1.
Confederation Poets
–
Confederation Poets is the name given to a group of Canadian poets born in the decade of Canadas Confederation who rose to prominence in Canada in the late 1880s and 1890s. The term was coined by Canadian professor and literary critic Malcolm Ross, the Confederation Poets were the first Canadian writers to become widely known after Confederation in 1867. Charles G. D. Roberts led the group, which had two branches, One, in Ottawa, consisted of the poets Archibald Lampman, Duncan Campbell Scott. The other were Maritime poets, including Roberts and his cousin, none of the above poets ever used the term Confederation Poets, or any other term, for themselves as a distinct group. Nothing indicates that any of them considered themselves a group, in fact, they were in no way a cohesive group. Despite the fact there never was such a historically, there may be good reasons to treat the Confederation Poets as a distinct group in hindsight. First of all, Roberts, Lampman, Carman, and Scott were among the first really good writing in the recently formed Dominion of Canada. For that matter, they were writing the first exceptional poetry ever written in the new country, as Confederation Poet Archibald Lampman said about encountering Confederation Poet Charles G. D. Robertss work, One May evening somebody lent me Orion and Other Poems, then recently published. I sat up all night reading and rereading Orion in a state of the wildest excitement, in addition, There are several good reasons, both biographical and literary, for grouping them together. All were close contemporaries born in the early 1860s, Roberts and Carman were cousins, Roberts briefly edited Goldwin Smiths Toronto literary magazine The Week, in which Carman published his first poem. Lampman also published in the Week, and he and Roberts became friends by mail, in the early 1890s, when Carman worked on the editorial staffs of The Independent and The Chapbook, and other American magazines, he published poems by the other three. Lampman and Scott were close friends, with Wilfred Campbell they began the column At the Mermaid Inn in the Toronto Globe, the original idea was to raise some money for Campbell, who was in financial trouble. As Lampman wrote to a friend, Campbell is deplorably poor and they agreed to it, and Campbell, Scott and I have been carrying on the thing for several weeks now. Came up with the title for it, Lampman and Scott found it difficult to keep a rein on Campbell’s frank expression of his heterodox opinions. The column ran only until July 1893, in that year Campbell was given a permanent position in the Department of Militia and Defence, and his financial crisis eased. So as there was no longer the need for it, the column came to an end, the Confederation writers poetry, although striving for a certain Canadian quality, was very much the offspring of English Victorian verse. As is clear from the Lampman quote, what Roberts was striving for, and what Lampman was responding to, was not the idea of a distinctly Canadian poetry, rather, it was that of a Canadian, one of our own, writing great poetry. Irrespective of their statements about nationalism, in terms of their aesthetics the Confederation Poets were not Canadian nationalists
Confederation Poets
–
Sir
Charles G.D. Roberts
Confederation Poets
–
Isabella Valancy Crawford, c.1919
Confederation Poets
–
Duncan Campbell Scott
Confederation Poets
–
Archibald Lampman
2.
Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
–
The primary objective of the RSC is to promote learning and research in the arts, the humanities and the sciences. In the late 1870s, the Governor General of Canada, the Marquis of Lorne, determined that Canada required a cultural institution to promote scientific research. Since that time, succeeding Governors General have remained involved with the affairs of the Society, in 1882 the Royal Society of Canada was founded with the personal patronage of the Marquis of Lorne. A year later, in 1883, the Society was incorporated by a statute of the Parliament of Canada, like their counterparts, membership to the RSC was limited and by election. Initially, the RSC was divided into four sections, each of 20 Fellows and these sections were, Littérature française, Histoire, Archéologie, English Literature, History, Archaeology, Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Sciences, and Geological and Biological Sciences. The founding Fellows of the RSC included Sir Sandford Fleming, the originator of the system of Standard Time. The Fellows of the RSC were nominated by a directed by the Principal of McGill University, Sir John William Dawson. These two men served as the first and second Presidents of the Society, as Canadian scholarship and research increased, the RSC also grew. Within three decades the fellowship of the RSC doubled in number, after several phases of restructuring, the RSC evolved its contemporary organization. In 2010, His Excellency the Right Honourable David Lloyd Johnston, presently, the fellowship comprises four categories, Regularly Elected Fellows, Specially Elected Fellows, Foreign Fellows and Honorary Fellows. Each year, approximately 80 people are elected to the fellowship, election to fellowship in the Society is the highest accolade available to scientists, artists and scholars in Canada. Once inducted into the Society, anglophone Fellows may use the post-nominal FRSC, the RSC is composed of three bilingual Academies, including a broad range of scholarly disciplines and artistic fields. Academy I is the Academy of Arts and Humanities, Academy II is the Academy of Social Sciences. There are two divisions of Academy II, an anglophone division – Social Sciences, and a francophone division – Sciences sociales, Academy III is the Academy of Science. There are four divisions of Academy III, - Applied Sciences and Engineering, - Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, - Life Sciences. The Society is dedicated to making its members’ varied knowledge available to the public, the College of New Scholars, Artists and Scientists of the RSC was established in 2014 to represent emerging generation of intellectual leaders in Canada. It elects 80-100 members each year, who showed high level of accomplishments at early stage of their careers, at the time of election, members of the College must have received PhD or equivalent degree within past 15 years. Nomination of candidates for the College follows similar procedures as nomination for the Fellows of RSC, the RSC officially began the Institutional Member Programme in 2004
Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
–
Marquis of Lorne, Governor General of Canada, 1878 to 1883
Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
–
The Royal Society of Canada
3.
John Keats
–
John Keats was an English Romantic poet. He had a significant influence on a range of poets. Jorge Luis Borges stated that his first encounter with Keatss work was the most significant literary experience of his life, the poetry of Keats is characterised by sensual imagery, most notably in the series of odes. This is typical of poets, as they aimed to accentuate extreme emotion through the emphasis of natural imagery. Today his poems and letters are some of the most popular, John Keats was born in Moorgate, London, on 31 October 1795 to Thomas Keats and his wife, born Frances Jennings. There is no evidence of his exact birthplace. Although Keats and his family seem to have marked his birthday on 29 October and he was the eldest of four surviving children, his younger siblings were George, Thomas, and Frances Mary Fanny who eventually married Spanish author Valentín Llanos Gutiérrez. Another son was lost in infancy and his father first worked as a hostler at the stables attached to the Swan and Hoop Inn, an establishment he later managed, and where the growing family lived for some years. Keats believed that he was born at the inn, a birthplace of humble origins, the Globe pub now occupies the site, a few yards from the modern-day Moorgate station. He was baptised at St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate, and sent to a dame school as a child. His parents were unable to afford Eton or Harrow, so in the summer of 1803, he was sent to board at John Clarkes school in Enfield, the small school had a liberal outlook and a progressive curriculum more modern than the larger, more prestigious schools. In the family atmosphere at Clarkes, Keats developed an interest in classics and history, the headmasters son, Charles Cowden Clarke, also became an important mentor and friend, introducing Keats to Renaissance literature, including Tasso, Spenser, and Chapmans translations. The young Keats was described by his friend Edward Holmes as a character, always in extremes, given to indolence. However, at 13 he began focusing his energy on reading and study, in April 1804, when Keats was eight, his father died. The cause of death was a fracture, suffered when he fell from his horse while returning from a visit to Keats. Frances remarried two months later, but left her new husband soon afterwards, and the four went to live with their grandmother, Alice Jennings. In March 1810 when Keats was 14, his mother died of tuberculosis and she appointed two guardians, Richard Abbey and John Sandell, to take care of them. That autumn, Keats left Clarkes school to apprentice with Thomas Hammond, a surgeon and apothecary who was a neighbour, Keats lodged in the attic above the surgery at 7 Church Street until 1813
John Keats
–
Portrait of John Keats by
William Hilton.
National Portrait Gallery, London
John Keats
–
Life mask of Keats by
Benjamin Haydon, 1816
John Keats
–
Wentworth Place, now the
Keats House museum (left), Ten Keats Grove (right)
John Keats
–
Ambrotype of Fanny Brawne taken circa 1850 (photograph on glass)
4.
Canadians
–
Canadians are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural, for most Canadians, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Canadian. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada, Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States. Canadian independence from the United Kingdom grew gradually over the course of years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867. World War I and World War II in particular gave rise to a desire among Canadians to have their country recognized as a sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Canadas nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom, legislation since the mid 20th century represents Canadians commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic development. As of 2010, Canadians make up 0. 5% of the total population, having relied upon immigration for population growth. Approximately 41% of current Canadians are first- or second-generation immigrants, and 20 percent of Canadian residents in the 2000s were not born in the country. Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Canadians above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or have one foreign-born parent. Aboriginal peoples, according to the 2011 Canadian Census, numbered at 1,400,685 or 4. 3% of the countrys 33,476,688 population. The French originally settled New France, in present-day Quebec and Ontario, approximately 100 Irish-born families would settle the Saint Lawrence Valley by 1700, assimilating into the Canadien population and culture. This arrival of newcomers led to the creation of the Métis, after the War of 1812, British, Scottish and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Ruperts Land, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America and these new arrivals included some Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia. Descendants of Francophone and Anglophone northern Europeans who arrived in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries are often referred to as old stock Canadians. Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the Colony of Vancouver Island, the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, from the mid- to late 19th century, Canada had a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted Home Children from Britain. Block settlement communities were established throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some were planned and others were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves. Canada was now receiving a number of European immigrants, predominantly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, Poles
Canadians
–
Tommy Douglas
Canadians
Canadians
–
Adélard Godbout
Canadians
–
Oscar Peterson
5.
The Canadian Encyclopedia
–
The Canadian Encyclopedia is a source of information on Canada published in English and French. It is available online, at no cost, in addition to articles, The Canadian Encyclopedia has interactive timelines, education guides and over 15,000 multimedia items. The resource is continually updated and has over 5000 accredited authors, the website also provides access to the Encyclopedia of Music in Canada, The Canadian Encyclopedia Junior Edition, Macleans articles and Timelines of Canadian history. Canada had been without a national encyclopedia since the 1957 Encyclopedia Canadiana, when looking through the Canadian entries in existing encyclopedias such as Random House, Canadian nationalist Mel Hurtig found blatant errors and omissions. In response, in the 1980s he launched a project to create a wholly new Canadian encyclopedia with support from Alberta Premier Peter Lougheed, the Editor-in-Chief James Harley Marsh recruited more than 3,000 authors to write for it. They made index cards for every fact in the encyclopedia, signed off by the researcher and they had to have every article read by three outside readers. Then the whole thing was proofread by an independent source, there were over 3,000 people who contributed to the content and accuracy of the encyclopedias entries. The first edition of The Canadian Encyclopedia was published in three volumes in 1985 for $125/set and sold out within days of publication - a Canadian bestseller, a revised and expanded edition was released in 1988 and sold out as well. It was the first encyclopedia in the world to use a computer to help compile, typeset, design and it was encoded in a markup language precursor of HTML. In September 1990, Hurtig published the five-volume Junior Encyclopedia of Canada, Hurtig sold his publishing company to McClelland & Stewart in May 1991 and with it the encyclopedia. In 1995, McClelland & Stewart published the first digital CD-ROM edition, today, Historica Canada, a not-for-profit foundation, publishes the encyclopedia for free online. To date, the Encyclopedia’s growing collection contains more than 19,600 bilingual, list of online encyclopedias The Canadian Encyclopedia
The Canadian Encyclopedia
–
Cover of 2000 edition
6.
English language
–
English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. It is the third most common language in the world, after Mandarin. It is the most widely learned second language and a language of the United Nations, of the European Union. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch, English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible, and the start of the Great Vowel Shift. Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, English is an Indo-European language, and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. Most closely related to English are the Frisian languages, and English, Old Saxon and its descendent Low German languages are also closely related, and sometimes Low German, English, and Frisian are grouped together as the Ingvaeonic or North Sea Germanic languages. Modern English descends from Middle English, which in turn descends from Old English, particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other English languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian and Forth and Bargy dialects of Ireland. English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares new language features with other Germanic languages such as Dutch, German and these shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor, which linguists call Proto-Germanic. Through Grimms law, the word for foot begins with /f/ in Germanic languages, English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic. The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon, in the fifth century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain and the Romans withdrew from Britain. England and English are named after the Angles, Old English was divided into four dialects, the Anglian dialects, Mercian and Northumbrian, and the Saxon dialects, Kentish and West Saxon. Through the educational reforms of King Alfred in the century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex. The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from the period of Old English were written using a runic script. By the sixth century, a Latin alphabet was adopted, written with half-uncial letterforms and it included the runic letters wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ and thorn ⟨þ⟩, and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ð⟩, and ash ⟨æ⟩
English language
–
The opening to the Old English epic poem
Beowulf,
handwritten in
half-uncial script: Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon... "Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings..."
English language
–
Countries of the world where English is a majority native language
English language
–
Title page of Geoffrey Chaucer's
Canterbury Tales c.1400
7.
Charles G.D. Roberts
–
Sir Charles George Douglas Roberts, KCMG FRSC was a Canadian poet and prose writer who is known as the Father of Canadian Poetry. He was almost the first Canadian author to obtain worldwide reputation and influence and he published numerous works on Canadian exploration and natural history, verse, travel books, and fiction. At his death he was regarded as Canadas leading man of letters, besides his own body of work, Roberts is also called the Father of Canadian Poetry because he served as an inspiration and a source of assistance for other Canadian poets of his time. Roberts, his cousin Bliss Carman, Archibald Lampman and Duncan Campbell Scott are known as the Confederation Poets, Roberts was born in Douglas, New Brunswick in 1860, the eldest child of Emma Wetmore Bliss and Rev. George Goodridge Roberts. Rev. Roberts was rector of Fredericton and canon of Christ Church Cathedral, charless brother Theodore Goodridge Roberts and sister, Jane Elizabeth Gostwycke Roberts, would also become authors. Between the ages of 8 months and 14 years, Roberts was raised in the parish of Westcock, New Brunswick, near Sackville and he was homeschooled, mostly by his father, who was proficient in Greek, Latin and French. He published his first writing, three articles in The Colonial Farmer, at 12 years of age. After the family moved to Fredericton in 1873, Roberts attended Fredericton Collegiate School from 1874 to 1876, Roberts was principal of Chatham High School in Chatham, New Brunswick, from 1879 to 1881, and of York Street School in Fredericton from 1881 to 1883. In Chatham he met and befriended Edmund Collins, editor of the Chatham Star, Roberts first published poetry in the Canadian Illustrated News of March 30,1878, and by 1879 he had placed two poems in the prestigious American magazine, Scribners. In 1880, Roberts published his first book of poetry, Orion, thanks in part to his industry in sending out complimentary review copies, there were many positive reviews. Rose-Belford’s Canadian Monthly proclaimed, Here is a writer whose power, the Montreal Gazette predicted that Roberts would confer merited fame on himself and lasting honour on his country. As well, several American periodicals reviewed it favourably, including the New York Independent, on December 29,1880, Roberts married Mary Fenety, who would bear him five children. The biography by Robertss friend Edmund Collins, The Life and Times of Sir John A. Macdonald, was published in 1883, the book was a huge success, going through eight printings. It contained a chapter on “Thought and Literature in Canada, ” which devoted 15 pages to Roberts. Beyond any comparison, Collins declared, our greatest Canadian poet is Mr. Charles G. D. Roberts, Edmund Collins is probably responsible for the early acceptance of Charles G. D. Roberts as Canada’s foremost poet. From 1883 to 1884, Roberts was in Toronto, Ontario, working as the editor of Goldwin Smiths short-lived literary magazine, Roberts lasted only five months at The Week before resigning in frustration from overwork and clashes with Smith. In 1885, Roberts became a professor at the University of Kings College in Windsor, in 1886, his second book, In Divers Tones, was published by a Boston publisher. During the same period, he published almost an equal number of stories, primarily for juvenile readers, in periodicals like The Youths Companion
Charles G.D. Roberts
–
Sir Charles G. D. Roberts Source: Library and Archives Canada, C-006718
8.
Bliss Carman
–
Bliss Carman FRSC was a Canadian poet who lived most of his life in the United States, where he achieved international fame. He was acclaimed as Canadas poet laureate during his later years, in Canada, Carman is classed as one of the Confederation Poets, a group which also included Charles G. D. Roberts, Archibald Lampman, and Duncan Campbell Scott. Of the group, Carman had the surest lyric touch and achieved the widest international recognition, but unlike others, he never attempted to secure his income by novel writing, popular journalism, or non-literary employment. He remained a poet, supplementing his art with critical commentaries on literary ideas, philosophy and he was born William Bliss Carman in Fredericton, in the Maritime province of New Brunswick. Bliss was his mothers maiden name and he was the great grandson of United Empire Loyalists who fled to Nova Scotia after the American Revolution, settling in New Brunswick. His literary roots run deep with an ancestry that includes a mother who was a descendant of Daniel Bliss of Concord, Massachusetts and his sister, Jean, married the botanist and historian William Francis Ganong. And on his mothers side he was a first cousin to Charles G. D. Roberts, Carman was educated at the Fredericton Collegiate School and the University of New Brunswick, from which he received a B. A. in 1881. His first published poem was in the UNB Monthly in 1879 and he then spent a year at Oxford and the University of Edinburgh, but returned home to receive his M. A. from UNB in 1884. After the death of his father in January 1885 and his mother in February 1886, at Harvard he moved in a literary circle that included American poet Richard Hovey, who would become his close friend and his collaborator on the successful Vagabondia poetry series. Carman and Hovey were members of the Visionists circle along with Herbert Copeland and F. Holland Day, after Harvard Carman briefly returned to Canada, but was back in Boston by February 1890. Boston is one of the few places where my critical education and tastes could be of any use to me in earning money, New York and London are about the only other places. Unable to find employment in Boston, he moved to New York City, there he could help his Canadian friends get published, in the process introducing Canadian poets to its readers. However, Carman was never a good fit at the semi-religious weekly, at this low point, Songs of Vagabondia, the first Hovey-Carman collaboration, was published by Copeland & Day in 1894. No one could have been surprised at the tremendous popularity of these care-free celebrations than the young authors, Richard Hovey. Songs of Vagabondia would ultimately go through sixteen printings over the thirty years. The three Vagabondia volumes that followed fell slightly short of that record, but each went through numerous printings. The success of Songs of Vagabondia prompted another Boston firm, Stone & Kimball, to reissue Low Tide. and to hire Carman as the editor of its literary journal, The Chapbook. The next year, though, the job went West to Chicago
Bliss Carman
–
Photo by
Pirie MacDonald
Bliss Carman
–
Bliss Carman Memorial, Forest Hill Cemetery, Fredericton NB
9.
Duncan Campbell Scott
–
Duncan Campbell Scott was a Canadian bureaucrat, poet and prose writer. With Charles G. D. Roberts, Bliss Carman, and Archibald Lampman, Scott was born in Ottawa, Ontario, the son of Rev. William Scott and Janet MacCallum. He was educated at Stanstead Wesleyan College, early in life, he became an accomplished pianist. Scott wanted to be a doctor, but family finances were precarious, as the story goes, William Scott might not have money he had connections in high places. Among his acquaintances was the minister, Sir John A. Macdonald. Making a quick decision while the serious young applicant waited in front of him, Macdonald wrote across the request and he remained in this post until his retirement in 1932. Scotts father also found work in Indian Affairs, and the entire family moved into a newly built house on 108 Lisgar St. where Duncan Campbell Scott would live for the rest of his life. In 1883 Scott met fellow civil servant, Archibald Lampman and it was the beginning of an instant friendship that would continue unbroken until Lampmans death sixteen years later. It was Scott who initiated wilderness camping trips, a recreation that became Lampmans favourite escape from daily drudgery, in turn, Lampmans dedication to the art of poetry would inspire Scotts first experiments in verse. By the late 1880s Scott was publishing poetry in the prestigious American magazine, in 1889 his poems At the Cedars and Ottawa were included in the pioneering anthology, Songs of the Great Dominion. Scott and Lampman shared a love of poetry and the Canadian wilderness, during the 1890s the two made a number of canoe trips together in the area north of Ottawa. In 1892 and 1893, Scott, Lampman, and William Wilfred Campbell wrote a column, At the Mermaid Inn. Came up with the title for it, in 1893 Scott published his first book of poetry, The Magic House and Other Poems. In 1894, Scott married Belle Botsford, a concert violinist and they had one child, Elizabeth, who died at 12. Before she was born, Scott asked his mother and sisters to leave his home, in 1896 Scott published his first collection of stories, In the Village of Viger, a collection of delicate sketches of French Canadian life. Two later collections, The Witching of Elspie and The Circle of Affection, Scott also wrote a novel, although it was not published until after his death. After Lampman died in 1899, Scott helped publish a number of editions of Lampmans poetry, Scott was a prime mover in the establishment of the Ottawa Little Theatre and the Dominion Drama Festival. In 1923 the Little Theatre performed his play, Pierre
Duncan Campbell Scott
–
Dr. Duncan Campbell Scott - Portrait by
Yousuf Karsh, 1933 (Source: Library and Archives Canada, PA-165842)
Duncan Campbell Scott
–
Duncan Campbell Scott
Duncan Campbell Scott
–
Cover of Lundy's Lane and Other Poems, 1916
10.
Ontario
–
Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
Ontario
–
Algonquin Provincial Park, Cache Lake
Ontario
–
Flag
Ontario
–
Summer at
Sandbanks Provincial Park on Lake Ontario.
Ontario
–
The
Niagara Escarpment on the
Bruce Peninsula.
11.
Chatham-Kent, Ontario
–
Chatham-Kent is a single-tier municipality in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Mostly rural, its population centres are Chatham, Wallaceburg, Tilbury, Blenheim, Ridgetown, Wheatley, the current Municipality of Chatham-Kent was created in 1998 by the merger of Kent County and its municipalities. The former city of Chatham began as a dockyard in the 1790s. The town was named after the Earl of Chatham, William Pitt and it was built as a naval dockyard, a characteristic shared by Chatham, Kent, England. In England, the name Chatham came from the British root ceto, following the American Revolution and the Gnadenhutten Massacre, a group of Christian Munsee Indians settled in what is now Moraviantown. In the War of 1812, the Battle of the Thames took place between Moraviantown and Thamesville on October 5,1813, during the 19th century, the area was part of the Underground Railroad. As a result, Chatham-Kent is now part of the African-Canadian Heritage Tour, uncle Toms Cabin Historic Site is a museum of the Dawn Settlement, established in 1841 by Josiah Henson near Dresden as refuge for the many slaves who escaped to Canada from the United States. John Brown, the abolitionist, planned his raid on the Harpers Ferry Virginia Arsenal in Chatham, the small village of North Buxton, part of the African Canadian Heritage Tour, also played an important role in the Underground Railroad. Kent County consisted of the townships of Camden, Chatham, Dover, Harwich, Howard, Orford, Raleigh, Romney, Tilbury East, in 1998 the County of Kent and the city of Chatham were amalgamated to form the Municipality of Chatham–Kent. Since then, bus service has begun to serve all of Chatham-Kent, starting in 2007, routes were set up to include the former towns of Wallaceburg and Dresden. Before 1998, each town had their own fire department and it then became the Chatham-Kent Fire Department upon amalgamation. The county also had separate police departments until 1998, the city of Chatham, as well as the towns of Wallaceburg, Dresden, and Tilbury, each had their own departments. The Chatham-Kent Police Service was formed on September 1,1998, Chatham Kent has many historic festivals throughout the year such as the Battle of Longwoods reenactment, which takes place on Labour Day weekend at Fairfield Museum on Longwoods road. Chatham Kent is also home to historic buildings which are part of an annual ghost tour offered each year at Halloween. The participants go on a walk of downtown while the guide informs them of various ghost stories tied to the local buildings in which they pass. Chatham Kent was a part of the Underground Railroad and as such hosts the Buxton Homecoming each September. This celebrates the black culture and the roots laid by early black settlers in the Buxton area. At 2,458 square kilometres, Chatham-Kent is the 12th largest municipality by area in Canada, over 44,000 of the 107,000 residents live in the former City of Chatham
Chatham-Kent, Ontario
–
Thames River in Chatham
Chatham-Kent, Ontario
–
Capitol theatre.
Chatham-Kent, Ontario
–
Chatham Regional Education Center of the
Lambton Kent District School Board
12.
Trinity College School
–
Trinity College School is a coeducational, independent boarding/day school located in Port Hope, Ontario, Canada. TCS was founded on May 1,1865, more than 2 years prior to Canadian Confederation and it includes a Senior School for grades 9 to 12 and a Junior School for grades 5 to 8. Among its notable alumni are The Honourable Mr. Justice Ian Binnie, William Bridges, Edgar Bronfman, Sr. Rhodes, Casimir Cartwright van Straubenzee, conrad Black lasted less than a year when he attended Trinity College School before being expelled for insubordinate behaviour. The Senior School runs on a system, all ten named after former headmasters. Although TCS is co-educational, both boarding and day houses are single sex, there are six boarding houses, Bickle, Bethune, Brent, Burns, Ketchum, Scott, and four day houses, Hodgetts, Rigby, Orchard and Wright. Trinity College School was first founded in the town of Weston, the Revd William Arthur Johnson officially opened the school in his home on May 1,1865. The school was located in the rectory above the Old Mill on east bank of the Humber River north of Lawrence Avenue, at the time there were only 9 students and teaching staff. More and more became interested in the school set up by Johnson. At first, the school was moved to a building at the north-west corner of Rosemount Avenue and King Street in Weston, since a bigger structure was needed, sites at Guelph, Ontario, Whitby, Ontario, Niagara, Ontario, and Thorold, Ontario were all considered. However, prominent citizens in Port Hope, Ontario were very interested in hosting the school in their town. They offered to pay the rent for the Schools premises for 3 years, in September 1868 Trinity College School opened in Port Hope. The following 30 years were ones for the School. Unfortunately, on a night in 1895 an explosion of a coal oil lamp in one of the masters rooms started a fire which destroyed almost the entire School. Fortunately, no one was hurt and the School was rebuilt in only eight months, james Augustus Ellis designed the TCS hockey rink on Ward Street. A second fire occurred in 1928, again, virtually all of the School was destroyed. Rebuilding the School was not an easy task this time, through the generosity of a handful of Old Boys, the debt was finally retired. Since that time, Trinity College School has yet to experience any similar hardships, the last 50 years of the School history read like a chronicle of successes and expansion. TCS continues to be on the edge of education in Canada, particularly in the use
Trinity College School
–
Beati mundo corde
13.
Port Hope, Ontario
–
Port Hope is a municipality in Southern Ontario, Canada, about 109 kilometres east of Toronto and about 159 kilometres west of Kingston. It is located at the mouth of the Ganaraska River on the shore of Lake Ontario. Port Hopes nearest urban neighbour is the Town of Cobourg, while between them and surrounding Cobourg is the Township of Hamilton, since 1868, the town has been home to Trinity College School. Ganaraska was attributed to the area by the First Nations natives of the region and is what they called the river flows through the town. The name originates from Ganaraske, the Cayuga village first located at the current townsite, in 1793, United Empire Loyalists became the first permanent settlers of European heritage in Port Hope, which they called Smiths Creek after a former fur trader. Mills and a town plot were developing by the turn of the century, after the War of 1812, more British settlers were wanted, and a better name was required. In 1834 Port Hope was incorporated as a town, relatively slow growth from 1881 to 1951 resulted in much of the towns original architecture not being demolished in the name of progress. Port Hopes downtown is celebrated now as the best-preserved 19th-century streetscape in Ontario, with over 270 heritage-designated buildings throughout the municipality, Port Hope has a higher per capita rate of preservation than any other town or city in Canada. Downtown businesses are regulated by the municipality to maintain the unique character. On January 1,2001, the town amalgamated with Hope Township to form the Municipality of Port Hope and Hope. Prior to amalgamation, the census population was listed as 11,718 while the townships was 3,877. Downtown Port Hope is well known as a destination for antiques. Port Hope is served by a Via Rail station and it has a medical centre, a walk-in clinic, and a community health centre. com. Port Hopes Economic Development Strategic Plan aims to increase job growth at least as fast as population growth, the town has a variety of industries. Port Hope is known for having the largest volume of historic low-level radioactive wastes in Canada and these wastes were created by Eldorado Mining and Refining Limited and its private sector predecessors, as a result of the refining process used to extract radium from uranium ore. Radium was used in paint, and in the early treatment of cancer. The Eldorado plant also produced uranium, which may have used in the Manhattan Project that created the first nuclear weapon. It continues to produce fuel for nuclear power plants, now under the ownership of Cameco
Port Hope, Ontario
–
Town hall
Port Hope, Ontario
–
Ganaraska River at Port Hope
14.
University of Trinity College
–
Trinity College is a college of the University of Toronto, founded in 1851 by Bishop John Strachan. Trinity was intended by Strachan as a college of strong Anglican alignment, in 1904, Trinity joined the university as a member of its collegiate federation. Trinity College presently consists of a secular undergraduate section and a divinity school that is part of the Toronto School of Theology. Reflecting its English heritage, the college emulates Oxbridge traditions as the wearing of gowns at dinner, a choir that includes choral scholars. Bishop John Strachan, an Anglican priest and Archdeacon of York, the colonial college was effectively controlled by the Church of England and members of the elite Family Compact. In 1849, over opposition from Strachan, Reformists took control of the college. Incensed by this decision, Strachan immediately began raising funds for the creation of Trinity College, working with Kivas Tully, Charles Barry Cleveland superintended many of their important architectural works in eastern Canada including the Trinity College campus at the University of Toronto. The building featured Gothic Revival design, the cornerstone was laid on April 30,1851. Trinity was incorporated as an independent university on 2 August 1851, the Cameron property on Queen Street in western Toronto was purchased for £2,000, and the college opened to students at the site on January 15,1852. On January 10,1842 the first lecture was given at the Diocesan Theological Institute in Cobourg, in 1852, teaching was transferred to Toronto in the new Faculty of Divinity at Trinity College. Trinity College absorbed the Diocesan Theological Institute in Cobourg in 1852, Trinity College gradually expanded its teaching beyond arts and divinity, and by the end of the 19th century its scope had included medicine, law, music, pharmacy and dentistry. The college admitted its first female students in 1884, and St. Hildas College was created in 1888 as the college of Trinity. With Strachans death in 1867, efforts could begin to unite Trinity College with the University of Toronto, after taking office in 1900, provost Thomas C. S. Macklem supported joining the college with the University of Toronto. The matter became hotly contested when Trinitys medical faculty merged with the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine in 1903, after what Macklem described as a long-drawn and bitter series of debates, the college voted 121 to 73 in favour of federation with the University of Toronto. The university made a concession to allow Trinity to administer its own examination in religious subjects, on October 1,1904, Trinity became part of the University of Toronto and relinquished to the university its authority to grant degrees in subjects other than theology. It became clear that the relocation of Trinity closer to the university was necessary, the former site of the college became Trinity Bellwoods Park. Towards the end of the 20th century, the place of longstanding institutions and traditions within the community underwent changes initiated by internal and external parties. Episkopon, a society based in the college since 1858, was officially dissociated from Trinity in 1992, on 30 April 2002 Canada Post issued University of Trinity College, 1852-2002 as part of the Canadian Universities series
University of Trinity College
–
John Strachan
University of Trinity College
–
University of Trinity College
University of Trinity College
–
The original Gothic Revival Trinity College, circa 1852 by architect
Kivas Tully
University of Trinity College
–
Members of faculty at Trinity College in 1904, at the time of federation with the University of Toronto
15.
Toronto
–
Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, Toronto is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is well known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto, meaning place where trees stand in the water. This refers to the end of what is now Lake Simcoe. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
Toronto
–
From top left:
Downtown Toronto featuring the
CN Tower and
Financial District from the
Toronto Harbour,
City Hall, the
Ontario Legislative Building,
Casa Loma,
Prince Edward Viaduct, and the
Scarborough Bluffs
Toronto
–
Coat of arms
Toronto
–
Map of Toronto, 1894
Toronto
–
Yonge Street in 1900
16.
University of Toronto
–
The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the grounds that surround Queens Park. It was founded by charter in 1827 as Kings College. Originally controlled by the Church of England, the university assumed the present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution, as a collegiate university, it comprises twelve colleges, which differ in character and history, each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs. It has two campuses in Scarborough and Mississauga. Academically, the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory, by a significant margin, it receives the most annual scientific research funding of any Canadian university. It is one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States, the other being McGill University, the Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches, with long and storied ties to gridiron football and ice hockey. The universitys Hart House is an example of the North American student centre. The founding of a college had long been the desire of John Graves Simcoe. As an Oxford-educated military commander who had fought in the American Revolutionary War, the Upper Canada Executive Committee recommended in 1798 a college be established in York, the colonial capital. On March 15,1827, a charter was formally issued by King George IV, proclaiming from this time one College, with the style. For the education of youth in the principles of the Christian Religion, the granting of the charter was largely the result of intense lobbying by John Strachan, the influential Anglican Bishop of Toronto who took office as the colleges first president. The original three-storey Greek Revival school building was built on the present site of Queens Park, under Strachans stewardship, Kings College was a religious institution closely aligned with the Church of England and the British colonial elite, known as the Family Compact. Reformist politicians opposed the control over colonial institutions and fought to have the college secularized. Having anticipated this decision, the enraged Strachan had resigned a year earlier to open Trinity College as a private Anglican seminary, University College was created as the nondenominational teaching branch of the University of Toronto. Established in 1878, the School of Practical Science was precursor to the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, while the Faculty of Medicine opened in 1843, medical teaching was conducted by proprietary schools from 1853 until 1887, when the faculty absorbed the Toronto School of Medicine. Meanwhile, the university continued to set examinations and confer medical degrees, the university opened the Faculty of Law in 1887, followed by the Faculty of Dentistry in 1888, when the Royal College of Dental Surgeons became an affiliate. Women were first admitted to the university in 1884, over the next two decades, a collegiate system took shape as the university arranged federation with several ecclesiastical colleges, including Strachans Trinity College in 1904. The university operated the Royal Conservatory of Music from 1896 to 1991, the University of Toronto Press was founded in 1901 as Canadas first academic publishing house
University of Toronto
–
A painting by
Sir Edmund Walker depicts
University College as it appeared in 1858.
University of Toronto
–
University of Toronto
University of Toronto
–
A
Sopwith Camel aircraft rests on the Front Campus lawn in 1918, during World War I.
University of Toronto
–
Soldiers' Tower, a memorial to alumni fallen in the World Wars, contains a 51-bell
carillon.
17.
Victoria College (U of T)
–
Victoria University is a college of the University of Toronto, founded in 1836 and named for Queen Victoria. It is commonly called Victoria College, informally Vic, after the academic component that now forms its undergraduate division. Since 1928, Victoria College has retained secular studies in the liberal arts, Victoria is situated in the northeastern part of the university campus, adjacent to St. Michaels College and Queens Park. Among its residential halls is Annesley Hall, a National Historic Site of Canada, a major centre for Reformation and Renaissance studies, Victoria is home to international scholarly projects and holdings devoted to pre-Puritan English drama and the works of Desiderius Erasmus. Victoria College was founded as the Upper Canada Academy by the Wesleyan Methodist Church. In 1831, a committee decided to locate the academy on four acres of land in Cobourg, Ontario, east of Toronto, because of its central location in a large town and access by land. The school officially opened to male and female students on October 12,1836, with Ryerson as the first president, although the school taught a variety of liberal arts subjects, it also functioned as an unofficial Methodist seminary. In 1841, it was incorporated as Victoria College, named for Queen Victoria, john Harper designed Victoria University Medical College, Gerrard Street East at Sackville Street, Toronto which was demolished. Victoria University was formed in 1884 when Victoria College and Albert University federated with each other, in 1890, Victoria University federated with the University of Toronto. In 1892, Victoria University moved from Cobourg to its current campus on Queens Park Crescent, south of Bloor Street, a plaque was erected at 100 University Avenue at the intersection with College Street in Cobourg, Ontario. Victoria College The cornerstone of this building was laid June 7,1832, first operated under a royal charter by the Wesleyan Methodists as Upper Canada Academy, in 1841 it obtained a provincial charter under the name of Victoria College, giving it power to grant degrees. Victoria’s first president was the Reverend Egerton Ryerson, newspaper editor, in 1890 the college federated with the University of Toronto and, in 1892, left Cobourg. James Loudon, a former President of the universities, had prohibited dancing at the University of Toronto until 1896. However, dancing at Victoria was not officially permissible until thirty years later, the WWI list of honour was erected by the Alumni and Alumnae Associations on October 13,1923 while the WWII list of honour was erected by the Board of Regents. In 1928, the independent Union College federated with the department of Victoria College. On the old Ontario strand for piano by Joyce Belyea was published for the Victoria College Music Club between 1946 and 1948 by the J. H, peel Music Pub. Co. in Toronto. The main building, Old Vic, is an example of Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style, the architect was W. G. Storm, who died shortly after completion. The campus is centred on the quadrangle of Victoria, outlined by the upper and lower houses of Burwash Hall
Victoria College (U of T)
–
Old Vic in 1900
Victoria College (U of T)
–
Victoria University
Victoria College (U of T)
–
Old Vic, the oldest building of Victoria College
Victoria College (U of T)
–
Burwash Hall
18.
Orangeville, Ontario
–
Orangeville is a town in south-central Ontario, Canada, and the seat of Dufferin County. The archeological record in Dufferin County dates indigenous occupation of the area to the early Paleo-Indian time period from 9000 to 8400 BCE, what eventually became Orangeville and Dufferin County, was historically the traditional territory of the Tionontati or Petún People. The Petun occupied from eight to ten villages located below the Niagara Escarpment along the southwest margin of Georgian Bay and they then fled along with other Huron peoples into the United States, while other Petún sought refuge with their French allies and settled in Quebec. During the pre-confederation Treaty era, Anishinaabe or Chippewa First Nations signed Treaty #18 on Oct 17th,1818, Orangeville serves as an administrative and commercial hub for Dufferin County, the northern portion of Peel Region and the surrounding area. Orangevilles downtown core is home to retail stores, and there is a cluster of big-box stores in the Fairgrounds Shopping Centre. Many residents in and around Orangeville also commute to areas of the Greater Toronto Area for work. There are a number of manufacturing plants located in the town, major industrial employers include Greening Donald, Resolve Corporation, Clorox Company of Canada, Relizon Canada, Rochling Engineering Plastics and Sanoh Canada. Orangeville is also the main banking centre for residents in the area, the main intersection in the heart of the town is Broadway and First Street. Highway 10 runs through Orangeville on its east side, beginning in 2005, a major roadwork project was initiated to resurface Broadway through Orangeville. The downtown section was completed in early 2006, with work still to be done on the west end in late 2006. Construction of the South Arterial Road, often referred to as the Orangeville by-pass, was completed on August 3,2005, the road runs from east to west, connecting Highway 10 and County Road 109. Much of the eastern stretch runs through the Town of Caledon, aecon Construction and Materials Limited was the successful bidder for the Design Build project with a price of $9.8 million. The project was completed in conjunction with Brampton-based Armbro Construction, TSH Engineers Architects Planners, Peto MacCallum Ltd. Orangeville Transit is the towns own public transit system, and there is a commuter GO Transit bus service to Brampton. In the early 1990s, preliminary plans were drawn up for GO Transit rail service to Orangeville, however, it never got past the drawing board. Industries in Orangeville are served by the Orangeville-Brampton Railway, which purchased 55 kilometres of track from the Canadian Pacific Railway. The railway connects with the CPR in Streetsville, and also services customers in Brampton to the south, about 100 years ago, survey work was underway for an electric railway line which would serve Orangeville, the Huron and Ontario Electric Railway. According to the 2011 Canadian Census, the population of Orangeville is 27,975, the area is 15.61 km2, giving a population density of 1, 800/km2. The median age is 37.3 years, lower than the median age of 40.6 years
Orangeville, Ontario
–
Orangeville
Orangeville, Ontario
–
The house of Orangeville founder Orange Lawrence as it stands today.
Orangeville, Ontario
–
There are many upscale businesses on Broadway through downtown Orangeville
Orangeville, Ontario
–
Orangeville Town Hall.
19.
Post Office Department (Canada)
–
Canada Post Corporation, known more simply as Canada Post, is the crown corporation which functions as the countrys primary postal operator. Originally known as Royal Mail Canada, rebranding was done to the “Canada Post” name in the late 1960s, on October 16,1981, the Canada Post Corporation Act came into effect. This abolished the Post Office Department and created the present day Crown corporation which provides postal service, the act aimed to set a new direction for the postal service by ensuring the postal services financial security and independence. Canada Post provided service to more than 15.8 million addresses and delivered almost 9 billion items in 2015, Delivery takes place via traditional to the door service by 25,000 letter carriers, through a 13,000 vehicle fleet. There are more than 6,200 post offices across the country, in terms of area serviced, Canada Post delivers to a larger area than the postal service of any other nation, including Russia. As of 2004, nearly 843,000 rural Canadian customers received residential mail delivery services, Canada Post operates as a group of companies called The Canada Post Group. It employs approximately 64,000 full and part-time employees to deliver a range of delivery, logistics. The Corporation holds an interest in Purolator Courier, Innovapost, Progistix-Solutions, in 2000, Canada Post created a company called Epost, allowed customers to receive their bill online for free. Canada Post is the Federal Identity Program name, the legal name is Canada Post Corporation in English and Société canadienne des postes in French. On August 3,1527 in St. Johns, Newfoundland, while in St. Johns, John Rut wrote a letter to King Henry VIII about his findings and planned voyage. Mail delivery within Canada first started in 1693 when the Portuguese born Pedro da Silva was paid to deliver mail between Quebec City and Montreal, official postal services began in 1775, under the control of the British Government up to 1851. The first postage stamp went into circulation in Canada that same year and it was not until 1867 when the newly formed Dominion of Canada created the Post Office Department as a federal government department headed by a Cabinet minister, the Postmaster General of Canada. The Act took effect April 1,1868, providing postal service throughout the newly established country. Prior to rural mail delivery, many Canadians living outside major cities, on 10 October 1908, the first free rural mail delivery service was instituted in Canada. The extension of residential mail delivery services to all rural Canadian residents was an achievement for the Post Office Department. The Post Office Department was a pioneer of airmail delivery, with the first airmail flight taking place on June 24,1918. They had with them the first bag of mail to be delivered by air in Canada, wind and rain buffetted the small plane and forced it to make refuelling stops at Kingston and Deseronto. Finally, at 4,55 p. m. Peck, the flight had been arranged by a civilian organization, the Aerial League of the British Empire, to demonstrate that aviation was the way of the future
Post Office Department (Canada)
–
Canada Post
LLV, seen in
Montreal,
Quebec.
Post Office Department (Canada)
–
Canada Post Corporation
Post Office Department (Canada)
–
Through the 1960s, the Royal Mail brand was replaced,
Post Office Department (Canada)
–
by Canada Post.
20.
Ottawa
–
Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
Ottawa
–
Centre Block on Parliament Hill, the
National War Memorial in
downtown Ottawa, the
National Gallery of Canada, and the
Rideau Canal and
Château Laurier.
Ottawa
–
Bytown in 1853. Military Barracks on hill top was occupied by "A" Company of the
Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment, presently home to
Parliament Hill.
Ottawa
–
Centre Block on
Parliament Hill under construction in 1863
Ottawa
–
Looking east down
Rideau Street. In view: the
Union Station on the right, and the (now demolished)
Daly Building on the left. 1922
21.
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
–
Its headquarters are in Terrasses de la Chaudière, in downtown Gatineau, Quebec. First Nation, has used since the 1970s instead of the word Indian. The term Indian is used for legal and historical documents such as Status Indians as defined by the Indian Act, for example, the term Indian continues to be used in the historical and legal document, the Canadian Constitution and federal statutes. The word means people in the Inuit language — Inuktitut, the singular of Inuit is Inuk. Eskimo is found in documents about Canadian Inuit. The term Aboriginal is commonly used referring to the three groups of indigenous peoples as a whole. It is also used by Aboriginal people who live within Canada who claim rights of sovereignty or Aboriginal title to lands, the department is overseen by the Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs. The current minister, since November 2015, is Carolyn Bennett, the last minister under the Conservative government that lost the 2015 federal election was Bernard Valcourt. James Moore acted in the position between Valcourt and the previous minister John Duncan, iNACs responsibilities are largely determined by numerous statutes, negotiated agreements and relevant legal decisions. Most of the Departments programs, representing a majority of its spending - are delivered through partnerships with Aboriginal communities, INAC also works with urban Indigenous people, Métis and Non-Status Indians. INAC also works with urban First Nations, Métis and Non-Status Indians through the Office of the Federal Interlocutor, INAC also manages the resources and lands of federal lands, including land and subsurface leases and resource royalties. In 1755, the British Crown established the British Indian Department, the Indian Governors General held control of Indian Affairs, but usually delegated much of their responsibility to a series of Civil Secretaries. The responsibility for Indian Affairs and Northern Development rested with various government departments between 1873 and 1966, the Minister of the Interior also held the position of Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs after the Indian Affairs Department was established in 1880. In 1939, federal jurisdiction for Indian peoples was interpreted by the courts to apply to the Inuit, a revised Indian Act was passed in 1951. From 1950 to 1965, the Indian Affairs portfolio was carried by the Minister of Citizenship, on October 1,1966, the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development was created as a result of the Government Organization Act,1966. Effective June 13,2011, the department began using the applied title Aboriginal Affairs, when the Department of the Interior dissolved in 1936, Indian Affairs fell under the purview of the Department of Mines and Resources. This became the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development in 1966, under the Federal Identity Program, the department is known as Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Beginning in the early 20th century, the Canadian government sponsored annual expeditions to the Canadian North and these expeditions yielded extensive photographic documentation of the lives of northern indigenous peoples by participating explorers, engineers, scientists and medical staff
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
–
Terrasses de la Chaudière houses the departmental headquarters in
Gatineau,
Quebec.
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
–
Aboriginal peoples
in Canada
22.
William Wilfred Campbell
–
William Wilfred Campbell was a Canadian poet. By the end of the 19th century, he was considered the poet laureate of Canada. Inspired by these writers, Campbell expressed his own religious idealism in traditional forms, William Wilfred Campbell was born around 1 June circa 1860 in Berlin, Ontario, now present-day Kitchener. His father, Rev. Thomas Swainston Campbell, was an Anglican clergyman who had assigned the task of setting up several frontier parishes in Canada West. The Campbell family settled in Wiarton, Ontario in 1871, where Wilfred grew up, Campbell married Mary DeBelle in 1884. They had four children, Margery, Faith, Basil, in 1885 Campbell was ordained to the Episcopal priesthood, and was soon appointed to a New England parish. In 1888 he returned to Canada and became rector of St. Stephen, in 1891, after suffering a crisis of faith, Campbell resigned from the ministry and took a civil service position in Ottawa. He received a permanent position in the Department of Militia and Defence two years later, living in Ottawa, Campbell became acquainted with Archibald Lampman—his next door neighbor at one time—and through him with Duncan Campbell Scott. In February 1892, Campbell, Lampman, and Scott began writing a column of literary essays, as Lampman wrote to a friend, Campbell is deplorably poor. They agreed to it, and Campbell, Scott and I have been carrying on the thing for several weeks now, the column ran only until July 1893. Lampman and Scott found it difficult to keep a rein on Campbells frank expression of his heterodox opinions, readers of the Toronto Globe reacted negatively when Campbell presented the history of the cross as a mythic symbol. His apology for overestimating their intellectual capacities did little to resolve the controversy and it was the principles of Imperialist that guided his work in Poems of loyalty by British and Canadian authors and for The Oxford Book of Canadian Verse. As editor of The Oxford book of Canadian Verse, Campbell devoted more pages to his own poetry than to others, but by choosing mostly from his longer work—including an excerpt from Mordred —he did not choose his best work. In contrast, the poems he selected from his fellow Confederation Poets reflected some of their best work, Campbell was transferred to the Dominion Archives in 1909. In 1915 he moved his family to an old farmhouse on the outskirts of Ottawa. He died of pneumonia on New Years morning,1918 and he was buried in Ottawas Beechwood Cemetery. Seems to have printed at a newspaper office sometime around 1879 or 1880. He placed poetry in the University of Toronto Varsity in 1881, as a theology student in Massachusetts, Campbell met Oliver Wendell Holmes, who recommended his poetry to Atlantic Monthly editor Thomas Bailey Aldrich
William Wilfred Campbell
–
William Wilfred Campbell
23.
Toronto Globe
–
The Globe was a newspaper in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, founded in 1844 by George Brown as a Reform voice. It merged with The Mail and Empire in 1936 to form The Globe, the Globe began as a weekly newspaper on March 5,1844 edited by George Brown a Presbyterian immigrant from Scotland by way of New York City, where he and his father had edited newspapers. In August 1844 it began to be printed on the first cylinder press in Canada West, the press was able to print 1,250 papers in one hour, many more than the old Washington hand press which could only produce 200 an hour. In September 1846, the Globe became a semi-weekly, in 1849 it became weekly again, the first office the Globe occupied was on the south-west corner of King and Jordan streets on property that was transferred to him from a man named Angus Dallas in 1850. The Globe was responsible for launching the careers of many men who went on to make their names famous including Erastus Wiman, William Edwards, and Charles Harcourt. Brown filled his editorials with vehement ridicule of the Catholic Church, Jesuits, priests, nunneries, the Globe was also known for having some of the most current news of the time. During the Crimean War, before the era of the Atlantic cable, when the cable was established a reporter for the Globe named Mr. Houston was able to get the scoop on the England elections and release a special edition. By the 1850s, The Globe was an independent newspaper and moved toward a radical, the first overseas correspondent from a Toronto newspaper was sent to Great Britain in 1851 by The Globe. On October 1,1853, The Daily Globe appeared, in 1855, the Globe acquired both The Examiner and The North American. In 1936 it absorbed The Mail and Empire to form The Globe, History of Canadian newspapers List of newspapers in Canada Bélanger, Claude. George Brown, in L’Encyclopédie de l’histoire du Québec / The Quebec History Encyclopedia, Brown of the Globe, Volume One, Voice of Upper Canada 1818-1859 online Careless, J. M. C. Brown of the Globe, Volume Two, Statesman of Confederation 1860-1880, excerpt Careless, J. M. S. BROWN, GEORGE, in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 10, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed November 18,2015, online Careless, George Brown and Confederation, Manitoba Historical Society Transactions, Series 3, Number 26, 1969-70 online Careless, J. M. C. The Toronto Globe and Agrarian Radicalism, 1850–67, creighton, Donald G. George Brown, Sir John Macdonald, and the “Workingman”. Canadian Historical Review 24#4 pp, 362-376, the Globe on Saturday, The World on Sunday, Toronto Weekend Editions and the Influence of the American Sunday Paper, 1886-1895. Reluctant Voluntaries, Peter and George Brown, The Scottish Disruption, journal of religious history 25.2, 134-157. The Economics of an Early Nineteenth-Century Toronto Newspaper Shop, papers of The Bibliographical Society of Canada 41#1. George Brown and the printers union, journal of Canadian Studies/Revue dÉtudes Canadiennes 10#1, 42+
Toronto Globe
–
The Globe 's front page, 1889
24.
Elizabethan era
–
The Elizabethan era is the epoch in English history marked by the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Historians often depict it as the age in English history. In terms of the century, the historian John Guy argues that England was economically healthier, more expansive. This golden age represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of poetry, music, the era is most famous for theatre, as William Shakespeare and many others composed plays that broke free of Englands past style of theatre. It was an age of exploration and expansion abroad, while back at home and it was also the end of the period when England was a separate realm before its royal union with Scotland. The Elizabethan Age may be viewed especially highly when considered in light of the failings of the periods preceding Elizabeths reign, the Protestant/Catholic divide was settled, for a time, by the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, and parliament was not yet strong enough to challenge royal absolutism. England was also compared to the other nations of Europe. The Italian Renaissance had come to an end under the weight of Spanish domination of the peninsula, France was embroiled in its own religious battles due to significant Spanish intervention, that would only be settled in 1598 with the Edict of Nantes. The one great rival was Spain, which England clashed both in Europe and the Americas in skirmishes that exploded into the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604 and this drained both the English Exchequer and economy that had been so carefully restored under Elizabeths prudent guidance. English commercial and territorial expansion would be limited until the signing of the Treaty of London the year following Elizabeths death, economically, the country began to benefit greatly from the new era of trans-Atlantic trade, persistent theft of Spanish treasure, and the African slave trade. The Victorian era and the early 20th century idealised the Elizabethan era, the Encyclopædia Britannica maintains that he long reign of Elizabeth I, 1558–1603, was Englands Golden Age. Merry England, in love with life, expressed itself in music and literature, in architecture and this idealising tendency was shared by Britain and an Anglophilic America. In popular culture, the image of those adventurous Elizabethan seafarers was embodied in the films of Errol Flynn, in response and reaction to this hyperbole, modern historians and biographers have tended to take a more dispassionate view of the Tudor period. Elizabethan England was not particularly successful in a military sense during the period, having inherited a virtually bankrupt state from previous reigns, her frugal policies restored fiscal responsibility. Her fiscal restraint cleared the regime of debt by 1574, and this general peace and prosperity allowed the attractive developments that Golden Age advocates have stressed. The Elizabethan Age was also an age of plots and conspiracies, frequently political in nature, high officials in Madrid, Paris and Rome sought to kill Elizabeth, a Protestant, and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots, a Catholic. That would be a prelude to the recovery of England for Catholicism. In 1570, the Ridolfi plot was thwarted, in 1584, the Throckmorton Plot was discovered, after Francis Throckmorton confessed his involvement in a plot to overthrow the Queen and restore the Catholic Church in England
Elizabethan era
–
Queen Elizabeth
Elizabethan era
–
The National Armada memorial in
Plymouth using the Britannia image to celebrate the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 (William Charles May, sculptor, 1888)
Elizabethan era
–
Elizabeth ushers in Peace and Plenty. Detail from The Family of Henry VIII: An Allegory of the Tudor Succession, c. 1572, attributed to
Lucas de Heere.
Elizabethan era
–
The Spanish Armada fighting the English navy at the
Battle of Gravelines in 1588.
25.
Mermaid Tavern
–
The Mermaid Tavern was a tavern on Cheapside in London during the Elizabethan era, located east of St. Pauls Cathedral on the corner of Friday Street and Bread Street. A popular tradition has grown up that the group included William Shakespeare, according to Jonson, the Tavern was situated on Bread Street. It probably had entrances on both Bread Street and Friday Street, the location corresponds to the modern junction between Bread Street and Cannon Street. The taverns landlord is named as William Johnson in a will dated 1603, in 1600 a notable disorder, caused by some drunken members of a group known as the Damned Crew attacking the watch after they were challenged, began after they were ejected from the Mermaid Tavern. It resulted in a Star Chamber trial, the building was destroyed in 1666 during the Great Fire of London. Gifford also was the first to name the Mermaid as the site of Jonson and Shakespeares battle-of-wits debates in which they discussed politics, religion, and literature. According to tradition, Shakespeare, though not as learned as Jonson, often won these debates because Jonson was more ponderous, how much of the legend is true is a matter of speculation. There is an reference to the Tavern and its witty conversation in Master Francis Beaumonts Letter to Ben Jonson. Coryats letters also refer to the Tavern, and mention Jonson, Donne, Cotton, Inigo Jones, Shakespeare certainly had connections with some of the taverns literary clientele, as well as with the taverns landlord, William Johnson. When Shakespeare bought the Blackfriars gatehouse on March 10,1613, and Hugh Holland, mentioned in Coryats letters, composed one of the commendatory poems prefacing the First Folio of Shakespeares plays. The Sireniacal gentlemen also met at the Mitre tavern in London, apparently they were seen as too elitist. The wine in question seems to be the same as sack, Jonson and Beaumont both mentioned the tavern in their verse. Jonsons Inviting a Friend to Supper refers to A pure cup of rich Canary wine, / Which is the Mermaids now and he is not of our time, but of all times. With Rabelais he rioted, and Don Quixote and Sancho were his vera brithers, in 1913 the ballad poet Alfred Noyes published Tales of the Mermaid Tavern, a long poem in a series of chapters, each dedicated to Elizabethan writers associated with the tavern. These include Jonson, Shakespeare and Marlowe, beryl Markham, in her 1942 memoir, West with the Night, remarked that every man has his Mermaids Tavern, every hamlet its shrine to conviviality. William Stansby Mermaid Series Affinity group Halliday, F. E, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press. New York, St. Martins Press,1981, a Pleasing Sinne, Drink and Conviviality in Seventeenth-century England. Volume 14 of Studies in Renaissance literature, DS Brewer,2004 ISBN 184384009X Details from William Shakespeare. Org
Mermaid Tavern
–
Top half of the title page of
Richard Braithwaite 's Lawes of Drinking,
William Marshall, engraver. It has been argued that the tavern sign, which reads (clockwise from top) Poets impalled wt Lawrell coranets (Poets impaled with laurel coronets), is that of the Mermaid Tavern.
Mermaid Tavern
–
A fanciful 19th-century depiction of Shakespeare and his contemporaries at the Mermaid Tavern. Painting by
John Faed, 1851.
Mermaid Tavern
–
An illustration depicting Shakespeare and Jonson debating at the tavern
26.
Beechwood Cemetery
–
Beechwood Cemetery, located in Ottawa, Ontario, is the National Cemetery of Canada. In addition to being Canadas National Cemetery, it is also the National Military Cemetery of Canada, a woodland cemetery founded in 1873, it is 64.7 hectares and is the largest cemetery in the city of Ottawa. It was designated as a National Historic Site of Canada in 2001, the cemetery has served as the National Military Cemetery of Canada since 2001 and has served since 2004 as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police National Memorial Cemetery. Her Excellency, the Right Honourable Michaëlle Jean, Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of Canada, pipe Major Sgt Tom Brown is the on call piper for the National Military Cemetery at Beechwood where he can perform up to a dozen outdoor funerals a year. When new colours are received or a unit is disbanded, colours are treated with utmost respect to service and are never destroyed. After being carried on parade for the last time, the party presents the colours prior to the ceremony in which they are laid up for safekeeping in the Hall of Colours. Designed by Robertson Martin Architects, the Hall of Colours features a stained glass window featuring an oak tree in leaf honouring Canadian military chaplains. The Hall of Colours was supported by a donation of $50,000 from Dominion Command of The Royal Canadian Legion, the retired colours of Canadas army, air force and naval regiments are mounted at ceiling level in the Hall of Colours in the National Memorial Centre. The first monument in the cemetery was erected by members of the 2nd Ottawa Field Battery in the 1870s, the sculptured sandstone cairn is dedicated to the memory of their former commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel John B. Erected in the 1870s by members of the 2nd Ottawa Field Battery, the cemetery inspired a classic Canadian poem In Beechwood Cemetery by Archibald Lampman with its memorable final line, They know no season but the end of time. Moses Chamberlain Edey designed the entrance gates in 1891. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission is responsible for the graves of 98 Commonwealth service personnel of World War I and 113 of World War II, noted for its Neo-Gothic architecture, the mausoleum at Beechwood was built in the early 1930s. The building was built by a separate from the cemetery. After a few years of operation, in a time of depression and financial difficulties, the building features stained glass windows designed by noted stained glass artist James Blomfield. This was done to serve as an important symbol of Canadian unity and pride, the bill was passed on March 6. The bill received Royal Assent on April 23,2009, a full list of notable individuals buried at Beechwood can be found on the cemeterys website. List of national cemeteries by country Bibliography Beechwood Cemetery Web site Cemetery Details, Beechwood Cemetery at Find a Grave Beechwood National Military Cemetery at Find a Grave
Beechwood Cemetery
–
Cross of Sacrifice erected in honour and memory of all war veterans in 1959
Beechwood Cemetery
–
Boy Scouts placing wreaths on the graves of
William McDougall and
Hewitt Bernard,
Fathers of Confederation, in Beechwood Cemetery in 1927 in commemoration of the golden jubilee of
Canadian Confederation
Beechwood Cemetery
–
Celtic cross at Beechwood Cemetery
27.
Charles G. D. Roberts
–
Sir Charles George Douglas Roberts, KCMG FRSC was a Canadian poet and prose writer who is known as the Father of Canadian Poetry. He was almost the first Canadian author to obtain worldwide reputation and influence and he published numerous works on Canadian exploration and natural history, verse, travel books, and fiction. At his death he was regarded as Canadas leading man of letters, besides his own body of work, Roberts is also called the Father of Canadian Poetry because he served as an inspiration and a source of assistance for other Canadian poets of his time. Roberts, his cousin Bliss Carman, Archibald Lampman and Duncan Campbell Scott are known as the Confederation Poets, Roberts was born in Douglas, New Brunswick in 1860, the eldest child of Emma Wetmore Bliss and Rev. George Goodridge Roberts. Rev. Roberts was rector of Fredericton and canon of Christ Church Cathedral, charless brother Theodore Goodridge Roberts and sister, Jane Elizabeth Gostwycke Roberts, would also become authors. Between the ages of 8 months and 14 years, Roberts was raised in the parish of Westcock, New Brunswick, near Sackville and he was homeschooled, mostly by his father, who was proficient in Greek, Latin and French. He published his first writing, three articles in The Colonial Farmer, at 12 years of age. After the family moved to Fredericton in 1873, Roberts attended Fredericton Collegiate School from 1874 to 1876, Roberts was principal of Chatham High School in Chatham, New Brunswick, from 1879 to 1881, and of York Street School in Fredericton from 1881 to 1883. In Chatham he met and befriended Edmund Collins, editor of the Chatham Star, Roberts first published poetry in the Canadian Illustrated News of March 30,1878, and by 1879 he had placed two poems in the prestigious American magazine, Scribners. In 1880, Roberts published his first book of poetry, Orion, thanks in part to his industry in sending out complimentary review copies, there were many positive reviews. Rose-Belford’s Canadian Monthly proclaimed, Here is a writer whose power, the Montreal Gazette predicted that Roberts would confer merited fame on himself and lasting honour on his country. As well, several American periodicals reviewed it favourably, including the New York Independent, on December 29,1880, Roberts married Mary Fenety, who would bear him five children. The biography by Robertss friend Edmund Collins, The Life and Times of Sir John A. Macdonald, was published in 1883, the book was a huge success, going through eight printings. It contained a chapter on “Thought and Literature in Canada, ” which devoted 15 pages to Roberts. Beyond any comparison, Collins declared, our greatest Canadian poet is Mr. Charles G. D. Roberts, Edmund Collins is probably responsible for the early acceptance of Charles G. D. Roberts as Canada’s foremost poet. From 1883 to 1884, Roberts was in Toronto, Ontario, working as the editor of Goldwin Smiths short-lived literary magazine, Roberts lasted only five months at The Week before resigning in frustration from overwork and clashes with Smith. In 1885, Roberts became a professor at the University of Kings College in Windsor, in 1886, his second book, In Divers Tones, was published by a Boston publisher. During the same period, he published almost an equal number of stories, primarily for juvenile readers, in periodicals like The Youths Companion
Charles G. D. Roberts
–
Sir Charles G. D. Roberts Source: Library and Archives Canada, C-006718
Charles G. D. Roberts
28.
Alfred Tennyson
–
Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson, FRS was Poet Laureate of Great Britain and Ireland during much of Queen Victorias reign and remains one of the most popular British poets. Tennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, such as Break, Break, Break, The Charge of the Light Brigade, Tears, Idle Tears, Tennyson also wrote some notable blank verse including Idylls of the King, Ulysses, and Tithonus. During his career, Tennyson attempted drama, but his plays enjoyed little success and he is the ninth most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. Tennyson was born in Somersby, Lincolnshire, England and he was born into a middle-class line of Tennysons, but also had a noble and royal ancestry. His father, George Clayton Tennyson, was rector of Somersby, also rector of Benniworth and Bag Enderby, and vicar of Grimsby. Rev. George Clayton Tennyson raised a family and was a man of superior abilities and varied attainments, who tried his hand with fair success in architecture, painting, music. He was comfortably well off for a clergyman and his shrewd money management enabled the family to spend summers at Mablethorpe. Alfred Tennysons mother, Elizabeth Fytche, was the daughter of Stephen Fytche, vicar of St. James Church, Louth and rector of Withcall, Tennysons father carefully attended to the education and training of his children. Tennyson and two of his brothers were writing poetry in their teens and a collection of poems by all three was published locally when Alfred was only 17. One of those brothers, Charles Tennyson Turner, later married Louisa Sellwood, the sister of Alfreds future wife. Another of Tennysons brothers, Edward Tennyson, was institutionalised at a private asylum, Tennyson was a student of Louth Grammar School for four years and then attended Scaitcliffe School, Englefield Green and King Edward VI Grammar School, Louth. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1827, where he joined a society called the Cambridge Apostles. A portrait of Tennyson by George Frederic Watts is in Trinitys collection, at Cambridge, Tennyson met Arthur Henry Hallam and William Henry Brookfield, who became his closest friends. His first publication was a collection of his rhymes and those of his elder brother Charles entitled Poems by Two Brothers. In 1829, Tennyson was awarded the Chancellors Gold Medal at Cambridge for one of his first pieces, reportedly, it was thought to be no slight honour for a young man of twenty to win the chancellors gold medal. He published his first solo collection of poems, Poems Chiefly Lyrical in 1830, claribel and Mariana, which later took their place among Tennysons most celebrated poems, were included in this volume. Although decried by critics as overly sentimental, his verse soon proved popular and brought Tennyson to the attention of well-known writers of the day. In the spring of 1831, Tennysons father died, requiring him to leave Cambridge before taking his degree and he returned to the rectory, where he was permitted to live for another six years and shared responsibility for his widowed mother and the family
Alfred Tennyson
–
1869
Carbon print by
Julia Margaret Cameron
Alfred Tennyson
–
An illustration by
W. E. F. Britten showing Somersby Rectory, where Tennyson was raised and began writing.
Alfred Tennyson
–
Tennyson with his wife Emily (1813–1896) and his sons Hallam (1852–1928) and Lionel (1854–1886).
Alfred Tennyson
–
Lord Tennyson.
29.
Goldwin Smith
–
Goldwin Smith was a British historian and journalist, active in the United Kingdom and Canada. Smith was born at Reading, Berkshire and he was educated at Eton College and Magdalen College, Oxford, and after a brilliant undergraduate career he was elected to a fellowship at University College, Oxford. He threw his energy into the cause of university reform with another fellow of University College and his position as an authority on educational reform was further recognised by a seat on the Popular Education Commission of 1858. In 1868, when the question of reform at Oxford was again growing acute, he published a pamphlet, entitled The Reorganization of the University of Oxford. In 1865, he led the University of Oxford opposition to a proposal to develop Cripley Meadow north of Oxford railway station for use as a site of Great Western Railway workshops. His father had been a director of GWR, instead the workshops were located in Swindon. His aspiration that colonists and Americans should be attracted to Oxford was later realised by the will of Cecil Rhodes, as a historian, indeed, he left no abiding work, the multiplicity of his interests prevented him from concentrating on any one subject. The outbreak of the American Civil War proved a point in his life. Unlike most of the classes in England, he championed the cause of the North. Played a prominent part in converting English opinion, visiting America on a lecture tour in 1864, he received an enthusiastic welcome, and was entertained at a public banquet in New York. Andrew Dickson White, president of Cornell University at Ithaca, N. Y. invited him to take up a teaching post at the newly founded institution. But it was not until a change in Smith’s personal circumstances that led to his departure from England in 1868. He had resigned his chair at Oxford in 1866 in order to attend to his father, in the autumn of 1867, when Smith was briefly absent, his father took his own life. Possibly blaming himself for the tragedy, and now without an Oxford appointment and he held the professorship of English and Constitutional History in the Department of History at Cornell University for a number of years. Goldwin Smith Hall, which is located in Cornells Arts Quad, is named in his honour. In 1871 he moved to Toronto, where he edited the Canadian Monthly, and subsequently founded the Week and the Bystander, and he continued to take an active interest in English politics. As a Liberal, he opposed Benjamin Disraeli, and was a supporter of Irish Disestablishment. He expressly stated that “if he ever had a leader, his leader was John Bright
Goldwin Smith
–
Goldwin Smith
Goldwin Smith
Goldwin Smith
–
Portrait of Goldwin Smith, by
Sir Edmund Wyly Grier, 1894.
Goldwin Smith
–
Bust of Goldwin Smith, by
Alexander Munro, 1866.
30.
Sonnet
–
A sonnet is a poem in a specific form which originated in Italy, Giacomo da Lentini is credited with its invention. The term sonnet is derived from the Italian word sonetto, by the thirteenth century it signified a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. Conventions associated with the sonnet have evolved over its history, writers of sonnets are sometimes called sonneteers, although the term can be used derisively. The sonnet was created by Giacomo da Lentini, head of the Sicilian School under Emperor Frederick II, guittone dArezzo rediscovered it and brought it to Tuscany where he adapted it to his language when he founded the Siculo-Tuscan School, or Guittonian school of poetry. Other Italian poets of the time, including Dante Alighieri and Guido Cavalcanti, wrote sonnets, other fine examples were written by Michelangelo. The structure of a typical Italian sonnet of the included two parts that together formed a compact form of argument. First, the octave, forms the proposition, which describes a problem, or question, followed by a sestet, typically, the ninth line initiates what is called the turn, or volta, which signals the move from proposition to resolution. Even in sonnets that dont strictly follow the structure, the ninth line still often marks a turn by signaling a change in the tone, mood. Later, the abba, abba pattern became the standard for Italian sonnets, for the sestet there were two different possibilities, cde, cde and cdc, cdc. In time, other variants on this scheme were introduced. Petrarch typically used an abba, abba pattern for the octave, in English, both the English or Shakespearean sonnet, and the Italian Petrarchan sonnet are traditionally written in iambic pentameter. Early twentieth-century American poet Edna St. Vincent Millay also wrote mostly Petrarchan sonnets, on His Blindness by Milton, gives a sense of the Petrarchan rhyme scheme, Most Sonnets in Dantes La Vita Nuova are Petrarchan. Chapter VII gives sonnet O voi che per la via, with two sestets and two quatrains, and Ch. VIII, Morte villana, with two sestets and two quatrains and it was written by Paolo Lanfranchi da Pistoia and is addressed to Peter III of Aragon. It employs the rhyme scheme a-b-a-b, a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d-c-d and this poem is historically interesting for its information on north Italian perspectives concerning the War of the Sicilian Vespers, the conflict between the Angevins and Aragonese for Sicily. It congratulates Robert of Naples on his recent victory, there are also two poorly regarded sonnets by the Italian Dante de Maiano. By the late 17th century poets on increasingly relied on stanza forms incorporating rhymed couplets, and by the 18th century fixed-form poems – and, in particular, the resulting versification – less constrained by meter and rhyme patterns than Renaissance poetry – more closely mirrored prose. The Romantics were responsible for a return to many of the poems used during the 15th and 16th centuries. The sonnet however was used until the Parnassians brought it back into favor
Sonnet
–
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, c.1542 by
Hans Holbein
Sonnet
–
Literature
Sonnet
–
William Shakespeare, in the famous
"Chandos" portrait. Artist and authenticity unconfirmed.
National Portrait Gallery (UK).
Canadian
