Canada. The extension of residential mail delivery services to all rural Canadian residents was an achievement for the Post Office Department. The Post Office Department was a pioneer of airmail delivery, with the first airmail flight taking place on June 24,1918. They had with them the first bag of mail to be delivered by air in Canada, wind and rain buffetted the small plane and forced it to make refuelling stops at Kingston and Deseronto. Finally, at 4,55 p. m. Peck, the flight had been arranged by a civilian organization, the Aerial League of the British Empire, to demonstrate that aviation was the way of the future
19.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
20.
Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
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Its headquarters are in Terrasses de la Chaudière, in downtown Gatineau, Quebec. First Nation, has used since the 1970s instead of the word Indian. The term Indian is used for legal and historical documents such as Status Indians as defined by the Indian Act, for example, the term Indian continues to be used in the historical and legal document, the Canadian Constitution and federal statutes. The word means people in the Inuit language — Inuktitut, the singular of Inuit is Inuk. Eskimo is found in documents about Canadian Inuit. The term Aboriginal is commonly used referring to the three groups of indigenous peoples as a whole. It is also used by Aboriginal people who live within Canada who claim rights of sovereignty or Aboriginal title to lands, the department is overseen by the Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs. The current minister, since November 2015, is Carolyn Bennett, the last minister under the Conservative government that lost the 2015 federal election was Bernard Valcourt. James Moore acted in the position between Valcourt and the previous minister John Duncan, iNACs responsibilities are largely determined by numerous statutes, negotiated agreements and relevant legal decisions. Most of the Departments programs, representing a majority of its spending - are delivered through partnerships with Aboriginal communities, INAC also works with urban Indigenous people, Métis and Non-Status Indians. INAC also works with urban First Nations, Métis and Non-Status Indians through the Office of the Federal Interlocutor, INAC also manages the resources and lands of federal lands, including land and subsurface leases and resource royalties. In 1755, the British Crown established the British Indian Department, the Indian Governors General held control of Indian Affairs, but usually delegated much of their responsibility to a series of Civil Secretaries. The responsibility for Indian Affairs and Northern Development rested with various government departments between 1873 and 1966, the Minister of the Interior also held the position of Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs after the Indian Affairs Department was established in 1880. In 1939, federal jurisdiction for Indian peoples was interpreted by the courts to apply to the Inuit, a revised Indian Act was passed in 1951. From 1950 to 1965, the Indian Affairs portfolio was carried by the Minister of Citizenship, on October 1,1966, the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development was created as a result of the Government Organization Act,1966. Effective June 13,2011, the department began using the applied title Aboriginal Affairs, when the Department of the Interior dissolved in 1936, Indian Affairs fell under the purview of the Department of Mines and Resources. This became the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development in 1966, under the Federal Identity Program, the department is known as Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Beginning in the early 20th century, the Canadian government sponsored annual expeditions to the Canadian North and these expeditions yielded extensive photographic documentation of the lives of northern indigenous peoples by participating explorers, engineers, scientists and medical staff
21.
William Wilfred Campbell
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William Wilfred Campbell was a Canadian poet. By the end of the 19th century, he was considered the poet laureate of Canada. Inspired by these writers, Campbell expressed his own religious idealism in traditional forms, William Wilfred Campbell was born around 1 June circa 1860 in Berlin, Ontario, now present-day Kitchener. His father, Rev. Thomas Swainston Campbell, was an Anglican clergyman who had assigned the task of setting up several frontier parishes in Canada West. The Campbell family settled in Wiarton, Ontario in 1871, where Wilfred grew up, Campbell married Mary DeBelle in 1884. They had four children, Margery, Faith, Basil, in 1885 Campbell was ordained to the Episcopal priesthood, and was soon appointed to a New England parish. In 1888 he returned to Canada and became rector of St. Stephen, in 1891, after suffering a crisis of faith, Campbell resigned from the ministry and took a civil service position in Ottawa. He received a permanent position in the Department of Militia and Defence two years later, living in Ottawa, Campbell became acquainted with Archibald Lampman—his next door neighbor at one time—and through him with Duncan Campbell Scott. In February 1892, Campbell, Lampman, and Scott began writing a column of literary essays, as Lampman wrote to a friend, Campbell is deplorably poor. They agreed to it, and Campbell, Scott and I have been carrying on the thing for several weeks now, the column ran only until July 1893. Lampman and Scott found it difficult to keep a rein on Campbells frank expression of his heterodox opinions, readers of the Toronto Globe reacted negatively when Campbell presented the history of the cross as a mythic symbol. His apology for overestimating their intellectual capacities did little to resolve the controversy and it was the principles of Imperialist that guided his work in Poems of loyalty by British and Canadian authors and for The Oxford Book of Canadian Verse. As editor of The Oxford book of Canadian Verse, Campbell devoted more pages to his own poetry than to others, but by choosing mostly from his longer work—including an excerpt from Mordred —he did not choose his best work. In contrast, the poems he selected from his fellow Confederation Poets reflected some of their best work, Campbell was transferred to the Dominion Archives in 1909. In 1915 he moved his family to an old farmhouse on the outskirts of Ottawa. He died of pneumonia on New Years morning,1918 and he was buried in Ottawas Beechwood Cemetery. Seems to have printed at a newspaper office sometime around 1879 or 1880. He placed poetry in the University of Toronto Varsity in 1881, as a theology student in Massachusetts, Campbell met Oliver Wendell Holmes, who recommended his poetry to Atlantic Monthly editor Thomas Bailey Aldrich
22.
The Globe (Toronto newspaper)
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The Globe was a newspaper in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, founded in 1844 by George Brown as a Reform voice. It merged with The Mail and Empire in 1936 to form The Globe, the Globe began as a weekly newspaper on March 5,1844 edited by George Brown a Presbyterian immigrant from Scotland by way of New York City, where he and his father had edited newspapers. In August 1844 it began to be printed on the first cylinder press in Canada West, the press was able to print 1,250 papers in one hour, many more than the old Washington hand press which could only produce 200 an hour. In September 1846, the Globe became a semi-weekly, in 1849 it became weekly again, the first office the Globe occupied was on the south-west corner of King and Jordan streets on property that was transferred to him from a man named Angus Dallas in 1850. The Globe was responsible for launching the careers of many men who went on to make their names famous including Erastus Wiman, William Edwards, and Charles Harcourt. Brown filled his editorials with vehement ridicule of the Catholic Church, Jesuits, priests, nunneries, the Globe was also known for having some of the most current news of the time. During the Crimean War, before the era of the Atlantic cable, when the cable was established a reporter for the Globe named Mr. Houston was able to get the scoop on the England elections and release a special edition. By the 1850s, The Globe was an independent newspaper and moved toward a radical, the first overseas correspondent from a Toronto newspaper was sent to Great Britain in 1851 by The Globe. On October 1,1853, The Daily Globe appeared, in 1855, the Globe acquired both The Examiner and The North American. In 1936 it absorbed The Mail and Empire to form The Globe, History of Canadian newspapers List of newspapers in Canada Bélanger, Claude. George Brown, in L’Encyclopédie de l’histoire du Québec / The Quebec History Encyclopedia, Brown of the Globe, Volume One, Voice of Upper Canada 1818-1859 online Careless, J. M. C. Brown of the Globe, Volume Two, Statesman of Confederation 1860-1880, excerpt Careless, J. M. S. BROWN, GEORGE, in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 10, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed November 18,2015, online Careless, George Brown and Confederation, Manitoba Historical Society Transactions, Series 3, Number 26, 1969-70 online Careless, J. M. C. The Toronto Globe and Agrarian Radicalism, 1850–67, creighton, Donald G. George Brown, Sir John Macdonald, and the “Workingman”. Canadian Historical Review 24#4 pp, 362-376, the Globe on Saturday, The World on Sunday, Toronto Weekend Editions and the Influence of the American Sunday Paper, 1886-1895. Reluctant Voluntaries, Peter and George Brown, The Scottish Disruption, journal of religious history 25.2, 134-157. The Economics of an Early Nineteenth-Century Toronto Newspaper Shop, papers of The Bibliographical Society of Canada 41#1. George Brown and the printers union, journal of Canadian Studies/Revue dÉtudes Canadiennes 10#1, 42+
23.
Elizabethan era
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The Elizabethan era is the epoch in English history marked by the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Historians often depict it as the age in English history. In terms of the century, the historian John Guy argues that England was economically healthier, more expansive. This golden age represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of poetry, music, the era is most famous for theatre, as William Shakespeare and many others composed plays that broke free of Englands past style of theatre. It was an age of exploration and expansion abroad, while back at home and it was also the end of the period when England was a separate realm before its royal union with Scotland. The Elizabethan Age may be viewed especially highly when considered in light of the failings of the periods preceding Elizabeths reign, the Protestant/Catholic divide was settled, for a time, by the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, and parliament was not yet strong enough to challenge royal absolutism. England was also compared to the other nations of Europe. The Italian Renaissance had come to an end under the weight of Spanish domination of the peninsula, France was embroiled in its own religious battles due to significant Spanish intervention, that would only be settled in 1598 with the Edict of Nantes. The one great rival was Spain, which England clashed both in Europe and the Americas in skirmishes that exploded into the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604 and this drained both the English Exchequer and economy that had been so carefully restored under Elizabeths prudent guidance. English commercial and territorial expansion would be limited until the signing of the Treaty of London the year following Elizabeths death, economically, the country began to benefit greatly from the new era of trans-Atlantic trade, persistent theft of Spanish treasure, and the African slave trade. The Victorian era and the early 20th century idealised the Elizabethan era, the Encyclopædia Britannica maintains that he long reign of Elizabeth I, 1558–1603, was Englands Golden Age. Merry England, in love with life, expressed itself in music and literature, in architecture and this idealising tendency was shared by Britain and an Anglophilic America. In popular culture, the image of those adventurous Elizabethan seafarers was embodied in the films of Errol Flynn, in response and reaction to this hyperbole, modern historians and biographers have tended to take a more dispassionate view of the Tudor period. Elizabethan England was not particularly successful in a military sense during the period, having inherited a virtually bankrupt state from previous reigns, her frugal policies restored fiscal responsibility. Her fiscal restraint cleared the regime of debt by 1574, and this general peace and prosperity allowed the attractive developments that Golden Age advocates have stressed. The Elizabethan Age was also an age of plots and conspiracies, frequently political in nature, high officials in Madrid, Paris and Rome sought to kill Elizabeth, a Protestant, and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots, a Catholic. That would be a prelude to the recovery of England for Catholicism. In 1570, the Ridolfi plot was thwarted, in 1584, the Throckmorton Plot was discovered, after Francis Throckmorton confessed his involvement in a plot to overthrow the Queen and restore the Catholic Church in England
24.
Mermaid Tavern
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The Mermaid Tavern was a tavern on Cheapside in London during the Elizabethan era, located east of St. Pauls Cathedral on the corner of Friday Street and Bread Street. A popular tradition has grown up that the group included William Shakespeare, according to Jonson, the Tavern was situated on Bread Street. It probably had entrances on both Bread Street and Friday Street, the location corresponds to the modern junction between Bread Street and Cannon Street. The taverns landlord is named as William Johnson in a will dated 1603, in 1600 a notable disorder, caused by some drunken members of a group known as the Damned Crew attacking the watch after they were challenged, began after they were ejected from the Mermaid Tavern. It resulted in a Star Chamber trial, the building was destroyed in 1666 during the Great Fire of London. Gifford also was the first to name the Mermaid as the site of Jonson and Shakespeares battle-of-wits debates in which they discussed politics, religion, and literature. According to tradition, Shakespeare, though not as learned as Jonson, often won these debates because Jonson was more ponderous, how much of the legend is true is a matter of speculation. There is an reference to the Tavern and its witty conversation in Master Francis Beaumonts Letter to Ben Jonson. Coryats letters also refer to the Tavern, and mention Jonson, Donne, Cotton, Inigo Jones, Shakespeare certainly had connections with some of the taverns literary clientele, as well as with the taverns landlord, William Johnson. When Shakespeare bought the Blackfriars gatehouse on March 10,1613, and Hugh Holland, mentioned in Coryats letters, composed one of the commendatory poems prefacing the First Folio of Shakespeares plays. The Sireniacal gentlemen also met at the Mitre tavern in London, apparently they were seen as too elitist. The wine in question seems to be the same as sack, Jonson and Beaumont both mentioned the tavern in their verse. Jonsons Inviting a Friend to Supper refers to A pure cup of rich Canary wine, / Which is the Mermaids now and he is not of our time, but of all times. With Rabelais he rioted, and Don Quixote and Sancho were his vera brithers, in 1913 the ballad poet Alfred Noyes published Tales of the Mermaid Tavern, a long poem in a series of chapters, each dedicated to Elizabethan writers associated with the tavern. These include Jonson, Shakespeare and Marlowe, beryl Markham, in her 1942 memoir, West with the Night, remarked that every man has his Mermaids Tavern, every hamlet its shrine to conviviality. William Stansby Mermaid Series Affinity group Halliday, F. E, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press. New York, St. Martins Press,1981, a Pleasing Sinne, Drink and Conviviality in Seventeenth-century England. Volume 14 of Studies in Renaissance literature, DS Brewer,2004 ISBN 184384009X Details from William Shakespeare. Org
25.
Beechwood Cemetery
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Beechwood Cemetery, located in Ottawa, Ontario, is the National Cemetery of Canada. In addition to being Canadas National Cemetery, it is also the National Military Cemetery of Canada, a woodland cemetery founded in 1873, it is 64.7 hectares and is the largest cemetery in the city of Ottawa. It was designated as a National Historic Site of Canada in 2001, the cemetery has served as the National Military Cemetery of Canada since 2001 and has served since 2004 as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police National Memorial Cemetery. Her Excellency, the Right Honourable Michaëlle Jean, Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of Canada, pipe Major Sgt Tom Brown is the on call piper for the National Military Cemetery at Beechwood where he can perform up to a dozen outdoor funerals a year. When new colours are received or a unit is disbanded, colours are treated with utmost respect to service and are never destroyed. After being carried on parade for the last time, the party presents the colours prior to the ceremony in which they are laid up for safekeeping in the Hall of Colours. Designed by Robertson Martin Architects, the Hall of Colours features a stained glass window featuring an oak tree in leaf honouring Canadian military chaplains. The Hall of Colours was supported by a donation of $50,000 from Dominion Command of The Royal Canadian Legion, the retired colours of Canadas army, air force and naval regiments are mounted at ceiling level in the Hall of Colours in the National Memorial Centre. The first monument in the cemetery was erected by members of the 2nd Ottawa Field Battery in the 1870s, the sculptured sandstone cairn is dedicated to the memory of their former commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel John B. Erected in the 1870s by members of the 2nd Ottawa Field Battery, the cemetery inspired a classic Canadian poem In Beechwood Cemetery by Archibald Lampman with its memorable final line, They know no season but the end of time. Moses Chamberlain Edey designed the entrance gates in 1891. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission is responsible for the graves of 98 Commonwealth service personnel of World War I and 113 of World War II, noted for its Neo-Gothic architecture, the mausoleum at Beechwood was built in the early 1930s. The building was built by a separate from the cemetery. After a few years of operation, in a time of depression and financial difficulties, the building features stained glass windows designed by noted stained glass artist James Blomfield. This was done to serve as an important symbol of Canadian unity and pride, the bill was passed on March 6. The bill received Royal Assent on April 23,2009, a full list of notable individuals buried at Beechwood can be found on the cemeterys website. List of national cemeteries by country Bibliography Beechwood Cemetery Web site Cemetery Details, Beechwood Cemetery at Find a Grave Beechwood National Military Cemetery at Find a Grave
26.
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
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Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson, FRS was Poet Laureate of Great Britain and Ireland during much of Queen Victorias reign and remains one of the most popular British poets. Tennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, such as Break, Break, Break, The Charge of the Light Brigade, Tears, Idle Tears, Tennyson also wrote some notable blank verse including Idylls of the King, Ulysses, and Tithonus. During his career, Tennyson attempted drama, but his plays enjoyed little success and he is the ninth most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. Tennyson was born in Somersby, Lincolnshire, England and he was born into a middle-class line of Tennysons, but also had a noble and royal ancestry. His father, George Clayton Tennyson, was rector of Somersby, also rector of Benniworth and Bag Enderby, and vicar of Grimsby. Rev. George Clayton Tennyson raised a family and was a man of superior abilities and varied attainments, who tried his hand with fair success in architecture, painting, music. He was comfortably well off for a clergyman and his shrewd money management enabled the family to spend summers at Mablethorpe. Alfred Tennysons mother, Elizabeth Fytche, was the daughter of Stephen Fytche, vicar of St. James Church, Louth and rector of Withcall, Tennysons father carefully attended to the education and training of his children. Tennyson and two of his brothers were writing poetry in their teens and a collection of poems by all three was published locally when Alfred was only 17. One of those brothers, Charles Tennyson Turner, later married Louisa Sellwood, the sister of Alfreds future wife. Another of Tennysons brothers, Edward Tennyson, was institutionalised at a private asylum, Tennyson was a student of Louth Grammar School for four years and then attended Scaitcliffe School, Englefield Green and King Edward VI Grammar School, Louth. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1827, where he joined a society called the Cambridge Apostles. A portrait of Tennyson by George Frederic Watts is in Trinitys collection, at Cambridge, Tennyson met Arthur Henry Hallam and William Henry Brookfield, who became his closest friends. His first publication was a collection of his rhymes and those of his elder brother Charles entitled Poems by Two Brothers. In 1829, Tennyson was awarded the Chancellors Gold Medal at Cambridge for one of his first pieces, reportedly, it was thought to be no slight honour for a young man of twenty to win the chancellors gold medal. He published his first solo collection of poems, Poems Chiefly Lyrical in 1830, claribel and Mariana, which later took their place among Tennysons most celebrated poems, were included in this volume. Although decried by critics as overly sentimental, his verse soon proved popular and brought Tennyson to the attention of well-known writers of the day. In the spring of 1831, Tennysons father died, requiring him to leave Cambridge before taking his degree and he returned to the rectory, where he was permitted to live for another six years and shared responsibility for his widowed mother and the family
27.
Goldwin Smith
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Goldwin Smith was a British historian and journalist, active in the United Kingdom and Canada. Smith was born at Reading, Berkshire and he was educated at Eton College and Magdalen College, Oxford, and after a brilliant undergraduate career he was elected to a fellowship at University College, Oxford. He threw his energy into the cause of university reform with another fellow of University College and his position as an authority on educational reform was further recognised by a seat on the Popular Education Commission of 1858. In 1868, when the question of reform at Oxford was again growing acute, he published a pamphlet, entitled The Reorganization of the University of Oxford. In 1865, he led the University of Oxford opposition to a proposal to develop Cripley Meadow north of Oxford railway station for use as a site of Great Western Railway workshops. His father had been a director of GWR, instead the workshops were located in Swindon. His aspiration that colonists and Americans should be attracted to Oxford was later realised by the will of Cecil Rhodes, as a historian, indeed, he left no abiding work, the multiplicity of his interests prevented him from concentrating on any one subject. The outbreak of the American Civil War proved a point in his life. Unlike most of the classes in England, he championed the cause of the North. Played a prominent part in converting English opinion, visiting America on a lecture tour in 1864, he received an enthusiastic welcome, and was entertained at a public banquet in New York. Andrew Dickson White, president of Cornell University at Ithaca, N. Y. invited him to take up a teaching post at the newly founded institution. But it was not until a change in Smith’s personal circumstances that led to his departure from England in 1868. He had resigned his chair at Oxford in 1866 in order to attend to his father, in the autumn of 1867, when Smith was briefly absent, his father took his own life. Possibly blaming himself for the tragedy, and now without an Oxford appointment and he held the professorship of English and Constitutional History in the Department of History at Cornell University for a number of years. Goldwin Smith Hall, which is located in Cornells Arts Quad, is named in his honour. In 1871 he moved to Toronto, where he edited the Canadian Monthly, and subsequently founded the Week and the Bystander, and he continued to take an active interest in English politics. As a Liberal, he opposed Benjamin Disraeli, and was a supporter of Irish Disestablishment. He expressly stated that “if he ever had a leader, his leader was John Bright
28.
Sonnet
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A sonnet is a poem in a specific form which originated in Italy, Giacomo da Lentini is credited with its invention. The term sonnet is derived from the Italian word sonetto, by the thirteenth century it signified a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. Conventions associated with the sonnet have evolved over its history, writers of sonnets are sometimes called sonneteers, although the term can be used derisively. The sonnet was created by Giacomo da Lentini, head of the Sicilian School under Emperor Frederick II, guittone dArezzo rediscovered it and brought it to Tuscany where he adapted it to his language when he founded the Siculo-Tuscan School, or Guittonian school of poetry. Other Italian poets of the time, including Dante Alighieri and Guido Cavalcanti, wrote sonnets, other fine examples were written by Michelangelo. The structure of a typical Italian sonnet of the included two parts that together formed a compact form of argument. First, the octave, forms the proposition, which describes a problem, or question, followed by a sestet, typically, the ninth line initiates what is called the turn, or volta, which signals the move from proposition to resolution. Even in sonnets that dont strictly follow the structure, the ninth line still often marks a turn by signaling a change in the tone, mood. Later, the abba, abba pattern became the standard for Italian sonnets, for the sestet there were two different possibilities, cde, cde and cdc, cdc. In time, other variants on this scheme were introduced. Petrarch typically used an abba, abba pattern for the octave, in English, both the English or Shakespearean sonnet, and the Italian Petrarchan sonnet are traditionally written in iambic pentameter. Early twentieth-century American poet Edna St. Vincent Millay also wrote mostly Petrarchan sonnets, on His Blindness by Milton, gives a sense of the Petrarchan rhyme scheme, Most Sonnets in Dantes La Vita Nuova are Petrarchan. Chapter VII gives sonnet O voi che per la via, with two sestets and two quatrains, and Ch. VIII, Morte villana, with two sestets and two quatrains and it was written by Paolo Lanfranchi da Pistoia and is addressed to Peter III of Aragon. It employs the rhyme scheme a-b-a-b, a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d-c-d and this poem is historically interesting for its information on north Italian perspectives concerning the War of the Sicilian Vespers, the conflict between the Angevins and Aragonese for Sicily. It congratulates Robert of Naples on his recent victory, there are also two poorly regarded sonnets by the Italian Dante de Maiano. By the late 17th century poets on increasingly relied on stanza forms incorporating rhymed couplets, and by the 18th century fixed-form poems – and, in particular, the resulting versification – less constrained by meter and rhyme patterns than Renaissance poetry – more closely mirrored prose. The Romantics were responsible for a return to many of the poems used during the 15th and 16th centuries. The sonnet however was used until the Parnassians brought it back into favor
29.
The Atlantic
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The Atlantic is an American magazine, founded in 1857 as The Atlantic Monthly in Boston, Massachusetts. Since 2006, the magazine is based in Washington, D. C, created as a literary and cultural commentary magazine, it has grown to achieve a national reputation as a high-quality review organ with a moderate worldview. The magazine has recognized and published new writers and poets. It has published leading writers commentary on abolition, education, the periodical has won more National Magazine Awards than any other monthly magazine. The first issue of the magazine was published on November 1,1857, the magazines initiator and founder was Francis H. Underwood, an assistant to the publisher, who received less recognition than his partners because he was neither a humbug nor a Harvard man. After experiencing financial hardship and a series of changes, the magazine was reformatted as a general editorial magazine. Focusing on foreign affairs, politics, and the cultural trends, it is now primarily aimed at a target audience of serious national readers. In 2010, The Atlantic posted its first profit in a decade, in profiling the publication at the time, The New York Times noted the accomplishment was the result of a cultural transfusion, a dose of counterintuition and a lot of digital advertising revenue. The magazine, subscribed to by over 425,000 readers, the Atlantic features articles in the fields of the arts, the economy, foreign affairs, political science, and technology. The Atlantics president is Bob Cohn, in April 2005, The Atlantics editors decided to cease publishing fiction in regular issues in favor of a newsstand-only annual fiction issue edited by longtime staffer C. Michael Curtis. They have since re-instituted the practice, on January 22,2008, TheAtlantic. com dropped its subscriber wall and allowed users to freely browse its site, including all past archives. TheAtlantic. com covers politics, business, entertainment, technology, health, international affairs, and more. In December 2011, a new Health Channel launched on TheAtlantic. com, incorporating coverage of food, as well as related to the mind, body, sex, family. TheAtlantic. com has expanded to visual storytelling with the addition of the In Focus photo blog, curated by Alan Taylor. A leading literary magazine, The Atlantic has published significant works. It was the first to publish pieces by the abolitionists Julia Ward Howe, for example, Emily Dickinson, after reading an article in The Atlantic by Thomas Wentworth Higginson, asked him to become her mentor. In 2005, the magazine won a National Magazine Award for fiction, the magazine also published many of the works of Mark Twain, including one that was lost until 2001. Editors have recognized major cultural changes and movements, for example, the magazine has also published speculative articles that inspired the development of new technologies
30.
Harper's Magazine
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Harpers Magazine is a monthly magazine of literature, politics, culture, finance, and the arts. Launched in June 1850, it is the second-oldest continuously published monthly magazine in the U. S, the current editor is James Marcus, who replaced Christopher Cox in March 2016. Harpers Magazine has won twenty National Magazine Awards, Harpers Magazine was launched as Harpers New Monthly Magazine in June 1850, by the New York City publisher Harper & Brothers. The company also founded the magazines Harpers Weekly and Harpers Bazaar, the first press run of Harpers Magazine—7,500 copies—sold out almost immediately. Circulation was some 50,000 issues six months later, the early issues reprinted material pirated from English authors such as Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, and the Brontë sisters. The magazine soon was publishing the work of American artists and writers, portions of Herman Melvilles novel Moby Dick were first published in the October 1851 issue of Harpers under the title, The Town-Hos Story. In 1962, Harper & Brothers merged with Row, Peterson & Company, in 1965, the magazine was separately incorporated, and became a division of the Minneapolis Star and Tribune Company, owned by the Cowles Media Company. In the 1970s, Harpers Magazine published Seymour Hershs reporting of the My Lai Massacre by United States forces in Vietnam, robert Shnayerson, a senior editor at Time magazine, was hired to replace Morris as Harpers ninth editor, serving in that position from 1971 until 1976. Lewis H. Lapham served as managing editor from 1976 until 1981, on June 17,1980, the Star Tribune announced it would cease publishing Harpers Magazine after the August 1980 issue. As of the March 2011 issue, contributing editor Zadie Smith, under the Lapham-MacArthur leadership, Harpers Magazine continued publishing literary fiction by John Updike, George Saunders, and others. Politically, Harpers was a vocal critic of U. S. domestic. Editor Laphams monthly Notebook columns have lambasted the Clinton and the George W. Bush administrations. Since 2003, the magazine has concentrated on reportage about U. S. war in Iraq, with articles about the battle for Fallujah. Other reporting has covered abortion issues, cloning, and global warming, in 2007, Harpers added the No Comment blog, by attorney Scott Horton, about legal controversies, Central Asian politics, and German studies. Since that time these two blogs have ceased publication, Lapham left shortly thereafter and launched Laphams Quarterly. The August 2004 issue contained an essay by noted photojournalist Peter Turnley. The eight-page spread in August 2004 showed images of death, grieving, on the U. S. side, Turnley visited the funeral of an Oklahoma National Guard member, Spc. Kyle Brinlee,21, who was killed when his vehicle ran over an improvised explosive device in Afghanistan, during his funeral, Turnley shot the open casket as it lay in the back of the auditorium and this photo was used in the photo essay
31.
Scribner's Monthly
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For the similarly named periodical, see Scribners Magazine. Scribners Monthly, An Illustrated Magazine for the People was an illustrated American literary periodical published from 1870 until 1881, following sale of the company which produced it in 1881, the magazine was relaunched as The Century Magazine. Scribners Monthly absorbed the second incarnation of Putnams Monthly Magazine of American Literature, Science, the first issue of the newly formed periodical was published in November of that year. In April 1881, Charles Scribner II sold his share of the Scribner & Co. company to Roswell Smith, the name of the magazine and the company were retooled, dropping Scribner or Scribners out of anything. Scribners Monthly was changed to The Century Magazine and Scribner & Co. was changed to Century Company, Charles Scribner II was unable to launch a competing magazine for five years. Charles Scribner I announced to a Times reporter that they would make a new monthly publication as soon as the arrangements could be perfected. Scribner also announced that the editor would be Edward Burlingame, the son of Anson Burlingame, Scribner further noted that the magazine would not be a revival of the formerly published Scribners Monthly. Evertss Thirty-Seven Days of Peril was also published within the pages of Scribners Monthly, robert J. Scholnick, Scribners Monthly and the Pictorial Representation of Life and Truth in Post-Civil War America, American Periodicals, vol. In JSTOR Works by or about Scribners Monthly at Internet Archive and Google Books Scribners Monthly at Cornell University Library, 1-5, 7-22 Holland Collection of Literary Letters, University of Colorado Boulder
32.
Romantic poetry
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Romantic poetry is the poetry of the Romantic era, an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century. Although many stress the notion of spontaneity in Romantic poetry, the movement was greatly concerned with the difficulty of composition. Indeed, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, another prominent English Romantic poet and critic, Romantic poetry contrasts with neoclassical poetry, which was the poetry of intellect and reason, while romantic poetry is more the product of emotion. Romantic poetry at the beginning of the century was a reaction against the set standards. According to William J. ” Belief in the importance of the imagination is a feature of romantic poets such as John Keats, Samuel Coleridge. Keats said, “I am certain of nothing but of the holiness of the Hearts affections, the secret of great art, Blake claimed, is the capacity to imagine. To define imagination, in his poem Auguries of Innocence, Blake said, To see a world in a grain of sand, And heaven in a wild flower, love for nature is another important feature of romantic poetry, as a source of inspiration. This poetry involves a relationship with nature and places. However, the romantic poets differed in their views about nature, wordsworth recognized nature as a living thing, teacher, god and everything. These feelings are developed and expressed in his epic poem The Prelude. In his poem The Tables Turn he writes, One impulse from the vernal wood Can teach you more of man, Of moral evil and good, Shelley was another nature poet, who believed that nature is a living thing and there is a union between nature and man. Wordsworth approaches nature philosophically, while Shelley emphasises the intellect, John Keats is another a lover of nature, but Coleridge differs from other romantic poets of his age, in that he has a realistic perspective on nature. He believes that nature is not the source of joy and pleasure, Coleridge believed that joy does not come from external nature, but that it emanates from the human heart. Melancholy occupies a prominent place in poetry, and is an important source of inspiration for the Romantic poets. In Ode to a Nightingale, Keats wrote, Romantic poetry was attracted to nostalgia and medievalism is another important characteristic of romantic poetry, especially in the works of John Keats and Coleridge. They were attracted to exotic, remote and obscure places, the world of classical Greece was important to the Romantics. John Keats poetry is full of allusions to the art, literature and culture of Greek, most of the romantic poets used [[supernaturalism|supernatural elements\\ in their poetry. Samuel Coleridge is the romantic poet in this regard
33.
William Wordsworth
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William Wordsworth was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads. Wordsworths magnum opus is generally considered to be The Prelude, a poem of his early years that he revised and expanded a number of times. It was posthumously titled and published, before which it was known as the poem to Coleridge. Wordsworth was Britains Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death from pleurisy on 23 April 1850 and his sister, the poet and diarist Dorothy Wordsworth, to whom he was close all his life, was born the following year, and the two were baptised together. Wordsworths father was a representative of James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale and, through his connections. He was frequently away from home on business, so the young William and his siblings had little involvement with him and remained distant from him until his death in 1783. However, he did encourage William in his reading, and in particular set him to commit to memory large portions of verse, including works by Milton, Shakespeare, William was also allowed to use his fathers library. William also spent time at his mothers house in Penrith, Cumberland, where he was exposed to the moors, but did not get along with his grandparents or his uncle. His hostile interactions with them distressed him to the point of contemplating suicide, Wordsworth was taught both the Bible and the Spectator, but little else. It was at the school in Penrith that he met the Hutchinsons, including Mary, after the death of his mother, in 1778, Wordsworths father sent him to Hawkshead Grammar School in Lancashire and sent Dorothy to live with relatives in Yorkshire. She and William did not meet again for nine years. Wordsworth made his debut as a writer in 1787 when he published a sonnet in The European Magazine and that same year he began attending St Johns College, Cambridge. He received his BA degree in 1791 and he returned to Hawkshead for the first two summers of his time at Cambridge, and often spent later holidays on walking tours, visiting places famous for the beauty of their landscape. In 1790 he went on a tour of Europe, during which he toured the Alps extensively, and visited nearby areas of France, Switzerland. In November 1791, Wordsworth visited Revolutionary France and became enchanted with the Republican movement and he fell in love with a French woman, Annette Vallon, who in 1792 gave birth to their daughter Caroline. Financial problems and Britains tense relations with France forced him to return to England alone the following year. The circumstances of his return and his subsequent behaviour raised doubts as to his wish to marry Annette. With the Peace of Amiens again allowing travel to France, in 1802 Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy visited Annette, the purpose of the visit was to prepare Annette for the fact of his forthcoming marriage to Mary Hutchinson
34.
Matthew Arnold
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Matthew Arnold was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. He was the son of Thomas Arnold, the headmaster of Rugby School. Matthew Arnold has been characterised as a writer, a type of writer who chastises. The Reverend John Keble, who would one of the leaders of the Oxford Movement. Thomas Arnold admired Kebles hymns in The Christian Year, only reversing himself with exasperation when this old friend became a Romeward-tending High Church reactionary in the 1830s. In 1828, Arnolds father was appointed Headmaster of Rugby School and his family took up residence. In 1831, Arnold was tutored by his uncle, Rev. John Buckland in the village of Laleham. In 1834, the Arnolds occupied a home, Fox How. William Wordsworth was a neighbour and close friend, in 1836, Arnold was sent to Winchester College, but in 1837 he returned to Rugby School where he was enrolled in the fifth form. He moved to the form in 1838 and thus came under the direct tutelage of his father. He wrote verse for the manuscript Fox How Magazine co-produced with his brother Tom for the enjoyment from 1838 to 1843. During his years there, he won prizes for English essay writing. His prize poem, Alaric at Rome, was printed at Rugby, in 1841, he won an open scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford. During his residence at Oxford, his friendship ripened with Arthur Hugh Clough, Arnold attended John Henry Newmans sermons at St. Marys but did not join the Oxford Movement. His father died suddenly of disease in 1842, and Fox How became his familys permanent residence. Arnolds poem Cromwell won the 1843 Newdigate prize and he graduated in the following year with a 2nd class honours degree in Literae Humaniores. In 1845, after an interlude of teaching at Rugby, he was elected Fellow of Oriel College. In 1847, he became Private Secretary to Lord Lansdowne, Lord President of the Council, in 1849, he published his first book of poetry, The Strayed Reveller
35.
The Youth's Companion
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The Companion was published in Boston, Massachusetts by the Perry Mason Company. From 1892 to 1915 it was based in the Youths Companion Building, early issues of the Companion were centered on religion, having been created, in the words of its first publishers Nathaniel Willis and Asa Rand, to encourage virtue and piety, and. Warn against the ways of transgression, in its early years its circulation did not reach 5,000. Through the years, publishers included Willis & Rand, Olmstead & Co. another innovation was a medical column for older readers. In consequence, its circulation increased one-hundredfold, with sales peaking in 1893 and it was advertised in 1897 as an Illustrated Family Paper, having, as one person said of it, done away with childish things. On September 8,1892, the published the first copy of the Pledge of Allegiance. From 1893–1907, Johnson Morton served as an editor, in later years the magazine published articles from Willa Cather and Winston Churchill. Erle Stanley Gardner was, as a child, very fond of the magazine, when he embarked on his own writing career, Gardner borrowed the name Perry Mason for his famous fictional attorney-detective. Http, //history. vineyard. net/pdgech2. htm The Youths Companion - an advertising bookmark of the newspaper from 1902 The Youths Companion Project Univ. of Pittsburgh
36.
Royal Society of Canada
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The primary objective of the RSC is to promote learning and research in the arts, the humanities and the sciences. In the late 1870s, the Governor General of Canada, the Marquis of Lorne, determined that Canada required a cultural institution to promote scientific research. Since that time, succeeding Governors General have remained involved with the affairs of the Society, in 1882 the Royal Society of Canada was founded with the personal patronage of the Marquis of Lorne. A year later, in 1883, the Society was incorporated by a statute of the Parliament of Canada, like their counterparts, membership to the RSC was limited and by election. Initially, the RSC was divided into four sections, each of 20 Fellows and these sections were, Littérature française, Histoire, Archéologie, English Literature, History, Archaeology, Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Sciences, and Geological and Biological Sciences. The founding Fellows of the RSC included Sir Sandford Fleming, the originator of the system of Standard Time. The Fellows of the RSC were nominated by a directed by the Principal of McGill University, Sir John William Dawson. These two men served as the first and second Presidents of the Society, as Canadian scholarship and research increased, the RSC also grew. Within three decades the fellowship of the RSC doubled in number, after several phases of restructuring, the RSC evolved its contemporary organization. In 2010, His Excellency the Right Honourable David Lloyd Johnston, presently, the fellowship comprises four categories, Regularly Elected Fellows, Specially Elected Fellows, Foreign Fellows and Honorary Fellows. Each year, approximately 80 people are elected to the fellowship, election to fellowship in the Society is the highest accolade available to scientists, artists and scholars in Canada. Once inducted into the Society, anglophone Fellows may use the post-nominal FRSC, the RSC is composed of three bilingual Academies, including a broad range of scholarly disciplines and artistic fields. Academy I is the Academy of Arts and Humanities, Academy II is the Academy of Social Sciences. There are two divisions of Academy II, an anglophone division – Social Sciences, and a francophone division – Sciences sociales, Academy III is the Academy of Science. There are four divisions of Academy III, - Applied Sciences and Engineering, - Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, - Life Sciences. The Society is dedicated to making its members’ varied knowledge available to the public, the College of New Scholars, Artists and Scientists of the RSC was established in 2014 to represent emerging generation of intellectual leaders in Canada. It elects 80-100 members each year, who showed high level of accomplishments at early stage of their careers, at the time of election, members of the College must have received PhD or equivalent degree within past 15 years. Nomination of candidates for the College follows similar procedures as nomination for the Fellows of RSC, the RSC officially began the Institutional Member Programme in 2004
37.
Idealism
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In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing, in a sociological sense, idealism emphasizes how human ideas—especially beliefs and values—shape society. As an ontological doctrine, idealism goes further, asserting that all entities are composed of mind or spirit, Idealism thus rejects physicalist and dualist theories that fail to ascribe priority to the mind. The earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India, the Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. This turn toward the subjective anticipated empiricists such as George Berkeley, beginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This tradition, which emphasized the mental or ideal character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic, the historical influence of this branch of idealism remains central even to the schools that rejected its metaphysical assumptions, such as Marxism, pragmatism and positivism. Idealism is a term with related meanings. It comes via idea from the Greek idein, meaning to see, the term entered the English language by 1743. In ordinary use, as speaking of Woodrow Wilsons political idealism, it generally suggests the priority of ideals, principles, values. Idealists are understood to represent the world as it might or should be, unlike pragmatists, in the arts, similarly, idealism affirms imagination and attempts to realize a mental conception of beauty, a standard of perfection, juxtaposed to aesthetic naturalism and realism. Any philosophy that assigns crucial importance to the ideal or spiritual realm in its account of human existence may be termed idealist, metaphysical idealism is an ontological doctrine that holds that reality itself is incorporeal or experiential at its core. Beyond this, idealists disagree on which aspects of the mental are more basic, epistemological idealism is the view that reality can only be known through ideas, that only psychological experience can be apprehended by the mind. Thus Kant defines idealism as the assertion that we can never be certain all of our putative outer experience is not mere imagining. He claimed that, according to idealism, the reality of external objects does not admit of strict proof, on the contrary, however, the reality of the object of our internal sense is clear immediately through consciousness. However, not all idealists restrict the real or the knowable to our subjective experience. Objective idealists make claims about a world, but simply deny that this world is essentially divorced from or ontologically prior to the mental. Nor do all metaphysical idealists agree on the nature of the ideal, for Plato, monistic idealism holds that consciousness, not matter, is the ground of all being. It is monist because it holds that there is one type of thing in the universe
38.
Socialism in Canada
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Socialism in Canada has a long history and is, along with conservatism and liberalism, a major political force in Canada. Canadas socialist movement is believed to have originated in Western Canada, the Socialist Party of Canada was the first Canadian based Socialist party, founded in 1904. Later, the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 and Great Depression are considered to have fuelled socialism in Canada, the Communist Party of Canada was created in Guelph, Ontario in 1921 by a group of Marxist activists led by William Moriarty. During the early years of their existence the partys membership faced persecution, the On-to-Ottawa Trek never made it to Ottawa, instead it ended with the Regina Riot of July 1,1935. The trek and the conditions in the governments relief camps helped to discredit Conservative Prime Minister R. B. Bennett, leading to his defeat at the hands of the Liberals in 1935, after the trek the communists were instrumental in organizing over 1,448 Canadians to fight in the Spanish Civil War. Of the nearly 1,500 Canadians known to have fought in Spain,721 were verified as having lost their lives, the most famous Canadian to serve in the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion was Dr. Norman Bethune, a surgeon who would invent the worlds first mobile medical unit. Dr. Bethune would later be killed during the Second Sino-Japanese War, today he is a national hero in the Peoples Republic of China and is remembered as being a friend of Chinese leader Mao Zedong. By the end of the Second World War, the Communist Party began to lose its momentum and its only elected federal representative, Fred Rose, was accused of being a Soviet spy. Rose was expelled from parliament, arrested for four years, and he eventually left for Poland with the intention of returning to clear his name, but had his Canadian citizenship revoked in 1957. The CCF gained support in the Prairies as well as from many labour unions, led by Tommy Douglas, the CCF was elected to power during the 1944 Saskatchewan election. Today his party remains an important force in the politics of the province, the CCF also emerged as the official opposition in British Columbia during the election of 1941 and in Ontario during the provinces 1943 election. At the federal level, opinion polls indicated a dramatic surge in support for the CCF prior to the 1945 federal election. The CCF and the democratic socialist movement is seen, by some political scientists. In 1961, the CCF joined with the Canadian Labour Congress to form the New Democratic Party, the NDP is more moderate and social-democratic than its predecessor, the CCF. The Regina Manifesto of the CCF called for abolishing capitalism, while the NDP merely wants to reform capitalism and they are generally perceived as being responsible for the creation of universal healthcare, pensions, a human rights code and for the development of Canadas social safety net in general. In the past the NDP has formed governments in British Columbia, Yukon Territory, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario. At present only Alberta has a New Democratic government, while the NDP is the second largest party in Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Manitoba and the Yukon
39.
Feminism in Canada
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The history of feminism in Canada has been a gradual struggle aimed at establishing equal rights. The history of Canadian feminism, like modern, Western feminism in other countries has been divided by scholars into three waves, each describing a period of activism and social change. The first wave of feminism in Canada occurred in the late 19th, in this view, women were seen to be a civilizing force on society – which was a significant part of women’s engagement in missionary work and in the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union. The first wave in Canada was different in Québec, although the first wave was developed at an earlier time, many women in Québec had to wait until April of 1940 for their right to vote and run in elections. In addition to their significance in society, women had taken many of the missing roles of men while they were off at war. Women worked in factories and took over farms and proved their importance in society, religion was an important factor in the early stages of the Canadian men’s movement. Some of the earliest groups of organized women came together for a religious purpose, when women were rejected as missionaries by their Churches and missionary societies, they started their own missionary societies and raised funds to send female missionaries abroad. Some of them raised enough to some of their missionaries as teachers or doctors. The first of these societies was founded in Canso, Nova Scotia in 1870 by a group of Baptist women inspired by Hannah Norris. Norris asked the women in her Church for help when her application to the Baptist Foreign Mission Board was rejected. The formed their own society, and soon there were Presbyterian, Methodist and Anglican women missionary societies forming across the western provinces, Quebec, Ontario. These new societies not only enabled women to work as missionaries, they gave women the opportunity to manage the funding, training. Women’s religious organizing was also a means through which men could advocate social change, inspired by its American counterpart, the WCTU grew to become one of the first organizations to fight for suffrage while also being a training ground for future suffrage leaders. The Hebrew Ladies Sewing Circle also worked to promote change through religion-inspired organizing. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women in Canada were also making inroads into various professions including teaching, journalism, social work, and public health. Grace Annie Lockhart became the first woman in the British Empire to receive a bachelors degree, advances included the establishment of a men’s Medical College in Toronto in 1883, attributed in part to the persistence of Emily Stowe, the first female doctor to practice in Canada. Stowe’s daughter, Augusta Stowe-Gullen, became the first woman to graduate from a Canadian medical school, Women also established and became involved with organizations to advance men’s rights, including suffrage. During World War I, women took on not only traditionally feminine jobs and this changed role of women increased mens political prominence, and issues such as womens suffrage were raised
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Battle of Long Sault
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The Battle of Long Sault occurred over a five-day period in early May 1660 during the Beaver Wars. It was fought between French colonial militia, with their Huron and Algonquin allies, against the Iroquois Confederacy, adam Dollard des Ormeaux was a 25-year-old commander of Ville-Maries garrison. In April 1660, Dollard requested permission from Governor Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve to lead an expedition up the Ottawa River to attack a war party of Iroquois, many Iroquois warriors were encamped along the Ottawa and were preparing to destroy the settlements of Ville-Marie, Quebec and Trois-Rivières. So in order to prevent this, Dollard would surprise and ambush the Iroquois before they could begin their campaign and it was on or about May 1,1660 when the expedition finally reached their destination. Deciding the area to be a place for an ambush. Forty Hurons, under their chief Etienne Annahotaha, arrived at the fort not long after the French, Dollard ordered his men to reinforce the fortification by building a palisade around the wall of tree trunks but preparations were not entirely completed by the time the Iroquois arrived. Over 200 Iroquois warriors were camped a few miles from Long Sault, among the 200 were several Huron slaves who fought alongside their captors. Two canoes carrying five warriors were spotted by the French so Dollard decided to lay an ambush at a place where the Iroquois were most likely to land, assuming correctly, Dollards men drove off the enemy with musket fire and four of the Iroquois were killed or wounded. After this first skirmish, the fleet of canoes came in sight, an immediate assault was made upon the fort but the Iroquois were repulsed, they then started preparing for a siege by building their own fort and siege works. But first they requested a parley, suspecting it to be a ruse for a surprise attack, Dollard refused to consult with the Iroquois. In response the Iroquois attacked the French canoes, undefended, the canoes were broken into pieces, set on fire and then used in a second assault to burn the walls of the French fort. Again the French and their warrior allies resisted and defeated the attacking Iroquois, many natives were killed in the second attack, including the Seneca commander. When the Seneca chief fell dead, a few Frenchmen fought their way out of the fort to the body where they cut his head off. Abandoning the advance towards Ville-Marie, the 500 warriors proceeded to Long Sault, when they arrived, it was the fifth day of fighting, the natives constructed mantelets made from three logs attached together to form a shield from musketry. Before the arrival of reinforcements, the Huron slaves shouted to the Hurons within the fort, all of the Hurons, except the chief, deserted at this point and joined the Iroquois and their Huron slaves. Deserting proved to be a mistake, all but five of the Hurons were killed, when a fourth and final attack was launched, the Iroquois advanced with their mantelets ahead of them. The French and their allies could not hold out any longer, their corn dust food, when within range, the French opened fire but the mantelets were capable of stopping the incoming musket balls. With knives and axes the Iroquois hacked a breach through the forts walls, when the Iroquois were finally inside, Dollard and the others were quickly overpowered
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